tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-379468242024-03-17T22:00:05.581-05:00Chronic Wasting DiseaseTransmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion disease of CervidTerry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.comBlogger1998125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37946824.post-25847162537797171242024-03-07T12:02:00.003-06:002024-03-07T12:02:54.434-06:00Texas TPWD CWD Cases Jump to 663 Confirmed To Date<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial;">Texas TPWD CWD Cases Jump to 663 Confirmed To Date</span></p><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Listing of CWD Cases in Texas</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Show 25</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">entries</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Search CWD Positives</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Positive Number<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>CWD Positive Confirmation Date<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Free Range Captive<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>County<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Source<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Species<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Sex<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Age</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">663<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2024-03-05<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Hunt<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Facility #9<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>M<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>1.6</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">662<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2024-03-05<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Hunt<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Facility #9<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>M<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>1.6</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">661<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2024-03-05<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Hunt<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Facility #9<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>M<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2.7</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">660<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2024-03-05<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Hunt<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Facility #9<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>M<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>1.6</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">659<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2024-03-05<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Hunt<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Facility #9<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>M<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>3.5</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">658<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2024-03-05<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Hunt<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Facility #9<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>F<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>10.6</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">657<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2024-03-05<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Hunt<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Facility #9<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>M<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>1.6</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">656<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2024-03-05<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Elk<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Medina<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>N/A<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Elk - Breeder Release Site<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>F<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Unknown</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">655<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2024-03-05<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Hunt<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Facility #9<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>F<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2.7</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">654<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2024-03-05<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Hunt<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Facility #9<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>F<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>1.5</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">653<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2024-03-05<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Hunt<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Facility #9<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>F<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>3.6</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">652<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2024-03-05<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Hunt<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Facility #9<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>F<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>3.7</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">651<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2024-03-05<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Hunt<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Facility #9<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>F<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>10.7</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">650<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2024-03-05<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Hunt<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Facility #9<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>M<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2.7</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">649<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2024-02-22<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Hunt<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>N/A<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer - Breeder Release Site<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>F<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2.5</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">648<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2024-03-05<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Elk<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Medina<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>N/A<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Elk - Breeder Release Site<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>F<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Unknown</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">647<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2024-02-22<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Kimble<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Facility #26<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>F<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2.5</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">646<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2024-02-22<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Hunt<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Facility #9<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>F<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>1.5</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">645<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2024-02-22<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Hunt<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Facility #9<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>M<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2.6</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">644<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2024-02-22<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Hunt<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Facility #9<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>M<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2.7</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">643<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2024-02-22<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Hunt<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Facility #9<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>F<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>3.6</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">642<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2024-02-22<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Hunt<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Facility #9<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>F<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2.7</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">641<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2024-02-22<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Hunt<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Facility #9<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>M<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>1.5</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">640<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2024-02-22<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Hunt<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Facility #9<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>F<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>3.7</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Showing 1 to 24 of 663</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">*CWD Positive Confirmation Dates marked with * are dates confirmed by Texas A&M Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory rather than the National Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/positive-cases/listing-cwd-cases-texas.phtml">https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/positive-cases/listing-cwd-cases-texas.phtml</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/positive-cases/listing-cwd-cases-texas.phtml#texasCWD" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/positive-cases/listing-cwd-cases-texas.phtml#texasCWD</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 16, 2024 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Texas TPWD CWD TSE Prion Positives Jump To 637 Confirmed Cases To Date</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2024/02/texas-tpwd-cwd-tse-prion-positives-jump.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2024/02/texas-tpwd-cwd-tse-prion-positives-jump.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, JANUARY 05, 2024 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Texas CWD Cases Mount, 624 documented cases statewide, with 181 cases reported in 2023 alone<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2024/01/texas-cwd-cases-mount-624-documented.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2024/01/texas-cwd-cases-mount-624-documented.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, DECEMBER 08, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">TEXAS CWD TSE PRION DIRE CONSEQUENCES ARE HERE! </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/texas-cwd-tse-prion-dire-consequences.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none 0px !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/texas-cwd-tse-prion-dire-consequences.html</a></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 01, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">TEXAS CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE RISES SUBSTANTIALLY TO 575 CONFIRMED CWD CASES TO DATE<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/11/texas-chronic-wasting-disease-rises.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/11/texas-chronic-wasting-disease-rises.html</a></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY TSE PRION DISEASE ZOONOSIS, ZOONOTIC </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“If CWD in humans is found to be contagious and transmissible among humans, as it is in cervids [57], the spread of the disease within humans might become endemic.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PART 2. TPWD CHAPTER 65. DIVISION 1. CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, 65.88</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission in a duly noticed meeting on May 25, 2023 adopted amendments to 31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, and §65.88, concerning Disease Detection and Response, without changes to the proposed text as published in the April 21, 2023, issue of the Texas Register (48 TexReg 2048). The rules will not be republished.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Currently, there is scientific evidence to suggest that CWD has zoonotic potential; however, no confirmed cases of CWD have been found in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 DETECTION OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE PRIONS IN PROCESSED MEATS.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rebeca Benavente1, Francisca Bravo1,2, Paulina Soto1,2, J. Hunter Reed3, Mitch Lockwood3, Rodrigo Morales1,2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA. 2Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile. 3Texas Parks and Wildlife, Austin, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease (CWD) remains unknown. Currently, there are no known natural cases of CWD transmission to humans but increasing evidence suggests that the host range of CWD is not confined only to cervid species. Alarmingly, recent experimental evidence suggests that certain CWD isolates can induce disease in non-human primates. While the CDC strongly recommends determining CWD status in animals prior to consumption, this practice is voluntary. Consequently, it is plausible that a proportion of the cervid meat entering the human food chain may be contaminated with CWD. Of additional concern is that traditional diagnostic techniques used to detect CWD have relatively low sensitivity and are only approved for use in tissues other than those typically ingested by humans. In this study, we analyzed different processed meats derived from a pre-clinical, CWD-positive free-ranging elk. Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats. CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates. Our results show positive prion detection in all products. To confirm the resilience of CWD-prions to traditional cooking methods, we grilled and boiled the meat products and evaluated them for any remnant PMCA seeding activity. Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking. Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our results show positive prion detection in all products.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">9 Carrot plants as potential vectors for CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Paulina Soto1,2, Francisca Bravo-Risi1,2, Claudio Soto1, Rodrigo Morales1,2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA. 2Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> We show that edible plant components can absorb prions from CWD-contaminated soils and transport them to their aerial parts.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our results indicate that edible plants could participate as vectors of CWD transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of prion infectivity from CWD-infected macaque tissues to rodent models demonstrates the zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaoui1,2, Ginny Cheng1,2, Wiebke Wemheuer3, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer3, Sabine Gilch1,2, Hermann Schatzl1,2 1University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. 2Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada. 3Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Further passage to cervidized mice revealed transmission with a 100% attack rate.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our findings demonstrate that macaques, considered the best model for the zoonotic potential of prions, were infected upon CWD challenge, including the oral one.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">****> The disease manifested as atypical in macaques and initial transgenic mouse transmissions, but with infectivity present at all times, as unveiled in the bank vole model with an unusual tissue tropism.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Epidemiologic surveillance of prion disease among cervid hunters and people likely to have consumed venison contaminated with chronic wasting disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of Cervid Prions to Humanized Mice Demonstrates the Zoonotic Potential of CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaouia, Irina Zemlyankinaa, Sheng Chun Changa, Maria Immaculata Arifina, Vincent Béringueb, Debbie McKenziec, Hermann M. Schatzla, and Sabine Gilcha</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Here, we provide the strongest evidence supporting the zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and their possible phenotype in humans. Inoculation of mice expressing human PrPCwith deer CWD isolates (strains Wisc-1 and 116AG) resulted in atypical clinical manifestations in > 75% of the mice, with myoclonus as leading clinical sign. Most of tg650brain homogenates were positive for seeding activity in RT-QuIC. Clinical disease and presentation was transmissible to tg650 mice and bank voles. Intriguingly, protease-resistant PrP in the brain of tg650 mice resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon passage. Abnormal PrP aggregates upon infection with Wisc-1 were detectable in thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain/pons regions.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Unprecedented in human prion disease, feces of CWD-inoculated tg650 mice harbored prion seeding activity and infectious prions, as shown by inoculation of bank voles and tg650 with fecal homogenates.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: This is the first evidence that CWD can infect humans and cause disease with a distinctive clinical presentation, signature, and tropism, which might be transmissible between humans while current diagnostic assays might fail to detect it. These findings have major implications for public health and CWD-management.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286 The finding that infectious PrPSc was shed in fecal material of CWD-infected humanized mice and induced clinical disease, different tropism, and typical three banding pattern-PrPres in bank voles that is transmissible upon second passage is highly concerning for public health. The fact that this biochemical signature in bank voles resembles that of the Wisc-1 original deer isolate and is different from that of bvWisc-1, in the migration profile and the glyco-form-ratio, is valid evidence that these results are not a product of contamination in our study. If CWD in humans is found to be contagious and transmissible among humans, as it is in cervids [57], the spread of the disease within humans might become endemic.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acta Neuropathol 144, 767–784 (2022). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 August 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaoui1 · Irina Zemlyankina1 · Sheng Chun Chang1 · Maria Immaculata Arifn1 · Vincent Béringue2 · Debbie McKenzie3 · Hermann M. Schatzl1 · Sabine Gilch1</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Received: 24 May 2022 / Revised: 5 August 2022 / Accepted: 7 August 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">© The Author(s) 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prions cause infectious and fatal neurodegenerative diseases in mammals. Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease of cervids, spreads efficiently among wild and farmed animals. Potential transmission to humans of CWD is a growing concern due to its increasing prevalence. Here, we provide evidence for a zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and its probable signature using mice expressing human prion protein (PrP) as an infection model. Inoculation of these mice with deer CWD isolates resulted in atypical clinical manifestation with prion seeding activity and efficient transmissible infectivity in the brain and, remarkably, in feces, but without classical neuropathological or Western blot appearances of prion diseases. Intriguingly, the protease-resistant PrP in the brain resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon second passage. Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Keywords Chronic wasting disease · CWD · Zoonotic potential · Prion strains · Zoonotic prions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">HIGHLIGHTS OF THIS STUDY</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">================================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In this study, we evaluated the zoonotic potential of CWD using a transgenic mouse model overexpressing human M129-PrPC (tg650 [12]). We inoculated tg650 mice intracerebrally with two deer CWD isolates, Wisc-1 and 116AG [22, 23, 27, 29]. We demonstrate that this transgenic line was susceptible to infection with CWD prions and displayed a distinct leading clinical sign, an atypical PrPSc signature and unusual fecal shedding of infectious prions. Importantly, these prions generated by the human PrP transgenic mice were transmissible upon passage. Our results are the first evidence of a zoonotic risk of CWD when using one of the most common CWD strains, Wisc-1/CWD1 for infection. We demonstrated in a human transgenic mouse model that the species barrier for transmission of CWD to humans is not absolute. The fact that its signature was not typical raises the questions whether CWD would manifest in humans as a subclinical infection, whether it would arise through direct or indirect transmission including an intermediate host, or a silent to uncovered human-to-human transmission, and whether current detection techniques will be suffcient to unveil its presence.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our findings strongly suggest that CWD should be regarded as an actual public health risk. Here, we use humanized mice to show that CWD prions can cross the species barrier to humans, and remarkably, infectious prions can be excreted in feces.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our results indicate that if CWD crosses the species-barrier to humans, it is unlikely to resemble the most common forms of human prion diseases with respect to clinical signs, tissue tropism and PrPSc signature. For instance, PrPSc in variable protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr), a sporadic form of human prion disease, and in the genetic form Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS) is defined by an atypical PK-resistant PrPSc fragment that is non-glycosylated and truncated at both C- and N-termini, with a molecular weight between 6 and 8 kDa [24, 44–46]. These biochemical features are unique and distinctive from PrPSc (PrP27-30) found in most other human or animal prion disease. The atypical PrPSc signature detected in brain homogenate of tg650 mice #321 (1st passage) and #3063 (2nd passage), and the 7–8 kDa fragment (Figs. 2, 4) are very similar to that of GSS, both in terms of migration profile and the N-terminal cleavage site.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD in humans might remain subclinical but with PrPSc deposits in the brain with an unusual morphology that does not resemble the patterns usually seen in different prion diseases (e.g., mouse #328; Fig. 3), clinical with untraceable abnormal PrP (e.g., mouse #327) but still transmissible and uncovered upon subsequent passage (e.g., mouse #3063; Fig. 4), or prions have other reservoirs than the usual ones, hence the presence of infectivity in feces (e.g., mouse #327) suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=================================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full text</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">Fortuitous generation of a zoonotic cervid prion strain</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Manuel Camacho, Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Sydney Smith, Jieji Hu, Wanyun Tao, Ignazio Cali, Qingzhong Kong. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Whether CWD prions can infect humans remains unclear despite the very substantial scale and long history of human exposure of CWD in many states or provinces of USA and Canada. Multiple in vitro conversion experiments and in vivo animal studies indicate that the CWD-to-human transmission barrier is not unbreakable. A major long-term public health concern on CWD zoonosis is the emergence of highly zoonotic CWD strains. We aim to address the question of whether highly zoonotic CWD strains are possible.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: We inoculated several sCJD brain samples into cervidized transgenic mice (Tg12), which were intended as negative controls for bioassays of brain tissues from sCJD cases who had potentially been exposed to CWD. Some of the Tg12 mice became infected and their brain tissues were further examined by Western blot as well as serial passages in humanized or cervidized mice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Passage of sCJDMM1 in transgenic mice expressing elk PrP (Tg12) resulted in a “cervidized” CJD strain that we termed CJDElkPrP. We observed 100% transmission of the original CJDElkPrP in transgenic mice expressing human PrP. We passaged CJDElkPrP two more times in the Tg12 mice. We found that such second and third passage CJDElkPrP prions retained 100% transmission rate in the humanized mice, despite that the natural elk CWD isolates and CJDElkPrP share the same elk PrP sequence. In contrast, we and others found zero or poor transmission of natural elk CWD isolates in humanized mice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our data indicate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can retain zoonotic potential after serial passages in cervids, suggesting a very significant and serious long-term risk of CWD zoonosis given that the broad and continuing spread of CWD prions will provide fertile grounds for the emergence of zoonotic CWD strains over time.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O'Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples used in this study, respectively</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Our data indicate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can retain zoonotic potential after serial passages in cervids, suggesting a very significant and serious long-term risk of CWD zoonosis given that the broad and continuing spread of CWD prions will provide fertile grounds for the emergence of zoonotic CWD strains over time."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A probable diagnostic marker for CWD infection in humans</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Manuel Camacho, Ignazio Cali, Qingzhong Kong. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Multiple in vitro CWD-seeded human PrP conversion experiments and some animal model studies indicate that the species barrier for CWD to human transmission can be overcome, but whether CWD prion can infect humans in real life remains controversial. The very limited understanding on the likely features of CWD infection in humans and the lack of a reliable diagnostic marker for identification of acquired human CWD cases contribute to this uncertainty. We aim to stablish such a reliable diagnostic marker for CWD infections in humans should they occur.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: A couple of PrPSc-positive spleens were identified from humanized transgenic mice inoculated with either CWD or sCJDMM1. Prions in these spleens were compared by bioassays in cervidized or humanized transgenic mice. A couple of PrPSc-positive spleens from UK sCJDMM1 patients were also examined similarly as controls with no exposure to CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: We have detected two prion-positive spleens in humanized transgenic mice inoculated with some CWD isolates. Such experimentally generated splenic “humanized” CWD prions (termed eHuCWDsp) appear indistinguishable from prions in the brain of sCJDMM1 patients on Western blot. We compared eHuCWDsp with prions in the spleen from humanized mice infected with sCJDMM1 (termed sCJDMM1sp) by bioassays in cervidized or humanized transgenic mice. Significantly, we found that eHuCWDsp can efficiently infect not only the humanized mice but also cervidized transgenic mice, and cervidized mice infected by eHuCWDsp produced PrPSc and brain pathology that are practically identical to those of CWD-infected cervidized mice. In contrast, sCJDMM1sp, similar to prions from sCJDMM1 patient brains, is poorly transmissible in the cervidized mice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that high transmissibility with CWD features of splenic prions in cervidized transgenic mice is unique to acquired human CWD prions, and it may serve as a reliable marker to identify the first acquired human CWD cases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O'Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples used in this study, respectively.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2023 Experimental Oronasal Inoculation of the Chronic Wasting Disease Agent into White Tailed Deer</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author list: Sarah Zurbuchena,b , S. Jo Moorea,b , Jifeng Biana , Eric D. Cassmanna , and Justin J. Greenleea . a. Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, US b. Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, United States</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether white-tailed deer (WTD) are susceptible to inoculation of chronic wasting disease (CWD) via oronasal exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and methods: Six male, neutered WTD were oronasally inoculated with brainstem material (10% w/v) from a CWD-positive wild-type WTD. The genotypes of five inoculated deer were Q95/G96 (wild-type). One inoculated deer was homozygous S at codon 96 (96SS). Cervidized (Tg12; M132 elk PrP) mice were inoculated with 1% w/v brainstem homogenate from either a 96GG WTD (n=10) or the 96SS WTD (n=10).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: All deer developed characteristic clinical signs of CWD including weight loss, regurgitation, and ataxia. The 96SS individual had a prolonged disease course and incubation period compared to the other deer. Western blots of the brainstem on all deer yielded similar molecular profiles. All deer had widespread lymphoid distribution of PrPCWD and neuropathologic lesions associated with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Both groups of mice had a 100% attack rate and developed clinical signs, including loss of body condition, ataxia, and loss of righting reflex. Mice inoculated with material from the 96SS deer had a significantly shorter incubation period than mice inoculated with material from 96GG deer (Welch two sample T-test, P<0.05). Serial dilutions of each inocula suggests that differences in incubation period were not due to a greater concentration of PrPCWD in the 96SS inoculum. Molecular profiles from western blot of brain homogenates from mice appeared similar regardless of inoculum and appear similar to those of deer used for inoculum.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: This study characterizes the lesions and clinical course of CWD in WTD inoculated in a similar manner to natural conditions. It supports previous findings that 96SS deer have a prolonged disease course. Further, it describes a first pass of inoculum from a 96SS deer in cervidized mice which shortened the incubation period.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection, analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We thank Ami Frank and Kevin Hassall for their technical contributions to this project.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The detection and decontamination of chronic wasting disease prions during venison processing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Marissa S. Milstein1,2, Marc D. Schwabenlander1,2, Sarah C. Gresch1,2, Manci Li1,2, Stuart Lichtenberg1,2, Rachel Shoemaker1,2, Gage R. Rowden1,2, Jason C. Bartz2,3 , Tiffany M. Wolf2,4, Peter A. Larsen1,2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Presenting author: Tiffany M. Wolf 1 Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 2 Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 3 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA 4 Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: There is a growing concern that chronic wasting disease (CWD) prions in venison pose a risk to human health. CWD prions accumulate in infected deer tissues that commonly enter the human food chain through meat processing and consumption. The United States (US) Food and Drug Administration and US Department of Agriculture now formally consider CWD-positive venison unfit for human and animal consumption. Yet, the degree to which prion contamination occurs during routine venison processing is unknown. Here, we use environmental surface swab methods to: a) experimentally test meat processing equipment (i.e., stainless steel knives and polyethylene cutting boards) before and after processing CWD-positive venison and b) test the efficacy of five different disinfectant types (i.e., Dawn dish soap, Virkon-S, Briotech, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach) to determine prion decontamination efficacy.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: We used a real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay to determine CWD infection status of venison and to detect CWD prions in the swabs. We collected three swabs per surface and ran eight technical replicates on RT-QuIC.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: CWD prions were detected on all cutting boards (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8 and knives (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) used in processing CWD-positive venison, but not on those used for CWD-negative venison. After processing CWD-positive venison, allowing the surfaces to dry, and washing the cutting board with Dawn dish soap, we detected CWD prions on the cutting board surface (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) but not on the knife (n= 3, replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). Similar patterns were observed with Briotech (cutting board: n= 3; replicates= 7/8, 1/8, 0/8; knife: n= 3; replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). We did not detect CWD prions on the knives or cutting boards after disinfecting with Virkon-S, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: These preliminary results suggest that Dawn dish soap and Briotech do not reliably decontaminate CWD prions from these surfaces. Our data suggest that Virkon-S and various bleach concentrations are more effective in reducing prion contamination of meat processing surfaces; however, surface type may also influence the ability of prions to adsorb to surfaces, preventing complete decontamination. Our results will directly inform best practices to prevent the introduction of CWD prions into the human food chain during venison processing.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: Funding was provided by the Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund as recommended by the Legislative-Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources (LCCMR), the Rapid Agriculture Response Fund (#95385/RR257), and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Theme: Animal prion diseases</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2023 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers.. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Paper</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Cellular prion protein distribution in the vomeronasal organ, parotid, and scent glands of white-tailed deer and mule deer</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Anthony Ness, Aradhana Jacob, Kelsey Saboraki, Alicia Otero, Danielle Gushue, Diana Martinez Moreno, Melanie de Peña, Xinli Tang, Judd Aiken, Susan Lingle & Debbie McKenzieORCID Icon show less</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Pages 40-57 | Received 03 Feb 2022, Accepted 13 May 2022, Published online: 29 May 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Download citation</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ABSTRACT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting species of the cervidae family. CWD has an expanding geographic range and complex, poorly understood transmission mechanics. CWD is disproportionately prevalent in wild male mule deer and male white-tailed deer. Sex and species influences on CWD prevalence have been hypothesized to be related to animal behaviours that involve deer facial and body exocrine glands. Understanding CWD transmission potential requires a foundational knowledge of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) in glands associated with cervid behaviours. In this study, we characterized the presence and distribution of PrPC in six integumentary and two non-integumentary tissues of hunter-harvested mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (O. virginianus). We report that white-tailed deer expressed significantly more PrPC than their mule deer in the parotid, metatarsal, and interdigital glands. Females expressed more PrPC than males in the forehead and preorbital glands. The distribution of PrPC within the integumentary exocrine glands of the face and legs were localized to glandular cells, hair follicles, epidermis, and immune cell infiltrates. All tissues examined expressed sufficient quantities of PrPC to serve as possible sites of prion initial infection, propagation, and shedding.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ARS RESEARCH Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Publication Acceptance Date: 9/8/2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author item WANG, ZERUI - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item QIN, KEFENG - University Of Chicago item CAMACHO, MANUEL - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item SHEN, PINGPING - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item YUAN, JUE - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item Greenlee, Justin item CUI, LI - Jilin University item KONG, QINGZHONG - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item MASTRIANNI, JAMES - University Of Chicago item ZOU, WEN-QUAN - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Submitted to: Acta Neuropathologica Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 9/8/2021 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Interpretive Summary: Prion diseases are invariably fatal neurologic diseases for which there is no known prevention or cure. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease of deer and elk and is present in farmed and free ranging herds throughout North America. To date there is no clear evidence that the CWD agent could be transmitted to humans. This manuscript describes the use of an in vitro technique, cell-free serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA), to generate a CWD prion that is infectious to transgenic mice expressing the human prion protein. This study provides the first evidence that CWD prions may be able to cause misfolding in the human prion protein. This information will impact medical experts and those involved in making policy for farmed cervids and wildlife.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Technical Abstract: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a cervid spongiform encephalopathy or prion disease caused by the infectious prion or PrPSc, a misfolded conformer of cellular prion protein (PrPC). It has rapidly spread in North America and also has been found in Asia and Europe. In contrast to the zoonotic mad cow disease that is the first animal prion disease found transmissible to humans, the transmissibility of CWD to humans remains uncertain although most previous studies have suggested that humans may not be susceptible to CWD. Here we report the generation of an infectious human PrPSc by seeding CWD PrPSc in normal human brain PrPC through the in vitro cell-free serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA). Western blotting confirms that the sPMCA-induced proteinase K-resistant PrPSc is a human form, evidenced by a PrP-specific antibody that recognizes human but not cervid PrP. Remarkably, two lines of humanized transgenic (Tg) mice expressing human PrP-129Val/Val (VV) or -129Met/Met (MM) polymorphism develop prion disease at 233 ± 6 (mean ± SE) days post-inoculation (dpi) and 552 ± 27 dpi, respectively, upon intracerebral inoculation with the sPMCA-generated PrPSc. The brain of diseased Tg mice reveals the electrophoretic profile of PrPSc similar to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) MM1 or VV2 subtype but different neuropathological patterns. We believe that our study provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc is able to convert human PrPC into PrPSc in vitro and the CWD-derived human PrPSc mimics atypical sCJD subtypes in humanized Tg mice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''The brain of diseased Tg mice reveals the electrophoretic profile of PrPSc similar to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) MM1 or VV2 subtype but different neuropathological patterns.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''We believe that our study provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc is able to convert human PrPC into PrPSc in vitro and the CWD-derived human PrPSc mimics atypical sCJD subtypes in humanized Tg mice.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published: 26 September 2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Zerui Wang, Kefeng Qin, Manuel V. Camacho, Ignazio Cali, Jue Yuan, Pingping Shen, Justin Greenlee, Qingzhong Kong, James A. Mastrianni & Wen-Quan Zou</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acta Neuropathologica Communications volume 9, Article number: 158 (2021)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a cervid prion disease caused by the accumulation of an infectious misfolded conformer (PrPSc) of cellular prion protein (PrPC). It has been spreading rapidly in North America and also found in Asia and Europe. Although bovine spongiform encephalopathy (i.e. mad cow disease) is the only animal prion disease known to be zoonotic, the transmissibility of CWD to humans remains uncertain. Here we report the generation of the first CWD-derived infectious human PrPSc by elk CWD PrPSc-seeded conversion of PrPC in normal human brain homogenates using in vitro protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA). Western blotting with human PrP selective antibody confirmed that the PMCA-generated protease-resistant PrPSc was derived from the human PrPC substrate. Two lines of humanized transgenic mice expressing human PrP with either Val or Met at the polymorphic codon 129 developed clinical prion disease following intracerebral inoculation with the PMCA-generated CWD-derived human PrPSc. Diseased mice exhibited distinct PrPSc patterns and neuropathological changes in the brain. Our study, using PMCA and animal bioassays, provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc can cross the species barrier to convert human PrPC into infectious PrPSc that can produce bona fide prion disease when inoculated into humanized transgenic mice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It is worth noting that the annual number of sporadic CJD (sCJD) cases in the USA has increased, with the total number of suspected and confirmed sCJD cases rising from 284 in 2003 to 511 in 2017 (https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cjd/occurrence-transmission.html). The greatly enhanced CJD surveillance and an aging population in the USA certainly contributed to the observed increase in annual sCJD case numbers in recent years, but the possibility cannot be excluded that some of the increased sCJD prevalence is linked to CWD exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the present study, using serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) assay we generate PrPSc by seeding CWD prions in normal human brain homogenates. Importantly, we reveal that two lines of humanized Tg mice expressing human PrP-129VV and 129MM develop prion diseases upon intracerebral inoculation of the abnormal PrP generated by sPMCA. We believe that our study provides the first opportunity to dissect the clinical, pathological and biochemical features of the CWD-derived human prion disease in two lines of humanized Tg mice expressing two major human PrP genotypes, respectively.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i thought i might share some news about cwd zoonosis that i got, that i cannot share or post to the public yet, i promised for various reasons, one that it will cause a shit storm for sure, but it was something i really already knew from previous studies, but, i was told that ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">==================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''As you can imagine, 2 and 5 (especially 5) may raise alarms. The evidence we have for 4 are not as strong or tight as I would like to have. At this point, please do not post any of the points publicly yet, but you can refer to points 1-3 in private discussions and all 5 points when discussing with relevant public officials to highlight the long-term risks of CWD zoonosis.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">====================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">so, i figure your as about as official as it gets, and i think this science is extremely important for you to know and to converse about with your officials. it's about to burn a whole in my pocket. this is about as close as it will ever get for cwd zoonosis to be proven in my time, this and what Canada Czub et al found with the Macaques, plus an old study from cjd surveillance unit back that showed cjd and a 9% increase in risk from folks that eat venison, i will post all this below for your files Sir. i remember back in the BSE nvCJD days, from when the first BSE case in bovine was confirmed around 1984 maybe 83, i forget the good vets named that screwed it up first, Carol something, but from 83ish to 95 96 when nvCJD was linked to humans from BSE in cattle, so that took 10 to 15 years. hell, at that rate, especially with Texas and cwd zoonsis, hell, i'll be dead before it's official, if ever, so here ya go Sir. there was a grant study on cwd zoonosis that had been going on for some time, i followed it over the years, then the grant date for said study had expired, so, i thought i would write the good Professor about said study i.e. Professor Kong, CWRU et al. i will post the grant study abstract first, and then after that, what reply i got back, about said study that i was told not to post/publish...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD ZOONOSIS GRANT FIRST;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Cervid to human prion transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Kong, Qingzhong</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract Prion disease is transmissible and invariably fatal. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease affecting deer, elk and moose, and it is a widespread and expanding epidemic affecting 22 US States and 2 Canadian provinces so far. CWD poses the most serious zoonotic prion transmission risks in North America because of huge venison consumption (>6 million deer/elk hunted and consumed annually in the USA alone), significant prion infectivity in muscles and other tissues/fluids from CWD-affected cervids, and usually high levels of individual exposure to CWD resulting from consumption of the affected animal among often just family and friends. However, we still do not know whether CWD prions can infect humans in the brain or peripheral tissues or whether clinical/asymptomatic CWD zoonosis has already occurred, and we have no essays to reliably detect CWD infection in humans. We hypothesize that: (1) The classic CWD prion strain can infect humans at low levels in the brain and peripheral lymphoid tissues; (2) The cervid-to-human transmission barrier is dependent on the cervid prion strain and influenced by the host (human) prion protein (PrP) primary sequence; (3) Reliable essays can be established to detect CWD infection in humans; and (4) CWD transmission to humans has already occurred. We will test these hypotheses in 4 Aims using transgenic (Tg) mouse models and complementary in vitro approaches.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 1 will prove that the classical CWD strain may infect humans in brain or peripheral lymphoid tissues at low levels by conducting systemic bioassays in a set of humanized Tg mouse lines expressing common human PrP variants using a number of CWD isolates at varying doses and routes. Experimental human CWD samples will also be generated for Aim 3.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 2 will test the hypothesis that the cervid-to-human prion transmission barrier is dependent on prion strain and influenced by the host (human) PrP sequence by examining and comparing the transmission efficiency and phenotypes of several atypical/unusual CWD isolates/strains as well as a few prion strains from other species that have adapted to cervid PrP sequence, utilizing the same panel of humanized Tg mouse lines as in Aim 1.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 3 will establish reliable essays for detection and surveillance of CWD infection in humans by examining in details the clinical, pathological, biochemical and in vitro seeding properties of existing and future experimental human CWD samples generated from Aims 1-2 and compare them with those of common sporadic human Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) prions.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 4 will attempt to detect clinical CWD-affected human cases by examining a significant number of brain samples from prion-affected human subjects in the USA and Canada who have consumed venison from CWD-endemic areas utilizing the criteria and essays established in Aim 3. The findings from this proposal will greatly advance our understandings on the potential and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for CWD zoonosis and potentially discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Public Health Relevance There are significant and increasing human exposure to cervid prions because chronic wasting disease (CWD, a widespread and highly infectious prion disease among deer and elk in North America) continues spreading and consumption of venison remains popular, but our understanding on cervid-to-human prion transmission is still very limited, raising public health concerns. This proposal aims to define the zoonotic risks of cervid prions and set up and apply essays to detect CWD zoonosis using mouse models and in vitro methods. The findings will greatly expand our knowledge on the potentials and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for such infections and may discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funding Agency Agency National Institute of Health (NIH) Institute National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Type Research Project (R01) Project # 1R01NS088604-01A1 Application # 9037884 Study Section Cellular and Molecular Biology of Neurodegeneration Study Section (CMND) Program Officer Wong, May Project Start 2015-09-30 Project End 2019-07-31 Budget Start 2015-09-30 Budget End 2016-07-31 Support Year 1 Fiscal Year 2015 Total Cost $337,507 Indirect Cost $118,756</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1#panel-abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1#panel-abstract</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Professor Kongs reply to me just this month about above grant study that has NOT been published in peer reveiw yet...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=================================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Here is a brief summary of our findings:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...can't post, made a promise...tss</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">On Sat, Apr 3, 2021 at 12:19 PM Terry Singeltary <flounder9@verizon.net> wrote:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">end...tss</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">==============</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD ZOONOSIS THE FULL MONTY TO DATE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">International Conference on Emerging Diseases, Outbreaks & Case Studies & 16th Annual Meeting on Influenza March 28-29, 2018 | Orlando, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Qingzhong Kong</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease prions from cervids</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease in cervids (mule deer, white-tailed deer, American elk, moose, and reindeer). It has become an epidemic in North America, and it has been detected in the Europe (Norway) since 2016. The widespread CWD and popular hunting and consumption of cervid meat and other products raise serious public health concerns, but questions remain on human susceptibility to CWD prions, especially on the potential difference in zoonotic potential among the various CWD prion strains. We have been working to address this critical question for well over a decade. We used CWD samples from various cervid species to inoculate transgenic mice expressing human or elk prion protein (PrP). We found infectious prions in the spleen or brain in a small fraction of CWD-inoculated transgenic mice expressing human PrP, indicating that humans are not completely resistant to CWD prions; this finding has significant ramifications on the public health impact of CWD prions. The influence of cervid PrP polymorphisms, the prion strain dependence of CWD-to-human transmission barrier, and the characterization of experimental human CWD prions will be discussed.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Speaker Biography Qingzhong Kong has completed his PhD from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst and Post-doctoral studies at Yale University. He is currently an Associate Professor of Pathology, Neurology and Regenerative Medicine. He has published over 50 original research papers in reputable journals (including Science Translational Medicine, JCI, PNAS and Cell Reports) and has been serving as an Editorial Board Member on seven scientific journals. He has multiple research interests, including public health risks of animal prions (CWD of cervids and atypical BSE of cattle), animal modeling of human prion diseases, mechanisms of prion replication and pathogenesis, etiology of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD) in humans, normal cellular PrP in the biology and pathology of multiple brain and peripheral diseases, proteins responsible for the α-cleavage of cellular PrP, as well as gene therapy and DNA vaccination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">qxk2@case.edu</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SUNDAY, JULY 25, 2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">North American and Norwegian Chronic Wasting Disease prions exhibit different potential for interspecies transmission and zoonotic risk</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''Our data suggest that reindeer and red deer from Norway could be the most transmissible CWD prions to other mammals, whereas North American CWD prions were more prone to generate human prions in vitro.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/north-american-and-norwegian-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/north-american-and-norwegian-chronic.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, JULY 19, 2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> U Calgary researchers at work on a vaccine against a fatal infectious disease affecting deer and potentially people</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/u-calgary-researchers-at-work-on.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/u-calgary-researchers-at-work-on.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE aka MAD COW DISEASE, was first discovered in 1984, and it took until 1995 to finally admit that BSE was causing nvCJD, the rest there is history, but that science is still evolving i.e. science now shows that indeed atypical L-type BSE, atypical Nor-98 Scrapie, and typical Scrapie are all zoonosis, zoonotic for humans, there from.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">HOW long are we going to wait for Chronic Wasting Disease, CWD TSE Prion of Cervid, and zoonosis, zoonotic transmission to humans there from?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Studies have shown since 1994 that humans are susceptible to CWD TSE Prion, so, what's the hold up with making CWD a zoonotic zoonosis disease, the iatrogenic transmissions there from is not waiting for someone to make a decision.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P190 Human prion disease mortality rates by occurrence of chronic wasting disease in free ranging cervids, United States</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abrams JY (1), Maddox RA (1), Schonberger LB (1), Person MK (1), Appleby BS (2), Belay ED (1)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease of deer and elk that has been identified in free ranging cervids in 23 US states. While there is currently no epidemiological evidence for zoonotic transmission through the consumption of contaminated venison, studies suggest the CWD agent can cross the species barrier in experimental models designed to closely mimic humans. We compared rates of human prion disease in states with and without CWD to examine the possibility of undetermined zoonotic transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Death records from the National Center for Health Statistics, case records from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, and additional state case reports were combined to create a database of human prion disease cases from 2003-2015. Identification of CWD in each state was determined through reports of positive CWD tests by state wildlife agencies. Age- and race-adjusted mortality rates for human prion disease, excluding cases with known etiology, were determined for four categories of states based on CWD occurrence: highly endemic (>16 counties with CWD identified in free-ranging cervids); moderately endemic (3-10 counties with CWD); low endemic (1-2 counties with CWD); and no CWD states. States were counted as having no CWD until the year CWD was first identified. Analyses stratified by age, sex, and time period were also conducted to focus on subgroups for which zoonotic transmission would be more likely to be detected: cases <55 years old, male sex, and the latter half of the study (2010-2015).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Highly endemic states had a higher rate of prion disease mortality compared to non-CWD states (rate ratio [RR]: 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01 - 1.23), as did low endemic states (RR: 1.15, 95% CI = 1.04 - 1.27). Moderately endemic states did not have an elevated mortality rate (RR: 1.05, 95% CI = 0.93 - 1.17). In age-stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates among the <55 year old population were elevated for moderately endemic states (RR: 1.57, 95% CI = 1.10 – 2.24) while mortality rates were elevated among those ≥55 for highly endemic states (RR: 1.13, 95% CI = 1.02 - 1.26) and low endemic states (RR: 1.16, 95% CI = 1.04 - 1.29). In other stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates for males were only elevated for low endemic states (RR: 1.27, 95% CI = 1.10 - 1.48), and none of the categories of CWD-endemic states had elevated mortality rates for the latter time period (2010-2015).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">While higher prion disease mortality rates in certain categories of states with CWD in free-ranging cervids were noted, additional stratified analyses did not reveal markedly elevated rates for potentially sensitive subgroups that would be suggestive of zoonotic transmission. Unknown confounding factors or other biases may explain state-by-state differences in prion disease mortality.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P172 Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Prion Disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Wang H(1), Cohen M(1), Appleby BS(1,2)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio (2) National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Cleveland, Ohio.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion disease is a fatal progressive neurodegenerative disease due to deposition of an abnormal protease-resistant isoform of prion protein. Typical symptoms include rapidly progressive dementia, myoclonus, visual disturbance and hallucinations. Interestingly, in patients with prion disease, the abnormal protein canould also be found in the peripheral nervous system. Case reports of prion deposition in peripheral nerves have been reported. Peripheral nerve involvement is thought to be uncommon; however, little is known about the exact prevalence and features of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We reviewed autopsy-proven prion cases from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center that were diagnosed between September 2016 to March 2017. We collected information regarding prion protein diagnosis, demographics, comorbidities, clinical symptoms, physical exam, neuropathology, molecular subtype, genetics lab, brain MRI, image and EMG reports. Our study included 104 patients. Thirteen (12.5%) patients had either subjective symptoms or objective signs of peripheral neuropathy. Among these 13 patients, 3 had other known potential etiologies of peripheral neuropathy such as vitamin B12 deficiency or prior chemotherapy. Among 10 patients that had no other clear etiology, 3 (30%) had familial CJD. The most common sCJD subtype was MV1-2 (30%), followed by MM1-2 (20%). The Majority of cases wasere male (60%). Half of them had exposure to wild game. The most common subjective symptoms were tingling and/or numbness of distal extremities. The most common objective finding was diminished vibratory sensation in the feet. Half of them had an EMG with the findings ranging from fasciculations to axonal polyneuropathy or demyelinating polyneuropathy.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our study provides an overview of the pattern of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease. Among patients with peripheral neuropathy symptoms or signs, majority has polyneuropathy. It is important to document the baseline frequency of peripheral neuropathy in prion diseases as these symptoms may become important when conducting surveillance for potential novel zoonotic prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P177 PrP plaques in methionine homozygous Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abrams JY (1), Schonberger LB (1), Cali I (2), Cohen Y (2), Blevins JE (2), Maddox RA (1), Belay ED (1), Appleby BS (2), Cohen ML (2)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is widely believed to originate from de novo spontaneous conversion of normal prion protein (PrP) to its pathogenic form, but concern remains that some reported sporadic CJD cases may actually be caused by disease transmission via iatrogenic processes. For cases with methionine homozygosity (CJD-MM) at codon 129 of the PRNP gene, recent research has pointed to plaque-like PrP deposition as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission for a subset of cases. This phenotype is theorized to originate from specific iatrogenic source CJD types that comprise roughly a quarter of known CJD cases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We reviewed scientific literature for studies which described PrP plaques among CJD patients with known epidemiological links to iatrogenic transmission (receipt of cadaveric human grown hormone or dura mater), as well as in cases of reported sporadic CJD. The presence and description of plaques, along with CJD classification type and other contextual factors, were used to summarize the current evidence regarding plaques as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission. In addition, 523 cases of reported sporadic CJD cases in the US from January 2013 through September 2017 were assessed for presence of PrP plaques.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We identified four studies describing 52 total cases of CJD-MM among either dura mater recipients or growth hormone recipients, of which 30 were identified as having PrP plaques. While sporadic cases were not generally described as having plaques, we did identify case reports which described plaques among sporadic MM2 cases as well as case reports of plaques exclusively in white matter among sporadic MM1 cases. Among the 523 reported sporadic CJD cases, 0 of 366 MM1 cases had plaques, 2 of 48 MM2 cases had kuru plaques, and 4 of 109 MM1+2 cases had either kuru plaques or both kuru and florid plaques. Medical chart review of the six reported sporadic CJD cases with plaques did not reveal clinical histories suggestive of potential iatrogenic transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PrP plaques occur much more frequently for iatrogenic CJD-MM cases compared to sporadic CJDMM cases. Plaques may indicate iatrogenic transmission for CJD-MM cases without a type 2 Western blot fragment. The study results suggest the absence of significant misclassifications of iatrogenic CJD as sporadic. To our knowledge, this study is the first to describe grey matter kuru plaques in apparently sporadic CJD-MM patients with a type 2 Western blot fragment.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P180 Clinico-pathological analysis of human prion diseases in a brain bank series</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ximelis T (1), Aldecoa I (1,2), Molina-Porcel L (1,3), Grau-Rivera O (4), Ferrer I (5), Nos C (6), Gelpi E (1,7), Sánchez-Valle R (1,4)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobanc-Hospital ClÃnic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (2) Pathological Service of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (3) EAIA Trastorns Cognitius, Centre Emili Mira, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain (4) Department of Neurology of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (5) Institute of Neuropathology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona (6) General subdirectorate of Surveillance and Response to Emergencies in Public Health, Department of Public Health in Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain (7) Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background and objective:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Neurological Tissue Bank (NTB) of the Hospital Clínic-Institut d‘Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain is the reference center in Catalonia for the neuropathological study of prion diseases in the region since 2001. The aim of this study is to analyse the characteristics of the confirmed prion diseases registered at the NTB during the last 15 years.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We reviewed retrospectively all neuropathologically confirmed cases registered during the period January 2001 to December 2016.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">176 cases (54,3% female, mean age: 67,5 years and age range: 25-86 years) of neuropathological confirmed prion diseases have been studied at the NTB. 152 cases corresponded to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), 10 to genetic CJD, 10 to Fatal Familial Insomnia, 2 to GerstmannSträussler-Scheinker disease, and 2 cases to variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr). Within sCJD subtypes the MM1 subtype was the most frequent, followed by the VV2 histotype.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Clinical and neuropathological diagnoses agreed in 166 cases (94%). The clinical diagnosis was not accurate in 10 patients with definite prion disease: 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Fronto-temporal dementia (FTD), 1 Niemann-Pick‘s disease, 1 Lewy Body‘s Disease, 2 Alzheimer‘s disease, 1 Cortico-basal syndrome and 2 undetermined dementia. Among patients with VPSPr, 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and the other one with FTD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Concomitant pathologies are frequent in older age groups, mainly AD neuropathological changes were observed in these subjects.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Discussion:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A wide spectrum of human prion diseases have been identified in the NTB being the relative frequencies and main characteristics like other published series. There is a high rate of agreement between clinical and neuropathological diagnoses with prion diseases. These findings show the importance that public health has given to prion diseases during the past 15 years. Continuous surveillance of human prion disease allows identification of new emerging phenotypes. Brain tissue samples from these donors are available to the scientific community. For more information please visit:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P192 Prion amplification techniques for the rapid evaluation of surface decontamination procedures</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Bruyere-Ostells L (1), Mayran C (1), Belondrade M (1), Boublik Y (2), Haïk S (3), Fournier-Wirth C (1), Nicot S (1), Bougard D (1)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Pathogenesis and control of chronic infections, Etablissement Français du Sang, Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (2) Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (3) Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) or prion diseases are a group of incurable and always fatal neurodegenerative disorders including Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases (CJD) in humans. These pathologies include sporadic (sCJD), genetic and acquired (variant CJD) forms. By the past, sCJD and vCJD were transmitted by different prion contaminated biological materials to patients resulting in more than 400 iatrogenic cases (iCJD). The atypical nature and the biochemical properties of the infectious agent, formed by abnormal prion protein or PrPTSE, make it particularly resistant to conventional decontamination procedures. In addition, PrPTSE is widely distributed throughout the organism before clinical onset in vCJD and can also be detected in some peripheral tissues in sporadic CJD. Risk of iatrogenic transmission of CJD by contaminated medical device remains thus a concern for healthcare facilities. Bioassay is the gold standard method to evaluate the efficacy of prion decontamination procedures but is time-consuming and expensive. Here, we propose to compare in vitro prion amplification techniques: Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) and Real-Time Quaking Induced Conversion (RT-QuIC) for the detection of residual prions on surface after decontamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stainless steel wires, by mimicking the surface of surgical instruments, were proposed as a carrier model of prions for inactivation studies. To determine the sensitivity of the two amplification techniques on wires (Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC), steel wires were therefore contaminated with serial dilutions of brain homogenates (BH) from a 263k infected hamster and from a patient with sCJD (MM1 subtype). We then compared the different standard decontamination procedures including partially and fully efficient treatments by detecting the residual seeding activity on 263K and sCJD contaminated wires. We completed our study by the evaluation of marketed reagents endorsed for prion decontamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The two amplification techniques can detect minute quantities of PrPTSE adsorbed onto a single wire. 8/8 wires contaminated with a 10-6 dilution of 263k BH and 1/6 with the 10-8 dilution are positive with Surf-PMCA. Similar performances were obtained with Surf-QuIC on 263K: 10/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilution and 1/8 wires contaminated with 10-8 dilution are positive. Regarding the human sCJD-MM1 prion, Surf-QuIC allows us to detect 16/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilutions and 14/16 with 10-7 . Results obtained after decontamination treatments are very similar between 263K and sCJD prions. Efficiency of marketed treatments to remove prions is lower than expected.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC are very sensitive methods for the detection of prions on wires and could be applied to prion decontamination studies for rapid evaluation of new treatments. Sodium hypochlorite is the only product to efficiently remove seeding activity of both 263K and sCJD prions.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WA2 Oral transmission of CWD into Cynomolgus macaques: signs of atypical disease, prion conversion and infectivity in macaques and bio-assayed transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Schatzl HM (1, 2), Hannaoui S (1, 2), Cheng Y-C (1, 2), Gilch S (1, 2), Beekes M (3), SchulzSchaeffer W (4), Stahl-Hennig C (5) and Czub S (2, 6)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) University of Calgary, Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada (2) University of Calgary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calgary, Canada, (3) Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany, (4) University of Homburg/Saar, Homburg, Germany, (5) German Primate Center, Goettingen, Germany, (6) Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), Lethbridge, Canada.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To date, BSE is the only example of interspecies transmission of an animal prion disease into humans. The potential zoonotic transmission of CWD is an alarming issue and was addressed by many groups using a variety of in vitro and in vivo experimental systems. Evidence from these studies indicated a substantial, if not absolute, species barrier, aligning with the absence of epidemiological evidence suggesting transmission into humans. Studies in non-human primates were not conclusive so far, with oral transmission into new-world monkeys and no transmission into old-world monkeys. Our consortium has challenged 18 Cynomolgus macaques with characterized CWD material, focusing on oral transmission with muscle tissue. Some macaques have orally received a total of 5 kg of muscle material over a period of 2 years. After 5-7 years of incubation time some animals showed clinical symptoms indicative of prion disease, and prion neuropathology and PrPSc deposition were found in spinal cord and brain of euthanized animals. PrPSc in immunoblot was weakly detected in some spinal cord materials and various tissues tested positive in RT-QuIC, including lymph node and spleen homogenates. To prove prion infectivity in the macaque tissues, we have intracerebrally inoculated 2 lines of transgenic mice, expressing either elk or human PrP. At least 3 TgElk mice, receiving tissues from 2 different macaques, showed clinical signs of a progressive prion disease and brains were positive in immunoblot and RT-QuIC. Tissues (brain, spinal cord and spleen) from these and preclinical mice are currently tested using various read-outs and by second passage in mice. Transgenic mice expressing human PrP were so far negative for clear clinical prion disease (some mice >300 days p.i.). In parallel, the same macaque materials are inoculated into bank voles. Taken together, there is strong evidence of transmissibility of CWD orally into macaques and from macaque tissues into transgenic mouse models, although with an incomplete attack rate. The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology. Our ongoing studies will show whether the transmission of CWD into macaques and passage in transgenic mice represents a form of non-adaptive prion amplification, and whether macaque-adapted prions have the potential to infect mice expressing human PrP. The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">See also poster P103</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WA16 Monitoring Potential CWD Transmission to Humans</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Belay ED</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The spread of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in animals has raised concerns about increasing human exposure to the CWD agent via hunting and venison consumption, potentially facilitating CWD transmission to humans. Several studies have explored this possibility, including limited epidemiologic studies, in vitro experiments, and laboratory studies using various types of animal models. Most human exposures to the CWD agent in the United States would be expected to occur in association with deer and elk hunting in CWD-endemic areas. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) collaborated with state health departments in Colorado, Wisconsin, and Wyoming to identify persons at risk of CWD exposure and to monitor their vital status over time. Databases were established of persons who hunted in Colorado and Wyoming and those who reported consumption of venison from deer that later tested positive in Wisconsin. Information from the databases is periodically cross-checked with mortality data to determine the vital status and causes of death for deceased persons. Long-term follow-up of these hunters is needed to assess their risk of development of a prion disease linked to CWD exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P166 Characterization of CJD strain profiles in venison consumers and non-consumers from Alberta and Saskatchewan</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stephanie Booth (1,2), Lise Lamoureux (1), Debra Sorensen (1), Jennifer L. Myskiw (1,2), Megan Klassen (1,2), Michael Coulthart (3), Valerie Sim (4)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg (2) Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (3) Canadian CJD Surveillance System, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (4) Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is spreading rapidly through wild cervid populations in the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. While this has implications for tourism and hunting, there is also concern over possible zoonotic transmission to humans who eat venison from infected deer. Whilst there is no evidence of any human cases of CWD to date, the Canadian CJD Surveillance System (CJDSS) in Canada is staying vigilant. When variant CJD occurred following exposure to BSE, the unique biochemical fingerprint of the pathologic PrP enabled a causal link to be confirmed. However, we cannot be sure what phenotype human CWD prions would present with, or indeed, whether this would be distinct from that see in sporadic CJD. Therefore we are undertaking a systematic analysis of the molecular diversity of CJD cases of individuals who resided in Alberta and Saskatchewan at their time of death comparing venison consumers and non-consumers, using a variety of clinical, imaging, pathological and biochemical markers. Our initial objective is to develop novel biochemical methodologies that will extend the baseline glycoform and genetic polymorphism typing that is already completed by the CJDSS. Firstly, we are reviewing MRI, EEG and pathology information from over 40 cases of CJD to select clinically affected areas for further investigation. Biochemical analysis will include assessment of the levels of protease sensitive and resistant prion protein, glycoform typing using 2D gel electrophoresis, testing seeding capabilities and kinetics of aggregation by quaking-induced conversion, and determining prion oligomer size distributions with asymmetric flow field fractionation with in-line light scattering. Progress and preliminary data will be presented. Ultimately, we intend to further define the relationship between PrP structure and disease phenotype and establish a baseline for the identification of future atypical CJD cases that may arise as a result of exposure to CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Source Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Volume 24, Number 8—August 2018 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Susceptibility of Human Prion Protein to Conversion by Chronic Wasting Disease Prions </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Marcelo A. BarriaComments to Author , Adriana Libori, Gordon Mitchell, and Mark W. Head Author affiliations: National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (M.A. Barria, A. Libori, M.W. Head); National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Scrapie and CWD, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (G. Mitchell)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal neurodegenerative disease and a serious animal health issue for deer and elk in North America. The identification of the first cases of CWD among free-ranging reindeer and moose in Europe brings back into focus the unresolved issue of whether CWD can be zoonotic like bovine spongiform encephalopathy. We used a cell-free seeded protein misfolding assay to determine whether CWD prions from elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer in North America can convert the human prion protein to the disease-associated form. We found that prions can convert, but the efficiency of conversion is affected by polymorphic variation in the cervid and human prion protein genes. In view of the similarity of reindeer, elk, and white-tailed deer in North America to reindeer, red deer, and roe deer, respectively, in Europe, a more comprehensive and thorough assessment of the zoonotic potential of CWD might be warranted.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Discussion Characterization of the transmission properties of CWD and evaluation of their zoonotic potential are important for public health purposes. Given that CWD affects several members of the family Cervidae, it seems reasonable to consider whether the zoonotic potential of CWD prions could be affected by factors such as CWD strain, cervid species, geographic location, and Prnp–PRNP polymorphic variation. We have previously used an in vitro conversion assay (PMCA) to investigate the susceptibility of the human PrP to conversion to its disease-associated form by several animal prion diseases, including CWD (15,16,22). The sensitivity of our molecular model for the detection of zoonotic conversion depends on the combination of 1) the action of proteinase K to degrade the abundant human PrPC that constitutes the substrate while only N terminally truncating any human PrPres produced and 2) the presence of the 3F4 epitope on human but not cervid PrP. In effect, this degree of sensitivity means that any human PrPres formed during the PMCA reaction can be detected down to the limit of Western blot sensitivity. In contrast, if other antibodies that detect both cervid and human PrP are used, such as 6H4, then newly formed human PrPres must be detected as a measurable increase in PrPres over the amount remaining in the reaction product from the cervid seed. Although best known for the efficient amplification of prions in research and diagnostic contexts, the variation of the PMCA method employed in our study is optimized for the definitive detection of zoonotic reaction products of inherently inefficient conversion reactions conducted across species barriers. By using this system, we previously made and reported the novel observation that elk CWD prions could convert human PrPC from human brain and could also convert recombinant human PrPC expressed in transgenic mice and eukaryotic cell cultures (15).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A previous publication suggested that mule deer PrPSc was unable to convert humanized transgenic substrate in PMCA assays (23) and required a further step of in vitro conditioning in deer substrate PMCA before it was able to cross the deer–human molecular barrier (24). However, prions from other species, such as elk (15) and reindeer affected by CWD, appear to be compatible with the human protein in a single round of amplification (as shown in our study). These observations suggest that different deer species affected by CWD could present differing degrees of the olecular compatibility with the normal form of human PrP.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The contribution of the polymorphism at codon 129 of the human PrP gene has been extensively studied and is recognized as a risk factor for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (4). In cervids, the equivalent codon corresponds to the position 132 encoding methionine or leucine. This polymorphism in the elk gene has been shown to play an important role in CWD susceptibility (25,26). We have investigated the effect of this cervid Prnp polymorphism on the conversion of the humanized transgenic substrate according to the variation in the equivalent PRNP codon 129 polymorphism. Interestingly, only the homologs methionine homozygous seed–substrate reactions could readily convert the human PrP, whereas the heterozygous elk PrPSc was unable to do so, even though comparable amounts of PrPres were used to seed the reaction. In addition, we observed only low levels of human PrPres formation in the reactions seeded with the homozygous methionine (132 MM) and the heterozygous (132 ML) seeds incubated with the other 2 human polymorphic substrates (129 MV and 129 VV). The presence of the amino acid leucine at position 132 of the elk Prnp gene has been attributed to a lower degree of prion conversion compared with methionine on the basis of experiments in mice made transgenic for these polymorphic variants (26). Considering the differences observed for the amplification of the homozygous human methionine substrate by the 2 polymorphic elk seeds (MM and ML), reappraisal of the susceptibility of human PrPC by the full range of cervid polymorphic variants affected by CWD would be warranted.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In light of the recent identification of the first cases of CWD in Europe in a free-ranging reindeer (R. tarandus) in Norway (2), we also decided to evaluate the in vitro conversion potential of CWD in 2 experimentally infected reindeer (18). Formation of human PrPres was readily detectable after a single round of PMCA, and in all 3 humanized polymorphic substrates (MM, MV, and VV). This finding suggests that CWD prions from reindeer could be more compatible with human PrPC generally and might therefore present a greater risk for zoonosis than, for example, CWD prions from white-tailed deer. A more comprehensive comparison of CWD in the affected species, coupled with the polymorphic variations in the human and deer PRNP–Prnp genes, in vivo and in vitro, will be required before firm conclusions can be drawn. Analysis of the Prnp sequence of the CWD reindeer in Norway was reported to be identical to the specimens used in our study (2). This finding raises the possibility of a direct comparison of zoonotic potential between CWD acquired in the wild and that produced in a controlled laboratory setting. (Table).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The prion hypothesis proposes that direct molecular interaction between PrPSc and PrPC is necessary for conversion and prion replication. Accordingly, polymorphic variants of the PrP of host and agent might play a role in determining compatibility and potential zoonotic risk. In this study, we have examined the capacity of the human PrPC to support in vitro conversion by elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer CWD PrPSc. Our data confirm that elk CWD prions can convert the human PrPC, at least in vitro, and show that the homologous PRNP polymorphisms at codon 129 and 132 in humans and cervids affect conversion efficiency. Other species affected by CWD, particularly caribou or reindeer, also seem able to convert the human PrP. It will be important to determine whether other polymorphic variants found in other CWD-affected Cervidae or perhaps other factors (17) exert similar effects on the ability to convert human PrP and thus affect their zoonotic potential.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dr. Barria is a research scientist working at the National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh. His research has focused on understanding the molecular basis of a group of fatal neurologic disorders called prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgments We thank Aru Balachandran for originally providing cervid brain tissues, Abigail Diack and Jean Manson for providing mouse brain tissue, and James Ironside for his critical reading of the manuscript at an early stage.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This report is independent research commissioned and funded by the United Kingdom’s Department of Health Policy Research Programme and the Government of Scotland. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Department of Health or the Government of Scotland.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author contributions: The study was conceived and designed by M.A.B. and M.W.H. The experiments were conducted by M.A.B. and A.L. Chronic wasting disease brain specimens were provided by G.M. The manuscript was written by M.A.B. and M.W.H. All authors contributed to the editing and revision of the manuscript.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2017 Conference Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">First evidence of intracranial and peroral transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) into Cynomolgus macaques: a work in progress</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stefanie Czub1, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer2, Christiane Stahl-Hennig3, Michael Beekes4, Hermann Schaetzl5 and Dirk Motzkus6 1 University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine/Canadian Food Inspection Agency; 2Universitatsklinikum des Saarlandes und Medizinische Fakultat der Universitat des Saarlandes; 3 Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen; 4 Robert-Koch-Institut Berlin; 5 University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; 6 presently: Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center; previously: Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This is a progress report of a project which started in 2009.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">21 cynomolgus macaques were challenged with characterized CWD material from white-tailed deer (WTD) or elk by intracerebral (ic), oral, and skin exposure routes. Additional blood transfusion experiments are supposed to assess the CWD contamination risk of human blood product. Challenge materials originated from symptomatic cervids for ic, skin scarification and partially per oral routes (WTD brain). Challenge material for feeding of muscle derived from preclinical WTD and from preclinical macaques for blood transfusion experiments. We have confirmed that the CWD challenge material contained at least two different CWD agents (brain material) as well as CWD prions in muscle-associated nerves. Here we present first data on a group of animals either challenged ic with steel wires or per orally and sacrificed with incubation times ranging from 4.5 to 6.9 years at postmortem. Three animals displayed signs of mild clinical disease, including anxiety, apathy, ataxia and/or tremor. In four animals wasting was observed, two of those had confirmed diabetes. All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals. Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuiC) and PET-blot assays to further substantiate these findings are on the way, as well as bioassays in bank voles and transgenic mice. At present, a total of 10 animals are sacrificed and read-outs are ongoing. Preclinical incubation of the remaining macaques covers a range from 6.4 to 7.10 years. Based on the species barrier and an incubation time of > 5 years for BSE in macaques and about 10 years for scrapie in macaques, we expected an onset of clinical disease beyond 6 years post inoculation.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2017 DECIPHERING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS ABSTRACTS REFERENCE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://aabb.confex.com/aabb/2018/mediafile/Handout/Session2756/TU1-3.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://aabb.confex.com/aabb/2018/mediafile/Handout/Session2756/TU1-3.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 23, 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion and THE FEAST 2003 CDC an updated review of the science 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 04, 2014</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Six-year follow-up of a point-source exposure to CWD contaminated venison in an Upstate New York community: risk behaviours and health outcomes 2005–2011 Authors, though, acknowledged the study was limited in geography and sample size and so it couldn't draw a conclusion about the risk to humans. They recommended more study. Dr. Ermias Belay was the report's principal author but he said New York and Oneida County officials are following the proper course by not launching a study. "There's really nothing to monitor presently. No one's sick," Belay said, noting the disease's incubation period in deer and elk is measured in years. "</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission Studies Mule deer transmissions of CWD were by intracerebral inoculation and compared with natural cases {the following was written but with a single line marked through it ''first passage (by this route)}....TSS resulted in a more rapidly progressive clinical disease with repeated episodes of synocopy ending in coma. One control animal became affected, it is believed through contamination of inoculum (?saline). Further CWD transmissions were carried out by Dick Marsh into ferret, mink and squirrel monkey. Transmission occurred in ALL of these species with the shortest incubation period in the ferret.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip....</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion Infectivity in Fat of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease▿</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Brent Race#, Kimberly Meade-White#, Richard Race and Bruce Chesebro* + Author Affiliations In mice, prion infectivity was recently detected in fat. Since ruminant fat is consumed by humans and fed to animals, we determined infectivity titers in fat from two CWD-infected deer. Deer fat devoid of muscle contained low levels of CWD infectivity and might be a risk factor for prion infection of other species.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full Prions in Skeletal Muscles of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease Here bioassays in transgenic mice expressing cervid prion protein revealed the presence of infectious prions in skeletal muscles of CWD-infected deer, demonstrating that humans consuming or handling meat from CWD-infected deer are at risk to prion exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** now, let’s see what the authors said about this casual link, personal communications years ago, and then the latest on the zoonotic potential from CWD to humans from the TOKYO PRION 2016 CONFERENCE.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see where it is stated NO STRONG evidence. so, does this mean there IS casual evidence ????</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: TSS Subject: CWD aka MAD DEER/ELK TO HUMANS ???</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: September 30, 2002 at 7:06 am PST</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: "Belay, Ermias"</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: Cc: "Race, Richard (NIH)" ; ; "Belay, Ermias"</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sent: Monday, September 30, 2002 9:22 AM </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: RE: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dear Sir/Madam, In the Archives of Neurology you quoted (the abstract of which was attached to your email), we did not say CWD in humans will present like variant CJD.. That assumption would be wrong. I encourage you to read the whole article and call me if you have questions or need more clarification (phone: 404-639-3091).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Also, we do not claim that "no-one has ever been infected with prion disease from eating venison." Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans in the article you quoted or in any other forum is limited to the patients we investigated.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ermias Belay, M.D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">-----Original Message----- From:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sent: Sunday, September 29, 2002 10:15 AM</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: rr26k@nih.gov; rrace@niaid.nih.gov; ebb8@CDC.GOV</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sunday, November 10, 2002 6:26 PM .......snip........end..............TSS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Thursday, April 03, 2008</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease 2008 1: Vet Res. 2008 Apr 3;39(4):41 A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease Sigurdson CJ.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... *** twenty-seven CJD patients who regularly consumed venison were reported to the Surveillance Center***,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... full text ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">sporadic, spontaneous CJD, 85%+ of all human TSE, did not just happen. never in scientific literature has this been proven. if one looks up the word sporadic or spontaneous at pubmed, you will get a laundry list of disease that are classified in such a way;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">sporadic = 54,983 hits</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">spontaneous = 325,650 hits</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">key word here is 'reported'. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can't, and it's as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it's being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. ...terry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people. key word here is ‘reported’. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can’t, and it’s as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it’s being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. …terry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** These results would seem to suggest that CWD does indeed have zoonotic potential, at least as judged by the compatibility of CWD prions and their human PrPC target. Furthermore, extrapolation from this simple in vitro assay suggests that if zoonotic CWD occurred, it would most likely effect those of the PRNP codon 129-MM genotype and that the PrPres type would be similar to that found in the most common subtype of sCJD (MM1).***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD TSE PRION AND ZOONOTIC, ZOONOSIS, FACTORS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: Re: DEER SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY SURVEY & HOUND STUDY</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: Fri, 18 Oct 2002 23:12:22 +0100</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: Steve Dealler</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Organization: Netscape Online member</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: BSE-L@ References:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dear Terry,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">An excellent piece of review as this literature is desperately difficult to get back from Government sites.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">What happened with the deer was that an association between deer meat eating and sporadic CJD was found in about 1993. The evidence was not great but did not disappear after several years of asking CJD cases what they had eaten. I think that the work into deer disease largely stopped because it was not helpful to the UK industry...and no specific cases were reported. Well, if you dont look adequately like they are in USA currenly then you wont find any!</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Steve Dealler</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM THIRD ANNUAL REPORT AUGUST 1994</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Consumption of venison and veal was much less widespread among both cases and controls. For both of these meats there was evidence of a trend with increasing frequency of consumption being associated with increasing risk of CJD. (not nvCJD, but sporadic CJD...tss) These associations were largely unchanged when attention was restricted to pairs with data obtained from relatives. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Table 9 presents the results of an analysis of these data.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is STRONG evidence of an association between ‘’regular’’ veal eating and risk of CJD (p = .0.01).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Individuals reported to eat veal on average at least once a year appear to be at 13 TIMES THE RISK of individuals who have never eaten veal.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is, however, a very wide confidence interval around this estimate. There is no strong evidence that eating veal less than once per year is associated with increased risk of CJD (p = 0.51).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is some evidence that risk of CJD INCREASES WITH INCREASING FREQUENCY OF LAMB EATING (p = 0.02).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The evidence for such an association between beef eating and CJD is weaker (p = 0.14). When only controls for whom a relative was interviewed are included, this evidence becomes a little STRONGER (p = 0.08).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It was found that when veal was included in the model with another exposure, the association between veal and CJD remained statistically significant (p = < 0.05 for all exposures), while the other exposures ceased to be statistically significant (p = > 0.05).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In conclusion, an analysis of dietary histories revealed statistical associations between various meats/animal products and INCREASED RISK OF CJD. When some account was taken of possible confounding, the association between VEAL EATING AND RISK OF CJD EMERGED AS THE STRONGEST OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS STATISTICALLY. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the study in the USA, a range of foodstuffs were associated with an increased risk of CJD, including liver consumption which was associated with an apparent SIX-FOLD INCREASE IN THE RISK OF CJD. By comparing the data from 3 studies in relation to this particular dietary factor, the risk of liver consumption became non-significant with an odds ratio of 1.2 (PERSONAL COMMUNICATION, PROFESSOR A. HOFMAN. ERASMUS UNIVERSITY, ROTTERDAM). (???...TSS)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full report ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stephen Dealler is a consultant medical microbiologist deal@airtime.co.uk<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE Inquiry Steve Dealler</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Management In Confidence</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE: Private Submission of Bovine Brain Dealler</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> MAD DOGS AND ENGLISHMEN BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, CJD, TSE PRION A REVIEW 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> ''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> In conclusion, sensory symptoms and loss of reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome can be explained by neuropathological changes in the spinal cord. We conclude that the sensory symptoms and loss of lower limb reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome is due to pathology in the caudal spinal cord. <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology.<***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD. <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals.<***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids.'' Scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease (II) <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, DECEMBER 08, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TEXAS CWD TSE PRION DIRE CONSEQUENCES ARE HERE!</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/texas-cwd-tse-prion-dire-consequences.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/texas-cwd-tse-prion-dire-consequences.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD TSE PRION DISEASE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD TSE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD TSE PRION CERVID ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">So, this is what we leave our children and grandchildren?..</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Detection of prions in soils contaminated by multiple routes</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stuart Siegfried Lichtenberg1,2 , Heather Inzalaco3 , Sam Thomas4 , Dan Storm5 , Dan Walsh6</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3 Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">4Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">5Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, U.S.A.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">6U.S. Geological Survey, Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, U.S.A.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Free-ranging animals afflicted with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies frequently shed infectious prions into the broader environment. The quintessential example is chronic wasting disease, the TSE of cervids. Over the course of the disease, an infected animal will shed infectious prions in blood, urine, saliva, and feces. Upon death, the total prion load interred in the animal’s tissues will be deposited wherever the animal falls. This contamination creates substantial risk to naïve animals, and likely contributes to disease spread. Identification and quantification of prions at contamination hotspots is essential for any attempt at mitigation of environmental transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: Surfactant extraction of soils followed by precipitation yields a sample that is amenable to analysis by real-time quaking induced conversion. However, differences in extraction yield are apparent depending on the properties of the matrix from which the prions are being extracted, principally soil clay content.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: We are able to detect prion seeding activity at multiple types of environmental hotspots, including carcass sites, contaminated captive facilities, and scrapes (i.e. urine and saliva). Differences in relative prion concentration vary depending on the nature and source of the contamination. Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Detection of prions in the environment is of the utmost importance for controlling chronic wasting disease spread. Here, we have demonstrated a viable method for detection of prions in complex environmental matrices. However, it is quite likely that this method underestimates the total infectious prion load in a contaminated sample, due to incomplete recovery of infectious prions. Further refinements are necessary for accurate quantification of prions in such samples, and to account for the intrinsic heterogeneities found in the broader environment.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2023 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Nine of these recurrences occurred 14–21 years after culling, apparently as the result of environmental contamination, but outside entry could not always be absolutely excluded.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY Volume 87, Issue 12</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years Free</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82011-0" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82011-0</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rapid recontamination of a farm building occurs after attempted prion removal</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">First published: 19 January 2019 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The data illustrates the difficulty in decontaminating farm buildings from scrapie, and demonstrates the likely contribution of farm dust to the recontamination of these environments to levels that are capable of causing disease. snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This study clearly demonstrates the difficulty in removing scrapie infectivity from the farm environment. Practical and effective prion decontamination methods are still urgently required for decontamination of scrapie infectivity from farms that have had cases of scrapie and this is particularly relevant for scrapie positive goatherds, which currently have limited genetic resistance to scrapie within commercial breeds.24 This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***>This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Front. Vet. Sci., 14 September 2015 | <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Objects in contact with classical scrapie sheep act as a reservoir for scrapie transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In conclusion, the results in the current study indicate that removal of furniture that had been in contact with scrapie-infected animals should be recommended, particularly since cleaning and decontamination may not effectively remove scrapie infectivity (31), even though infectivity declines considerably if the pasture and the field furniture have not been in contact with scrapie-infected sheep for several months. As sPMCA failed to detect PrPSc in furniture that was subjected to weathering, even though exposure led to infection in sheep, this method may not always be reliable in predicting the risk of scrapie infection through environmental contamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">172. Establishment of PrPCWD extraction and detection methods in the farm soil</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our studies showed that PrPCWD persist in 0.001% CWD contaminated soil for at least 4 year and natural CWD-affected farm soil. When cervid reintroduced into CWD outbreak farm, the strict decontamination procedures of the infectious agent should be performed in the environment of CWD-affected cervid habitat.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Plants as vectors for environmental prion transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published: November 09, 2023DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.108428" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.108428</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Advertisement Highlights</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• Abnormal prion protein can enter the roots of plants</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• Plants can translocate detectable levels of prions to aerial tissues</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">•Animals exposed to prion-contaminated plant tissues can acquire disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">•Contaminated plants may represent a route of prion exposure</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Nonetheless, our finding of accumulation of two prion strains by a variety of plants grown hydroponically, in agar, or on soil supports the potential for plants to acquire CWD, scrapie, or other prions from the environment and transmit prion disease to susceptible hosts, making plants a plausible vector for prion diseases in wildlife, livestock, and humans. The potential for plants to serve as vectors for prion disease has implications for the disposal of infected carcasses, grazing practices, and the use and transport of potentially contaminated crop materials.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.cell.com/iscience/pdf/S2589-0042(23)02505-1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.cell.com/iscience/pdf/S2589-0042(23)02505-1.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(23)02505-1?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2589004223025051%3Fshowall%3Dtrue" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(23)02505-1?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2589004223025051%3Fshowall%3Dtrue</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Carrot plants as potential vectors for CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The PMCA analysis demonstrated CWD seeding activity in soils contaminated with CWD prions and in carrot plants (leaves and roots) grown on them. Bioassays showed that both plants and roots contained CWD prions sufficiently to induce disease. As expected, animals treated with prion-infected soils developed prion disease at shorter incubation periods (and complete attack rates) compared to plant components. We show that edible plant components can absorb prions from CWD-contaminated soils and transport them to their aerial parts. Our results indicate that edible plants could participate as vectors of CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“In addition, hay and straw from the United States and Canada must be accompanied by a certificate from a public veterinarian that the product has been harvested in states or provinces where Chronic Wasting Disease has not been detected on deer.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Regulation No. 1599 of 2018 on additional requirements for the import of hay and straw for used for animal feed.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Country Norway</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Type of law Regulation</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Source</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FAO , FAOLEX</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In addition, hay and straw from the United States and Canada must be accompanied by a certificate from a public veterinarian that the product has been harvested in states or provinces where Chronic Wasting Disease has not been detected on deer.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/nor189761.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/nor189761.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">THE tse prion aka mad cow type disease is not your normal pathogen.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The TSE prion disease survives ashing to 600 degrees celsius, that’s around 1112 degrees farenheit.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">you cannot cook the TSE prion disease out of meat.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">you can take the ash and mix it with saline and inject that ash into a mouse, and the mouse will go down with TSE.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production as well.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">the TSE prion agent also survives Simulated Wastewater Treatment Processes.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">IN fact, you should also know that the TSE Prion agent will survive in the environment for years, if not decades.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">you can bury it and it will not go away.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The TSE agent is capable of infected your water table i.e. Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">it’s not your ordinary pathogen you can just cook it out and be done</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">New studies on the heat resistance of hamster-adapted scrapie agent: Threshold survival after ashing at 600°C suggests an inorganic template of replication</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Prions in Waterways</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://vimeo.com/898941380?fbclid=IwAR3Di7tLuU-iagCetdt4-CVPrOPQQrv037QS1Uxz0tX3z7BuvPeYlwIp7IY" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://vimeo.com/898941380?fbclid=IwAR3Di7tLuU-iagCetdt4-CVPrOPQQrv037QS1Uxz0tX3z7BuvPeYlwIp7IY</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A Quantitative Assessment of the Amount of Prion Diverted to Category 1 Materials and Wastewater During Processing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rapid assessment of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion inactivation by heat treatment in yellow grease produced in the industrial manufacturing process of meat and bone meals</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE infectivity survives burial for five years with only limited spread</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) agents have strain variations that influence disease phenotype and may affect the potential for interspecies transmission. Since deer and sheep may use the same grazing land, it is important to understand the potential transmission of TSEs between these species. The US scrapie isolate (No.13-7) had a 100% attack rate in white-tailed deer after oronasal challenge.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=405929" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=405929</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, JANUARY 16, 2024</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CIDRAP launches international effort to prepare for possible chronic wasting disease spillover</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Spillover to other Species, What If?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2024/01/cidrap-launches-international-effort-to.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2024/01/cidrap-launches-international-effort-to.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD, Plants, oh my…</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/chronic-wasting-disease/plants-can-take-cwd-causing-prions-soil-lab-what-happens-if-they-are-eaten" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/chronic-wasting-disease/plants-can-take-cwd-causing-prions-soil-lab-what-happens-if-they-are-eaten</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Price of TSE Prion Poker goes up substantially, all you cattle ranchers and such, better pay close attention here...terry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion Conference 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of the chronic wasting disease agent from elk to cattle after oronasal exposure</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Justin Greenlee, Jifeng Bian, Zoe Lambert, Alexis Frese, and Eric Cassmann Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the susceptibility of cattle to chronic wasting disease agent from elk.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: Initial studies were conducted in bovinized mice using inoculum derived from elk with various genotypes at codon 132 (MM, LM, LL). Based upon attack rates, inoculum (10% w/v brain homogenate) from an LM132 elk was selected for transmission studies in cattle. At approximately 2 weeks of age, one wild type steer (EE211) and one steer with the E211K polymorphism (EK211) were fed 1 mL of brain homogenate in a quart of milk replacer while another 1 mL was instilled intranasally. The cattle were examined daily for clinical signs for the duration of the experiment. One steer is still under observation at 71 months post-inoculation (mpi).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Inoculum derived from MM132 elk resulted in similar attack rates and incubation periods in mice expressing wild type or K211 bovine PRNP, 35% at 531 days post inoculation (dpi) and 27% at 448 dpi, respectively. Inoculum from LM132 elk had a slightly higher attack rates in mice: 45% (693 dpi) in wild type cattle PRNP and 33% (468) in K211 mice. Inoculum from LL132 elk resulted in the highest attack rate in wild type bovinized mice (53% at 625 dpi), but no K211 mice were affected at >700 days. At approximately 70 mpi, the EK211 genotype steer developed clinical signs suggestive of prion disease, depression, low head carriage, hypersalivation, and ataxia, and was necropsied. Enzyme immunoassay (IDEXX) was positive in brainstem (OD=4.00, but non-detect in retropharyngeal lymph nodes and palatine tonsil. Immunoreactivity was largely limited to the brainstem, midbrain, and cervical spinal cord with a pattern that was primarily glia-associated.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Cattle with the E211K polymorphism are susceptible to the CWD agent after oronasal exposure of 0.2 g of infectious material.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Cattle with the E211K polymorphism are susceptible to the CWD agent after oronasal exposure of 0.2 g of infectious material."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Strain characterization of chronic wasting disease in bovine-PrP transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Altogether, these results exhibit the diversity of CWD strains present in the panel of CWD isolates and the ability of at least some CWD isolates to infect bovine species. Cattle being one of the most important farming species, this ability represents a potential threat to both animal and human health, and consequently deserves further study.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Altogether, these results exhibit the diversity of CWD strains present in the panel of CWD isolates and the ability of at least some CWD isolates to infect bovine species. Cattle being one of the most important farming species, this ability represents a potential threat to both animal and human health, and consequently deserves further study."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Cattle with the EK211 PRNP polymorphism are susceptible to the H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent from either E211K or wild type donors after oronasal inoculation</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Justin J. Greenleea, Eric D. Cassmanna, S. Jo Moorea,b, and M. Heather West Greenleec</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">aVirus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA; bOak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, US; cDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, US</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: In 2006, a case of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (H-BSE) was reported in a cow with a previously unreported prion protein polymorphism (E211K). The E211K polymorphism is heritable and homologous to the E200K mutation in humans that is the most frequent PRNP mutation associated with familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Although the prevalence of the E211K polymorphism is low, cattle carrying the K211 allele develop H-type BSE with a rapid onset after experimental inoculation by the intracranial route. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the agents of H-type BSE or H-type BSE associated with the E211K polymorphism transmit to wild type cattle or cattle with the K211 allele after oronasal exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Material and Methods: Wild type (EE211) or heterozygous (EK211) cattle were oronasally inoculated with the H-BSE agent from either the US 2004 case (wild type donor; n = 3) or from the US 2006 case with the E211K polymorphism (n = 4). Cattle were observed daily throughout the course of the experiment for the development of clinical signs. When signs were noted, animals were euthanized and necropsied. Cattle were confirmed positive for abnormal BSE prions by enzyme immunoassay (EIA; Idexx HerdChek BSE Ag Test), anti-PrP immunohistochemistry (IHC) on brainstem, and microscopic examination for vacuolation.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Three-out-of-four (75%) calves with the EK211 genotype developed clinical signs of H-BSE including inattentiveness, loss of body condition, weakness, ataxia, and muscle fasciculations and were euthanized. Two of the positive EK211 steers received H-BSE US 2004 inoculum (Incubation Period (IP): 59.3 and 72.3 months) while the other positive steer received the E211K H-BSE inoculum (IP: 49.7 months). EIA confirmed that abundant misfolded protein (O.D. 2.57–4.0) in the brainstem, and IHC demonstrated PrPScthroughout the brain. All wild type recipient cattle and a single EK211 steer remained asymptomatic for the duration of the experiment (approximately 7 years post-inoculation) and no abnormal prion protein was detected in these cattle by EIA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. Cattle with the EK211 genotype are oronasally susceptible to small doses of the H-BSE agent from either EK211 or EE211 (wild type) donors. Wild-type EE211 cattle remained asymptomatic for the duration of the experiment with this small dose (0.1 g) of inoculum. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: US Department of Agriculture</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9467582/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9467582/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">How in the hell do you make a complete recall of 27,694,240 lbs of feed that was manufactured from materials that may have been contaminated with mammalian protein, in one state, Michigan, 2006? Wonder how much was fed out?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II</div><div style="outline: none !important;">______________________________</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
PRODUCT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
a) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish, Recall # V-100-6;
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">b) Performance Sheep Pell W/Decox/A/N, medicated,
net wt. 50 lbs, Recall # V-101-6;
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">c) Pro 40% Swine Conc Meal -- 50 lb, Recall # V-102-6;
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">d) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish Food Medicated,
Recall # V-103-6;
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">e) "Big Jim’s" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend,
Recall # V-104-6;
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">f) CO-OP 40% Hog Supplement Medicated Pelleted,
Tylosin 100 grams/ton, 50 lb. bag, Recall # V-105-6;
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">g) Pig Starter Pell II, 18% W/MCDX Medicated 282020,
Carbadox -- 0.0055%, Recall # V-106-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
h) CO-OP STARTER-GROWER CRUMBLES, Complete
Feed for Chickens from Hatch to 20 Weeks, Medicated,
Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate, 25 and 50 Lbs,
Recall # V-107-6;
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i) CO-OP LAYING PELLETS, Complete Feed for Laying
Chickens, Recall # 108-6;
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">j) CO-OP LAYING CRUMBLES, Recall # V-109-6;
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">k) CO-OP QUAIL FLIGHT CONDITIONER MEDICATED,
net wt 50 Lbs, Recall # V-110-6;
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">l) CO-OP QUAIL STARTER MEDICATED, Net Wt. 50 Lbs,
Recall # V-111-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
m) CO-OP QUAIL GROWER MEDICATED, 50 Lbs,
Recall # V-112-6</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
CODE
Product manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER
Alabama Farmers Cooperative, Inc., Decatur, AL, by telephone, fax, email and visit on June 9, 2006.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FDA initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
REASON
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Animal and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">125 tons</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
DISTRIBUTION
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">AL and FL </div><div style="outline: none !important;">______________________________</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
PRODUCT
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Bulk custom dairy feds manufactured from concentrates, Recall # V-113-6
CODE
All dairy feeds produced between 2/1/05 and 6/16/06 and containing H. J. Baker recalled feed products.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER
Vita Plus Corp., Gagetown, MI, by visit beginning on June 21, 2006.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Firm initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
REASON
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The feed was manufactured from materials that may have been contaminated with mammalian protein.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">27,694,240 lbs</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
DISTRIBUTION
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MI </div><div style="outline: none !important;">______________________________</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
PRODUCT
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Bulk custom made dairy feed, Recall # V-114-6</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
CODE
None</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER
Burkmann Feeds LLC, Glasgow, KY, by letter on July 14, 2006. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
REASON
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Custom made feeds contain ingredient called Pro-Lak, which may contain ruminant derived meat and bone meal.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
???</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
DISTRIBUTION
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">KY</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">###</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100120023832/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2006/ucm120413.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100120023832/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2006/ucm120413.htm</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">USA 50 State Emergency BSE Conference Call 2001</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tseac.blogspot.com/2011/02/usa-50-state-bse-mad-cow-conference.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tseac.blogspot.com/2011/02/usa-50-state-bse-mad-cow-conference.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Monday, November 13, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) Singeltary Another Request for Update 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://fdabse589.blogspot.com/2023/11/food-and-drug-administrations-bse-feed.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://fdabse589.blogspot.com/2023/11/food-and-drug-administrations-bse-feed.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">NOW, BE AWARE, OIE AND USDA HAVE NOW MADE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE AND ATYPICAL BSE A LEGAL TRADING COMMODITY, WITH NO REPORTING OF SAID ATYPICAL CASES, EXCEPT FOR A VOLUNTARY NOTE ON ANNUAL REPORT...i don't make this stuff up...terry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">cwd scrapie pigs oral routes</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">>*** Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health. <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CONFIDENTIAL</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">LINE TO TAKE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3. If questions on pharmaceuticals are raised at the Press conference, the suggested line to take is as follows:-</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"There are no medicinal products licensed for use on the market which make use of UK-derived porcine tissues with which any hypothetical “high risk" ‘might be associated. The results of the recent experimental work at the CSM will be carefully examined by the CSM‘s Working Group on spongiform encephalopathy at its next meeting.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DO Hagger RM 1533 MT Ext 3201</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">While this clearly is a cause for concern we should not jump to the conclusion that this means that pigs will necessarily be infected by bone and meat meal fed by the oral route as is the case with cattle. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">we cannot rule out the possibility that unrecognised subclinical spongiform encephalopathy could be present in British pigs though there is no evidence for this: only with parenteral/implantable pharmaceuticals/devices is the theoretical risk to humans of sufficient concern to consider any action.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">May I, at the outset, reiterate that we should avoid dissemination of papers relating to this experimental finding to prevent premature release of the information. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3. It is particularly important that this information is not passed outside the Department, until Ministers have decided how they wish it to be handled. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">But it would be easier for us if pharmaceuticals/devices are not directly mentioned at all. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our records show that while some use is made of porcine materials in medicinal products, the only products which would appear to be in a hypothetically ''higher risk'' area are the adrenocorticotrophic hormone for which the source material comes from outside the United Kingdom, namely America China Sweden France and Germany. The products are manufactured by Ferring and Armour. A further product, ''Zenoderm Corium implant'' manufactured by Ethicon, makes use of porcine skin - which is not considered to be a ''high risk'' tissue, but one of its uses is described in the data sheet as ''in dural replacement''. This product is sourced from the United Kingdom.....</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=361032" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=361032</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014),</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE),</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">==============</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2015 CONFERENCE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2016 TOKYO</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 1933-690X</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Tuesday, December 16, 2014</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Evidence for zoonotic potential of ovine scrapie prions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Hervé Cassard,1, n1 Juan-Maria Torres,2, n1 Caroline Lacroux,1, Jean-Yves Douet,1, Sylvie L. Benestad,3, Frédéric Lantier,4, Séverine Lugan,1, Isabelle Lantier,4, Pierrette Costes,1, Naima Aron,1, Fabienne Reine,5, Laetitia Herzog,5, Juan-Carlos Espinosa,2, Vincent Beringue5, & Olivier Andréoletti1, Affiliations Contributions Corresponding author Journal name: Nature Communications</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Volume: 5, Article number: 5821 DOI: doi:10.1038/ncomms6821 Received 07 August 2014 Accepted 10 November 2014 Published 16 December 2014</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Although Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) is the cause of variant Creutzfeldt Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans, the zoonotic potential of scrapie prions remains unknown. Mice genetically engineered to overexpress the human prion protein (tgHu) have emerged as highly relevant models for gauging the capacity of prions to transmit to humans. These models can propagate human prions without any apparent transmission barrier and have been used used to confirm the zoonotic ability of BSE. Here we show that a panel of sheep scrapie prions transmit to several tgHu mice models with an efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***The serial transmission of different scrapie isolates in these mice led to the propagation of prions that are phenotypically identical to those causing sporadic CJD (sCJD) in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject terms: Biological sciences• Medical research At a glance</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/141216/ncomms6821/full/ncomms6821.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/141216/ncomms6821/full/ncomms6821.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">why do we not want to do TSE transmission studies on chimpanzees $ 5. A positive result from a chimpanzee challenged severly would likely create alarm in some circles even if the result could not be interpreted for man. I have a view that all these agents could be transmitted provided a large enough dose by appropriate routes was given and the animals kept long enough. Until the mechanisms of the species barrier are more clearly understood it might be best to retain that hypothesis.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... R. BRADLEY</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102222950/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102222950/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1: J Infect Dis 1980 Aug;142(2):205-8</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Oral transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie to nonhuman primates</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Amyx HL, Bacote A, Masters CL, Gajdusek DC.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease of humans and scrapie disease of sheep and goats were transmitted to squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) that were exposed to the infectious agents only by their nonforced consumption of known infectious tissues. The asymptomatic incubation period in the one monkey exposed to the virus of kuru was 36 months; that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease was 23 and 27 months, respectively; and that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of scrapie was 25 and 32 months, respectively. Careful physical examination of the buccal cavities of all of the monkeys failed to reveal signs or oral lesions. One additional monkey similarly exposed to kuru has remained asymptomatic during the 39 months that it has been under observation.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The successful transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie by natural feeding to squirrel monkeys that we have reported provides further grounds for concern that scrapie-infected meat may occasionally give rise in humans to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. PMID: 6997404</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Recently the question has again been brought up as to whether scrapie is transmissible to man. This has followed reports that the disease has been transmitted to primates. One particularly lurid speculation (Gajdusek 1977) conjectures that the agents of scrapie, kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and transmissible encephalopathy of mink are varieties of a single "virus". The U.S. Department of Agriculture concluded that it could "no longer justify or permit scrapie-blood line and scrapie-exposed sheep and goats to be processed for human or animal food at slaughter or rendering plants" (ARC 84/77)" The problem is emphasised by the finding that some strains of scrapie produce lesions identical to the once which characterise the human dementias" Whether true or not. the hypothesis that these agents might be transmissible to man raises two considerations. First, the safety of laboratory personnel requires prompt attention. Second, action such as the "scorched meat" policy of USDA makes the solution of the scrapie problem urgent if the sheep industry is not to suffer grievously. snip... 76/10.12/4.6</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Nature. 1972 Mar 10;236(5341):73-4.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of scrapie to the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Gajdusek DC. Nature 236, 73 - 74 (10 March 1972); doi:10.1038/236073a0</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of Scrapie to the Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">C. J. GIBBS jun. & D. C. GAJDUSEK National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SCRAPIE has been transmitted to the cynomolgus, or crab-eating, monkey (Macaca fascicularis) with an incubation period of more than 5 yr from the time of intracerebral inoculation of scrapie-infected mouse brain. The animal developed a chronic central nervous system degeneration, with ataxia, tremor and myoclonus with associated severe scrapie-like pathology of intensive astroglial hypertrophy and proliferation, neuronal vacuolation and status spongiosus of grey matter. The strain of scrapie virus used was the eighth passage in Swiss mice (NIH) of a Compton strain of scrapie obtained as ninth intracerebral passage of the agent in goat brain, from Dr R. L. Chandler (ARC, Compton, Berkshire).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2010/04/scrapie-and-atypical-scrapie.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2010/04/scrapie-and-atypical-scrapie.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://nor-98.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://nor-98.blogspot.com/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Detection of classical BSE prions in asymptomatic cows after inoculation with atypical/Nor98 scrapie</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">* Marina Betancor, Belén Marín, Alicia Otero, Carlos Hedman, Antonio Romero, Tomás Barrio, Eloisa Sevilla, Jean-Yves Douet, Alvina Huor, Juan José Badiola, Olivier Andréoletti & Rosa Bolea * Veterinary Research volume 54, Article number: 89 (2023)
Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The emergence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) prions from atypical scrapie has been recently observed upon experimental transmission to rodent and swine models. This study aimed to assess whether the inoculation of atypical scrapie could induce BSE-like disease in cattle. Four calves were intracerebrally challenged with atypical scrapie. Animals were euthanized without clinical signs of prion disease and tested negative for PrPSc accumulation by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. However, an emergence of BSE-like prion seeding activity was detected during in vitro propagation of brain samples from the inoculated animals. These findings suggest that atypical scrapie may represent a potential source of BSE infection in cattle.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Further in vivo experiments challenging different mouse lines have been started in order to confirm the infectivity of the PMCA products obtained in this study. However, in conclusion, our findings show that the propagation of atypical scrapie in cattle leads to the emergence of BSE-like seeding activity. This is a concerning issue with far-reaching implications for public health and food safety. The possibility of interspecies transmission of prion diseases and the emergence of new prion strains highlight the critical need for continued surveillance and monitoring of these diseases in both animal and human populations. Early detection of prion diseases is crucial, and highly sensitive detection techniques such as PMCA can play an important role in this regard.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-023-01225-2" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-023-01225-2</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Project: Elucidating the Pathobiology and Transmission of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: Disease phenotype of classical sheep scrapie is changed upon experimental passage through white-tailed deer</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author item Kokemuller, Robyn item MOORE, S.JO - Oak Ridge Institute For Science And Education (ORISE) item Bian, Jifeng item WEST GREENLEE, HEATHER - Iowa State University item Greenlee, Justin</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Submitted to: PLoS Pathogens Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 11/9/2023 Publication Date: 12/4/2023 Citation: Kokemuller, R., Moore, S., Bian, J., West Greenlee, H.M., Greenlee, J.J. 2023. Disease phenotype of classical sheep scrapie is changed upon experimental passage through white-tailed deer. PLoS Pathogens. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1011815. DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1011815" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1011815</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Interpretive Summary: Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are a group of fatal diseases caused by the accumulation of misfolded prion protein in the brain. Ruminant species such as sheep, deer, and elk can get prion diseases. In sheep the disease is called scrapie. In deer and elk, the disease is called chronic wasting disease (CWD). The source of CWD is unknown, but one possibility is that scrapie jumped from sheep to deer. When we experimentally exposed white-tailed deer to the sheep scrapie agent, all deer developed scrapie. The purpose of the current experiment was to determine if sheep can get scrapie derived from white-tailed deer. Some sheep developed scrapie after oronasal exposure to the scrapie agent from white-tailed deer. Passage through white-tailed deer results in a scrapie isolate with different strain properties than the original inoculum. The detection of new strain properties was an unexpected result that will be the subject of further studies. These results indicate that sheep could be susceptible to the scrapie agent after passage through deer if exposed to the agent in natural or agricultural settings, which could be a confounding factor to the scrapie eradication program. National and state regulatory and wildlife officials should consider this information when developing plans to reduce or eliminate TSEs.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Technical Abstract: Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) agents have strain variations that influence disease phenotype and may affect the potential for interspecies transmission. Since deer and sheep may use the same grazing land, it is important to understand the potential transmission of TSEs between these species. The US scrapie isolate (No.13-7) had a 100% attack rate in white-tailed deer after oronasal challenge. The purpose of this study was to determine if sheep are susceptible to oronasal challenge with the scrapie agent from white-tailed deer. Suffolk lambs of various prion protein genotypes were challenged by the oronasal route with a 10% brain homogenate from scrapie-affected white-tailed deer. Sheep were euthanized and necropsied upon development of clinical signs or at the end of the experiment (72 months post-inoculation). Tissues were tested for PrPSc by enzyme immunoassay, western blot, and immunohistochemistry. The first sheep (2/2) to develop clinical signs at approximately 29 months post-inoculation (MPI) had the VRQ/VRQ genotype. One of the two sheep with the ARQ/ARQ genotype also developed clinical signs at 48 MPI. This is in contrast to the original No.13-7 inoculum that has a faster incubation period in sheep with the ARQ/ARQ genotype compared to sheep of the VRQ/VRQ genotype. The shorter incubation period in VRQ/VRQ sheep than ARQ/ARQ sheep after passage through deer indicates a phenotype change. This is important because scrapie infected deer could transmit disease to sheep resulting in new scrapie strain properties. This work raises the concern that scrapie infected deer could serve as a confounding factor to scrapie eradication programs as the scrapie agent from deer is transmissible to sheep by the oronasal route.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=405929" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=405929</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Project: Elucidating the Pathobiology and Transmission of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: The chronic wasting disease agent from white-tailed deer is highly infectious to humanized mice after passage through raccoons</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author item Cassmann, Eric item QI, XU - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item KONG, QINGZHONG - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item Greenlee, Justin</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Submitted to: Meeting Abstract Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 3/15/2023 Publication Date: 5/30/2023 Citation: Cassmann, E.D., Qi, X., Kong, Q., Greenlee, J.J. 2023. The chronic wasting disease agent from white-tailed deer is highly infectious to humanized mice after passage through raccoons (abstract). Meeting Abstract. 4th International Chronic Wasting Disease Symposium, May 30-June 3, 2023, Denver, Colorado. Interpretive Summary:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Technical Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the zoonotic potential of the raccoon passaged chronic wasting disease (CWD) agent in humanized transgenic mice in comparison with the North American CWD agent from the original white-tailed deer (WTD) host. Pooled brain (GG96) from CWD positive deer was used to intracranially inoculate two WTD and one raccoon. Brain homogenates (10% w/v) from the raccoon and the WTD were used to intracranially inoculate transgenic mice (Tg40h) expressing the methionine 109 human prion protein. Brains and spleens were collected from mice at experimental endpoints of clinical disease or approximately 700 days post-inoculation. Tissues were divided and homogenized or fixed in 10% buffered neutral formalin. Immunohistochemistry, enzyme immunoassay, and western blot were used to detect misfolded prion protein (PrPSc) in tissue. Tg40h mice inoculated with the raccoon passaged CWD agent from WTD exhibited a 100% (12/12) attack rate with an average incubation period of 605 days. PrPSc was detected in brain tissue by enzyme immunoassay with an average optical density of 3.6/4.0 for positive brains. PrPSc also was detected in brain tissue by western blot and immunohistochemistry. No PrPSc was detected in the spleens of mice inoculated with the raccoon passaged CWD agent. Humanized mice inoculated with the CWD agent from WTD did not have detectable PrPSc using conventional immunoassay techniques. These results demonstrated that the host range of the CWD agent from WTD was expanded in our experimental model after one passage through raccoons.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=400777" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=400777</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">OIE Conclusions on transmissibility of atypical BSE among cattle</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Given that cattle have been successfully infected by the oral route, at least for L-BSE, it is reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle are exposed to contaminated feed. In addition, based on reports of atypical BSE from several countries that have not had C-BSE, it appears likely that atypical BSE would arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence in old cattle. In the presence of livestock industry practices that would allow it to be recycled in the cattle feed chain, it is likely that some level of exposure and transmission may occur. As a result, since atypical BSE can be reasonably considered to pose a potential background level of risk for any country with cattle, the recycling of both classical and atypical strains in the cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Annex 7 (contd) AHG on BSE risk assessment and surveillance/March 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">34 Scientific Commission/September 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3. Atypical BSE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Group discussed and endorsed with minor revisions an overview of relevant literature on the risk of atypical BSE being recycled in a cattle population and its zoonotic potential that had been prepared ahead of the meeting by one expert from the Group. This overview is provided as Appendix IV and its main conclusions are outlined below. With regard to the risk of recycling of atypical BSE, recently published research confirmed that the L-type BSE prion (a type of atypical BSE prion) may be orally transmitted to calves1 . In light of this evidence, and the likelihood that atypical BSE could arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence, the Group was of the opinion that it would be reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle were to be exposed to contaminated feed. Therefore, the recycling of atypical strains in cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">4. Definitions of meat-and-bone meal (MBM) and greaves</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 28, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">EFSA TSE Report 2022 First published 28 November 2023 The European Union summary report on surveillance for the presence of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) in 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2023/11/efsa-tse-report-2022-first-published-28.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2023/11/efsa-tse-report-2022-first-published-28.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">THURSDAY, DECEMBER 7, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Cervid Update By State December 2023 (Long Version)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">(Short Version)</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion_7.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion_7.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div><div><br /></div></div></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37946824.post-3439137032728830782024-03-06T11:41:00.001-06:002024-03-06T11:41:12.465-06:00Maryland Antietam and Monocacy National Battlefields Three white-tailed deer test positive for CWD NEWS<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Maryland Antietam and Monocacy National Battlefields Three white-tailed deer test positive for CWD</span></p><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">NEWS RELEASE</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Three white-tailed deer test positive for Chronic Wasting Disease in Antietam and Monocacy national battlefields First detections for national parks in the state of Maryland</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Date: March 5, 2024</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Contact: NCR_Communications@nps.gov</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">WASHINGTON— During recent white-tailed deer reduction operations and subsequent disease sampling at Antietam and Monocacy national battlefields, the National Park Service (NPS) received positive test results for Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD). Two deer tested positive at Antietam and one at Monocacy. These are the first CWD-positive detections for national parks in the state of Maryland. However, CWD has been present in Maryland since 2010.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">These national parks and others in the region reduce deer populations to protect and restore native plants, promote healthy and diverse forests, and preserve historic landscapes. All Washington, D.C., Maryland and Virginia national parks conducting deer reduction operations participate in a CWD monitoring program to monitor wildlife health. Until this year, all results had been negative.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">There is currently no evidence that CWD can infect humans. However, it is recommended that tissues from CWD-infected animals not be eaten. The venison from the deer that tested positive for CWD was destroyed.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Guidance to park visitors</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">If you see sick or dead wildlife, avoid contact with the animal and notify a National Park Service employee as soon as possible.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Most animals in parks are healthy and thrive in their natural environment, but sometimes wildlife can get sick just like people.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Always keep a safe distance from wildlife and avoid touching or handling dead or sick wild animals. Some disease-causing organisms can be passed between wild animals and people.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">National Park Service employees trained in wildlife health use specific protective measures to safely deal with a wild animal that may have died of disease.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">It is recommended that people not eat any part of an animal that is suspected or confirmed to have CWD.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Venison donation</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Whenever possible, the NPS donates all venison from its deer reduction operations to local food banks, consistent with NPS public health guidelines. All CWD positive meat is destroyed.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">NPS has reached out to the local food bank that is depending on and expecting venison donations to provide information about the CWD results.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The NPS will continue to monitor collected deer for CWD and destroy venison testing positive for CWD, according to NPS guidelines.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">www.nps.gov</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1465/three-white-tailed-deer-test-positive-for-chronic-wasting-disease-in-antietam-and-monocacy-national-battlefields.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1465/three-white-tailed-deer-test-positive-for-chronic-wasting-disease-in-antietam-and-monocacy-national-battlefields.htm</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">*** Maryland CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">(2020-Maryland, to date, 80 confirmed cases to date from CWD TSE Prion...tss)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> 2023 Maryland CWD TSE Prion, To date, 171 infected deer have been documented in the state.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Status of CWD in Maryland The Department of Natural Resources has tested 13,314 deer through random CWD surveillance since 2002. Sick deer displaying neurological symptoms were tested for CWD from 1999-2001. The disease was detected for the first time in Maryland from a deer taken by a hunter in November 2010, in Allegany County. To date, 171 infected deer have been documented in the state.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://dnr.maryland.gov/wildlife/Pages/hunt_trap/CWD_in_Maryland.aspx" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://dnr.maryland.gov/wildlife/Pages/hunt_trap/CWD_in_Maryland.aspx</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, MAY 17, 2023</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Maryland Department of Natural Resources’ Annual Survey Confirms 38 Deer With Chronic Wasting Disease</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">May 16, 2023</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Management Area Expanded into Additional Counties Following 2022 Report</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Image of map of four Maryland counties in chronic wasting disease management area The Maryland Department of Natural Resources reported today that 38 white-tailed deer sampled within Allegany, Carroll, Frederick, and Washington counties in 2022 tested positive for chronic wasting disease, a neurological disease found in deer and elk.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The Department of Natural Resources works with neighboring states to monitor chronic wasting disease in the deer population, and establishes management areas to help study the disease and hopefully curb its spread.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Of the positive samples, 34 came from within the existing Chronic Wasting Disease Management Area (Allegany and Washington counties), while three positive samples came from Frederick County and one positive sample came from Carroll County.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">“Unfortunately, but not surprisingly, this disease continues to spread both regionally and nationally,” Wildlife and Heritage Service Acting Director Karina Stonesifer said. “The department will continue to monitor this disease using the best science available to minimize the impact on our deer population and to keep hunters informed.” snip...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://news.maryland.gov/dnr/2023/05/16/maryland-department-of-natural-resources-annual-survey-confirms-38-deer-with-chronic-wasting-disease/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://news.maryland.gov/dnr/2023/05/16/maryland-department-of-natural-resources-annual-survey-confirms-38-deer-with-chronic-wasting-disease/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Status of CWD in Maryland The Department of Natural Resources has tested 13,300 deer for CWD since 1999. The disease was detected for the first time in Maryland from a deer taken by a hunter in November 2010, in Allegany County. To date, 171 infected deer have been documented in the state.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">In Allegany County, seventy-eight positive deer have been detected in Harvest Management Unit 233, including three on Billmeyer Wildlife Management Area, twenty-seven on Green Ridge State Forest, and one on Sideling Hill Wildlife Management Area. Thirty-one positive deer have been detected in Allegany County Harvest Management Unit 231 near Cumberland. Nine positive deer have been detected in Harvest Management Unit 232, including one on Warrior Mountain Wildlife Management Area.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">In Washington County, twenty-five positive deer have been detected in Harvest Management Unit 250, including three on Woodmont Natural Resources Management Area and one on Sideling Hill Wildlife Management Area. Seventeen positive deer have been found in Washington County Harvest Management Unit 251, including two on Indian Springs Wildlife Management Area. Seven positive deer have been detected in Harvest Management Unit 252 (Washington County, Region B).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">In Frederick County, one positive deer has been detected in Harvest Management Unit 271, one in Harvest Management Unit 273, and one in Harvest Management Unit 274.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">In Carroll County, one positive deer has been detected in Harvest Management Unit 312.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Number of White-tailed Deer that have Tested Positive for Chronic Wasting Disease by Harvest Management Unit (HMU) in Maryland, 2010 – 2022.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The department has been testing deer for CWD with increasing intensity since 1999. Initially, only deer that appeared to have classic CWD symptoms were tested. Beginning in 2002, the department began more intensive sampling and collected samples from deer in all counties of the state. In 2010, sampling efforts were focused on Allegany and western Washington counties due to the presence of positive cases in nearby West Virginia and Virginia. West Virginia first detected CWD in Hampshire County in 2005 and it was found in Frederick County, Virginia in early 2010. Pennsylvania documented a deer positive for CWD in 2012.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://dnr.maryland.gov/wildlife/Pages/hunt_trap/CWD_in_Maryland.aspx" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://dnr.maryland.gov/wildlife/Pages/hunt_trap/CWD_in_Maryland.aspx</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Maryland Department of Natural Resources’ Annual Survey Confirms 38 Deer With Chronic Wasting Disease</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">THURSDAY, MAY 19, 2022</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Maryland DNR reported that 53 WTD sampled within Allegany and Washington counties in 2021 tested positive for chronic wasting disease CWD</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Maryland DNR reported that 53 WTD sampled within Allegany and Washington counties in 2021 tested positive for chronic wasting disease CWD</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease Detected in 53 Deer in Western Maryland</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">May 18, 2022</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://news.maryland.gov/dnr/2022/05/18/chronic-wasting-disease-detected-in-53-deer-in-western-maryland/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://news.maryland.gov/dnr/2022/05/18/chronic-wasting-disease-detected-in-53-deer-in-western-maryland/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Maryland</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Captive Deer Policy</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://dnr.maryland.gov/wildlife/Pages/hunt_trap/Captive-Deer-Policy.aspx" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://dnr.maryland.gov/wildlife/Pages/hunt_trap/Captive-Deer-Policy.aspx</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Maryland detects additional 28 positives from last year's CWD TSE Prion sampling, total stands at 80 confirmed cases to date...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Status of CWD in Maryland</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The Department of Natural Resources has tested 10,882 deer for CWD since 1999. The disease was detected for the first time in Maryland from a deer taken by a hunter in November 2010. To date, 80 infected deer have been documented in the state. Forty-six of the deer originated in Allegany County Harvest Management Unit 233, including three on Billmeyer Wildlife Management Area, fifteen on Green Ridge State Forest, and one on Sideling Hill Wildlife Management Area. Twelve positive deer have been detected in Allegany County Harvest Management Unit 231 near Cumberland, and three have been detected in Harvest Management Unit 232. In Washington County, fourteen positive deer have been detected in Harvest Management Unit 250, including one on Woodmont Natural Resources Management Area. Four positive deer have been found in Washington County Harvest Management Unit 251, and one has now been found in Harvest Management Unit 252.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Number of White-tailed Deer that have Tested Positive for Chronic Wasting Disease by Harvest Management Unit (HMU) in Maryland, 2010 – 2019. County HMU Number Positive</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://dnr.maryland.gov/wildlife/Pages/hunt_trap/CWD_in_Maryland.aspx" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://dnr.maryland.gov/wildlife/Pages/hunt_trap/CWD_in_Maryland.aspx</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">7. Measuring the impact of chronic wasting disease in rural Maryland</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">This research will ascertain the economic impact of the current and projected presence of Chronic Wasting Disease on Maryland’s cervid population and the businesses that rely upon it.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Key Expected Outcomes:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">• Analyze the overall economic impact that CWD may have on cervid hunting and the captive cervid industry in Maryland over the next five years.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">• Estimate the necessary funding by both state and federal agencies for efforts to prevent, control, and mitigate CWD over the next five years, looking separately at wild and captive cervid herds.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">• Estimate the economic impact that potential cervid overpopulation (as a result of declines in hunting) may have on Maryland’s overall economy, and within related industries and services (e.g., timber and wood products, tourism, agriculture, food banks, etc.) over the next five years.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">• Provide public policy implications and relevant recommendations.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://rural.maryland.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2022/07/Meeting-Materials-RMF-Meeting-10.6.2022.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://rural.maryland.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2022/07/Meeting-Materials-RMF-Meeting-10.6.2022.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Maryland CWD response plan</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">https://dnr.maryland.gov/wildlife/Documents/2016_CWD_ResponsePlan.pdf</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.maryland.gov/pages/search.aspx?q=chronic%20wasting%20disease&site=8akcuqsa-yk&name=Natural%20Resources" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.maryland.gov/pages/search.aspx?q=chronic%20wasting%20disease&site=8akcuqsa-yk&name=Natural%20Resources</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, OCTOBER 09, 2020</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Maryland detects additional 28 positives from last year's CWD TSE Prion sampling, total stands at 80 confirmed cases to date</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/10/maryland-detects-additional-28.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/10/maryland-detects-additional-28.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, MAY 28, 2019</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Maryland Chronic Wasting Disease Detected in 25 Deer</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/05/maryland-chronic-wasting-disease.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/05/maryland-chronic-wasting-disease.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 21, 2018</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Maryland Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Found In Ten Deer Allegany and Washington Counties</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/02/maryland-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/02/maryland-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">SATURDAY, MARCH 04, 2017</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Maryland DNR Six Deer Test Positive for Chronic Wasting Disease</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/03/maryland-dnr-six-deer-test-positive-for.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/03/maryland-dnr-six-deer-test-positive-for.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, MARCH 29, 2016</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Maryland Department of Natural Resources Five Deer Test Positive for Chronic Wasting Disease ONE OUTSIDE CWD MANAGEMENT ZONE</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/maryland-department-of-natural.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/maryland-department-of-natural.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">SUNDAY, NOVEMBER 27, 2011</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease Found In A White-Tailed Deer In Maryland</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2011/11/chronic-wasting-disease-found-in-white.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2011/11/chronic-wasting-disease-found-in-white.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Thursday, February 10, 2011</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease Found In A White-Tailed Deer In Maryland</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2011/02/chronic-wasting-disease-found-in-white.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2011/02/chronic-wasting-disease-found-in-white.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY TSE PRION DISEASE ZOONOSIS, ZOONOTIC </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">“If CWD in humans is found to be contagious and transmissible among humans, as it is in cervids [57], the spread of the disease within humans might become endemic.”</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">PART 2. TPWD CHAPTER 65. DIVISION 1. CWD</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, 65.88</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission in a duly noticed meeting on May 25, 2023 adopted amendments to 31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, and §65.88, concerning Disease Detection and Response, without changes to the proposed text as published in the April 21, 2023, issue of the Texas Register (48 TexReg 2048). The rules will not be republished.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Currently, there is scientific evidence to suggest that CWD has zoonotic potential; however, no confirmed cases of CWD have been found in humans.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">17 DETECTION OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE PRIONS IN PROCESSED MEATS.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Rebeca Benavente1, Francisca Bravo1,2, Paulina Soto1,2, J. Hunter Reed3, Mitch Lockwood3, Rodrigo Morales1,2</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">1Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA. 2Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile. 3Texas Parks and Wildlife, Austin, USA</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease (CWD) remains unknown. Currently, there are no known natural cases of CWD transmission to humans but increasing evidence suggests that the host range of CWD is not confined only to cervid species. Alarmingly, recent experimental evidence suggests that certain CWD isolates can induce disease in non-human primates. While the CDC strongly recommends determining CWD status in animals prior to consumption, this practice is voluntary. Consequently, it is plausible that a proportion of the cervid meat entering the human food chain may be contaminated with CWD. Of additional concern is that traditional diagnostic techniques used to detect CWD have relatively low sensitivity and are only approved for use in tissues other than those typically ingested by humans. In this study, we analyzed different processed meats derived from a pre-clinical, CWD-positive free-ranging elk. Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats. CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates. Our results show positive prion detection in all products. To confirm the resilience of CWD-prions to traditional cooking methods, we grilled and boiled the meat products and evaluated them for any remnant PMCA seeding activity. Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking. Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> Our results show positive prion detection in all products.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">9 Carrot plants as potential vectors for CWD transmission.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Paulina Soto1,2, Francisca Bravo-Risi1,2, Claudio Soto1, Rodrigo Morales1,2</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">1Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA. 2Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> We show that edible plant components can absorb prions from CWD-contaminated soils and transport them to their aerial parts.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> Our results indicate that edible plants could participate as vectors of CWD transmission</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Transmission of prion infectivity from CWD-infected macaque tissues to rodent models demonstrates the zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaoui1,2, Ginny Cheng1,2, Wiebke Wemheuer3, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer3, Sabine Gilch1,2, Hermann Schatzl1,2 1University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. 2Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada. 3Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> Further passage to cervidized mice revealed transmission with a 100% attack rate.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> Our findings demonstrate that macaques, considered the best model for the zoonotic potential of prions, were infected upon CWD challenge, including the oral one.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">****> The disease manifested as atypical in macaques and initial transgenic mouse transmissions, but with infectivity present at all times, as unveiled in the bank vole model with an unusual tissue tropism.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> Epidemiologic surveillance of prion disease among cervid hunters and people likely to have consumed venison contaminated with chronic wasting disease</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Transmission of Cervid Prions to Humanized Mice Demonstrates the Zoonotic Potential of CWD</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaouia, Irina Zemlyankinaa, Sheng Chun Changa, Maria Immaculata Arifina, Vincent Béringueb, Debbie McKenziec, Hermann M. Schatzla, and Sabine Gilcha</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Results: Here, we provide the strongest evidence supporting the zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and their possible phenotype in humans. Inoculation of mice expressing human PrPCwith deer CWD isolates (strains Wisc-1 and 116AG) resulted in atypical clinical manifestations in > 75% of the mice, with myoclonus as leading clinical sign. Most of tg650brain homogenates were positive for seeding activity in RT-QuIC. Clinical disease and presentation was transmissible to tg650 mice and bank voles. Intriguingly, protease-resistant PrP in the brain of tg650 mice resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon passage. Abnormal PrP aggregates upon infection with Wisc-1 were detectable in thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain/pons regions.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Unprecedented in human prion disease, feces of CWD-inoculated tg650 mice harbored prion seeding activity and infectious prions, as shown by inoculation of bank voles and tg650 with fecal homogenates.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Conclusions: This is the first evidence that CWD can infect humans and cause disease with a distinctive clinical presentation, signature, and tropism, which might be transmissible between humans while current diagnostic assays might fail to detect it. These findings have major implications for public health and CWD-management.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286 The finding that infectious PrPSc was shed in fecal material of CWD-infected humanized mice and induced clinical disease, different tropism, and typical three banding pattern-PrPres in bank voles that is transmissible upon second passage is highly concerning for public health. The fact that this biochemical signature in bank voles resembles that of the Wisc-1 original deer isolate and is different from that of bvWisc-1, in the migration profile and the glyco-form-ratio, is valid evidence that these results are not a product of contamination in our study. If CWD in humans is found to be contagious and transmissible among humans, as it is in cervids [57], the spread of the disease within humans might become endemic.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Acta Neuropathol 144, 767–784 (2022). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Published</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">22 August 2022</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaoui1 · Irina Zemlyankina1 · Sheng Chun Chang1 · Maria Immaculata Arifn1 · Vincent Béringue2 · Debbie McKenzie3 · Hermann M. Schatzl1 · Sabine Gilch1</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Received: 24 May 2022 / Revised: 5 August 2022 / Accepted: 7 August 2022</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">© The Author(s) 2022</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Prions cause infectious and fatal neurodegenerative diseases in mammals. Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease of cervids, spreads efficiently among wild and farmed animals. Potential transmission to humans of CWD is a growing concern due to its increasing prevalence. Here, we provide evidence for a zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and its probable signature using mice expressing human prion protein (PrP) as an infection model. Inoculation of these mice with deer CWD isolates resulted in atypical clinical manifestation with prion seeding activity and efficient transmissible infectivity in the brain and, remarkably, in feces, but without classical neuropathological or Western blot appearances of prion diseases. Intriguingly, the protease-resistant PrP in the brain resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon second passage. Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Keywords Chronic wasting disease · CWD · Zoonotic potential · Prion strains · Zoonotic prions</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">HIGHLIGHTS OF THIS STUDY</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">================================</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">In this study, we evaluated the zoonotic potential of CWD using a transgenic mouse model overexpressing human M129-PrPC (tg650 [12]). We inoculated tg650 mice intracerebrally with two deer CWD isolates, Wisc-1 and 116AG [22, 23, 27, 29]. We demonstrate that this transgenic line was susceptible to infection with CWD prions and displayed a distinct leading clinical sign, an atypical PrPSc signature and unusual fecal shedding of infectious prions. Importantly, these prions generated by the human PrP transgenic mice were transmissible upon passage. Our results are the first evidence of a zoonotic risk of CWD when using one of the most common CWD strains, Wisc-1/CWD1 for infection. We demonstrated in a human transgenic mouse model that the species barrier for transmission of CWD to humans is not absolute. The fact that its signature was not typical raises the questions whether CWD would manifest in humans as a subclinical infection, whether it would arise through direct or indirect transmission including an intermediate host, or a silent to uncovered human-to-human transmission, and whether current detection techniques will be suffcient to unveil its presence.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Our findings strongly suggest that CWD should be regarded as an actual public health risk. Here, we use humanized mice to show that CWD prions can cross the species barrier to humans, and remarkably, infectious prions can be excreted in feces.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Our results indicate that if CWD crosses the species-barrier to humans, it is unlikely to resemble the most common forms of human prion diseases with respect to clinical signs, tissue tropism and PrPSc signature. For instance, PrPSc in variable protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr), a sporadic form of human prion disease, and in the genetic form Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS) is defined by an atypical PK-resistant PrPSc fragment that is non-glycosylated and truncated at both C- and N-termini, with a molecular weight between 6 and 8 kDa [24, 44–46]. These biochemical features are unique and distinctive from PrPSc (PrP27-30) found in most other human or animal prion disease. The atypical PrPSc signature detected in brain homogenate of tg650 mice #321 (1st passage) and #3063 (2nd passage), and the 7–8 kDa fragment (Figs. 2, 4) are very similar to that of GSS, both in terms of migration profile and the N-terminal cleavage site.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">CWD in humans might remain subclinical but with PrPSc deposits in the brain with an unusual morphology that does not resemble the patterns usually seen in different prion diseases (e.g., mouse #328; Fig. 3), clinical with untraceable abnormal PrP (e.g., mouse #327) but still transmissible and uncovered upon subsequent passage (e.g., mouse #3063; Fig. 4), or prions have other reservoirs than the usual ones, hence the presence of infectivity in feces (e.g., mouse #327) suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">=================================</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip...see full text</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Fortuitous generation of a zoonotic cervid prion strain</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Manuel Camacho, Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Sydney Smith, Jieji Hu, Wanyun Tao, Ignazio Cali, Qingzhong Kong. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Aims: Whether CWD prions can infect humans remains unclear despite the very substantial scale and long history of human exposure of CWD in many states or provinces of USA and Canada. Multiple in vitro conversion experiments and in vivo animal studies indicate that the CWD-to-human transmission barrier is not unbreakable. A major long-term public health concern on CWD zoonosis is the emergence of highly zoonotic CWD strains. We aim to address the question of whether highly zoonotic CWD strains are possible.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: We inoculated several sCJD brain samples into cervidized transgenic mice (Tg12), which were intended as negative controls for bioassays of brain tissues from sCJD cases who had potentially been exposed to CWD. Some of the Tg12 mice became infected and their brain tissues were further examined by Western blot as well as serial passages in humanized or cervidized mice.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Results: Passage of sCJDMM1 in transgenic mice expressing elk PrP (Tg12) resulted in a “cervidized” CJD strain that we termed CJDElkPrP. We observed 100% transmission of the original CJDElkPrP in transgenic mice expressing human PrP. We passaged CJDElkPrP two more times in the Tg12 mice. We found that such second and third passage CJDElkPrP prions retained 100% transmission rate in the humanized mice, despite that the natural elk CWD isolates and CJDElkPrP share the same elk PrP sequence. In contrast, we and others found zero or poor transmission of natural elk CWD isolates in humanized mice.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our data indicate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can retain zoonotic potential after serial passages in cervids, suggesting a very significant and serious long-term risk of CWD zoonosis given that the broad and continuing spread of CWD prions will provide fertile grounds for the emergence of zoonotic CWD strains over time.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O'Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples used in this study, respectively</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">"Our data indicate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can retain zoonotic potential after serial passages in cervids, suggesting a very significant and serious long-term risk of CWD zoonosis given that the broad and continuing spread of CWD prions will provide fertile grounds for the emergence of zoonotic CWD strains over time."</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">A probable diagnostic marker for CWD infection in humans</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Manuel Camacho, Ignazio Cali, Qingzhong Kong. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Aims: Multiple in vitro CWD-seeded human PrP conversion experiments and some animal model studies indicate that the species barrier for CWD to human transmission can be overcome, but whether CWD prion can infect humans in real life remains controversial. The very limited understanding on the likely features of CWD infection in humans and the lack of a reliable diagnostic marker for identification of acquired human CWD cases contribute to this uncertainty. We aim to stablish such a reliable diagnostic marker for CWD infections in humans should they occur.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: A couple of PrPSc-positive spleens were identified from humanized transgenic mice inoculated with either CWD or sCJDMM1. Prions in these spleens were compared by bioassays in cervidized or humanized transgenic mice. A couple of PrPSc-positive spleens from UK sCJDMM1 patients were also examined similarly as controls with no exposure to CWD.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Results: We have detected two prion-positive spleens in humanized transgenic mice inoculated with some CWD isolates. Such experimentally generated splenic “humanized” CWD prions (termed eHuCWDsp) appear indistinguishable from prions in the brain of sCJDMM1 patients on Western blot. We compared eHuCWDsp with prions in the spleen from humanized mice infected with sCJDMM1 (termed sCJDMM1sp) by bioassays in cervidized or humanized transgenic mice. Significantly, we found that eHuCWDsp can efficiently infect not only the humanized mice but also cervidized transgenic mice, and cervidized mice infected by eHuCWDsp produced PrPSc and brain pathology that are practically identical to those of CWD-infected cervidized mice. In contrast, sCJDMM1sp, similar to prions from sCJDMM1 patient brains, is poorly transmissible in the cervidized mice.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that high transmissibility with CWD features of splenic prions in cervidized transgenic mice is unique to acquired human CWD prions, and it may serve as a reliable marker to identify the first acquired human CWD cases.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O'Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples used in this study, respectively.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Prion 2023 Experimental Oronasal Inoculation of the Chronic Wasting Disease Agent into White Tailed Deer</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Author list: Sarah Zurbuchena,b , S. Jo Moorea,b , Jifeng Biana , Eric D. Cassmanna , and Justin J. Greenleea . a. Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, US b. Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, United States</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Aims: The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether white-tailed deer (WTD) are susceptible to inoculation of chronic wasting disease (CWD) via oronasal exposure.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Materials and methods: Six male, neutered WTD were oronasally inoculated with brainstem material (10% w/v) from a CWD-positive wild-type WTD. The genotypes of five inoculated deer were Q95/G96 (wild-type). One inoculated deer was homozygous S at codon 96 (96SS). Cervidized (Tg12; M132 elk PrP) mice were inoculated with 1% w/v brainstem homogenate from either a 96GG WTD (n=10) or the 96SS WTD (n=10).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Results: All deer developed characteristic clinical signs of CWD including weight loss, regurgitation, and ataxia. The 96SS individual had a prolonged disease course and incubation period compared to the other deer. Western blots of the brainstem on all deer yielded similar molecular profiles. All deer had widespread lymphoid distribution of PrPCWD and neuropathologic lesions associated with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Both groups of mice had a 100% attack rate and developed clinical signs, including loss of body condition, ataxia, and loss of righting reflex. Mice inoculated with material from the 96SS deer had a significantly shorter incubation period than mice inoculated with material from 96GG deer (Welch two sample T-test, P<0.05). Serial dilutions of each inocula suggests that differences in incubation period were not due to a greater concentration of PrPCWD in the 96SS inoculum. Molecular profiles from western blot of brain homogenates from mice appeared similar regardless of inoculum and appear similar to those of deer used for inoculum.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Conclusions: This study characterizes the lesions and clinical course of CWD in WTD inoculated in a similar manner to natural conditions. It supports previous findings that 96SS deer have a prolonged disease course. Further, it describes a first pass of inoculum from a 96SS deer in cervidized mice which shortened the incubation period.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Funded by: This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection, analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We thank Ami Frank and Kevin Hassall for their technical contributions to this project.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The detection and decontamination of chronic wasting disease prions during venison processing</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Marissa S. Milstein1,2, Marc D. Schwabenlander1,2, Sarah C. Gresch1,2, Manci Li1,2, Stuart Lichtenberg1,2, Rachel Shoemaker1,2, Gage R. Rowden1,2, Jason C. Bartz2,3 , Tiffany M. Wolf2,4, Peter A. Larsen1,2</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Presenting author: Tiffany M. Wolf 1 Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 2 Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 3 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA 4 Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Aims: There is a growing concern that chronic wasting disease (CWD) prions in venison pose a risk to human health. CWD prions accumulate in infected deer tissues that commonly enter the human food chain through meat processing and consumption. The United States (US) Food and Drug Administration and US Department of Agriculture now formally consider CWD-positive venison unfit for human and animal consumption. Yet, the degree to which prion contamination occurs during routine venison processing is unknown. Here, we use environmental surface swab methods to: a) experimentally test meat processing equipment (i.e., stainless steel knives and polyethylene cutting boards) before and after processing CWD-positive venison and b) test the efficacy of five different disinfectant types (i.e., Dawn dish soap, Virkon-S, Briotech, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach) to determine prion decontamination efficacy.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: We used a real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay to determine CWD infection status of venison and to detect CWD prions in the swabs. We collected three swabs per surface and ran eight technical replicates on RT-QuIC.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Results: CWD prions were detected on all cutting boards (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8 and knives (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) used in processing CWD-positive venison, but not on those used for CWD-negative venison. After processing CWD-positive venison, allowing the surfaces to dry, and washing the cutting board with Dawn dish soap, we detected CWD prions on the cutting board surface (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) but not on the knife (n= 3, replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). Similar patterns were observed with Briotech (cutting board: n= 3; replicates= 7/8, 1/8, 0/8; knife: n= 3; replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). We did not detect CWD prions on the knives or cutting boards after disinfecting with Virkon-S, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Conclusions: These preliminary results suggest that Dawn dish soap and Briotech do not reliably decontaminate CWD prions from these surfaces. Our data suggest that Virkon-S and various bleach concentrations are more effective in reducing prion contamination of meat processing surfaces; however, surface type may also influence the ability of prions to adsorb to surfaces, preventing complete decontamination. Our results will directly inform best practices to prevent the introduction of CWD prions into the human food chain during venison processing.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: Funding was provided by the Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund as recommended by the Legislative-Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources (LCCMR), the Rapid Agriculture Response Fund (#95385/RR257), and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Theme: Animal prion diseases</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Prion 2023 Abstracts</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers.. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Research Paper</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Cellular prion protein distribution in the vomeronasal organ, parotid, and scent glands of white-tailed deer and mule deer</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Anthony Ness, Aradhana Jacob, Kelsey Saboraki, Alicia Otero, Danielle Gushue, Diana Martinez Moreno, Melanie de Peña, Xinli Tang, Judd Aiken, Susan Lingle & Debbie McKenzieORCID Icon show less</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Pages 40-57 | Received 03 Feb 2022, Accepted 13 May 2022, Published online: 29 May 2022</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Download citation</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">ABSTRACT</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting species of the cervidae family. CWD has an expanding geographic range and complex, poorly understood transmission mechanics. CWD is disproportionately prevalent in wild male mule deer and male white-tailed deer. Sex and species influences on CWD prevalence have been hypothesized to be related to animal behaviours that involve deer facial and body exocrine glands. Understanding CWD transmission potential requires a foundational knowledge of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) in glands associated with cervid behaviours. In this study, we characterized the presence and distribution of PrPC in six integumentary and two non-integumentary tissues of hunter-harvested mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (O. virginianus). We report that white-tailed deer expressed significantly more PrPC than their mule deer in the parotid, metatarsal, and interdigital glands. Females expressed more PrPC than males in the forehead and preorbital glands. The distribution of PrPC within the integumentary exocrine glands of the face and legs were localized to glandular cells, hair follicles, epidermis, and immune cell infiltrates. All tissues examined expressed sufficient quantities of PrPC to serve as possible sites of prion initial infection, propagation, and shedding.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">ARS RESEARCH Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Publication Acceptance Date: 9/8/2021</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Title: Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Author item WANG, ZERUI - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item QIN, KEFENG - University Of Chicago item CAMACHO, MANUEL - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item SHEN, PINGPING - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item YUAN, JUE - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item Greenlee, Justin item CUI, LI - Jilin University item KONG, QINGZHONG - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item MASTRIANNI, JAMES - University Of Chicago item ZOU, WEN-QUAN - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Submitted to: Acta Neuropathologica Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 9/8/2021 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Interpretive Summary: Prion diseases are invariably fatal neurologic diseases for which there is no known prevention or cure. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease of deer and elk and is present in farmed and free ranging herds throughout North America. To date there is no clear evidence that the CWD agent could be transmitted to humans. This manuscript describes the use of an in vitro technique, cell-free serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA), to generate a CWD prion that is infectious to transgenic mice expressing the human prion protein. This study provides the first evidence that CWD prions may be able to cause misfolding in the human prion protein. This information will impact medical experts and those involved in making policy for farmed cervids and wildlife.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Technical Abstract: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a cervid spongiform encephalopathy or prion disease caused by the infectious prion or PrPSc, a misfolded conformer of cellular prion protein (PrPC). It has rapidly spread in North America and also has been found in Asia and Europe. In contrast to the zoonotic mad cow disease that is the first animal prion disease found transmissible to humans, the transmissibility of CWD to humans remains uncertain although most previous studies have suggested that humans may not be susceptible to CWD. Here we report the generation of an infectious human PrPSc by seeding CWD PrPSc in normal human brain PrPC through the in vitro cell-free serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA). Western blotting confirms that the sPMCA-induced proteinase K-resistant PrPSc is a human form, evidenced by a PrP-specific antibody that recognizes human but not cervid PrP. Remarkably, two lines of humanized transgenic (Tg) mice expressing human PrP-129Val/Val (VV) or -129Met/Met (MM) polymorphism develop prion disease at 233 ± 6 (mean ± SE) days post-inoculation (dpi) and 552 ± 27 dpi, respectively, upon intracerebral inoculation with the sPMCA-generated PrPSc. The brain of diseased Tg mice reveals the electrophoretic profile of PrPSc similar to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) MM1 or VV2 subtype but different neuropathological patterns. We believe that our study provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc is able to convert human PrPC into PrPSc in vitro and the CWD-derived human PrPSc mimics atypical sCJD subtypes in humanized Tg mice.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">''The brain of diseased Tg mice reveals the electrophoretic profile of PrPSc similar to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) MM1 or VV2 subtype but different neuropathological patterns.''</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">''We believe that our study provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc is able to convert human PrPC into PrPSc in vitro and the CWD-derived human PrPSc mimics atypical sCJD subtypes in humanized Tg mice.''</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Published: 26 September 2021</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Zerui Wang, Kefeng Qin, Manuel V. Camacho, Ignazio Cali, Jue Yuan, Pingping Shen, Justin Greenlee, Qingzhong Kong, James A. Mastrianni & Wen-Quan Zou</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Acta Neuropathologica Communications volume 9, Article number: 158 (2021)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a cervid prion disease caused by the accumulation of an infectious misfolded conformer (PrPSc) of cellular prion protein (PrPC). It has been spreading rapidly in North America and also found in Asia and Europe. Although bovine spongiform encephalopathy (i.e. mad cow disease) is the only animal prion disease known to be zoonotic, the transmissibility of CWD to humans remains uncertain. Here we report the generation of the first CWD-derived infectious human PrPSc by elk CWD PrPSc-seeded conversion of PrPC in normal human brain homogenates using in vitro protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA). Western blotting with human PrP selective antibody confirmed that the PMCA-generated protease-resistant PrPSc was derived from the human PrPC substrate. Two lines of humanized transgenic mice expressing human PrP with either Val or Met at the polymorphic codon 129 developed clinical prion disease following intracerebral inoculation with the PMCA-generated CWD-derived human PrPSc. Diseased mice exhibited distinct PrPSc patterns and neuropathological changes in the brain. Our study, using PMCA and animal bioassays, provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc can cross the species barrier to convert human PrPC into infectious PrPSc that can produce bona fide prion disease when inoculated into humanized transgenic mice.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Snip...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">It is worth noting that the annual number of sporadic CJD (sCJD) cases in the USA has increased, with the total number of suspected and confirmed sCJD cases rising from 284 in 2003 to 511 in 2017 (https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cjd/occurrence-transmission.html). The greatly enhanced CJD surveillance and an aging population in the USA certainly contributed to the observed increase in annual sCJD case numbers in recent years, but the possibility cannot be excluded that some of the increased sCJD prevalence is linked to CWD exposure.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">In the present study, using serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) assay we generate PrPSc by seeding CWD prions in normal human brain homogenates. Importantly, we reveal that two lines of humanized Tg mice expressing human PrP-129VV and 129MM develop prion diseases upon intracerebral inoculation of the abnormal PrP generated by sPMCA. We believe that our study provides the first opportunity to dissect the clinical, pathological and biochemical features of the CWD-derived human prion disease in two lines of humanized Tg mice expressing two major human PrP genotypes, respectively.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">i thought i might share some news about cwd zoonosis that i got, that i cannot share or post to the public yet, i promised for various reasons, one that it will cause a shit storm for sure, but it was something i really already knew from previous studies, but, i was told that ;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">==================</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">''As you can imagine, 2 and 5 (especially 5) may raise alarms. The evidence we have for 4 are not as strong or tight as I would like to have. At this point, please do not post any of the points publicly yet, but you can refer to points 1-3 in private discussions and all 5 points when discussing with relevant public officials to highlight the long-term risks of CWD zoonosis.''</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">====================</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">so, i figure your as about as official as it gets, and i think this science is extremely important for you to know and to converse about with your officials. it's about to burn a whole in my pocket. this is about as close as it will ever get for cwd zoonosis to be proven in my time, this and what Canada Czub et al found with the Macaques, plus an old study from cjd surveillance unit back that showed cjd and a 9% increase in risk from folks that eat venison, i will post all this below for your files Sir. i remember back in the BSE nvCJD days, from when the first BSE case in bovine was confirmed around 1984 maybe 83, i forget the good vets named that screwed it up first, Carol something, but from 83ish to 95 96 when nvCJD was linked to humans from BSE in cattle, so that took 10 to 15 years. hell, at that rate, especially with Texas and cwd zoonsis, hell, i'll be dead before it's official, if ever, so here ya go Sir. there was a grant study on cwd zoonosis that had been going on for some time, i followed it over the years, then the grant date for said study had expired, so, i thought i would write the good Professor about said study i.e. Professor Kong, CWRU et al. i will post the grant study abstract first, and then after that, what reply i got back, about said study that i was told not to post/publish...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">CWD ZOONOSIS GRANT FIRST;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Cervid to human prion transmission</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Kong, Qingzhong</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Abstract Prion disease is transmissible and invariably fatal. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease affecting deer, elk and moose, and it is a widespread and expanding epidemic affecting 22 US States and 2 Canadian provinces so far. CWD poses the most serious zoonotic prion transmission risks in North America because of huge venison consumption (>6 million deer/elk hunted and consumed annually in the USA alone), significant prion infectivity in muscles and other tissues/fluids from CWD-affected cervids, and usually high levels of individual exposure to CWD resulting from consumption of the affected animal among often just family and friends. However, we still do not know whether CWD prions can infect humans in the brain or peripheral tissues or whether clinical/asymptomatic CWD zoonosis has already occurred, and we have no essays to reliably detect CWD infection in humans. We hypothesize that: (1) The classic CWD prion strain can infect humans at low levels in the brain and peripheral lymphoid tissues; (2) The cervid-to-human transmission barrier is dependent on the cervid prion strain and influenced by the host (human) prion protein (PrP) primary sequence; (3) Reliable essays can be established to detect CWD infection in humans; and (4) CWD transmission to humans has already occurred. We will test these hypotheses in 4 Aims using transgenic (Tg) mouse models and complementary in vitro approaches.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Aim 1 will prove that the classical CWD strain may infect humans in brain or peripheral lymphoid tissues at low levels by conducting systemic bioassays in a set of humanized Tg mouse lines expressing common human PrP variants using a number of CWD isolates at varying doses and routes. Experimental human CWD samples will also be generated for Aim 3.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Aim 2 will test the hypothesis that the cervid-to-human prion transmission barrier is dependent on prion strain and influenced by the host (human) PrP sequence by examining and comparing the transmission efficiency and phenotypes of several atypical/unusual CWD isolates/strains as well as a few prion strains from other species that have adapted to cervid PrP sequence, utilizing the same panel of humanized Tg mouse lines as in Aim 1.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Aim 3 will establish reliable essays for detection and surveillance of CWD infection in humans by examining in details the clinical, pathological, biochemical and in vitro seeding properties of existing and future experimental human CWD samples generated from Aims 1-2 and compare them with those of common sporadic human Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) prions.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Aim 4 will attempt to detect clinical CWD-affected human cases by examining a significant number of brain samples from prion-affected human subjects in the USA and Canada who have consumed venison from CWD-endemic areas utilizing the criteria and essays established in Aim 3. The findings from this proposal will greatly advance our understandings on the potential and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for CWD zoonosis and potentially discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Public Health Relevance There are significant and increasing human exposure to cervid prions because chronic wasting disease (CWD, a widespread and highly infectious prion disease among deer and elk in North America) continues spreading and consumption of venison remains popular, but our understanding on cervid-to-human prion transmission is still very limited, raising public health concerns. This proposal aims to define the zoonotic risks of cervid prions and set up and apply essays to detect CWD zoonosis using mouse models and in vitro methods. The findings will greatly expand our knowledge on the potentials and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for such infections and may discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Funding Agency Agency National Institute of Health (NIH) Institute National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Type Research Project (R01) Project # 1R01NS088604-01A1 Application # 9037884 Study Section Cellular and Molecular Biology of Neurodegeneration Study Section (CMND) Program Officer Wong, May Project Start 2015-09-30 Project End 2019-07-31 Budget Start 2015-09-30 Budget End 2016-07-31 Support Year 1 Fiscal Year 2015 Total Cost $337,507 Indirect Cost $118,756</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1#panel-abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1#panel-abstract</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Professor Kongs reply to me just this month about above grant study that has NOT been published in peer reveiw yet...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">=================================</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Here is a brief summary of our findings:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip...can't post, made a promise...tss</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">On Sat, Apr 3, 2021 at 12:19 PM Terry Singeltary <flounder9@verizon.net> wrote:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">end...tss</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">==============</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">CWD ZOONOSIS THE FULL MONTY TO DATE</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">International Conference on Emerging Diseases, Outbreaks & Case Studies & 16th Annual Meeting on Influenza March 28-29, 2018 | Orlando, USA</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Qingzhong Kong</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease prions from cervids</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease in cervids (mule deer, white-tailed deer, American elk, moose, and reindeer). It has become an epidemic in North America, and it has been detected in the Europe (Norway) since 2016. The widespread CWD and popular hunting and consumption of cervid meat and other products raise serious public health concerns, but questions remain on human susceptibility to CWD prions, especially on the potential difference in zoonotic potential among the various CWD prion strains. We have been working to address this critical question for well over a decade. We used CWD samples from various cervid species to inoculate transgenic mice expressing human or elk prion protein (PrP). We found infectious prions in the spleen or brain in a small fraction of CWD-inoculated transgenic mice expressing human PrP, indicating that humans are not completely resistant to CWD prions; this finding has significant ramifications on the public health impact of CWD prions. The influence of cervid PrP polymorphisms, the prion strain dependence of CWD-to-human transmission barrier, and the characterization of experimental human CWD prions will be discussed.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Speaker Biography Qingzhong Kong has completed his PhD from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst and Post-doctoral studies at Yale University. He is currently an Associate Professor of Pathology, Neurology and Regenerative Medicine. He has published over 50 original research papers in reputable journals (including Science Translational Medicine, JCI, PNAS and Cell Reports) and has been serving as an Editorial Board Member on seven scientific journals. He has multiple research interests, including public health risks of animal prions (CWD of cervids and atypical BSE of cattle), animal modeling of human prion diseases, mechanisms of prion replication and pathogenesis, etiology of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD) in humans, normal cellular PrP in the biology and pathology of multiple brain and peripheral diseases, proteins responsible for the α-cleavage of cellular PrP, as well as gene therapy and DNA vaccination.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">qxk2@case.edu</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">SUNDAY, JULY 25, 2021</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">North American and Norwegian Chronic Wasting Disease prions exhibit different potential for interspecies transmission and zoonotic risk</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">''Our data suggest that reindeer and red deer from Norway could be the most transmissible CWD prions to other mammals, whereas North American CWD prions were more prone to generate human prions in vitro.''</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/north-american-and-norwegian-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/north-american-and-norwegian-chronic.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">MONDAY, JULY 19, 2021</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> U Calgary researchers at work on a vaccine against a fatal infectious disease affecting deer and potentially people</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/u-calgary-researchers-at-work-on.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/u-calgary-researchers-at-work-on.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">BSE aka MAD COW DISEASE, was first discovered in 1984, and it took until 1995 to finally admit that BSE was causing nvCJD, the rest there is history, but that science is still evolving i.e. science now shows that indeed atypical L-type BSE, atypical Nor-98 Scrapie, and typical Scrapie are all zoonosis, zoonotic for humans, there from.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">HOW long are we going to wait for Chronic Wasting Disease, CWD TSE Prion of Cervid, and zoonosis, zoonotic transmission to humans there from?</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Studies have shown since 1994 that humans are susceptible to CWD TSE Prion, so, what's the hold up with making CWD a zoonotic zoonosis disease, the iatrogenic transmissions there from is not waiting for someone to make a decision.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">P190 Human prion disease mortality rates by occurrence of chronic wasting disease in free ranging cervids, United States</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Abrams JY (1), Maddox RA (1), Schonberger LB (1), Person MK (1), Appleby BS (2), Belay ED (1)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Background</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease of deer and elk that has been identified in free ranging cervids in 23 US states. While there is currently no epidemiological evidence for zoonotic transmission through the consumption of contaminated venison, studies suggest the CWD agent can cross the species barrier in experimental models designed to closely mimic humans. We compared rates of human prion disease in states with and without CWD to examine the possibility of undetermined zoonotic transmission.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Methods</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Death records from the National Center for Health Statistics, case records from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, and additional state case reports were combined to create a database of human prion disease cases from 2003-2015. Identification of CWD in each state was determined through reports of positive CWD tests by state wildlife agencies. Age- and race-adjusted mortality rates for human prion disease, excluding cases with known etiology, were determined for four categories of states based on CWD occurrence: highly endemic (>16 counties with CWD identified in free-ranging cervids); moderately endemic (3-10 counties with CWD); low endemic (1-2 counties with CWD); and no CWD states. States were counted as having no CWD until the year CWD was first identified. Analyses stratified by age, sex, and time period were also conducted to focus on subgroups for which zoonotic transmission would be more likely to be detected: cases <55 years old, male sex, and the latter half of the study (2010-2015).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Results</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Highly endemic states had a higher rate of prion disease mortality compared to non-CWD states (rate ratio [RR]: 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01 - 1.23), as did low endemic states (RR: 1.15, 95% CI = 1.04 - 1.27). Moderately endemic states did not have an elevated mortality rate (RR: 1.05, 95% CI = 0.93 - 1.17). In age-stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates among the <55 year old population were elevated for moderately endemic states (RR: 1.57, 95% CI = 1.10 – 2.24) while mortality rates were elevated among those ≥55 for highly endemic states (RR: 1.13, 95% CI = 1.02 - 1.26) and low endemic states (RR: 1.16, 95% CI = 1.04 - 1.29). In other stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates for males were only elevated for low endemic states (RR: 1.27, 95% CI = 1.10 - 1.48), and none of the categories of CWD-endemic states had elevated mortality rates for the latter time period (2010-2015).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Conclusions</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">While higher prion disease mortality rates in certain categories of states with CWD in free-ranging cervids were noted, additional stratified analyses did not reveal markedly elevated rates for potentially sensitive subgroups that would be suggestive of zoonotic transmission. Unknown confounding factors or other biases may explain state-by-state differences in prion disease mortality.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">P172 Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Prion Disease</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Wang H(1), Cohen M(1), Appleby BS(1,2)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">(1) University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio (2) National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Cleveland, Ohio.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Prion disease is a fatal progressive neurodegenerative disease due to deposition of an abnormal protease-resistant isoform of prion protein. Typical symptoms include rapidly progressive dementia, myoclonus, visual disturbance and hallucinations. Interestingly, in patients with prion disease, the abnormal protein canould also be found in the peripheral nervous system. Case reports of prion deposition in peripheral nerves have been reported. Peripheral nerve involvement is thought to be uncommon; however, little is known about the exact prevalence and features of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">We reviewed autopsy-proven prion cases from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center that were diagnosed between September 2016 to March 2017. We collected information regarding prion protein diagnosis, demographics, comorbidities, clinical symptoms, physical exam, neuropathology, molecular subtype, genetics lab, brain MRI, image and EMG reports. Our study included 104 patients. Thirteen (12.5%) patients had either subjective symptoms or objective signs of peripheral neuropathy. Among these 13 patients, 3 had other known potential etiologies of peripheral neuropathy such as vitamin B12 deficiency or prior chemotherapy. Among 10 patients that had no other clear etiology, 3 (30%) had familial CJD. The most common sCJD subtype was MV1-2 (30%), followed by MM1-2 (20%). The Majority of cases wasere male (60%). Half of them had exposure to wild game. The most common subjective symptoms were tingling and/or numbness of distal extremities. The most common objective finding was diminished vibratory sensation in the feet. Half of them had an EMG with the findings ranging from fasciculations to axonal polyneuropathy or demyelinating polyneuropathy.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Our study provides an overview of the pattern of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease. Among patients with peripheral neuropathy symptoms or signs, majority has polyneuropathy. It is important to document the baseline frequency of peripheral neuropathy in prion diseases as these symptoms may become important when conducting surveillance for potential novel zoonotic prion diseases.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">P177 PrP plaques in methionine homozygous Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Abrams JY (1), Schonberger LB (1), Cali I (2), Cohen Y (2), Blevins JE (2), Maddox RA (1), Belay ED (1), Appleby BS (2), Cohen ML (2)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Background</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is widely believed to originate from de novo spontaneous conversion of normal prion protein (PrP) to its pathogenic form, but concern remains that some reported sporadic CJD cases may actually be caused by disease transmission via iatrogenic processes. For cases with methionine homozygosity (CJD-MM) at codon 129 of the PRNP gene, recent research has pointed to plaque-like PrP deposition as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission for a subset of cases. This phenotype is theorized to originate from specific iatrogenic source CJD types that comprise roughly a quarter of known CJD cases.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Methods</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">We reviewed scientific literature for studies which described PrP plaques among CJD patients with known epidemiological links to iatrogenic transmission (receipt of cadaveric human grown hormone or dura mater), as well as in cases of reported sporadic CJD. The presence and description of plaques, along with CJD classification type and other contextual factors, were used to summarize the current evidence regarding plaques as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission. In addition, 523 cases of reported sporadic CJD cases in the US from January 2013 through September 2017 were assessed for presence of PrP plaques.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Results</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">We identified four studies describing 52 total cases of CJD-MM among either dura mater recipients or growth hormone recipients, of which 30 were identified as having PrP plaques. While sporadic cases were not generally described as having plaques, we did identify case reports which described plaques among sporadic MM2 cases as well as case reports of plaques exclusively in white matter among sporadic MM1 cases. Among the 523 reported sporadic CJD cases, 0 of 366 MM1 cases had plaques, 2 of 48 MM2 cases had kuru plaques, and 4 of 109 MM1+2 cases had either kuru plaques or both kuru and florid plaques. Medical chart review of the six reported sporadic CJD cases with plaques did not reveal clinical histories suggestive of potential iatrogenic transmission.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Conclusions</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">PrP plaques occur much more frequently for iatrogenic CJD-MM cases compared to sporadic CJDMM cases. Plaques may indicate iatrogenic transmission for CJD-MM cases without a type 2 Western blot fragment. The study results suggest the absence of significant misclassifications of iatrogenic CJD as sporadic. To our knowledge, this study is the first to describe grey matter kuru plaques in apparently sporadic CJD-MM patients with a type 2 Western blot fragment.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">P180 Clinico-pathological analysis of human prion diseases in a brain bank series</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Ximelis T (1), Aldecoa I (1,2), Molina-Porcel L (1,3), Grau-Rivera O (4), Ferrer I (5), Nos C (6), Gelpi E (1,7), Sánchez-Valle R (1,4)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">(1) Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobanc-Hospital ClÃnic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (2) Pathological Service of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (3) EAIA Trastorns Cognitius, Centre Emili Mira, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain (4) Department of Neurology of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (5) Institute of Neuropathology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona (6) General subdirectorate of Surveillance and Response to Emergencies in Public Health, Department of Public Health in Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain (7) Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Background and objective:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The Neurological Tissue Bank (NTB) of the Hospital Clínic-Institut d‘Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain is the reference center in Catalonia for the neuropathological study of prion diseases in the region since 2001. The aim of this study is to analyse the characteristics of the confirmed prion diseases registered at the NTB during the last 15 years.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Methods:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">We reviewed retrospectively all neuropathologically confirmed cases registered during the period January 2001 to December 2016.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Results:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">176 cases (54,3% female, mean age: 67,5 years and age range: 25-86 years) of neuropathological confirmed prion diseases have been studied at the NTB. 152 cases corresponded to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), 10 to genetic CJD, 10 to Fatal Familial Insomnia, 2 to GerstmannSträussler-Scheinker disease, and 2 cases to variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr). Within sCJD subtypes the MM1 subtype was the most frequent, followed by the VV2 histotype.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Clinical and neuropathological diagnoses agreed in 166 cases (94%). The clinical diagnosis was not accurate in 10 patients with definite prion disease: 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Fronto-temporal dementia (FTD), 1 Niemann-Pick‘s disease, 1 Lewy Body‘s Disease, 2 Alzheimer‘s disease, 1 Cortico-basal syndrome and 2 undetermined dementia. Among patients with VPSPr, 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and the other one with FTD.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Concomitant pathologies are frequent in older age groups, mainly AD neuropathological changes were observed in these subjects.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Discussion:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">A wide spectrum of human prion diseases have been identified in the NTB being the relative frequencies and main characteristics like other published series. There is a high rate of agreement between clinical and neuropathological diagnoses with prion diseases. These findings show the importance that public health has given to prion diseases during the past 15 years. Continuous surveillance of human prion disease allows identification of new emerging phenotypes. Brain tissue samples from these donors are available to the scientific community. For more information please visit:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">P192 Prion amplification techniques for the rapid evaluation of surface decontamination procedures</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Bruyere-Ostells L (1), Mayran C (1), Belondrade M (1), Boublik Y (2), Haïk S (3), Fournier-Wirth C (1), Nicot S (1), Bougard D (1)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">(1) Pathogenesis and control of chronic infections, Etablissement Français du Sang, Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (2) Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (3) Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Aims:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) or prion diseases are a group of incurable and always fatal neurodegenerative disorders including Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases (CJD) in humans. These pathologies include sporadic (sCJD), genetic and acquired (variant CJD) forms. By the past, sCJD and vCJD were transmitted by different prion contaminated biological materials to patients resulting in more than 400 iatrogenic cases (iCJD). The atypical nature and the biochemical properties of the infectious agent, formed by abnormal prion protein or PrPTSE, make it particularly resistant to conventional decontamination procedures. In addition, PrPTSE is widely distributed throughout the organism before clinical onset in vCJD and can also be detected in some peripheral tissues in sporadic CJD. Risk of iatrogenic transmission of CJD by contaminated medical device remains thus a concern for healthcare facilities. Bioassay is the gold standard method to evaluate the efficacy of prion decontamination procedures but is time-consuming and expensive. Here, we propose to compare in vitro prion amplification techniques: Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) and Real-Time Quaking Induced Conversion (RT-QuIC) for the detection of residual prions on surface after decontamination.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Methods:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Stainless steel wires, by mimicking the surface of surgical instruments, were proposed as a carrier model of prions for inactivation studies. To determine the sensitivity of the two amplification techniques on wires (Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC), steel wires were therefore contaminated with serial dilutions of brain homogenates (BH) from a 263k infected hamster and from a patient with sCJD (MM1 subtype). We then compared the different standard decontamination procedures including partially and fully efficient treatments by detecting the residual seeding activity on 263K and sCJD contaminated wires. We completed our study by the evaluation of marketed reagents endorsed for prion decontamination.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Results:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The two amplification techniques can detect minute quantities of PrPTSE adsorbed onto a single wire. 8/8 wires contaminated with a 10-6 dilution of 263k BH and 1/6 with the 10-8 dilution are positive with Surf-PMCA. Similar performances were obtained with Surf-QuIC on 263K: 10/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilution and 1/8 wires contaminated with 10-8 dilution are positive. Regarding the human sCJD-MM1 prion, Surf-QuIC allows us to detect 16/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilutions and 14/16 with 10-7 . Results obtained after decontamination treatments are very similar between 263K and sCJD prions. Efficiency of marketed treatments to remove prions is lower than expected.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Conclusions:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC are very sensitive methods for the detection of prions on wires and could be applied to prion decontamination studies for rapid evaluation of new treatments. Sodium hypochlorite is the only product to efficiently remove seeding activity of both 263K and sCJD prions.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">WA2 Oral transmission of CWD into Cynomolgus macaques: signs of atypical disease, prion conversion and infectivity in macaques and bio-assayed transgenic mice</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Schatzl HM (1, 2), Hannaoui S (1, 2), Cheng Y-C (1, 2), Gilch S (1, 2), Beekes M (3), SchulzSchaeffer W (4), Stahl-Hennig C (5) and Czub S (2, 6)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">(1) University of Calgary, Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada (2) University of Calgary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calgary, Canada, (3) Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany, (4) University of Homburg/Saar, Homburg, Germany, (5) German Primate Center, Goettingen, Germany, (6) Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), Lethbridge, Canada.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">To date, BSE is the only example of interspecies transmission of an animal prion disease into humans. The potential zoonotic transmission of CWD is an alarming issue and was addressed by many groups using a variety of in vitro and in vivo experimental systems. Evidence from these studies indicated a substantial, if not absolute, species barrier, aligning with the absence of epidemiological evidence suggesting transmission into humans. Studies in non-human primates were not conclusive so far, with oral transmission into new-world monkeys and no transmission into old-world monkeys. Our consortium has challenged 18 Cynomolgus macaques with characterized CWD material, focusing on oral transmission with muscle tissue. Some macaques have orally received a total of 5 kg of muscle material over a period of 2 years. After 5-7 years of incubation time some animals showed clinical symptoms indicative of prion disease, and prion neuropathology and PrPSc deposition were found in spinal cord and brain of euthanized animals. PrPSc in immunoblot was weakly detected in some spinal cord materials and various tissues tested positive in RT-QuIC, including lymph node and spleen homogenates. To prove prion infectivity in the macaque tissues, we have intracerebrally inoculated 2 lines of transgenic mice, expressing either elk or human PrP. At least 3 TgElk mice, receiving tissues from 2 different macaques, showed clinical signs of a progressive prion disease and brains were positive in immunoblot and RT-QuIC. Tissues (brain, spinal cord and spleen) from these and preclinical mice are currently tested using various read-outs and by second passage in mice. Transgenic mice expressing human PrP were so far negative for clear clinical prion disease (some mice >300 days p.i.). In parallel, the same macaque materials are inoculated into bank voles. Taken together, there is strong evidence of transmissibility of CWD orally into macaques and from macaque tissues into transgenic mouse models, although with an incomplete attack rate. The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology. Our ongoing studies will show whether the transmission of CWD into macaques and passage in transgenic mice represents a form of non-adaptive prion amplification, and whether macaque-adapted prions have the potential to infect mice expressing human PrP. The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">See also poster P103</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">WA16 Monitoring Potential CWD Transmission to Humans</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Belay ED</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The spread of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in animals has raised concerns about increasing human exposure to the CWD agent via hunting and venison consumption, potentially facilitating CWD transmission to humans. Several studies have explored this possibility, including limited epidemiologic studies, in vitro experiments, and laboratory studies using various types of animal models. Most human exposures to the CWD agent in the United States would be expected to occur in association with deer and elk hunting in CWD-endemic areas. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) collaborated with state health departments in Colorado, Wisconsin, and Wyoming to identify persons at risk of CWD exposure and to monitor their vital status over time. Databases were established of persons who hunted in Colorado and Wyoming and those who reported consumption of venison from deer that later tested positive in Wisconsin. Information from the databases is periodically cross-checked with mortality data to determine the vital status and causes of death for deceased persons. Long-term follow-up of these hunters is needed to assess their risk of development of a prion disease linked to CWD exposure.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">P166 Characterization of CJD strain profiles in venison consumers and non-consumers from Alberta and Saskatchewan</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Stephanie Booth (1,2), Lise Lamoureux (1), Debra Sorensen (1), Jennifer L. Myskiw (1,2), Megan Klassen (1,2), Michael Coulthart (3), Valerie Sim (4)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">(1) Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg (2) Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (3) Canadian CJD Surveillance System, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (4) Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is spreading rapidly through wild cervid populations in the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. While this has implications for tourism and hunting, there is also concern over possible zoonotic transmission to humans who eat venison from infected deer. Whilst there is no evidence of any human cases of CWD to date, the Canadian CJD Surveillance System (CJDSS) in Canada is staying vigilant. When variant CJD occurred following exposure to BSE, the unique biochemical fingerprint of the pathologic PrP enabled a causal link to be confirmed. However, we cannot be sure what phenotype human CWD prions would present with, or indeed, whether this would be distinct from that see in sporadic CJD. Therefore we are undertaking a systematic analysis of the molecular diversity of CJD cases of individuals who resided in Alberta and Saskatchewan at their time of death comparing venison consumers and non-consumers, using a variety of clinical, imaging, pathological and biochemical markers. Our initial objective is to develop novel biochemical methodologies that will extend the baseline glycoform and genetic polymorphism typing that is already completed by the CJDSS. Firstly, we are reviewing MRI, EEG and pathology information from over 40 cases of CJD to select clinically affected areas for further investigation. Biochemical analysis will include assessment of the levels of protease sensitive and resistant prion protein, glycoform typing using 2D gel electrophoresis, testing seeding capabilities and kinetics of aggregation by quaking-induced conversion, and determining prion oligomer size distributions with asymmetric flow field fractionation with in-line light scattering. Progress and preliminary data will be presented. Ultimately, we intend to further define the relationship between PrP structure and disease phenotype and establish a baseline for the identification of future atypical CJD cases that may arise as a result of exposure to CWD.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Source Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Volume 24, Number 8—August 2018 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Research Susceptibility of Human Prion Protein to Conversion by Chronic Wasting Disease Prions </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Marcelo A. BarriaComments to Author , Adriana Libori, Gordon Mitchell, and Mark W. Head Author affiliations: National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (M.A. Barria, A. Libori, M.W. Head); National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Scrapie and CWD, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (G. Mitchell)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Abstract Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal neurodegenerative disease and a serious animal health issue for deer and elk in North America. The identification of the first cases of CWD among free-ranging reindeer and moose in Europe brings back into focus the unresolved issue of whether CWD can be zoonotic like bovine spongiform encephalopathy. We used a cell-free seeded protein misfolding assay to determine whether CWD prions from elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer in North America can convert the human prion protein to the disease-associated form. We found that prions can convert, but the efficiency of conversion is affected by polymorphic variation in the cervid and human prion protein genes. In view of the similarity of reindeer, elk, and white-tailed deer in North America to reindeer, red deer, and roe deer, respectively, in Europe, a more comprehensive and thorough assessment of the zoonotic potential of CWD might be warranted.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Discussion Characterization of the transmission properties of CWD and evaluation of their zoonotic potential are important for public health purposes. Given that CWD affects several members of the family Cervidae, it seems reasonable to consider whether the zoonotic potential of CWD prions could be affected by factors such as CWD strain, cervid species, geographic location, and Prnp–PRNP polymorphic variation. We have previously used an in vitro conversion assay (PMCA) to investigate the susceptibility of the human PrP to conversion to its disease-associated form by several animal prion diseases, including CWD (15,16,22). The sensitivity of our molecular model for the detection of zoonotic conversion depends on the combination of 1) the action of proteinase K to degrade the abundant human PrPC that constitutes the substrate while only N terminally truncating any human PrPres produced and 2) the presence of the 3F4 epitope on human but not cervid PrP. In effect, this degree of sensitivity means that any human PrPres formed during the PMCA reaction can be detected down to the limit of Western blot sensitivity. In contrast, if other antibodies that detect both cervid and human PrP are used, such as 6H4, then newly formed human PrPres must be detected as a measurable increase in PrPres over the amount remaining in the reaction product from the cervid seed. Although best known for the efficient amplification of prions in research and diagnostic contexts, the variation of the PMCA method employed in our study is optimized for the definitive detection of zoonotic reaction products of inherently inefficient conversion reactions conducted across species barriers. By using this system, we previously made and reported the novel observation that elk CWD prions could convert human PrPC from human brain and could also convert recombinant human PrPC expressed in transgenic mice and eukaryotic cell cultures (15).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">A previous publication suggested that mule deer PrPSc was unable to convert humanized transgenic substrate in PMCA assays (23) and required a further step of in vitro conditioning in deer substrate PMCA before it was able to cross the deer–human molecular barrier (24). However, prions from other species, such as elk (15) and reindeer affected by CWD, appear to be compatible with the human protein in a single round of amplification (as shown in our study). These observations suggest that different deer species affected by CWD could present differing degrees of the olecular compatibility with the normal form of human PrP.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The contribution of the polymorphism at codon 129 of the human PrP gene has been extensively studied and is recognized as a risk factor for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (4). In cervids, the equivalent codon corresponds to the position 132 encoding methionine or leucine. This polymorphism in the elk gene has been shown to play an important role in CWD susceptibility (25,26). We have investigated the effect of this cervid Prnp polymorphism on the conversion of the humanized transgenic substrate according to the variation in the equivalent PRNP codon 129 polymorphism. Interestingly, only the homologs methionine homozygous seed–substrate reactions could readily convert the human PrP, whereas the heterozygous elk PrPSc was unable to do so, even though comparable amounts of PrPres were used to seed the reaction. In addition, we observed only low levels of human PrPres formation in the reactions seeded with the homozygous methionine (132 MM) and the heterozygous (132 ML) seeds incubated with the other 2 human polymorphic substrates (129 MV and 129 VV). The presence of the amino acid leucine at position 132 of the elk Prnp gene has been attributed to a lower degree of prion conversion compared with methionine on the basis of experiments in mice made transgenic for these polymorphic variants (26). Considering the differences observed for the amplification of the homozygous human methionine substrate by the 2 polymorphic elk seeds (MM and ML), reappraisal of the susceptibility of human PrPC by the full range of cervid polymorphic variants affected by CWD would be warranted.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">In light of the recent identification of the first cases of CWD in Europe in a free-ranging reindeer (R. tarandus) in Norway (2), we also decided to evaluate the in vitro conversion potential of CWD in 2 experimentally infected reindeer (18). Formation of human PrPres was readily detectable after a single round of PMCA, and in all 3 humanized polymorphic substrates (MM, MV, and VV). This finding suggests that CWD prions from reindeer could be more compatible with human PrPC generally and might therefore present a greater risk for zoonosis than, for example, CWD prions from white-tailed deer. A more comprehensive comparison of CWD in the affected species, coupled with the polymorphic variations in the human and deer PRNP–Prnp genes, in vivo and in vitro, will be required before firm conclusions can be drawn. Analysis of the Prnp sequence of the CWD reindeer in Norway was reported to be identical to the specimens used in our study (2). This finding raises the possibility of a direct comparison of zoonotic potential between CWD acquired in the wild and that produced in a controlled laboratory setting. (Table).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The prion hypothesis proposes that direct molecular interaction between PrPSc and PrPC is necessary for conversion and prion replication. Accordingly, polymorphic variants of the PrP of host and agent might play a role in determining compatibility and potential zoonotic risk. In this study, we have examined the capacity of the human PrPC to support in vitro conversion by elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer CWD PrPSc. Our data confirm that elk CWD prions can convert the human PrPC, at least in vitro, and show that the homologous PRNP polymorphisms at codon 129 and 132 in humans and cervids affect conversion efficiency. Other species affected by CWD, particularly caribou or reindeer, also seem able to convert the human PrP. It will be important to determine whether other polymorphic variants found in other CWD-affected Cervidae or perhaps other factors (17) exert similar effects on the ability to convert human PrP and thus affect their zoonotic potential.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Dr. Barria is a research scientist working at the National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh. His research has focused on understanding the molecular basis of a group of fatal neurologic disorders called prion diseases.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Acknowledgments We thank Aru Balachandran for originally providing cervid brain tissues, Abigail Diack and Jean Manson for providing mouse brain tissue, and James Ironside for his critical reading of the manuscript at an early stage.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">This report is independent research commissioned and funded by the United Kingdom’s Department of Health Policy Research Programme and the Government of Scotland. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Department of Health or the Government of Scotland.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Author contributions: The study was conceived and designed by M.A.B. and M.W.H. The experiments were conducted by M.A.B. and A.L. Chronic wasting disease brain specimens were provided by G.M. The manuscript was written by M.A.B. and M.W.H. All authors contributed to the editing and revision of the manuscript.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Prion 2017 Conference Abstracts</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">First evidence of intracranial and peroral transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) into Cynomolgus macaques: a work in progress</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Stefanie Czub1, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer2, Christiane Stahl-Hennig3, Michael Beekes4, Hermann Schaetzl5 and Dirk Motzkus6 1 University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine/Canadian Food Inspection Agency; 2Universitatsklinikum des Saarlandes und Medizinische Fakultat der Universitat des Saarlandes; 3 Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen; 4 Robert-Koch-Institut Berlin; 5 University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; 6 presently: Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center; previously: Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">This is a progress report of a project which started in 2009.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">21 cynomolgus macaques were challenged with characterized CWD material from white-tailed deer (WTD) or elk by intracerebral (ic), oral, and skin exposure routes. Additional blood transfusion experiments are supposed to assess the CWD contamination risk of human blood product. Challenge materials originated from symptomatic cervids for ic, skin scarification and partially per oral routes (WTD brain). Challenge material for feeding of muscle derived from preclinical WTD and from preclinical macaques for blood transfusion experiments. We have confirmed that the CWD challenge material contained at least two different CWD agents (brain material) as well as CWD prions in muscle-associated nerves. Here we present first data on a group of animals either challenged ic with steel wires or per orally and sacrificed with incubation times ranging from 4.5 to 6.9 years at postmortem. Three animals displayed signs of mild clinical disease, including anxiety, apathy, ataxia and/or tremor. In four animals wasting was observed, two of those had confirmed diabetes. All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals. Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuiC) and PET-blot assays to further substantiate these findings are on the way, as well as bioassays in bank voles and transgenic mice. At present, a total of 10 animals are sacrificed and read-outs are ongoing. Preclinical incubation of the remaining macaques covers a range from 6.4 to 7.10 years. Based on the species barrier and an incubation time of > 5 years for BSE in macaques and about 10 years for scrapie in macaques, we expected an onset of clinical disease beyond 6 years post inoculation.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">PRION 2017 DECIPHERING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS ABSTRACTS REFERENCE</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://aabb.confex.com/aabb/2018/mediafile/Handout/Session2756/TU1-3.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://aabb.confex.com/aabb/2018/mediafile/Handout/Session2756/TU1-3.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 23, 2019</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion and THE FEAST 2003 CDC an updated review of the science 2019</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 04, 2014</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Six-year follow-up of a point-source exposure to CWD contaminated venison in an Upstate New York community: risk behaviours and health outcomes 2005–2011 Authors, though, acknowledged the study was limited in geography and sample size and so it couldn't draw a conclusion about the risk to humans. They recommended more study. Dr. Ermias Belay was the report's principal author but he said New York and Oneida County officials are following the proper course by not launching a study. "There's really nothing to monitor presently. No one's sick," Belay said, noting the disease's incubation period in deer and elk is measured in years. "</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Transmission Studies Mule deer transmissions of CWD were by intracerebral inoculation and compared with natural cases {the following was written but with a single line marked through it ''first passage (by this route)}....TSS resulted in a more rapidly progressive clinical disease with repeated episodes of synocopy ending in coma. One control animal became affected, it is believed through contamination of inoculum (?saline). Further CWD transmissions were carried out by Dick Marsh into ferret, mink and squirrel monkey. Transmission occurred in ALL of these species with the shortest incubation period in the ferret.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip....</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Prion Infectivity in Fat of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease▿</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Brent Race#, Kimberly Meade-White#, Richard Race and Bruce Chesebro* + Author Affiliations In mice, prion infectivity was recently detected in fat. Since ruminant fat is consumed by humans and fed to animals, we determined infectivity titers in fat from two CWD-infected deer. Deer fat devoid of muscle contained low levels of CWD infectivity and might be a risk factor for prion infection of other species.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full Prions in Skeletal Muscles of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease Here bioassays in transgenic mice expressing cervid prion protein revealed the presence of infectious prions in skeletal muscles of CWD-infected deer, demonstrating that humans consuming or handling meat from CWD-infected deer are at risk to prion exposure.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">*** now, let’s see what the authors said about this casual link, personal communications years ago, and then the latest on the zoonotic potential from CWD to humans from the TOKYO PRION 2016 CONFERENCE.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">see where it is stated NO STRONG evidence. so, does this mean there IS casual evidence ????</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">“Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans”</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">From: TSS Subject: CWD aka MAD DEER/ELK TO HUMANS ???</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Date: September 30, 2002 at 7:06 am PST</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">From: "Belay, Ermias"</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">To: Cc: "Race, Richard (NIH)" ; ; "Belay, Ermias"</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Sent: Monday, September 30, 2002 9:22 AM </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Subject: RE: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Dear Sir/Madam, In the Archives of Neurology you quoted (the abstract of which was attached to your email), we did not say CWD in humans will present like variant CJD.. That assumption would be wrong. I encourage you to read the whole article and call me if you have questions or need more clarification (phone: 404-639-3091).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Also, we do not claim that "no-one has ever been infected with prion disease from eating venison." Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans in the article you quoted or in any other forum is limited to the patients we investigated.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Ermias Belay, M.D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">-----Original Message----- From:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Sent: Sunday, September 29, 2002 10:15 AM</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">To: rr26k@nih.gov; rrace@niaid.nih.gov; ebb8@CDC.GOV</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Subject: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Sunday, November 10, 2002 6:26 PM .......snip........end..............TSS</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Thursday, April 03, 2008</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease 2008 1: Vet Res. 2008 Apr 3;39(4):41 A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease Sigurdson CJ.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip... *** twenty-seven CJD patients who regularly consumed venison were reported to the Surveillance Center***,</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip... full text ;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">sporadic, spontaneous CJD, 85%+ of all human TSE, did not just happen. never in scientific literature has this been proven. if one looks up the word sporadic or spontaneous at pubmed, you will get a laundry list of disease that are classified in such a way;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">sporadic = 54,983 hits</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">spontaneous = 325,650 hits</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">key word here is 'reported'. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can't, and it's as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it's being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. ...terry</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people. key word here is ‘reported’. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can’t, and it’s as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it’s being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. …terry</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">*** These results would seem to suggest that CWD does indeed have zoonotic potential, at least as judged by the compatibility of CWD prions and their human PrPC target. Furthermore, extrapolation from this simple in vitro assay suggests that if zoonotic CWD occurred, it would most likely effect those of the PRNP codon 129-MM genotype and that the PrPres type would be similar to that found in the most common subtype of sCJD (MM1).***</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">CWD TSE PRION AND ZOONOTIC, ZOONOSIS, FACTORS</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Subject: Re: DEER SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY SURVEY & HOUND STUDY</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Date: Fri, 18 Oct 2002 23:12:22 +0100</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">From: Steve Dealler</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Organization: Netscape Online member</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">To: BSE-L@ References:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Dear Terry,</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">An excellent piece of review as this literature is desperately difficult to get back from Government sites.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">What happened with the deer was that an association between deer meat eating and sporadic CJD was found in about 1993. The evidence was not great but did not disappear after several years of asking CJD cases what they had eaten. I think that the work into deer disease largely stopped because it was not helpful to the UK industry...and no specific cases were reported. Well, if you dont look adequately like they are in USA currenly then you wont find any!</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Steve Dealler</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">====</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM THIRD ANNUAL REPORT AUGUST 1994</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Consumption of venison and veal was much less widespread among both cases and controls. For both of these meats there was evidence of a trend with increasing frequency of consumption being associated with increasing risk of CJD. (not nvCJD, but sporadic CJD...tss) These associations were largely unchanged when attention was restricted to pairs with data obtained from relatives. ...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Table 9 presents the results of an analysis of these data.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">There is STRONG evidence of an association between ‘’regular’’ veal eating and risk of CJD (p = .0.01).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Individuals reported to eat veal on average at least once a year appear to be at 13 TIMES THE RISK of individuals who have never eaten veal.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">There is, however, a very wide confidence interval around this estimate. There is no strong evidence that eating veal less than once per year is associated with increased risk of CJD (p = 0.51).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">There is some evidence that risk of CJD INCREASES WITH INCREASING FREQUENCY OF LAMB EATING (p = 0.02).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The evidence for such an association between beef eating and CJD is weaker (p = 0.14). When only controls for whom a relative was interviewed are included, this evidence becomes a little STRONGER (p = 0.08).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">It was found that when veal was included in the model with another exposure, the association between veal and CJD remained statistically significant (p = < 0.05 for all exposures), while the other exposures ceased to be statistically significant (p = > 0.05).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">In conclusion, an analysis of dietary histories revealed statistical associations between various meats/animal products and INCREASED RISK OF CJD. When some account was taken of possible confounding, the association between VEAL EATING AND RISK OF CJD EMERGED AS THE STRONGEST OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS STATISTICALLY. ...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">In the study in the USA, a range of foodstuffs were associated with an increased risk of CJD, including liver consumption which was associated with an apparent SIX-FOLD INCREASE IN THE RISK OF CJD. By comparing the data from 3 studies in relation to this particular dietary factor, the risk of liver consumption became non-significant with an odds ratio of 1.2 (PERSONAL COMMUNICATION, PROFESSOR A. HOFMAN. ERASMUS UNIVERSITY, ROTTERDAM). (???...TSS)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip...see full report ;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Stephen Dealler is a consultant medical microbiologist deal@airtime.co.uk<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">BSE Inquiry Steve Dealler</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Management In Confidence</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">BSE: Private Submission of Bovine Brain Dealler</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 2019</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> MAD DOGS AND ENGLISHMEN BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, CJD, TSE PRION A REVIEW 2019</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> ''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> In conclusion, sensory symptoms and loss of reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome can be explained by neuropathological changes in the spinal cord. We conclude that the sensory symptoms and loss of lower limb reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome is due to pathology in the caudal spinal cord. <***</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology.<***</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD. <***</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals.<***</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids.'' Scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease (II) <***</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, DECEMBER 08, 2023</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">TEXAS CWD TSE PRION DIRE CONSEQUENCES ARE HERE!</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/texas-cwd-tse-prion-dire-consequences.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/texas-cwd-tse-prion-dire-consequences.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">CWD TSE PRION DISEASE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">CWD TSE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">CWD TSE PRION CERVID ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS 2023</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">So, this is what we leave our children and grandchildren?..</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">"Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation."</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Detection of prions in soils contaminated by multiple routes</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Stuart Siegfried Lichtenberg1,2 , Heather Inzalaco3 , Sam Thomas4 , Dan Storm5 , Dan Walsh6</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">1Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">2Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">3 Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">4Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">5Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, U.S.A.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">6U.S. Geological Survey, Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, U.S.A.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Aims: Free-ranging animals afflicted with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies frequently shed infectious prions into the broader environment. The quintessential example is chronic wasting disease, the TSE of cervids. Over the course of the disease, an infected animal will shed infectious prions in blood, urine, saliva, and feces. Upon death, the total prion load interred in the animal’s tissues will be deposited wherever the animal falls. This contamination creates substantial risk to naïve animals, and likely contributes to disease spread. Identification and quantification of prions at contamination hotspots is essential for any attempt at mitigation of environmental transmission.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: Surfactant extraction of soils followed by precipitation yields a sample that is amenable to analysis by real-time quaking induced conversion. However, differences in extraction yield are apparent depending on the properties of the matrix from which the prions are being extracted, principally soil clay content.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Results: We are able to detect prion seeding activity at multiple types of environmental hotspots, including carcass sites, contaminated captive facilities, and scrapes (i.e. urine and saliva). Differences in relative prion concentration vary depending on the nature and source of the contamination. Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Detection of prions in the environment is of the utmost importance for controlling chronic wasting disease spread. Here, we have demonstrated a viable method for detection of prions in complex environmental matrices. However, it is quite likely that this method underestimates the total infectious prion load in a contaminated sample, due to incomplete recovery of infectious prions. Further refinements are necessary for accurate quantification of prions in such samples, and to account for the intrinsic heterogeneities found in the broader environment.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Funded by: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Prion 2023 Abstracts</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> Nine of these recurrences occurred 14–21 years after culling, apparently as the result of environmental contamination, but outside entry could not always be absolutely excluded.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY Volume 87, Issue 12</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years Free</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82011-0" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82011-0</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Rapid recontamination of a farm building occurs after attempted prion removal</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">First published: 19 January 2019 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The data illustrates the difficulty in decontaminating farm buildings from scrapie, and demonstrates the likely contribution of farm dust to the recontamination of these environments to levels that are capable of causing disease. snip...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">This study clearly demonstrates the difficulty in removing scrapie infectivity from the farm environment. Practical and effective prion decontamination methods are still urgently required for decontamination of scrapie infectivity from farms that have had cases of scrapie and this is particularly relevant for scrapie positive goatherds, which currently have limited genetic resistance to scrapie within commercial breeds.24 This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***>This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Front. Vet. Sci., 14 September 2015 | <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Objects in contact with classical scrapie sheep act as a reservoir for scrapie transmission</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">In conclusion, the results in the current study indicate that removal of furniture that had been in contact with scrapie-infected animals should be recommended, particularly since cleaning and decontamination may not effectively remove scrapie infectivity (31), even though infectivity declines considerably if the pasture and the field furniture have not been in contact with scrapie-infected sheep for several months. As sPMCA failed to detect PrPSc in furniture that was subjected to weathering, even though exposure led to infection in sheep, this method may not always be reliable in predicting the risk of scrapie infection through environmental contamination.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">172. Establishment of PrPCWD extraction and detection methods in the farm soil</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our studies showed that PrPCWD persist in 0.001% CWD contaminated soil for at least 4 year and natural CWD-affected farm soil. When cervid reintroduced into CWD outbreak farm, the strict decontamination procedures of the infectious agent should be performed in the environment of CWD-affected cervid habitat.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Plants as vectors for environmental prion transmission</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Published: November 09, 2023DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.108428" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.108428</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Advertisement Highlights</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">• Abnormal prion protein can enter the roots of plants</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">• Plants can translocate detectable levels of prions to aerial tissues</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">•Animals exposed to prion-contaminated plant tissues can acquire disease</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">•Contaminated plants may represent a route of prion exposure</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Snip…</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Nonetheless, our finding of accumulation of two prion strains by a variety of plants grown hydroponically, in agar, or on soil supports the potential for plants to acquire CWD, scrapie, or other prions from the environment and transmit prion disease to susceptible hosts, making plants a plausible vector for prion diseases in wildlife, livestock, and humans. The potential for plants to serve as vectors for prion disease has implications for the disposal of infected carcasses, grazing practices, and the use and transport of potentially contaminated crop materials.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.cell.com/iscience/pdf/S2589-0042(23)02505-1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.cell.com/iscience/pdf/S2589-0042(23)02505-1.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(23)02505-1?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2589004223025051%3Fshowall%3Dtrue" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(23)02505-1?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2589004223025051%3Fshowall%3Dtrue</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Carrot plants as potential vectors for CWD transmission.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The PMCA analysis demonstrated CWD seeding activity in soils contaminated with CWD prions and in carrot plants (leaves and roots) grown on them. Bioassays showed that both plants and roots contained CWD prions sufficiently to induce disease. As expected, animals treated with prion-infected soils developed prion disease at shorter incubation periods (and complete attack rates) compared to plant components. We show that edible plant components can absorb prions from CWD-contaminated soils and transport them to their aerial parts. Our results indicate that edible plants could participate as vectors of CWD transmission.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">“In addition, hay and straw from the United States and Canada must be accompanied by a certificate from a public veterinarian that the product has been harvested in states or provinces where Chronic Wasting Disease has not been detected on deer.”</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Regulation No. 1599 of 2018 on additional requirements for the import of hay and straw for used for animal feed.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Country Norway</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Type of law Regulation</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Source</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">FAO , FAOLEX</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">In addition, hay and straw from the United States and Canada must be accompanied by a certificate from a public veterinarian that the product has been harvested in states or provinces where Chronic Wasting Disease has not been detected on deer.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/nor189761.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/nor189761.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">THE tse prion aka mad cow type disease is not your normal pathogen.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The TSE prion disease survives ashing to 600 degrees celsius, that’s around 1112 degrees farenheit.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">you cannot cook the TSE prion disease out of meat.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">you can take the ash and mix it with saline and inject that ash into a mouse, and the mouse will go down with TSE.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production as well.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">the TSE prion agent also survives Simulated Wastewater Treatment Processes.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">IN fact, you should also know that the TSE Prion agent will survive in the environment for years, if not decades.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">you can bury it and it will not go away.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The TSE agent is capable of infected your water table i.e. Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">it’s not your ordinary pathogen you can just cook it out and be done</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">New studies on the heat resistance of hamster-adapted scrapie agent: Threshold survival after ashing at 600°C suggests an inorganic template of replication</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Prions in Waterways</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://vimeo.com/898941380?fbclid=IwAR3Di7tLuU-iagCetdt4-CVPrOPQQrv037QS1Uxz0tX3z7BuvPeYlwIp7IY" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://vimeo.com/898941380?fbclid=IwAR3Di7tLuU-iagCetdt4-CVPrOPQQrv037QS1Uxz0tX3z7BuvPeYlwIp7IY</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">A Quantitative Assessment of the Amount of Prion Diverted to Category 1 Materials and Wastewater During Processing</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Rapid assessment of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion inactivation by heat treatment in yellow grease produced in the industrial manufacturing process of meat and bone meals</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 2019</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">BSE infectivity survives burial for five years with only limited spread</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">“Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) agents have strain variations that influence disease phenotype and may affect the potential for interspecies transmission. Since deer and sheep may use the same grazing land, it is important to understand the potential transmission of TSEs between these species. The US scrapie isolate (No.13-7) had a 100% attack rate in white-tailed deer after oronasal challenge.”</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=405929" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=405929</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, JANUARY 16, 2024</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">CIDRAP launches international effort to prepare for possible chronic wasting disease spillover</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Spillover to other Species, What If?</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2024/01/cidrap-launches-international-effort-to.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2024/01/cidrap-launches-international-effort-to.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">CWD, Plants, oh my…</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/chronic-wasting-disease/plants-can-take-cwd-causing-prions-soil-lab-what-happens-if-they-are-eaten" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/chronic-wasting-disease/plants-can-take-cwd-causing-prions-soil-lab-what-happens-if-they-are-eaten</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Price of TSE Prion Poker goes up substantially, all you cattle ranchers and such, better pay close attention here...terry</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Prion Conference 2023</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Transmission of the chronic wasting disease agent from elk to cattle after oronasal exposure</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Justin Greenlee, Jifeng Bian, Zoe Lambert, Alexis Frese, and Eric Cassmann Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, USA</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the susceptibility of cattle to chronic wasting disease agent from elk.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: Initial studies were conducted in bovinized mice using inoculum derived from elk with various genotypes at codon 132 (MM, LM, LL). Based upon attack rates, inoculum (10% w/v brain homogenate) from an LM132 elk was selected for transmission studies in cattle. At approximately 2 weeks of age, one wild type steer (EE211) and one steer with the E211K polymorphism (EK211) were fed 1 mL of brain homogenate in a quart of milk replacer while another 1 mL was instilled intranasally. The cattle were examined daily for clinical signs for the duration of the experiment. One steer is still under observation at 71 months post-inoculation (mpi).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Results: Inoculum derived from MM132 elk resulted in similar attack rates and incubation periods in mice expressing wild type or K211 bovine PRNP, 35% at 531 days post inoculation (dpi) and 27% at 448 dpi, respectively. Inoculum from LM132 elk had a slightly higher attack rates in mice: 45% (693 dpi) in wild type cattle PRNP and 33% (468) in K211 mice. Inoculum from LL132 elk resulted in the highest attack rate in wild type bovinized mice (53% at 625 dpi), but no K211 mice were affected at >700 days. At approximately 70 mpi, the EK211 genotype steer developed clinical signs suggestive of prion disease, depression, low head carriage, hypersalivation, and ataxia, and was necropsied. Enzyme immunoassay (IDEXX) was positive in brainstem (OD=4.00, but non-detect in retropharyngeal lymph nodes and palatine tonsil. Immunoreactivity was largely limited to the brainstem, midbrain, and cervical spinal cord with a pattern that was primarily glia-associated.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Cattle with the E211K polymorphism are susceptible to the CWD agent after oronasal exposure of 0.2 g of infectious material.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">"Cattle with the E211K polymorphism are susceptible to the CWD agent after oronasal exposure of 0.2 g of infectious material."</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Strain characterization of chronic wasting disease in bovine-PrP transgenic mice</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Altogether, these results exhibit the diversity of CWD strains present in the panel of CWD isolates and the ability of at least some CWD isolates to infect bovine species. Cattle being one of the most important farming species, this ability represents a potential threat to both animal and human health, and consequently deserves further study.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">"Altogether, these results exhibit the diversity of CWD strains present in the panel of CWD isolates and the ability of at least some CWD isolates to infect bovine species. Cattle being one of the most important farming species, this ability represents a potential threat to both animal and human health, and consequently deserves further study."</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Cattle with the EK211 PRNP polymorphism are susceptible to the H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent from either E211K or wild type donors after oronasal inoculation</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Justin J. Greenleea, Eric D. Cassmanna, S. Jo Moorea,b, and M. Heather West Greenleec</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">aVirus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA; bOak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, US; cDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, US</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Aims: In 2006, a case of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (H-BSE) was reported in a cow with a previously unreported prion protein polymorphism (E211K). The E211K polymorphism is heritable and homologous to the E200K mutation in humans that is the most frequent PRNP mutation associated with familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Although the prevalence of the E211K polymorphism is low, cattle carrying the K211 allele develop H-type BSE with a rapid onset after experimental inoculation by the intracranial route. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the agents of H-type BSE or H-type BSE associated with the E211K polymorphism transmit to wild type cattle or cattle with the K211 allele after oronasal exposure.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Material and Methods: Wild type (EE211) or heterozygous (EK211) cattle were oronasally inoculated with the H-BSE agent from either the US 2004 case (wild type donor; n = 3) or from the US 2006 case with the E211K polymorphism (n = 4). Cattle were observed daily throughout the course of the experiment for the development of clinical signs. When signs were noted, animals were euthanized and necropsied. Cattle were confirmed positive for abnormal BSE prions by enzyme immunoassay (EIA; Idexx HerdChek BSE Ag Test), anti-PrP immunohistochemistry (IHC) on brainstem, and microscopic examination for vacuolation.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Results: Three-out-of-four (75%) calves with the EK211 genotype developed clinical signs of H-BSE including inattentiveness, loss of body condition, weakness, ataxia, and muscle fasciculations and were euthanized. Two of the positive EK211 steers received H-BSE US 2004 inoculum (Incubation Period (IP): 59.3 and 72.3 months) while the other positive steer received the E211K H-BSE inoculum (IP: 49.7 months). EIA confirmed that abundant misfolded protein (O.D. 2.57–4.0) in the brainstem, and IHC demonstrated PrPScthroughout the brain. All wild type recipient cattle and a single EK211 steer remained asymptomatic for the duration of the experiment (approximately 7 years post-inoculation) and no abnormal prion protein was detected in these cattle by EIA.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. Cattle with the EK211 genotype are oronasally susceptible to small doses of the H-BSE agent from either EK211 or EE211 (wild type) donors. Wild-type EE211 cattle remained asymptomatic for the duration of the experiment with this small dose (0.1 g) of inoculum. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Funded by: US Department of Agriculture</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9467582/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9467582/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">How in the hell do you make a complete recall of 27,694,240 lbs of feed that was manufactured from materials that may have been contaminated with mammalian protein, in one state, Michigan, 2006? Wonder how much was fed out?</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">______________________________</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">
PRODUCT</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">
a) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish, Recall # V-100-6;
</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">b) Performance Sheep Pell W/Decox/A/N, medicated,
net wt. 50 lbs, Recall # V-101-6;
</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">c) Pro 40% Swine Conc Meal -- 50 lb, Recall # V-102-6;
</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">d) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish Food Medicated,
Recall # V-103-6;
</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">e) "Big Jim’s" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend,
Recall # V-104-6;
</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">f) CO-OP 40% Hog Supplement Medicated Pelleted,
Tylosin 100 grams/ton, 50 lb. bag, Recall # V-105-6;
</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">g) Pig Starter Pell II, 18% W/MCDX Medicated 282020,
Carbadox -- 0.0055%, Recall # V-106-6;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">
h) CO-OP STARTER-GROWER CRUMBLES, Complete
Feed for Chickens from Hatch to 20 Weeks, Medicated,
Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate, 25 and 50 Lbs,
Recall # V-107-6;
</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">i) CO-OP LAYING PELLETS, Complete Feed for Laying
Chickens, Recall # 108-6;
</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">j) CO-OP LAYING CRUMBLES, Recall # V-109-6;
</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">k) CO-OP QUAIL FLIGHT CONDITIONER MEDICATED,
net wt 50 Lbs, Recall # V-110-6;
</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">l) CO-OP QUAIL STARTER MEDICATED, Net Wt. 50 Lbs,
Recall # V-111-6;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">
m) CO-OP QUAIL GROWER MEDICATED, 50 Lbs,
Recall # V-112-6</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">
CODE
Product manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER
Alabama Farmers Cooperative, Inc., Decatur, AL, by telephone, fax, email and visit on June 9, 2006.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">FDA initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">
REASON
</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Animal and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE
</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">125 tons</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">
DISTRIBUTION
</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">AL and FL </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">______________________________</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">
PRODUCT
</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Bulk custom dairy feds manufactured from concentrates, Recall # V-113-6
CODE
All dairy feeds produced between 2/1/05 and 6/16/06 and containing H. J. Baker recalled feed products.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER
Vita Plus Corp., Gagetown, MI, by visit beginning on June 21, 2006.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Firm initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">
REASON
</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The feed was manufactured from materials that may have been contaminated with mammalian protein.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE
</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">27,694,240 lbs</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">
DISTRIBUTION
</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">MI </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">______________________________</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">
PRODUCT
</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Bulk custom made dairy feed, Recall # V-114-6</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">
CODE
None</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER
Burkmann Feeds LLC, Glasgow, KY, by letter on July 14, 2006. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">
REASON
</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Custom made feeds contain ingredient called Pro-Lak, which may contain ruminant derived meat and bone meal.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">
???</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">
DISTRIBUTION
</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">KY</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">###</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100120023832/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2006/ucm120413.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100120023832/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2006/ucm120413.htm</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">USA 50 State Emergency BSE Conference Call 2001</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tseac.blogspot.com/2011/02/usa-50-state-bse-mad-cow-conference.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tseac.blogspot.com/2011/02/usa-50-state-bse-mad-cow-conference.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Monday, November 13, 2023</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) Singeltary Another Request for Update 2023</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://fdabse589.blogspot.com/2023/11/food-and-drug-administrations-bse-feed.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://fdabse589.blogspot.com/2023/11/food-and-drug-administrations-bse-feed.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">NOW, BE AWARE, OIE AND USDA HAVE NOW MADE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE AND ATYPICAL BSE A LEGAL TRADING COMMODITY, WITH NO REPORTING OF SAID ATYPICAL CASES, EXCEPT FOR A VOLUNTARY NOTE ON ANNUAL REPORT...i don't make this stuff up...terry</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">cwd scrapie pigs oral routes</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. <***</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">>*** Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health. <***</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">CONFIDENTIAL</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">LINE TO TAKE</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">3. If questions on pharmaceuticals are raised at the Press conference, the suggested line to take is as follows:-</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">"There are no medicinal products licensed for use on the market which make use of UK-derived porcine tissues with which any hypothetical “high risk" ‘might be associated. The results of the recent experimental work at the CSM will be carefully examined by the CSM‘s Working Group on spongiform encephalopathy at its next meeting.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">DO Hagger RM 1533 MT Ext 3201</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">While this clearly is a cause for concern we should not jump to the conclusion that this means that pigs will necessarily be infected by bone and meat meal fed by the oral route as is the case with cattle. ...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">we cannot rule out the possibility that unrecognised subclinical spongiform encephalopathy could be present in British pigs though there is no evidence for this: only with parenteral/implantable pharmaceuticals/devices is the theoretical risk to humans of sufficient concern to consider any action.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">May I, at the outset, reiterate that we should avoid dissemination of papers relating to this experimental finding to prevent premature release of the information. ...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">3. It is particularly important that this information is not passed outside the Department, until Ministers have decided how they wish it to be handled. ...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">But it would be easier for us if pharmaceuticals/devices are not directly mentioned at all. ...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Our records show that while some use is made of porcine materials in medicinal products, the only products which would appear to be in a hypothetically ''higher risk'' area are the adrenocorticotrophic hormone for which the source material comes from outside the United Kingdom, namely America China Sweden France and Germany. The products are manufactured by Ferring and Armour. A further product, ''Zenoderm Corium implant'' manufactured by Ethicon, makes use of porcine skin - which is not considered to be a ''high risk'' tissue, but one of its uses is described in the data sheet as ''in dural replacement''. This product is sourced from the United Kingdom.....</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=361032" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=361032</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period,</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014),</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE),</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">==============</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">PRION 2015 CONFERENCE</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">PRION 2016 TOKYO</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 1933-690X</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Tuesday, December 16, 2014</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Evidence for zoonotic potential of ovine scrapie prions</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Hervé Cassard,1, n1 Juan-Maria Torres,2, n1 Caroline Lacroux,1, Jean-Yves Douet,1, Sylvie L. Benestad,3, Frédéric Lantier,4, Séverine Lugan,1, Isabelle Lantier,4, Pierrette Costes,1, Naima Aron,1, Fabienne Reine,5, Laetitia Herzog,5, Juan-Carlos Espinosa,2, Vincent Beringue5, & Olivier Andréoletti1, Affiliations Contributions Corresponding author Journal name: Nature Communications</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Volume: 5, Article number: 5821 DOI: doi:10.1038/ncomms6821 Received 07 August 2014 Accepted 10 November 2014 Published 16 December 2014</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Although Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) is the cause of variant Creutzfeldt Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans, the zoonotic potential of scrapie prions remains unknown. Mice genetically engineered to overexpress the human prion protein (tgHu) have emerged as highly relevant models for gauging the capacity of prions to transmit to humans. These models can propagate human prions without any apparent transmission barrier and have been used used to confirm the zoonotic ability of BSE. Here we show that a panel of sheep scrapie prions transmit to several tgHu mice models with an efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***The serial transmission of different scrapie isolates in these mice led to the propagation of prions that are phenotypically identical to those causing sporadic CJD (sCJD) in humans.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Subject terms: Biological sciences• Medical research At a glance</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/141216/ncomms6821/full/ncomms6821.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/141216/ncomms6821/full/ncomms6821.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">why do we not want to do TSE transmission studies on chimpanzees $ 5. A positive result from a chimpanzee challenged severly would likely create alarm in some circles even if the result could not be interpreted for man. I have a view that all these agents could be transmitted provided a large enough dose by appropriate routes was given and the animals kept long enough. Until the mechanisms of the species barrier are more clearly understood it might be best to retain that hypothesis.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip... R. BRADLEY</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102222950/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102222950/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">1: J Infect Dis 1980 Aug;142(2):205-8</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Oral transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie to nonhuman primates</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Amyx HL, Bacote A, Masters CL, Gajdusek DC.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease of humans and scrapie disease of sheep and goats were transmitted to squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) that were exposed to the infectious agents only by their nonforced consumption of known infectious tissues. The asymptomatic incubation period in the one monkey exposed to the virus of kuru was 36 months; that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease was 23 and 27 months, respectively; and that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of scrapie was 25 and 32 months, respectively. Careful physical examination of the buccal cavities of all of the monkeys failed to reveal signs or oral lesions. One additional monkey similarly exposed to kuru has remained asymptomatic during the 39 months that it has been under observation.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The successful transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie by natural feeding to squirrel monkeys that we have reported provides further grounds for concern that scrapie-infected meat may occasionally give rise in humans to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. PMID: 6997404</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Recently the question has again been brought up as to whether scrapie is transmissible to man. This has followed reports that the disease has been transmitted to primates. One particularly lurid speculation (Gajdusek 1977) conjectures that the agents of scrapie, kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and transmissible encephalopathy of mink are varieties of a single "virus". The U.S. Department of Agriculture concluded that it could "no longer justify or permit scrapie-blood line and scrapie-exposed sheep and goats to be processed for human or animal food at slaughter or rendering plants" (ARC 84/77)" The problem is emphasised by the finding that some strains of scrapie produce lesions identical to the once which characterise the human dementias" Whether true or not. the hypothesis that these agents might be transmissible to man raises two considerations. First, the safety of laboratory personnel requires prompt attention. Second, action such as the "scorched meat" policy of USDA makes the solution of the scrapie problem urgent if the sheep industry is not to suffer grievously. snip... 76/10.12/4.6</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Nature. 1972 Mar 10;236(5341):73-4.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Transmission of scrapie to the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Gajdusek DC. Nature 236, 73 - 74 (10 March 1972); doi:10.1038/236073a0</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Transmission of Scrapie to the Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">C. J. GIBBS jun. & D. C. GAJDUSEK National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">SCRAPIE has been transmitted to the cynomolgus, or crab-eating, monkey (Macaca fascicularis) with an incubation period of more than 5 yr from the time of intracerebral inoculation of scrapie-infected mouse brain. The animal developed a chronic central nervous system degeneration, with ataxia, tremor and myoclonus with associated severe scrapie-like pathology of intensive astroglial hypertrophy and proliferation, neuronal vacuolation and status spongiosus of grey matter. The strain of scrapie virus used was the eighth passage in Swiss mice (NIH) of a Compton strain of scrapie obtained as ninth intracerebral passage of the agent in goat brain, from Dr R. L. Chandler (ARC, Compton, Berkshire).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2010/04/scrapie-and-atypical-scrapie.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2010/04/scrapie-and-atypical-scrapie.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://nor-98.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://nor-98.blogspot.com/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Detection of classical BSE prions in asymptomatic cows after inoculation with atypical/Nor98 scrapie</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">* Marina Betancor, Belén Marín, Alicia Otero, Carlos Hedman, Antonio Romero, Tomás Barrio, Eloisa Sevilla, Jean-Yves Douet, Alvina Huor, Juan José Badiola, Olivier Andréoletti & Rosa Bolea * Veterinary Research volume 54, Article number: 89 (2023)
Abstract</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The emergence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) prions from atypical scrapie has been recently observed upon experimental transmission to rodent and swine models. This study aimed to assess whether the inoculation of atypical scrapie could induce BSE-like disease in cattle. Four calves were intracerebrally challenged with atypical scrapie. Animals were euthanized without clinical signs of prion disease and tested negative for PrPSc accumulation by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. However, an emergence of BSE-like prion seeding activity was detected during in vitro propagation of brain samples from the inoculated animals. These findings suggest that atypical scrapie may represent a potential source of BSE infection in cattle.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Snip…</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Further in vivo experiments challenging different mouse lines have been started in order to confirm the infectivity of the PMCA products obtained in this study. However, in conclusion, our findings show that the propagation of atypical scrapie in cattle leads to the emergence of BSE-like seeding activity. This is a concerning issue with far-reaching implications for public health and food safety. The possibility of interspecies transmission of prion diseases and the emergence of new prion strains highlight the critical need for continued surveillance and monitoring of these diseases in both animal and human populations. Early detection of prion diseases is crucial, and highly sensitive detection techniques such as PMCA can play an important role in this regard.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-023-01225-2" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-023-01225-2</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Research Project: Elucidating the Pathobiology and Transmission of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Title: Disease phenotype of classical sheep scrapie is changed upon experimental passage through white-tailed deer</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Author item Kokemuller, Robyn item MOORE, S.JO - Oak Ridge Institute For Science And Education (ORISE) item Bian, Jifeng item WEST GREENLEE, HEATHER - Iowa State University item Greenlee, Justin</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Submitted to: PLoS Pathogens Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 11/9/2023 Publication Date: 12/4/2023 Citation: Kokemuller, R., Moore, S., Bian, J., West Greenlee, H.M., Greenlee, J.J. 2023. Disease phenotype of classical sheep scrapie is changed upon experimental passage through white-tailed deer. PLoS Pathogens. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1011815. DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1011815" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1011815</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Interpretive Summary: Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are a group of fatal diseases caused by the accumulation of misfolded prion protein in the brain. Ruminant species such as sheep, deer, and elk can get prion diseases. In sheep the disease is called scrapie. In deer and elk, the disease is called chronic wasting disease (CWD). The source of CWD is unknown, but one possibility is that scrapie jumped from sheep to deer. When we experimentally exposed white-tailed deer to the sheep scrapie agent, all deer developed scrapie. The purpose of the current experiment was to determine if sheep can get scrapie derived from white-tailed deer. Some sheep developed scrapie after oronasal exposure to the scrapie agent from white-tailed deer. Passage through white-tailed deer results in a scrapie isolate with different strain properties than the original inoculum. The detection of new strain properties was an unexpected result that will be the subject of further studies. These results indicate that sheep could be susceptible to the scrapie agent after passage through deer if exposed to the agent in natural or agricultural settings, which could be a confounding factor to the scrapie eradication program. National and state regulatory and wildlife officials should consider this information when developing plans to reduce or eliminate TSEs.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Technical Abstract: Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) agents have strain variations that influence disease phenotype and may affect the potential for interspecies transmission. Since deer and sheep may use the same grazing land, it is important to understand the potential transmission of TSEs between these species. The US scrapie isolate (No.13-7) had a 100% attack rate in white-tailed deer after oronasal challenge. The purpose of this study was to determine if sheep are susceptible to oronasal challenge with the scrapie agent from white-tailed deer. Suffolk lambs of various prion protein genotypes were challenged by the oronasal route with a 10% brain homogenate from scrapie-affected white-tailed deer. Sheep were euthanized and necropsied upon development of clinical signs or at the end of the experiment (72 months post-inoculation). Tissues were tested for PrPSc by enzyme immunoassay, western blot, and immunohistochemistry. The first sheep (2/2) to develop clinical signs at approximately 29 months post-inoculation (MPI) had the VRQ/VRQ genotype. One of the two sheep with the ARQ/ARQ genotype also developed clinical signs at 48 MPI. This is in contrast to the original No.13-7 inoculum that has a faster incubation period in sheep with the ARQ/ARQ genotype compared to sheep of the VRQ/VRQ genotype. The shorter incubation period in VRQ/VRQ sheep than ARQ/ARQ sheep after passage through deer indicates a phenotype change. This is important because scrapie infected deer could transmit disease to sheep resulting in new scrapie strain properties. This work raises the concern that scrapie infected deer could serve as a confounding factor to scrapie eradication programs as the scrapie agent from deer is transmissible to sheep by the oronasal route.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=405929" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=405929</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Research Project: Elucidating the Pathobiology and Transmission of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Title: The chronic wasting disease agent from white-tailed deer is highly infectious to humanized mice after passage through raccoons</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Author item Cassmann, Eric item QI, XU - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item KONG, QINGZHONG - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item Greenlee, Justin</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Submitted to: Meeting Abstract Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 3/15/2023 Publication Date: 5/30/2023 Citation: Cassmann, E.D., Qi, X., Kong, Q., Greenlee, J.J. 2023. The chronic wasting disease agent from white-tailed deer is highly infectious to humanized mice after passage through raccoons (abstract). Meeting Abstract. 4th International Chronic Wasting Disease Symposium, May 30-June 3, 2023, Denver, Colorado. Interpretive Summary:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Technical Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the zoonotic potential of the raccoon passaged chronic wasting disease (CWD) agent in humanized transgenic mice in comparison with the North American CWD agent from the original white-tailed deer (WTD) host. Pooled brain (GG96) from CWD positive deer was used to intracranially inoculate two WTD and one raccoon. Brain homogenates (10% w/v) from the raccoon and the WTD were used to intracranially inoculate transgenic mice (Tg40h) expressing the methionine 109 human prion protein. Brains and spleens were collected from mice at experimental endpoints of clinical disease or approximately 700 days post-inoculation. Tissues were divided and homogenized or fixed in 10% buffered neutral formalin. Immunohistochemistry, enzyme immunoassay, and western blot were used to detect misfolded prion protein (PrPSc) in tissue. Tg40h mice inoculated with the raccoon passaged CWD agent from WTD exhibited a 100% (12/12) attack rate with an average incubation period of 605 days. PrPSc was detected in brain tissue by enzyme immunoassay with an average optical density of 3.6/4.0 for positive brains. PrPSc also was detected in brain tissue by western blot and immunohistochemistry. No PrPSc was detected in the spleens of mice inoculated with the raccoon passaged CWD agent. Humanized mice inoculated with the CWD agent from WTD did not have detectable PrPSc using conventional immunoassay techniques. These results demonstrated that the host range of the CWD agent from WTD was expanded in our experimental model after one passage through raccoons.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=400777" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=400777</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">2023</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">OIE Conclusions on transmissibility of atypical BSE among cattle</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Given that cattle have been successfully infected by the oral route, at least for L-BSE, it is reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle are exposed to contaminated feed. In addition, based on reports of atypical BSE from several countries that have not had C-BSE, it appears likely that atypical BSE would arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence in old cattle. In the presence of livestock industry practices that would allow it to be recycled in the cattle feed chain, it is likely that some level of exposure and transmission may occur. As a result, since atypical BSE can be reasonably considered to pose a potential background level of risk for any country with cattle, the recycling of both classical and atypical strains in the cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Annex 7 (contd) AHG on BSE risk assessment and surveillance/March 2019</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">34 Scientific Commission/September 2019</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">3. Atypical BSE</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The Group discussed and endorsed with minor revisions an overview of relevant literature on the risk of atypical BSE being recycled in a cattle population and its zoonotic potential that had been prepared ahead of the meeting by one expert from the Group. This overview is provided as Appendix IV and its main conclusions are outlined below. With regard to the risk of recycling of atypical BSE, recently published research confirmed that the L-type BSE prion (a type of atypical BSE prion) may be orally transmitted to calves1 . In light of this evidence, and the likelihood that atypical BSE could arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence, the Group was of the opinion that it would be reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle were to be exposed to contaminated feed. Therefore, the recycling of atypical strains in cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">4. Definitions of meat-and-bone meal (MBM) and greaves</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 28, 2023</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">EFSA TSE Report 2022 First published 28 November 2023 The European Union summary report on surveillance for the presence of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) in 2022</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2023/11/efsa-tse-report-2022-first-published-28.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2023/11/efsa-tse-report-2022-first-published-28.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">THURSDAY, DECEMBER 7, 2023</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Cervid Update By State December 2023 (Long Version)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">(Short Version)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion_7.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion_7.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div><div><br /></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37946824.post-27388166217429147382024-02-28T11:24:00.009-06:002024-03-06T13:20:57.416-06:00Pennsylvania concerns CWD could soon affect the elk herd as well<div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Pennsylvania concerns CWD could soon affect the elk herd as well</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">An update was provided on PGC’s efforts to respond to Chronic Wasting Disease in deer</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">PA CWD Senate Update</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Senator Elder A. Vogel Jr.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">An update was provided on PGC’s efforts to respond to Chronic Wasting Disease in deer. There are concerns CWD could soon affect the elk herd as well.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.pasenategop.com/news/key-points-from-senate-budget-hearings-with-pa-game-commission-pa-fish-and-boat-commission-department-of-agriculture/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.pasenategop.com/news/key-points-from-senate-budget-hearings-with-pa-game-commission-pa-fish-and-boat-commission-department-of-agriculture/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Greetings Honorable Chairman of the Agriculture Committee Senator Vogel et al,</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">I wish to update you all on the latest science on the chronic wasting disease cwd tse prion disease, that i don't think you all are aware of. new transmission studies are out that are extremely worrisome, i.e. in short;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">oral transmission of cwd to cattle</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">oral transmission of cwd to pigs</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">oral transmission of cwd to sheep</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">oral transmission of cwd to primates</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">oral transmission of cwd to cervid</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">a failed mad cow feed ban that does that does not cover all of the above.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">long term environmental factors (decades), for cwd, that could effect property values.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">new scientific studies of cwd transmission to humans and risk factors there from, and potential exposure to humans via friendly fire i.e. iatrogenic routes of cwd in humans as sporadic cjd.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">i don't make this stuff up Sir.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Good Luck!</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">kindest regards, terry</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">p.s. Pennsylvania CWD History at bottom of this email...terry</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">the long of it;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Stable and highly zoonotic cervid prion strain is possible</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Manuel Camacho, Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Sydney Smith, Jieji Hu, Wanyun Tao, Ignazio Cali, and Qingzhong Kong</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Aims: Whether CWD prions can infect humans remains unclear despite the very substantial scale and long history of human exposure of CWD in some areas. Multiple in vitro conversion experiments and in vivo animal studies suggest that the CWD-to-human transmission barrier is not unbreakable. A major public health concern on CWD zoonosis is the emergence of highly zoonotic CWD strains. We aim to address the question of whether highly zoonotic CWD strains are possible.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Material and Methods: We inoculated a few sCJD brain samples into cervidized transgenic mice, which were intended as negative controls for bioassays of brain tissues from sCJD cases who had hunted or consumed vension from CWD-endemic states. Some of these mice became infected and their brain tissues were further examined by serial passages in humanized or cervidized mice.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Results: Passage of sCJDMM1 in transgenic mice expressing elk PrP (Tg12) resulted in a ‘cervidized’ CJD strain that we termed CJDElkPrP. We observed 100% transmission of CJDElkPrP in transgenic mice expressing human PrP (Tg40h). We passaged CJDElkPrP two more times in the Tg12 mice. We found that such second and third passage CJDElkPrP prions also led to 100% infection in the Tg40h mice. In contrast, we and others found zero or poor transmission of natural elk CWD isolates in humanized mice, despite that natural elk CWD isolates and CJDElkPrP share the same elk PrP sequence.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can be stably maintained in cervids and that CWD zoonosis is prion strain-dependent.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O’Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples, respectively.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Stable and highly zoonotic cervid prion strain is possible</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY TSE PRION DISEASE ZOONOSIS, ZOONOTIC “If CWD in humans is found to be contagious and transmissible among humans, as it is in cervids [57], the spread of the disease within humans might become endemic.”</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">PART 2. TPWD CHAPTER 65. DIVISION 1. CWD</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, 65.88</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission in a duly noticed meeting on May 25, 2023 adopted amendments to 31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, and §65.88, concerning Disease Detection and Response, without changes to the proposed text as published in the April 21, 2023, issue of the Texas Register (48 TexReg 2048). The rules will not be republished.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Currently, there is scientific evidence to suggest that CWD has zoonotic potential; however, no confirmed cases of CWD have been found in humans.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">17 DETECTION OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE PRIONS IN PROCESSED MEATS.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Rebeca Benavente1, Francisca Bravo1,2, Paulina Soto1,2, J. Hunter Reed3, Mitch Lockwood3, Rodrigo Morales1,2</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">1Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA. 2Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile. 3Texas Parks and Wildlife, Austin, USA</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease (CWD) remains unknown. Currently, there are no known natural cases of CWD transmission to humans but increasing evidence suggests that the host range of CWD is not confined only to cervid species. Alarmingly, recent experimental evidence suggests that certain CWD isolates can induce disease in non-human primates. While the CDC strongly recommends determining CWD status in animals prior to consumption, this practice is voluntary. Consequently, it is plausible that a proportion of the cervid meat entering the human food chain may be contaminated with CWD. Of additional concern is that traditional diagnostic techniques used to detect CWD have relatively low sensitivity and are only approved for use in tissues other than those typically ingested by humans. In this study, we analyzed different processed meats derived from a pre-clinical, CWD-positive free-ranging elk. Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats. CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates. Our results show positive prion detection in all products. To confirm the resilience of CWD-prions to traditional cooking methods, we grilled and boiled the meat products and evaluated them for any remnant PMCA seeding activity. Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking. Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> Our results show positive prion detection in all products.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">9 Carrot plants as potential vectors for CWD transmission.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Paulina Soto1,2, Francisca Bravo-Risi1,2, Claudio Soto1, Rodrigo Morales1,2</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">1Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA. 2Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> We show that edible plant components can absorb prions from CWD-contaminated soils and transport them to their aerial parts.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> Our results indicate that edible plants could participate as vectors of CWD transmission</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Transmission of prion infectivity from CWD-infected macaque tissues to rodent models demonstrates the zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaoui1,2, Ginny Cheng1,2, Wiebke Wemheuer3, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer3, Sabine Gilch1,2, Hermann Schatzl1,2 1University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. 2Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada. 3Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> Further passage to cervidized mice revealed transmission with a 100% attack rate.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> Our findings demonstrate that macaques, considered the best model for the zoonotic potential of prions, were infected upon CWD challenge, including the oral one.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">****> The disease manifested as atypical in macaques and initial transgenic mouse transmissions, but with infectivity present at all times, as unveiled in the bank vole model with an unusual tissue tropism.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> Epidemiologic surveillance of prion disease among cervid hunters and people likely to have consumed venison contaminated with chronic wasting disease</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Transmission of Cervid Prions to Humanized Mice Demonstrates the Zoonotic Potential of CWD</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaouia, Irina Zemlyankinaa, Sheng Chun Changa, Maria Immaculata Arifina, Vincent Béringueb, Debbie McKenziec, Hermann M. Schatzla, and Sabine Gilcha</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Results: Here, we provide the strongest evidence supporting the zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and their possible phenotype in humans. Inoculation of mice expressing human PrPCwith deer CWD isolates (strains Wisc-1 and 116AG) resulted in atypical clinical manifestations in > 75% of the mice, with myoclonus as leading clinical sign. Most of tg650brain homogenates were positive for seeding activity in RT-QuIC. Clinical disease and presentation was transmissible to tg650 mice and bank voles. Intriguingly, protease-resistant PrP in the brain of tg650 mice resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon passage. Abnormal PrP aggregates upon infection with Wisc-1 were detectable in thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain/pons regions.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Unprecedented in human prion disease, feces of CWD-inoculated tg650 mice harbored prion seeding activity and infectious prions, as shown by inoculation of bank voles and tg650 with fecal homogenates.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Conclusions: This is the first evidence that CWD can infect humans and cause disease with a distinctive clinical presentation, signature, and tropism, which might be transmissible between humans while current diagnostic assays might fail to detect it. These findings have major implications for public health and CWD-management.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286 The finding that infectious PrPSc was shed in fecal material of CWD-infected humanized mice and induced clinical disease, different tropism, and typical three banding pattern-PrPres in bank voles that is transmissible upon second passage is highly concerning for public health. The fact that this biochemical signature in bank voles resembles that of the Wisc-1 original deer isolate and is different from that of bvWisc-1, in the migration profile and the glyco-form-ratio, is valid evidence that these results are not a product of contamination in our study. If CWD in humans is found to be contagious and transmissible among humans, as it is in cervids [57], the spread of the disease within humans might become endemic.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Acta Neuropathol 144, 767–784 (2022). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Published</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">22 August 2022</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaoui1 · Irina Zemlyankina1 · Sheng Chun Chang1 · Maria Immaculata Arifn1 · Vincent Béringue2 · Debbie McKenzie3 · Hermann M. Schatzl1 · Sabine Gilch1</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Received: 24 May 2022 / Revised: 5 August 2022 / Accepted: 7 August 2022</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">© The Author(s) 2022</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Prions cause infectious and fatal neurodegenerative diseases in mammals. Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease of cervids, spreads efficiently among wild and farmed animals. Potential transmission to humans of CWD is a growing concern due to its increasing prevalence. Here, we provide evidence for a zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and its probable signature using mice expressing human prion protein (PrP) as an infection model. Inoculation of these mice with deer CWD isolates resulted in atypical clinical manifestation with prion seeding activity and efficient transmissible infectivity in the brain and, remarkably, in feces, but without classical neuropathological or Western blot appearances of prion diseases. Intriguingly, the protease-resistant PrP in the brain resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon second passage. Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Keywords Chronic wasting disease · CWD · Zoonotic potential · Prion strains · Zoonotic prions</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">HIGHLIGHTS OF THIS STUDY</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">================================</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">In this study, we evaluated the zoonotic potential of CWD using a transgenic mouse model overexpressing human M129-PrPC (tg650 [12]). We inoculated tg650 mice intracerebrally with two deer CWD isolates, Wisc-1 and 116AG [22, 23, 27, 29]. We demonstrate that this transgenic line was susceptible to infection with CWD prions and displayed a distinct leading clinical sign, an atypical PrPSc signature and unusual fecal shedding of infectious prions. Importantly, these prions generated by the human PrP transgenic mice were transmissible upon passage. Our results are the first evidence of a zoonotic risk of CWD when using one of the most common CWD strains, Wisc-1/CWD1 for infection. We demonstrated in a human transgenic mouse model that the species barrier for transmission of CWD to humans is not absolute. The fact that its signature was not typical raises the questions whether CWD would manifest in humans as a subclinical infection, whether it would arise through direct or indirect transmission including an intermediate host, or a silent to uncovered human-to-human transmission, and whether current detection techniques will be suffcient to unveil its presence.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Our findings strongly suggest that CWD should be regarded as an actual public health risk. Here, we use humanized mice to show that CWD prions can cross the species barrier to humans, and remarkably, infectious prions can be excreted in feces.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Our results indicate that if CWD crosses the species-barrier to humans, it is unlikely to resemble the most common forms of human prion diseases with respect to clinical signs, tissue tropism and PrPSc signature. For instance, PrPSc in variable protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr), a sporadic form of human prion disease, and in the genetic form Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS) is defined by an atypical PK-resistant PrPSc fragment that is non-glycosylated and truncated at both C- and N-termini, with a molecular weight between 6 and 8 kDa [24, 44–46]. These biochemical features are unique and distinctive from PrPSc (PrP27-30) found in most other human or animal prion disease. The atypical PrPSc signature detected in brain homogenate of tg650 mice #321 (1st passage) and #3063 (2nd passage), and the 7–8 kDa fragment (Figs. 2, 4) are very similar to that of GSS, both in terms of migration profile and the N-terminal cleavage site.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">CWD in humans might remain subclinical but with PrPSc deposits in the brain with an unusual morphology that does not resemble the patterns usually seen in different prion diseases (e.g., mouse #328; Fig. 3), clinical with untraceable abnormal PrP (e.g., mouse #327) but still transmissible and uncovered upon subsequent passage (e.g., mouse #3063; Fig. 4), or prions have other reservoirs than the usual ones, hence the presence of infectivity in feces (e.g., mouse #327) suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">=================================</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip...see full text</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Fortuitous generation of a zoonotic cervid prion strain</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Manuel Camacho, Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Sydney Smith, Jieji Hu, Wanyun Tao, Ignazio Cali, Qingzhong Kong. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Aims: Whether CWD prions can infect humans remains unclear despite the very substantial scale and long history of human exposure of CWD in many states or provinces of USA and Canada. Multiple in vitro conversion experiments and in vivo animal studies indicate that the CWD-to-human transmission barrier is not unbreakable. A major long-term public health concern on CWD zoonosis is the emergence of highly zoonotic CWD strains. We aim to address the question of whether highly zoonotic CWD strains are possible.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: We inoculated several sCJD brain samples into cervidized transgenic mice (Tg12), which were intended as negative controls for bioassays of brain tissues from sCJD cases who had potentially been exposed to CWD. Some of the Tg12 mice became infected and their brain tissues were further examined by Western blot as well as serial passages in humanized or cervidized mice.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Results: Passage of sCJDMM1 in transgenic mice expressing elk PrP (Tg12) resulted in a “cervidized” CJD strain that we termed CJDElkPrP. We observed 100% transmission of the original CJDElkPrP in transgenic mice expressing human PrP. We passaged CJDElkPrP two more times in the Tg12 mice. We found that such second and third passage CJDElkPrP prions retained 100% transmission rate in the humanized mice, despite that the natural elk CWD isolates and CJDElkPrP share the same elk PrP sequence. In contrast, we and others found zero or poor transmission of natural elk CWD isolates in humanized mice.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our data indicate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can retain zoonotic potential after serial passages in cervids, suggesting a very significant and serious long-term risk of CWD zoonosis given that the broad and continuing spread of CWD prions will provide fertile grounds for the emergence of zoonotic CWD strains over time.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O'Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples used in this study, respectively</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">"Our data indicate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can retain zoonotic potential after serial passages in cervids, suggesting a very significant and serious long-term risk of CWD zoonosis given that the broad and continuing spread of CWD prions will provide fertile grounds for the emergence of zoonotic CWD strains over time."</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">A probable diagnostic marker for CWD infection in humans</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Manuel Camacho, Ignazio Cali, Qingzhong Kong. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Aims: Multiple in vitro CWD-seeded human PrP conversion experiments and some animal model studies indicate that the species barrier for CWD to human transmission can be overcome, but whether CWD prion can infect humans in real life remains controversial. The very limited understanding on the likely features of CWD infection in humans and the lack of a reliable diagnostic marker for identification of acquired human CWD cases contribute to this uncertainty. We aim to stablish such a reliable diagnostic marker for CWD infections in humans should they occur.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: A couple of PrPSc-positive spleens were identified from humanized transgenic mice inoculated with either CWD or sCJDMM1. Prions in these spleens were compared by bioassays in cervidized or humanized transgenic mice. A couple of PrPSc-positive spleens from UK sCJDMM1 patients were also examined similarly as controls with no exposure to CWD.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Results: We have detected two prion-positive spleens in humanized transgenic mice inoculated with some CWD isolates. Such experimentally generated splenic “humanized” CWD prions (termed eHuCWDsp) appear indistinguishable from prions in the brain of sCJDMM1 patients on Western blot. We compared eHuCWDsp with prions in the spleen from humanized mice infected with sCJDMM1 (termed sCJDMM1sp) by bioassays in cervidized or humanized transgenic mice. Significantly, we found that eHuCWDsp can efficiently infect not only the humanized mice but also cervidized transgenic mice, and cervidized mice infected by eHuCWDsp produced PrPSc and brain pathology that are practically identical to those of CWD-infected cervidized mice. In contrast, sCJDMM1sp, similar to prions from sCJDMM1 patient brains, is poorly transmissible in the cervidized mice.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that high transmissibility with CWD features of splenic prions in cervidized transgenic mice is unique to acquired human CWD prions, and it may serve as a reliable marker to identify the first acquired human CWD cases.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O'Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples used in this study, respectively.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Prion 2023 Experimental Oronasal Inoculation of the Chronic Wasting Disease Agent into White Tailed Deer<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Author list: Sarah Zurbuchena,b , S. Jo Moorea,b , Jifeng Biana , Eric D. Cassmanna , and Justin J. Greenleea . a. Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, US b. Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, United States</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Aims: The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether white-tailed deer (WTD) are susceptible to inoculation of chronic wasting disease (CWD) via oronasal exposure.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Materials and methods: Six male, neutered WTD were oronasally inoculated with brainstem material (10% w/v) from a CWD-positive wild-type WTD. The genotypes of five inoculated deer were Q95/G96 (wild-type). One inoculated deer was homozygous S at codon 96 (96SS). Cervidized (Tg12; M132 elk PrP) mice were inoculated with 1% w/v brainstem homogenate from either a 96GG WTD (n=10) or the 96SS WTD (n=10).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Results: All deer developed characteristic clinical signs of CWD including weight loss, regurgitation, and ataxia. The 96SS individual had a prolonged disease course and incubation period compared to the other deer. Western blots of the brainstem on all deer yielded similar molecular profiles. All deer had widespread lymphoid distribution of PrPCWD and neuropathologic lesions associated with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Both groups of mice had a 100% attack rate and developed clinical signs, including loss of body condition, ataxia, and loss of righting reflex. Mice inoculated with material from the 96SS deer had a significantly shorter incubation period than mice inoculated with material from 96GG deer (Welch two sample T-test, P<0.05). Serial dilutions of each inocula suggests that differences in incubation period were not due to a greater concentration of PrPCWD in the 96SS inoculum. Molecular profiles from western blot of brain homogenates from mice appeared similar regardless of inoculum and appear similar to those of deer used for inoculum.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Conclusions: This study characterizes the lesions and clinical course of CWD in WTD inoculated in a similar manner to natural conditions. It supports previous findings that 96SS deer have a prolonged disease course. Further, it describes a first pass of inoculum from a 96SS deer in cervidized mice which shortened the incubation period.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Funded by: This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection, analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We thank Ami Frank and Kevin Hassall for their technical contributions to this project.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The detection and decontamination of chronic wasting disease prions during venison processing</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Marissa S. Milstein1,2, Marc D. Schwabenlander1,2, Sarah C. Gresch1,2, Manci Li1,2, Stuart Lichtenberg1,2, Rachel Shoemaker1,2, Gage R. Rowden1,2, Jason C. Bartz2,3 , Tiffany M. Wolf2,4, Peter A. Larsen1,2</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Presenting author: Tiffany M. Wolf 1 Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 2 Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 3 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA 4 Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Aims: There is a growing concern that chronic wasting disease (CWD) prions in venison pose a risk to human health. CWD prions accumulate in infected deer tissues that commonly enter the human food chain through meat processing and consumption. The United States (US) Food and Drug Administration and US Department of Agriculture now formally consider CWD-positive venison unfit for human and animal consumption. Yet, the degree to which prion contamination occurs during routine venison processing is unknown. Here, we use environmental surface swab methods to: a) experimentally test meat processing equipment (i.e., stainless steel knives and polyethylene cutting boards) before and after processing CWD-positive venison and b) test the efficacy of five different disinfectant types (i.e., Dawn dish soap, Virkon-S, Briotech, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach) to determine prion decontamination efficacy.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: We used a real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay to determine CWD infection status of venison and to detect CWD prions in the swabs. We collected three swabs per surface and ran eight technical replicates on RT-QuIC.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Results: CWD prions were detected on all cutting boards (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8 and knives (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) used in processing CWD-positive venison, but not on those used for CWD-negative venison. After processing CWD-positive venison, allowing the surfaces to dry, and washing the cutting board with Dawn dish soap, we detected CWD prions on the cutting board surface (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) but not on the knife (n= 3, replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). Similar patterns were observed with Briotech (cutting board: n= 3; replicates= 7/8, 1/8, 0/8; knife: n= 3; replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). We did not detect CWD prions on the knives or cutting boards after disinfecting with Virkon-S, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Conclusions: These preliminary results suggest that Dawn dish soap and Briotech do not reliably decontaminate CWD prions from these surfaces. Our data suggest that Virkon-S and various bleach concentrations are more effective in reducing prion contamination of meat processing surfaces; however, surface type may also influence the ability of prions to adsorb to surfaces, preventing complete decontamination. Our results will directly inform best practices to prevent the introduction of CWD prions into the human food chain during venison processing.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: Funding was provided by the Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund as recommended by the Legislative-Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources (LCCMR), the Rapid Agriculture Response Fund (#95385/RR257), and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Theme: Animal prion diseases</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Prion 2023 Abstracts</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers.. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Research Paper</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Cellular prion protein distribution in the vomeronasal organ, parotid, and scent glands of white-tailed deer and mule deer</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Anthony Ness, Aradhana Jacob, Kelsey Saboraki, Alicia Otero, Danielle Gushue, Diana Martinez Moreno, Melanie de Peña, Xinli Tang, Judd Aiken, Susan Lingle & Debbie McKenzieORCID Icon show less</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Pages 40-57 | Received 03 Feb 2022, Accepted 13 May 2022, Published online: 29 May 2022</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Download citation</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">ABSTRACT</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting species of the cervidae family. CWD has an expanding geographic range and complex, poorly understood transmission mechanics. CWD is disproportionately prevalent in wild male mule deer and male white-tailed deer. Sex and species influences on CWD prevalence have been hypothesized to be related to animal behaviours that involve deer facial and body exocrine glands. Understanding CWD transmission potential requires a foundational knowledge of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) in glands associated with cervid behaviours. In this study, we characterized the presence and distribution of PrPC in six integumentary and two non-integumentary tissues of hunter-harvested mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (O. virginianus). We report that white-tailed deer expressed significantly more PrPC than their mule deer in the parotid, metatarsal, and interdigital glands. Females expressed more PrPC than males in the forehead and preorbital glands. The distribution of PrPC within the integumentary exocrine glands of the face and legs were localized to glandular cells, hair follicles, epidermis, and immune cell infiltrates. All tissues examined expressed sufficient quantities of PrPC to serve as possible sites of prion initial infection, propagation, and shedding.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">ARS RESEARCH Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Publication Acceptance Date: 9/8/2021</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Title: Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Author item WANG, ZERUI - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item QIN, KEFENG - University Of Chicago item CAMACHO, MANUEL - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item SHEN, PINGPING - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item YUAN, JUE - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item Greenlee, Justin item CUI, LI - Jilin University item KONG, QINGZHONG - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item MASTRIANNI, JAMES - University Of Chicago item ZOU, WEN-QUAN - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Submitted to: Acta Neuropathologica Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 9/8/2021 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Interpretive Summary: Prion diseases are invariably fatal neurologic diseases for which there is no known prevention or cure. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease of deer and elk and is present in farmed and free ranging herds throughout North America. To date there is no clear evidence that the CWD agent could be transmitted to humans. This manuscript describes the use of an in vitro technique, cell-free serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA), to generate a CWD prion that is infectious to transgenic mice expressing the human prion protein. This study provides the first evidence that CWD prions may be able to cause misfolding in the human prion protein. This information will impact medical experts and those involved in making policy for farmed cervids and wildlife.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Technical Abstract: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a cervid spongiform encephalopathy or prion disease caused by the infectious prion or PrPSc, a misfolded conformer of cellular prion protein (PrPC). It has rapidly spread in North America and also has been found in Asia and Europe. In contrast to the zoonotic mad cow disease that is the first animal prion disease found transmissible to humans, the transmissibility of CWD to humans remains uncertain although most previous studies have suggested that humans may not be susceptible to CWD. Here we report the generation of an infectious human PrPSc by seeding CWD PrPSc in normal human brain PrPC through the in vitro cell-free serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA). Western blotting confirms that the sPMCA-induced proteinase K-resistant PrPSc is a human form, evidenced by a PrP-specific antibody that recognizes human but not cervid PrP. Remarkably, two lines of humanized transgenic (Tg) mice expressing human PrP-129Val/Val (VV) or -129Met/Met (MM) polymorphism develop prion disease at 233 ± 6 (mean ± SE) days post-inoculation (dpi) and 552 ± 27 dpi, respectively, upon intracerebral inoculation with the sPMCA-generated PrPSc. The brain of diseased Tg mice reveals the electrophoretic profile of PrPSc similar to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) MM1 or VV2 subtype but different neuropathological patterns. We believe that our study provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc is able to convert human PrPC into PrPSc in vitro and the CWD-derived human PrPSc mimics atypical sCJD subtypes in humanized Tg mice.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">''The brain of diseased Tg mice reveals the electrophoretic profile of PrPSc similar to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) MM1 or VV2 subtype but different neuropathological patterns.''</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">''We believe that our study provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc is able to convert human PrPC into PrPSc in vitro and the CWD-derived human PrPSc mimics atypical sCJD subtypes in humanized Tg mice.''</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Published: 26 September 2021</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Zerui Wang, Kefeng Qin, Manuel V. Camacho, Ignazio Cali, Jue Yuan, Pingping Shen, Justin Greenlee, Qingzhong Kong, James A. Mastrianni & Wen-Quan Zou</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Acta Neuropathologica Communications volume 9, Article number: 158 (2021)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a cervid prion disease caused by the accumulation of an infectious misfolded conformer (PrPSc) of cellular prion protein (PrPC). It has been spreading rapidly in North America and also found in Asia and Europe. Although bovine spongiform encephalopathy (i.e. mad cow disease) is the only animal prion disease known to be zoonotic, the transmissibility of CWD to humans remains uncertain. Here we report the generation of the first CWD-derived infectious human PrPSc by elk CWD PrPSc-seeded conversion of PrPC in normal human brain homogenates using in vitro protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA). Western blotting with human PrP selective antibody confirmed that the PMCA-generated protease-resistant PrPSc was derived from the human PrPC substrate. Two lines of humanized transgenic mice expressing human PrP with either Val or Met at the polymorphic codon 129 developed clinical prion disease following intracerebral inoculation with the PMCA-generated CWD-derived human PrPSc. Diseased mice exhibited distinct PrPSc patterns and neuropathological changes in the brain. Our study, using PMCA and animal bioassays, provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc can cross the species barrier to convert human PrPC into infectious PrPSc that can produce bona fide prion disease when inoculated into humanized transgenic mice.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Snip...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">It is worth noting that the annual number of sporadic CJD (sCJD) cases in the USA has increased, with the total number of suspected and confirmed sCJD cases rising from 284 in 2003 to 511 in 2017 (https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cjd/occurrence-transmission.html). The greatly enhanced CJD surveillance and an aging population in the USA certainly contributed to the observed increase in annual sCJD case numbers in recent years, but the possibility cannot be excluded that some of the increased sCJD prevalence is linked to CWD exposure.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">In the present study, using serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) assay we generate PrPSc by seeding CWD prions in normal human brain homogenates. Importantly, we reveal that two lines of humanized Tg mice expressing human PrP-129VV and 129MM develop prion diseases upon intracerebral inoculation of the abnormal PrP generated by sPMCA. We believe that our study provides the first opportunity to dissect the clinical, pathological and biochemical features of the CWD-derived human prion disease in two lines of humanized Tg mice expressing two major human PrP genotypes, respectively.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">i thought i might share some news about cwd zoonosis that i got, that i cannot share or post to the public yet, i promised for various reasons, one that it will cause a shit storm for sure, but it was something i really already knew from previous studies, but, i was told that ;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">==================</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">''As you can imagine, 2 and 5 (especially 5) may raise alarms. The evidence we have for 4 are not as strong or tight as I would like to have. At this point, please do not post any of the points publicly yet, but you can refer to points 1-3 in private discussions and all 5 points when discussing with relevant public officials to highlight the long-term risks of CWD zoonosis.''</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">====================</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">so, i figure your as about as official as it gets, and i think this science is extremely important for you to know and to converse about with your officials. it's about to burn a whole in my pocket. this is about as close as it will ever get for cwd zoonosis to be proven in my time, this and what Canada Czub et al found with the Macaques, plus an old study from cjd surveillance unit back that showed cjd and a 9% increase in risk from folks that eat venison, i will post all this below for your files Sir. i remember back in the BSE nvCJD days, from when the first BSE case in bovine was confirmed around 1984 maybe 83, i forget the good vets named that screwed it up first, Carol something, but from 83ish to 95 96 when nvCJD was linked to humans from BSE in cattle, so that took 10 to 15 years. hell, at that rate, especially with Texas and cwd zoonsis, hell, i'll be dead before it's official, if ever, so here ya go Sir. there was a grant study on cwd zoonosis that had been going on for some time, i followed it over the years, then the grant date for said study had expired, so, i thought i would write the good Professor about said study i.e. Professor Kong, CWRU et al. i will post the grant study abstract first, and then after that, what reply i got back, about said study that i was told not to post/publish...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">CWD ZOONOSIS GRANT FIRST;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Cervid to human prion transmission</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Kong, Qingzhong</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Abstract Prion disease is transmissible and invariably fatal. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease affecting deer, elk and moose, and it is a widespread and expanding epidemic affecting 22 US States and 2 Canadian provinces so far. CWD poses the most serious zoonotic prion transmission risks in North America because of huge venison consumption (>6 million deer/elk hunted and consumed annually in the USA alone), significant prion infectivity in muscles and other tissues/fluids from CWD-affected cervids, and usually high levels of individual exposure to CWD resulting from consumption of the affected animal among often just family and friends. However, we still do not know whether CWD prions can infect humans in the brain or peripheral tissues or whether clinical/asymptomatic CWD zoonosis has already occurred, and we have no essays to reliably detect CWD infection in humans. We hypothesize that: (1) The classic CWD prion strain can infect humans at low levels in the brain and peripheral lymphoid tissues; (2) The cervid-to-human transmission barrier is dependent on the cervid prion strain and influenced by the host (human) prion protein (PrP) primary sequence; (3) Reliable essays can be established to detect CWD infection in humans; and (4) CWD transmission to humans has already occurred. We will test these hypotheses in 4 Aims using transgenic (Tg) mouse models and complementary in vitro approaches.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Aim 1 will prove that the classical CWD strain may infect humans in brain or peripheral lymphoid tissues at low levels by conducting systemic bioassays in a set of humanized Tg mouse lines expressing common human PrP variants using a number of CWD isolates at varying doses and routes. Experimental human CWD samples will also be generated for Aim 3.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Aim 2 will test the hypothesis that the cervid-to-human prion transmission barrier is dependent on prion strain and influenced by the host (human) PrP sequence by examining and comparing the transmission efficiency and phenotypes of several atypical/unusual CWD isolates/strains as well as a few prion strains from other species that have adapted to cervid PrP sequence, utilizing the same panel of humanized Tg mouse lines as in Aim 1.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Aim 3 will establish reliable essays for detection and surveillance of CWD infection in humans by examining in details the clinical, pathological, biochemical and in vitro seeding properties of existing and future experimental human CWD samples generated from Aims 1-2 and compare them with those of common sporadic human Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) prions.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Aim 4 will attempt to detect clinical CWD-affected human cases by examining a significant number of brain samples from prion-affected human subjects in the USA and Canada who have consumed venison from CWD-endemic areas utilizing the criteria and essays established in Aim 3. The findings from this proposal will greatly advance our understandings on the potential and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for CWD zoonosis and potentially discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Public Health Relevance There are significant and increasing human exposure to cervid prions because chronic wasting disease (CWD, a widespread and highly infectious prion disease among deer and elk in North America) continues spreading and consumption of venison remains popular, but our understanding on cervid-to-human prion transmission is still very limited, raising public health concerns. This proposal aims to define the zoonotic risks of cervid prions and set up and apply essays to detect CWD zoonosis using mouse models and in vitro methods. The findings will greatly expand our knowledge on the potentials and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for such infections and may discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Funding Agency Agency National Institute of Health (NIH) Institute National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Type Research Project (R01) Project # 1R01NS088604-01A1 Application # 9037884 Study Section Cellular and Molecular Biology of Neurodegeneration Study Section (CMND) Program Officer Wong, May Project Start 2015-09-30 Project End 2019-07-31 Budget Start 2015-09-30 Budget End 2016-07-31 Support Year 1 Fiscal Year 2015 Total Cost $337,507 Indirect Cost $118,756</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1#panel-abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1#panel-abstract</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Professor Kongs reply to me just this month about above grant study that has NOT been published in peer reveiw yet...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">=================================</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Here is a brief summary of our findings:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip...can't post, made a promise...tss</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">On Sat, Apr 3, 2021 at 12:19 PM Terry Singeltary <flounder9@verizon.net> wrote:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">end...tss</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">==============</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">CWD ZOONOSIS THE FULL MONTY TO DATE</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">International Conference on Emerging Diseases, Outbreaks & Case Studies & 16th Annual Meeting on Influenza March 28-29, 2018 | Orlando, USA</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Qingzhong Kong</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease prions from cervids</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease in cervids (mule deer, white-tailed deer, American elk, moose, and reindeer). It has become an epidemic in North America, and it has been detected in the Europe (Norway) since 2016. The widespread CWD and popular hunting and consumption of cervid meat and other products raise serious public health concerns, but questions remain on human susceptibility to CWD prions, especially on the potential difference in zoonotic potential among the various CWD prion strains. We have been working to address this critical question for well over a decade. We used CWD samples from various cervid species to inoculate transgenic mice expressing human or elk prion protein (PrP). We found infectious prions in the spleen or brain in a small fraction of CWD-inoculated transgenic mice expressing human PrP, indicating that humans are not completely resistant to CWD prions; this finding has significant ramifications on the public health impact of CWD prions. The influence of cervid PrP polymorphisms, the prion strain dependence of CWD-to-human transmission barrier, and the characterization of experimental human CWD prions will be discussed.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Speaker Biography Qingzhong Kong has completed his PhD from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst and Post-doctoral studies at Yale University. He is currently an Associate Professor of Pathology, Neurology and Regenerative Medicine. He has published over 50 original research papers in reputable journals (including Science Translational Medicine, JCI, PNAS and Cell Reports) and has been serving as an Editorial Board Member on seven scientific journals. He has multiple research interests, including public health risks of animal prions (CWD of cervids and atypical BSE of cattle), animal modeling of human prion diseases, mechanisms of prion replication and pathogenesis, etiology of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD) in humans, normal cellular PrP in the biology and pathology of multiple brain and peripheral diseases, proteins responsible for the α-cleavage of cellular PrP, as well as gene therapy and DNA vaccination.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">qxk2@case.edu</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">SUNDAY, JULY 25, 2021</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">North American and Norwegian Chronic Wasting Disease prions exhibit different potential for interspecies transmission and zoonotic risk</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">''Our data suggest that reindeer and red deer from Norway could be the most transmissible CWD prions to other mammals, whereas North American CWD prions were more prone to generate human prions in vitro.''</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/north-american-and-norwegian-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/north-american-and-norwegian-chronic.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">MONDAY, JULY 19, 2021</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> U Calgary researchers at work on a vaccine against a fatal infectious disease affecting deer and potentially people</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/u-calgary-researchers-at-work-on.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/u-calgary-researchers-at-work-on.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">BSE aka MAD COW DISEASE, was first discovered in 1984, and it took until 1995 to finally admit that BSE was causing nvCJD, the rest there is history, but that science is still evolving i.e. science now shows that indeed atypical L-type BSE, atypical Nor-98 Scrapie, and typical Scrapie are all zoonosis, zoonotic for humans, there from.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">HOW long are we going to wait for Chronic Wasting Disease, CWD TSE Prion of Cervid, and zoonosis, zoonotic tranmission to humans there from?</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Studies have shown since 1994 that humans are susceptible to CWD TSE Prion, so, what's the hold up with making CWD a zoonotic zoonosis disease, the iatrogenic transmissions there from is not waiting for someone to make a decision.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">P190 Human prion disease mortality rates by occurrence of chronic wasting disease in freeranging cervids, United States</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Abrams JY (1), Maddox RA (1), Schonberger LB (1), Person MK (1), Appleby BS (2), Belay ED (1)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Background</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease of deer and elk that has been identified in freeranging cervids in 23 US states. While there is currently no epidemiological evidence for zoonotic transmission through the consumption of contaminated venison, studies suggest the CWD agent can cross the species barrier in experimental models designed to closely mimic humans. We compared rates of human prion disease in states with and without CWD to examine the possibility of undetermined zoonotic transmission.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Methods</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Death records from the National Center for Health Statistics, case records from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, and additional state case reports were combined to create a database of human prion disease cases from 2003-2015. Identification of CWD in each state was determined through reports of positive CWD tests by state wildlife agencies. Age- and race-adjusted mortality rates for human prion disease, excluding cases with known etiology, were determined for four categories of states based on CWD occurrence: highly endemic (>16 counties with CWD identified in free-ranging cervids); moderately endemic (3-10 counties with CWD); low endemic (1-2 counties with CWD); and no CWD states. States were counted as having no CWD until the year CWD was first identified. Analyses stratified by age, sex, and time period were also conducted to focus on subgroups for which zoonotic transmission would be more likely to be detected: cases <55 years old, male sex, and the latter half of the study (2010-2015).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Results</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Highly endemic states had a higher rate of prion disease mortality compared to non-CWD states (rate ratio [RR]: 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01 - 1.23), as did low endemic states (RR: 1.15, 95% CI = 1.04 - 1.27). Moderately endemic states did not have an elevated mortality rate (RR: 1.05, 95% CI = 0.93 - 1.17). In age-stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates among the <55 year old population were elevated for moderately endemic states (RR: 1.57, 95% CI = 1.10 – 2.24) while mortality rates were elevated among those ≥55 for highly endemic states (RR: 1.13, 95% CI = 1.02 - 1.26) and low endemic states (RR: 1.16, 95% CI = 1.04 - 1.29). In other stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates for males were only elevated for low endemic states (RR: 1.27, 95% CI = 1.10 - 1.48), and none of the categories of CWD-endemic states had elevated mortality rates for the latter time period (2010-2015).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Conclusions</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">While higher prion disease mortality rates in certain categories of states with CWD in free-ranging cervids were noted, additional stratified analyses did not reveal markedly elevated rates for potentially sensitive subgroups that would be suggestive of zoonotic transmission. Unknown confounding factors or other biases may explain state-by-state differences in prion disease mortality.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">P172 Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Prion Disease</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Wang H(1), Cohen M(1), Appleby BS(1,2)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">(1) University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio (2) National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Cleveland, Ohio.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Prion disease is a fatal progressive neurodegenerative disease due to deposition of an abnormal protease-resistant isoform of prion protein. Typical symptoms include rapidly progressive dementia, myoclonus, visual disturbance and hallucinations. Interestingly, in patients with prion disease, the abnormal protein canould also be found in the peripheral nervous system. Case reports of prion deposition in peripheral nerves have been reported. Peripheral nerve involvement is thought to be uncommon; however, little is known about the exact prevalence and features of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">We reviewed autopsy-proven prion cases from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center that were diagnosed between September 2016 to March 2017. We collected information regarding prion protein diagnosis, demographics, comorbidities, clinical symptoms, physical exam, neuropathology, molecular subtype, genetics lab, brain MRI, image and EMG reports. Our study included 104 patients. Thirteen (12.5%) patients had either subjective symptoms or objective signs of peripheral neuropathy. Among these 13 patients, 3 had other known potential etiologies of peripheral neuropathy such as vitamin B12 deficiency or prior chemotherapy. Among 10 patients that had no other clear etiology, 3 (30%) had familial CJD. The most common sCJD subtype was MV1-2 (30%), followed by MM1-2 (20%). The Majority of cases wasere male (60%). Half of them had exposure to wild game. The most common subjective symptoms were tingling and/or numbness of distal extremities. The most common objective finding was diminished vibratory sensation in the feet. Half of them had an EMG with the findings ranging from fasciculations to axonal polyneuropathy or demyelinating polyneuropathy.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Our study provides an overview of the pattern of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease. Among patients with peripheral neuropathy symptoms or signs, majority has polyneuropathy. It is important to document the baseline frequency of peripheral neuropathy in prion diseases as these symptoms may become important when conducting surveillance for potential novel zoonotic prion diseases.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">P177 PrP plaques in methionine homozygous Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Abrams JY (1), Schonberger LB (1), Cali I (2), Cohen Y (2), Blevins JE (2), Maddox RA (1), Belay ED (1), Appleby BS (2), Cohen ML (2)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Background</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is widely believed to originate from de novo spontaneous conversion of normal prion protein (PrP) to its pathogenic form, but concern remains that some reported sporadic CJD cases may actually be caused by disease transmission via iatrogenic processes. For cases with methionine homozygosity (CJD-MM) at codon 129 of the PRNP gene, recent research has pointed to plaque-like PrP deposition as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission for a subset of cases. This phenotype is theorized to originate from specific iatrogenic source CJD types that comprise roughly a quarter of known CJD cases.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Methods</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">We reviewed scientific literature for studies which described PrP plaques among CJD patients with known epidemiological links to iatrogenic transmission (receipt of cadaveric human grown hormone or dura mater), as well as in cases of reported sporadic CJD. The presence and description of plaques, along with CJD classification type and other contextual factors, were used to summarize the current evidence regarding plaques as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission. In addition, 523 cases of reported sporadic CJD cases in the US from January 2013 through September 2017 were assessed for presence of PrP plaques.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Results</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">We identified four studies describing 52 total cases of CJD-MM among either dura mater recipients or growth hormone recipients, of which 30 were identified as having PrP plaques. While sporadic cases were not generally described as having plaques, we did identify case reports which described plaques among sporadic MM2 cases as well as case reports of plaques exclusively in white matter among sporadic MM1 cases. Among the 523 reported sporadic CJD cases, 0 of 366 MM1 cases had plaques, 2 of 48 MM2 cases had kuru plaques, and 4 of 109 MM1+2 cases had either kuru plaques or both kuru and florid plaques. Medical chart review of the six reported sporadic CJD cases with plaques did not reveal clinical histories suggestive of potential iatrogenic transmission.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Conclusions</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">PrP plaques occur much more frequently for iatrogenic CJD-MM cases compared to sporadic CJDMM cases. Plaques may indicate iatrogenic transmission for CJD-MM cases without a type 2 Western blot fragment. The study results suggest the absence of significant misclassifications of iatrogenic CJD as sporadic. To our knowledge, this study is the first to describe grey matter kuru plaques in apparently sporadic CJD-MM patients with a type 2 Western blot fragment.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">P180 Clinico-pathological analysis of human prion diseases in a brain bank series</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Ximelis T (1), Aldecoa I (1,2), Molina-Porcel L (1,3), Grau-Rivera O (4), Ferrer I (5), Nos C (6), Gelpi E (1,7), Sánchez-Valle R (1,4)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">(1) Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobanc-Hospital ClÃnic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (2) Pathological Service of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (3) EAIA Trastorns Cognitius, Centre Emili Mira, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain (4) Department of Neurology of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (5) Institute of Neuropathology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona (6) General subdirectorate of Surveillance and Response to Emergencies in Public Health, Department of Public Health in Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain (7) Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Background and objective:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The Neurological Tissue Bank (NTB) of the Hospital Clínic-Institut d‘Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain is the reference center in Catalonia for the neuropathological study of prion diseases in the region since 2001. The aim of this study is to analyse the characteristics of the confirmed prion diseases registered at the NTB during the last 15 years.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Methods:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">We reviewed retrospectively all neuropathologically confirmed cases registered during the period January 2001 to December 2016.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Results:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">176 cases (54,3% female, mean age: 67,5 years and age range: 25-86 years) of neuropathological confirmed prion diseases have been studied at the NTB. 152 cases corresponded to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), 10 to genetic CJD, 10 to Fatal Familial Insomnia, 2 to GerstmannSträussler-Scheinker disease, and 2 cases to variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr). Within sCJD subtypes the MM1 subtype was the most frequent, followed by the VV2 histotype.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Clinical and neuropathological diagnoses agreed in 166 cases (94%). The clinical diagnosis was not accurate in 10 patients with definite prion disease: 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Fronto-temporal dementia (FTD), 1 Niemann-Pick‘s disease, 1 Lewy Body‘s Disease, 2 Alzheimer‘s disease, 1 Cortico-basal syndrome and 2 undetermined dementia. Among patients with VPSPr, 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and the other one with FTD.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Concomitant pathologies are frequent in older age groups, mainly AD neuropathological changes were observed in these subjects.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Discussion:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">A wide spectrum of human prion diseases have been identified in the NTB being the relative frequencies and main characteristics like other published series. There is a high rate of agreement between clinical and neuropathological diagnoses with prion diseases. These findings show the importance that public health has given to prion diseases during the past 15 years. Continuous surveillance of human prion disease allows identification of new emerging phenotypes. Brain tissue samples from these donors are available to the scientific community. For more information please visit:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">P192 Prion amplification techniques for the rapid evaluation of surface decontamination procedures</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Bruyere-Ostells L (1), Mayran C (1), Belondrade M (1), Boublik Y (2), Haïk S (3), Fournier-Wirth C (1), Nicot S (1), Bougard D (1)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">(1) Pathogenesis and control of chronic infections, Etablissement Français du Sang, Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (2) Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (3) Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Aims:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) or prion diseases are a group of incurable and always fatal neurodegenerative disorders including Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases (CJD) in humans. These pathologies include sporadic (sCJD), genetic and acquired (variant CJD) forms. By the past, sCJD and vCJD were transmitted by different prion contaminated biological materials to patients resulting in more than 400 iatrogenic cases (iCJD). The atypical nature and the biochemical properties of the infectious agent, formed by abnormal prion protein or PrPTSE, make it particularly resistant to conventional decontamination procedures. In addition, PrPTSE is widely distributed throughout the organism before clinical onset in vCJD and can also be detected in some peripheral tissues in sporadic CJD. Risk of iatrogenic transmission of CJD by contaminated medical device remains thus a concern for healthcare facilities. Bioassay is the gold standard method to evaluate the efficacy of prion decontamination procedures but is time-consuming and expensive. Here, we propose to compare in vitro prion amplification techniques: Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) and Real-Time Quaking Induced Conversion (RT-QuIC) for the detection of residual prions on surface after decontamination.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Methods:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Stainless steel wires, by mimicking the surface of surgical instruments, were proposed as a carrier model of prions for inactivation studies. To determine the sensitivity of the two amplification techniques on wires (Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC), steel wires were therefore contaminated with serial dilutions of brain homogenates (BH) from a 263k infected hamster and from a patient with sCJD (MM1 subtype). We then compared the different standard decontamination procedures including partially and fully efficient treatments by detecting the residual seeding activity on 263K and sCJD contaminated wires. We completed our study by the evaluation of marketed reagents endorsed for prion decontamination.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Results:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The two amplification techniques can detect minute quantities of PrPTSE adsorbed onto a single wire. 8/8 wires contaminated with a 10-6 dilution of 263k BH and 1/6 with the 10-8 dilution are positive with Surf-PMCA. Similar performances were obtained with Surf-QuIC on 263K: 10/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilution and 1/8 wires contaminated with 10-8 dilution are positive. Regarding the human sCJD-MM1 prion, Surf-QuIC allows us to detect 16/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilutions and 14/16 with 10-7 . Results obtained after decontamination treatments are very similar between 263K and sCJD prions. Efficiency of marketed treatments to remove prions is lower than expected.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Conclusions:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC are very sensitive methods for the detection of prions on wires and could be applied to prion decontamination studies for rapid evaluation of new treatments. Sodium hypochlorite is the only product to efficiently remove seeding activity of both 263K and sCJD prions.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">WA2 Oral transmission of CWD into Cynomolgus macaques: signs of atypical disease, prion conversion and infectivity in macaques and bio-assayed transgenic mice</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Schatzl HM (1, 2), Hannaoui S (1, 2), Cheng Y-C (1, 2), Gilch S (1, 2), Beekes M (3), SchulzSchaeffer W (4), Stahl-Hennig C (5) and Czub S (2, 6)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">(1) University of Calgary, Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada (2) University of Calgary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calgary, Canada, (3) Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany, (4) University of Homburg/Saar, Homburg, Germany, (5) German Primate Center, Goettingen, Germany, (6) Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), Lethbridge, Canada.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">To date, BSE is the only example of interspecies transmission of an animal prion disease into humans. The potential zoonotic transmission of CWD is an alarming issue and was addressed by many groups using a variety of in vitro and in vivo experimental systems. Evidence from these studies indicated a substantial, if not absolute, species barrier, aligning with the absence of epidemiological evidence suggesting transmission into humans. Studies in non-human primates were not conclusive so far, with oral transmission into new-world monkeys and no transmission into old-world monkeys. Our consortium has challenged 18 Cynomolgus macaques with characterized CWD material, focusing on oral transmission with muscle tissue. Some macaques have orally received a total of 5 kg of muscle material over a period of 2 years. After 5-7 years of incubation time some animals showed clinical symptoms indicative of prion disease, and prion neuropathology and PrPSc deposition were found in spinal cord and brain of euthanized animals. PrPSc in immunoblot was weakly detected in some spinal cord materials and various tissues tested positive in RT-QuIC, including lymph node and spleen homogenates. To prove prion infectivity in the macaque tissues, we have intracerebrally inoculated 2 lines of transgenic mice, expressing either elk or human PrP. At least 3 TgElk mice, receiving tissues from 2 different macaques, showed clinical signs of a progressive prion disease and brains were positive in immunoblot and RT-QuIC. Tissues (brain, spinal cord and spleen) from these and preclinical mice are currently tested using various read-outs and by second passage in mice. Transgenic mice expressing human PrP were so far negative for clear clinical prion disease (some mice >300 days p.i.). In parallel, the same macaque materials are inoculated into bank voles. Taken together, there is strong evidence of transmissibility of CWD orally into macaques and from macaque tissues into transgenic mouse models, although with an incomplete attack rate. The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology. Our ongoing studies will show whether the transmission of CWD into macaques and passage in transgenic mice represents a form of non-adaptive prion amplification, and whether macaque-adapted prions have the potential to infect mice expressing human PrP. The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">See also poster P103</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">WA16 Monitoring Potential CWD Transmission to Humans</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Belay ED</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The spread of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in animals has raised concerns about increasing human exposure to the CWD agent via hunting and venison consumption, potentially facilitating CWD transmission to humans. Several studies have explored this possibility, including limited epidemiologic studies, in vitro experiments, and laboratory studies using various types of animal models. Most human exposures to the CWD agent in the United States would be expected to occur in association with deer and elk hunting in CWD-endemic areas. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) collaborated with state health departments in Colorado, Wisconsin, and Wyoming to identify persons at risk of CWD exposure and to monitor their vital status over time. Databases were established of persons who hunted in Colorado and Wyoming and those who reported consumption of venison from deer that later tested positive in Wisconsin. Information from the databases is periodically cross-checked with mortality data to determine the vital status and causes of death for deceased persons. Long-term follow-up of these hunters is needed to assess their risk of development of a prion disease linked to CWD exposure.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">P166 Characterization of CJD strain profiles in venison consumers and non-consumers from Alberta and Saskatchewan</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Stephanie Booth (1,2), Lise Lamoureux (1), Debra Sorensen (1), Jennifer L. Myskiw (1,2), Megan Klassen (1,2), Michael Coulthart (3), Valerie Sim (4)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">(1) Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg (2) Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (3) Canadian CJD Surveillance System, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (4) Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is spreading rapidly through wild cervid populations in the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. While this has implications for tourism and hunting, there is also concern over possible zoonotic transmission to humans who eat venison from infected deer. Whilst there is no evidence of any human cases of CWD to date, the Canadian CJD Surveillance System (CJDSS) in Canada is staying vigilant. When variant CJD occurred following exposure to BSE, the unique biochemical fingerprint of the pathologic PrP enabled a causal link to be confirmed. However, we cannot be sure what phenotype human CWD prions would present with, or indeed, whether this would be distinct from that see in sporadic CJD. Therefore we are undertaking a systematic analysis of the molecular diversity of CJD cases of individuals who resided in Alberta and Saskatchewan at their time of death comparing venison consumers and non-consumers, using a variety of clinical, imaging, pathological and biochemical markers. Our initial objective is to develop novel biochemical methodologies that will extend the baseline glycoform and genetic polymorphism typing that is already completed by the CJDSS. Firstly, we are reviewing MRI, EEG and pathology information from over 40 cases of CJD to select clinically affected areas for further investigation. Biochemical analysis will include assessment of the levels of protease sensitive and resistant prion protein, glycoform typing using 2D gel electrophoresis, testing seeding capabilities and kinetics of aggregation by quaking-induced conversion, and determining prion oligomer size distributions with asymmetric flow field fractionation with in-line light scattering. Progress and preliminary data will be presented. Ultimately, we intend to further define the relationship between PrP structure and disease phenotype and establish a baseline for the identification of future atypical CJD cases that may arise as a result of exposure to CWD.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Source Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Volume 24, Number 8—August 2018 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Research </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Susceptibility of Human Prion Protein to Conversion by Chronic Wasting Disease Prions </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Marcelo A. BarriaComments to Author , Adriana Libori, Gordon Mitchell, and Mark W. Head Author affiliations: National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (M.A. Barria, A. Libori, M.W. Head); National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Scrapie and CWD, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (G. Mitchell)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Abstract Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal neurodegenerative disease and a serious animal health issue for deer and elk in North America. The identification of the first cases of CWD among free-ranging reindeer and moose in Europe brings back into focus the unresolved issue of whether CWD can be zoonotic like bovine spongiform encephalopathy. We used a cell-free seeded protein misfolding assay to determine whether CWD prions from elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer in North America can convert the human prion protein to the disease-associated form. We found that prions can convert, but the efficiency of conversion is affected by polymorphic variation in the cervid and human prion protein genes. In view of the similarity of reindeer, elk, and white-tailed deer in North America to reindeer, red deer, and roe deer, respectively, in Europe, a more comprehensive and thorough assessment of the zoonotic potential of CWD might be warranted.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Discussion Characterization of the transmission properties of CWD and evaluation of their zoonotic potential are important for public health purposes. Given that CWD affects several members of the family Cervidae, it seems reasonable to consider whether the zoonotic potential of CWD prions could be affected by factors such as CWD strain, cervid species, geographic location, and Prnp–PRNP polymorphic variation. We have previously used an in vitro conversion assay (PMCA) to investigate the susceptibility of the human PrP to conversion to its disease-associated form by several animal prion diseases, including CWD (15,16,22). The sensitivity of our molecular model for the detection of zoonotic conversion depends on the combination of 1) the action of proteinase K to degrade the abundant human PrPC that constitutes the substrate while only N terminally truncating any human PrPres produced and 2) the presence of the 3F4 epitope on human but not cervid PrP. In effect, this degree of sensitivity means that any human PrPres formed during the PMCA reaction can be detected down to the limit of Western blot sensitivity. In contrast, if other antibodies that detect both cervid and human PrP are used, such as 6H4, then newly formed human PrPres must be detected as a measurable increase in PrPres over the amount remaining in the reaction product from the cervid seed. Although best known for the efficient amplification of prions in research and diagnostic contexts, the variation of the PMCA method employed in our study is optimized for the definitive detection of zoonotic reaction products of inherently inefficient conversion reactions conducted across species barriers. By using this system, we previously made and reported the novel observation that elk CWD prions could convert human PrPC from human brain and could also convert recombinant human PrPC expressed in transgenic mice and eukaryotic cell cultures (15).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">A previous publication suggested that mule deer PrPSc was unable to convert humanized transgenic substrate in PMCA assays (23) and required a further step of in vitro conditioning in deer substrate PMCA before it was able to cross the deer–human molecular barrier (24). However, prions from other species, such as elk (15) and reindeer affected by CWD, appear to be compatible with the human protein in a single round of amplification (as shown in our study). These observations suggest that different deer species affected by CWD could present differing degrees of the olecular compatibility with the normal form of human PrP.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The contribution of the polymorphism at codon 129 of the human PrP gene has been extensively studied and is recognized as a risk factor for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (4). In cervids, the equivalent codon corresponds to the position 132 encoding methionine or leucine. This polymorphism in the elk gene has been shown to play an important role in CWD susceptibility (25,26). We have investigated the effect of this cervid Prnp polymorphism on the conversion of the humanized transgenic substrate according to the variation in the equivalent PRNP codon 129 polymorphism. Interestingly, only the homologs methionine homozygous seed–substrate reactions could readily convert the human PrP, whereas the heterozygous elk PrPSc was unable to do so, even though comparable amounts of PrPres were used to seed the reaction. In addition, we observed only low levels of human PrPres formation in the reactions seeded with the homozygous methionine (132 MM) and the heterozygous (132 ML) seeds incubated with the other 2 human polymorphic substrates (129 MV and 129 VV). The presence of the amino acid leucine at position 132 of the elk Prnp gene has been attributed to a lower degree of prion conversion compared with methionine on the basis of experiments in mice made transgenic for these polymorphic variants (26). Considering the differences observed for the amplification of the homozygous human methionine substrate by the 2 polymorphic elk seeds (MM and ML), reappraisal of the susceptibility of human PrPC by the full range of cervid polymorphic variants affected by CWD would be warranted.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">In light of the recent identification of the first cases of CWD in Europe in a free-ranging reindeer (R. tarandus) in Norway (2), we also decided to evaluate the in vitro conversion potential of CWD in 2 experimentally infected reindeer (18). Formation of human PrPres was readily detectable after a single round of PMCA, and in all 3 humanized polymorphic substrates (MM, MV, and VV). This finding suggests that CWD prions from reindeer could be more compatible with human PrPC generally and might therefore present a greater risk for zoonosis than, for example, CWD prions from white-tailed deer. A more comprehensive comparison of CWD in the affected species, coupled with the polymorphic variations in the human and deer PRNP–Prnp genes, in vivo and in vitro, will be required before firm conclusions can be drawn. Analysis of the Prnp sequence of the CWD reindeer in Norway was reported to be identical to the specimens used in our study (2). This finding raises the possibility of a direct comparison of zoonotic potential between CWD acquired in the wild and that produced in a controlled laboratory setting. (Table).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The prion hypothesis proposes that direct molecular interaction between PrPSc and PrPC is necessary for conversion and prion replication. Accordingly, polymorphic variants of the PrP of host and agent might play a role in determining compatibility and potential zoonotic risk. In this study, we have examined the capacity of the human PrPC to support in vitro conversion by elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer CWD PrPSc. Our data confirm that elk CWD prions can convert the human PrPC, at least in vitro, and show that the homologous PRNP polymorphisms at codon 129 and 132 in humans and cervids affect conversion efficiency. Other species affected by CWD, particularly caribou or reindeer, also seem able to convert the human PrP. It will be important to determine whether other polymorphic variants found in other CWD-affected Cervidae or perhaps other factors (17) exert similar effects on the ability to convert human PrP and thus affect their zoonotic potential.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Dr. Barria is a research scientist working at the National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh. His research has focused on understanding the molecular basis of a group of fatal neurologic disorders called prion diseases.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Acknowledgments We thank Aru Balachandran for originally providing cervid brain tissues, Abigail Diack and Jean Manson for providing mouse brain tissue, and James Ironside for his critical reading of the manuscript at an early stage.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">This report is independent research commissioned and funded by the United Kingdom’s Department of Health Policy Research Programme and the Government of Scotland. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Department of Health or the Government of Scotland.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Author contributions: The study was conceived and designed by M.A.B. and M.W.H. The experiments were conducted by M.A.B. and A.L. Chronic wasting disease brain specimens were provided by G.M. The manuscript was written by M.A.B. and M.W.H. All authors contributed to the editing and revision of the manuscript.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Prion 2017 Conference Abstracts</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">First evidence of intracranial and peroral transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) into Cynomolgus macaques: a work in progress</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Stefanie Czub1, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer2, Christiane Stahl-Hennig3, Michael Beekes4, Hermann Schaetzl5 and Dirk Motzkus6 1 University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine/Canadian Food Inspection Agency; 2Universitatsklinikum des Saarlandes und Medizinische Fakultat der Universitat des Saarlandes; 3 Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen; 4 Robert-Koch-Institut Berlin; 5 University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; 6 presently: Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center; previously: Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">This is a progress report of a project which started in 2009.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">21 cynomolgus macaques were challenged with characterized CWD material from white-tailed deer (WTD) or elk by intracerebral (ic), oral, and skin exposure routes. Additional blood transfusion experiments are supposed to assess the CWD contamination risk of human blood product. Challenge materials originated from symptomatic cervids for ic, skin scarification and partially per oral routes (WTD brain). Challenge material for feeding of muscle derived from preclinical WTD and from preclinical macaques for blood transfusion experiments. We have confirmed that the CWD challenge material contained at least two different CWD agents (brain material) as well as CWD prions in muscle-associated nerves. Here we present first data on a group of animals either challenged ic with steel wires or per orally and sacrificed with incubation times ranging from 4.5 to 6.9 years at postmortem. Three animals displayed signs of mild clinical disease, including anxiety, apathy, ataxia and/or tremor. In four animals wasting was observed, two of those had confirmed diabetes. All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals. Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuiC) and PET-blot assays to further substantiate these findings are on the way, as well as bioassays in bank voles and transgenic mice. At present, a total of 10 animals are sacrificed and read-outs are ongoing. Preclinical incubation of the remaining macaques covers a range from 6.4 to 7.10 years. Based on the species barrier and an incubation time of > 5 years for BSE in macaques and about 10 years for scrapie in macaques, we expected an onset of clinical disease beyond 6 years post inoculation.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">PRION 2017 DECIPHERING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS ABSTRACTS REFERENCE</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://aabb.confex.com/aabb/2018/mediafile/Handout/Session2756/TU1-3.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://aabb.confex.com/aabb/2018/mediafile/Handout/Session2756/TU1-3.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 23, 2019</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion and THE FEAST 2003 CDC an updated review of the science 2019</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 04, 2014</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Six-year follow-up of a point-source exposure to CWD contaminated venison in an Upstate New York community: risk behaviours and health outcomes 2005–2011 Authors, though, acknowledged the study was limited in geography and sample size and so it couldn't draw a conclusion about the risk to humans. They recommended more study. Dr. Ermias Belay was the report's principal author but he said New York and Oneida County officials are following the proper course by not launching a study. "There's really nothing to monitor presently. No one's sick," Belay said, noting the disease's incubation period in deer and elk is measured in years. "</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Transmission Studies Mule deer transmissions of CWD were by intracerebral inoculation and compared with natural cases {the following was written but with a single line marked through it ''first passage (by this route)}....TSS resulted in a more rapidly progressive clinical disease with repeated episodes of synocopy ending in coma. One control animal became affected, it is believed through contamination of inoculum (?saline). Further CWD transmissions were carried out by Dick Marsh into ferret, mink and squirrel monkey. Transmission occurred in ALL of these species with the shortest incubation period in the ferret.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip....</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Prion Infectivity in Fat of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease▿</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Brent Race#, Kimberly Meade-White#, Richard Race and Bruce Chesebro* + Author Affiliations In mice, prion infectivity was recently detected in fat. Since ruminant fat is consumed by humans and fed to animals, we determined infectivity titers in fat from two CWD-infected deer. Deer fat devoid of muscle contained low levels of CWD infectivity and might be a risk factor for prion infection of other species.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full Prions in Skeletal Muscles of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease Here bioassays in transgenic mice expressing cervid prion protein revealed the presence of infectious prions in skeletal muscles of CWD-infected deer, demonstrating that humans consuming or handling meat from CWD-infected deer are at risk to prion exposure.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">*** now, let’s see what the authors said about this casual link, personal communications years ago, and then the latest on the zoonotic potential from CWD to humans from the TOKYO PRION 2016 CONFERENCE.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">see where it is stated NO STRONG evidence. so, does this mean there IS casual evidence ????</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">“Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans”</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">From: TSS Subject: CWD aka MAD DEER/ELK TO HUMANS ???</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Date: September 30, 2002 at 7:06 am PST</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">From: "Belay, Ermias"</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">To: Cc: "Race, Richard (NIH)" ; ; "Belay, Ermias"</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Sent: Monday, September 30, 2002 9:22 AM </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Subject: RE: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Dear Sir/Madam, In the Archives of Neurology you quoted (the abstract of which was attached to your email), we did not say CWD in humans will present like variant CJD.. That assumption would be wrong. I encourage you to read the whole article and call me if you have questions or need more clarification (phone: 404-639-3091).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Also, we do not claim that "no-one has ever been infected with prion disease from eating venison." Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans in the article you quoted or in any other forum is limited to the patients we investigated.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Ermias Belay, M.D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">-----Original Message----- From:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Sent: Sunday, September 29, 2002 10:15 AM</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">To: rr26k@nih.gov; rrace@niaid.nih.gov; ebb8@CDC.GOV</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Subject: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Sunday, November 10, 2002 6:26 PM .......snip........end..............TSS</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Thursday, April 03, 2008</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease 2008 1: Vet Res. 2008 Apr 3;39(4):41 A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease Sigurdson CJ.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip... *** twenty-seven CJD patients who regularly consumed venison were reported to the Surveillance Center***,</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip... full text ;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">sporadic, spontaneous CJD, 85%+ of all human TSE, did not just happen. never in scientific literature has this been proven. if one looks up the word sporadic or spontaneous at pubmed, you will get a laundry list of disease that are classified in such a way;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">sporadic = 54,983 hits</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">spontaneous = 325,650 hits</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">key word here is 'reported'. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can't, and it's as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it's being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. ...terry</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people. key word here is ‘reported’. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can’t, and it’s as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it’s being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. …terry</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">*** These results would seem to suggest that CWD does indeed have zoonotic potential, at least as judged by the compatibility of CWD prions and their human PrPC target. Furthermore, extrapolation from this simple in vitro assay suggests that if zoonotic CWD occurred, it would most likely effect those of the PRNP codon 129-MM genotype and that the PrPres type would be similar to that found in the most common subtype of sCJD (MM1).***</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">CWD TSE PRION AND ZOONOTIC, ZOONOSIS, FACTORS</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Subject: Re: DEER SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY SURVEY & HOUND STUDY</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Date: Fri, 18 Oct 2002 23:12:22 +0100</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">From: Steve Dealler</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Organization: Netscape Online member</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">To: BSE-L@ References:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Dear Terry,</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">An excellent piece of review as this literature is desperately difficult to get back from Government sites.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">What happened with the deer was that an association between deer meat eating and sporadic CJD was found in about 1993. The evidence was not great but did not disappear after several years of asking CJD cases what they had eaten. I think that the work into deer disease largely stopped because it was not helpful to the UK industry...and no specific cases were reported. Well, if you dont look adequately like they are in USA currenly then you wont find any!</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Steve Dealler</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">====</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM THIRD ANNUAL REPORT AUGUST 1994</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Consumption of venison and veal was much less widespread among both cases and controls. For both of these meats there was evidence of a trend with increasing frequency of consumption being associated with increasing risk of CJD. (not nvCJD, but sporadic CJD...tss) These associations were largely unchanged when attention was restricted to pairs with data obtained from relatives. ...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Table 9 presents the results of an analysis of these data.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">There is STRONG evidence of an association between ‘’regular’’ veal eating and risk of CJD (p = .0.01).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Individuals reported to eat veal on average at least once a year appear to be at 13 TIMES THE RISK of individuals who have never eaten veal.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">There is, however, a very wide confidence interval around this estimate. There is no strong evidence that eating veal less than once per year is associated with increased risk of CJD (p = 0.51).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">There is some evidence that risk of CJD INCREASES WITH INCREASING FREQUENCY OF LAMB EATING (p = 0.02).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The evidence for such an association between beef eating and CJD is weaker (p = 0.14). When only controls for whom a relative was interviewed are included, this evidence becomes a little STRONGER (p = 0.08).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">It was found that when veal was included in the model with another exposure, the association between veal and CJD remained statistically significant (p = < 0.05 for all exposures), while the other exposures ceased to be statistically significant (p = > 0.05).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">In conclusion, an analysis of dietary histories revealed statistical associations between various meats/animal products and INCREASED RISK OF CJD. When some account was taken of possible confounding, the association between VEAL EATING AND RISK OF CJD EMERGED AS THE STRONGEST OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS STATISTICALLY. ...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">In the study in the USA, a range of foodstuffs were associated with an increased risk of CJD, including liver consumption which was associated with an apparent SIX-FOLD INCREASE IN THE RISK OF CJD. By comparing the data from 3 studies in relation to this particular dietary factor, the risk of liver consumption became non-significant with an odds ratio of 1.2 (PERSONAL COMMUNICATION, PROFESSOR A. HOFMAN. ERASMUS UNIVERSITY, ROTTERDAM). (???...TSS)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip...see full report ;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Stephen Dealler is a consultant medical microbiologist deal@airtime.co.uk</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">BSE Inquiry Steve Dealler</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Management In Confidence</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">BSE: Private Submission of Bovine Brain Dealler</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 2019</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> MAD DOGS AND ENGLISHMEN BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, CJD, TSE PRION A REVIEW 2019</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> ''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> In conclusion, sensory symptoms and loss of reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome can be explained by neuropathological changes in the spinal cord. We conclude that the sensory symptoms and loss of lower limb reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome is due to pathology in the caudal spinal cord. <***</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology.<***</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD. <***</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals.<***</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids.'' Scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease (II) <***</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, DECEMBER 08, 2023</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">TEXAS CWD TSE PRION DIRE CONSEQUENCES ARE HERE!</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/texas-cwd-tse-prion-dire-consequences.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/texas-cwd-tse-prion-dire-consequences.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">CWD TSE PRION DISEASE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">CWD TSE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">CWD TSE PRION CERVID ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS 2023</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">So, this is what we leave our children and grandchildren?..</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">"Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation."</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Detection of prions in soils contaminated by multiple routes</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Stuart Siegfried Lichtenberg1,2 , Heather Inzalaco3 , Sam Thomas4 , Dan Storm5 , Dan Walsh6</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">1Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">2Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">3 Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">4Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">5Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, U.S.A.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">6U.S. Geological Survey, Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, U.S.A.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Aims: Free-ranging animals afflicted with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies frequently shed infectious prions into the broader environment. The quintessential example is chronic wasting disease, the TSE of cervids. Over the course of the disease, an infected animal will shed infectious prions in blood, urine, saliva, and feces. Upon death, the total prion load interred in the animal’s tissues will be deposited wherever the animal falls. This contamination creates substantial risk to naïve animals, and likely contributes to disease spread. Identification and quantification of prions at contamination hotspots is essential for any attempt at mitigation of environmental transmission.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: Surfactant extraction of soils followed by precipitation yields a sample that is amenable to analysis by real-time quaking induced conversion. However, differences in extraction yield are apparent depending on the properties of the matrix from which the prions are being extracted, principally soil clay content.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Results: We are able to detect prion seeding activity at multiple types of environmental hotspots, including carcass sites, contaminated captive facilities, and scrapes (i.e. urine and saliva). Differences in relative prion concentration vary depending on the nature and source of the contamination. Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Detection of prions in the environment is of the utmost importance for controlling chronic wasting disease spread. Here, we have demonstrated a viable method for detection of prions in complex environmental matrices. However, it is quite likely that this method underestimates the total infectious prion load in a contaminated sample, due to incomplete recovery of infectious prions. Further refinements are necessary for accurate quantification of prions in such samples, and to account for the intrinsic heterogeneities found in the broader environment.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Funded by: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Prion 2023 Abstracts</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> Nine of these recurrences occurred 14–21 years after culling, apparently as the result of environmental contamination, but outside entry could not always be absolutely excluded.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY Volume 87, Issue 12</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years Free</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82011-0">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82011-0</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Rapid recontamination of a farm building occurs after attempted prion removal</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">First published: 19 January 2019 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054">https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The data illustrates the difficulty in decontaminating farm buildings from scrapie, and demonstrates the likely contribution of farm dust to the recontamination of these environments to levels that are capable of causing disease. snip...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">This study clearly demonstrates the difficulty in removing scrapie infectivity from the farm environment. Practical and effective prion decontamination methods are still urgently required for decontamination of scrapie infectivity from farms that have had cases of scrapie and this is particularly relevant for scrapie positive goatherds, which currently have limited genetic resistance to scrapie within commercial breeds.24 This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054">https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***>This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Front. Vet. Sci., 14 September 2015 | <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032">https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Objects in contact with classical scrapie sheep act as a reservoir for scrapie transmission</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">In conclusion, the results in the current study indicate that removal of furniture that had been in contact with scrapie-infected animals should be recommended, particularly since cleaning and decontamination may not effectively remove scrapie infectivity (31), even though infectivity declines considerably if the pasture and the field furniture have not been in contact with scrapie-infected sheep for several months. As sPMCA failed to detect PrPSc in furniture that was subjected to weathering, even though exposure led to infection in sheep, this method may not always be reliable in predicting the risk of scrapie infection through environmental contamination.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full">http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">172. Establishment of PrPCWD extraction and detection methods in the farm soil</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our studies showed that PrPCWD persist in 0.001% CWD contaminated soil for at least 4 year and natural CWD-affected farm soil. When cervid reintroduced into CWD outbreak farm, the strict decontamination procedures of the infectious agent should be performed in the environment of CWD-affected cervid habitat.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Plants as vectors for environmental prion transmission</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Published: November 09, 2023 DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.108428">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.108428</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Advertisement Highlights</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">• Abnormal prion protein can enter the roots of plants</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">• Plants can translocate detectable levels of prions to aerial tissues</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">•Animals exposed to prion-contaminated plant tissues can acquire disease</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">•Contaminated plants may represent a route of prion exposure</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Snip…</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Nonetheless, our finding of accumulation of two prion strains by a variety of plants grown hydroponically, in agar, or on soil supports the potential for plants to acquire CWD, scrapie, or other prions from the environment and transmit prion disease to susceptible hosts, making plants a plausible vector for prion diseases in wildlife, livestock, and humans. The potential for plants to serve as vectors for prion disease has implications for the disposal of infected carcasses, grazing practices, and the use and transport of potentially contaminated crop materials.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.cell.com/iscience/pdf/S2589-0042(23)02505-1.pdf">https://www.cell.com/iscience/pdf/S2589-0042(23)02505-1.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(23)02505-1?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2589004223025051%3Fshowall%3Dtrue">https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(23)02505-1?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2589004223025051%3Fshowall%3Dtrue</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Carrot plants as potential vectors for CWD transmission.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The PMCA analysis demonstrated CWD seeding activity in soils contaminated with CWD prions and in carrot plants (leaves and roots) grown on them. Bioassays showed that both plants and roots contained CWD prions sufficiently to induce disease. As expected, animals treated with prion-infected soils developed prion disease at shorter incubation periods (and complete attack rates) compared to plant components. We show that edible plant components can absorb prions from CWD-contaminated soils and transport them to their aerial parts. Our results indicate that edible plants could participate as vectors of CWD transmission.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true">https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">“In addition, hay and straw from the United States and Canada must be accompanied by a certificate from a public veterinarian that the product has been harvested in states or provinces where Chronic Wasting Disease has not been detected on deer.”</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Regulation No. 1599 of 2018 on additional requirements for the import of hay and straw for used for animal feed.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Country Norway</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Type of law Regulation</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Source</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">FAO , FAOLEX</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">In addition, hay and straw from the United States and Canada must be accompanied by a certificate from a public veterinarian that the product has been harvested in states or provinces where Chronic Wasting Disease has not been detected on deer.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/nor189761.pdf">http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/nor189761.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">THE tse prion aka mad cow type disease is not your normal pathogen.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The TSE prion disease survives ashing to 600 degrees celsius, that’s around 1112 degrees farenheit.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">you cannot cook the TSE prion disease out of meat.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">you can take the ash and mix it with saline and inject that ash into a mouse, and the mouse will go down with TSE.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production as well.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">the TSE prion agent also survives Simulated Wastewater Treatment Processes.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">IN fact, you should also know that the TSE Prion agent will survive in the environment for years, if not decades.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">you can bury it and it will not go away.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The TSE agent is capable of infected your water table i.e. Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">it’s not your ordinary pathogen you can just cook it out and be done</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">New studies on the heat resistance of hamster-adapted scrapie agent: Threshold survival after ashing at 600°C suggests an inorganic template of replication</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full">http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf">https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">A Quantitative Assessment of the Amount of Prion Diverted to Category 1 Materials and Wastewater During Processing</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Rapid assessment of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion inactivation by heat treatment in yellow grease produced in the industrial manufacturing process of meat and bone meals</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf">https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 2019</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">BSE infectivity survives burial for five years with only limited spread</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">“Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) agents have strain variations that influence disease phenotype and may affect the potential for interspecies transmission. Since deer and sheep may use the same grazing land, it is important to understand the potential transmission of TSEs between these species. The US scrapie isolate (No.13-7) had a 100% attack rate in white-tailed deer after oronasal challenge.”</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=405929">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=405929</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, JANUARY 16, 2024</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">CIDRAP launches international effort to prepare for possible chronic wasting disease spillover</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Spillover to other Species, What If?</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2024/01/cidrap-launches-international-effort-to.html">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2024/01/cidrap-launches-international-effort-to.html</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">CWD, Plants, oh my…</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/chronic-wasting-disease/plants-can-take-cwd-causing-prions-soil-lab-what-happens-if-they-are-eaten">https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/chronic-wasting-disease/plants-can-take-cwd-causing-prions-soil-lab-what-happens-if-they-are-eaten</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> Price of TSE Prion Poker goes up substantially, all you cattle ranchers and such, better pay close attention here...terry</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Prion Conference 2023</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Transmission of the chronic wasting disease agent from elk to cattle after oronasal exposure</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Justin Greenlee, Jifeng Bian, Zoe Lambert, Alexis Frese, and Eric Cassmann Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, USA</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the susceptibility of cattle to chronic wasting disease agent from elk.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: Initial studies were conducted in bovinized mice using inoculum derived from elk with various genotypes at codon 132 (MM, LM, LL). Based upon attack rates, inoculum (10% w/v brain homogenate) from an LM132 elk was selected for transmission studies in cattle. At approximately 2 weeks of age, one wild type steer (EE211) and one steer with the E211K polymorphism (EK211) were fed 1 mL of brain homogenate in a quart of milk replacer while another 1 mL was instilled intranasally. The cattle were examined daily for clinical signs for the duration of the experiment. One steer is still under observation at 71 months post-inoculation (mpi).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Results: Inoculum derived from MM132 elk resulted in similar attack rates and incubation periods in mice expressing wild type or K211 bovine PRNP, 35% at 531 days post inoculation (dpi) and 27% at 448 dpi, respectively. Inoculum from LM132 elk had a slightly higher attack rates in mice: 45% (693 dpi) in wild type cattle PRNP and 33% (468) in K211 mice. Inoculum from LL132 elk resulted in the highest attack rate in wild type bovinized mice (53% at 625 dpi), but no K211 mice were affected at >700 days. At approximately 70 mpi, the EK211 genotype steer developed clinical signs suggestive of prion disease, depression, low head carriage, hypersalivation, and ataxia, and was necropsied. Enzyme immunoassay (IDEXX) was positive in brainstem (OD=4.00, but non-detect in retropharyngeal lymph nodes and palatine tonsil. Immunoreactivity was largely limited to the brainstem, midbrain, and cervical spinal cord with a pattern that was primarily glia-associated.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Cattle with the E211K polymorphism are susceptible to the CWD agent after oronasal exposure of 0.2 g of infectious material.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">"Cattle with the E211K polymorphism are susceptible to the CWD agent after oronasal exposure of 0.2 g of infectious material."</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Strain characterization of chronic wasting disease in bovine-PrP transgenic mice</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Altogether, these results exhibit the diversity of CWD strains present in the panel of CWD isolates and the ability of at least some CWD isolates to infect bovine species. Cattle being one of the most important farming species, this ability represents a potential threat to both animal and human health, and consequently deserves further study.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">"Altogether, these results exhibit the diversity of CWD strains present in the panel of CWD isolates and the ability of at least some CWD isolates to infect bovine species. Cattle being one of the most important farming species, this ability represents a potential threat to both animal and human health, and consequently deserves further study."</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Cattle with the EK211 PRNP polymorphism are susceptible to the H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent from either E211K or wild type donors after oronasal inoculation</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Justin J. Greenleea, Eric D. Cassmanna, S. Jo Moorea,b, and M. Heather West Greenleec</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">aVirus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA; bOak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, US; cDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, US</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Aims: In 2006, a case of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (H-BSE) was reported in a cow with a previously unreported prion protein polymorphism (E211K). The E211K polymorphism is heritable and homologous to the E200K mutation in humans that is the most frequent PRNP mutation associated with familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Although the prevalence of the E211K polymorphism is low, cattle carrying the K211 allele develop H-type BSE with a rapid onset after experimental inoculation by the intracranial route. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the agents of H-type BSE or H-type BSE associated with the E211K polymorphism transmit to wild type cattle or cattle with the K211 allele after oronasal exposure.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Material and Methods: Wild type (EE211) or heterozygous (EK211) cattle were oronasally inoculated with the H-BSE agent from either the US 2004 case (wild type donor; n = 3) or from the US 2006 case with the E211K polymorphism (n = 4). Cattle were observed daily throughout the course of the experiment for the development of clinical signs. When signs were noted, animals were euthanized and necropsied. Cattle were confirmed positive for abnormal BSE prions by enzyme immunoassay (EIA; Idexx HerdChek BSE Ag Test), anti-PrP immunohistochemistry (IHC) on brainstem, and microscopic examination for vacuolation.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Results: Three-out-of-four (75%) calves with the EK211 genotype developed clinical signs of H-BSE including inattentiveness, loss of body condition, weakness, ataxia, and muscle fasciculations and were euthanized. Two of the positive EK211 steers received H-BSE US 2004 inoculum (Incubation Period (IP): 59.3 and 72.3 months) while the other positive steer received the E211K H-BSE inoculum (IP: 49.7 months). EIA confirmed that abundant misfolded protein (O.D. 2.57–4.0) in the brainstem, and IHC demonstrated PrPScthroughout the brain. All wild type recipient cattle and a single EK211 steer remained asymptomatic for the duration of the experiment (approximately 7 years post-inoculation) and no abnormal prion protein was detected in these cattle by EIA.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. Cattle with the EK211 genotype are oronasally susceptible to small doses of the H-BSE agent from either EK211 or EE211 (wild type) donors. Wild-type EE211 cattle remained asymptomatic for the duration of the experiment with this small dose (0.1 g) of inoculum. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Funded by: US Department of Agriculture</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9467582/">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9467582/</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">How in the hell do you make a complete recall of 27,694,240 lbs of feed that was manufactured from materials that may have been contaminated with mammalian protein, in one state, Michigan, 2006? Wonder how much was fed out?</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">______________________________</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">
PRODUCT</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">
a) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish, Recall # V-100-6;
</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">b) Performance Sheep Pell W/Decox/A/N, medicated,
net wt. 50 lbs, Recall # V-101-6;
</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">c) Pro 40% Swine Conc Meal -- 50 lb, Recall # V-102-6;
</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">d) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish Food Medicated,
Recall # V-103-6;
</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">e) "Big Jim’s" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend,
Recall # V-104-6;
</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">f) CO-OP 40% Hog Supplement Medicated Pelleted,
Tylosin 100 grams/ton, 50 lb. bag, Recall # V-105-6;
</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">g) Pig Starter Pell II, 18% W/MCDX Medicated 282020,
Carbadox -- 0.0055%, Recall # V-106-6;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">
h) CO-OP STARTER-GROWER CRUMBLES, Complete
Feed for Chickens from Hatch to 20 Weeks, Medicated,
Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate, 25 and 50 Lbs,
Recall # V-107-6;
</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">i) CO-OP LAYING PELLETS, Complete Feed for Laying
Chickens, Recall # 108-6;
</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">j) CO-OP LAYING CRUMBLES, Recall # V-109-6;
</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">k) CO-OP QUAIL FLIGHT CONDITIONER MEDICATED,
net wt 50 Lbs, Recall # V-110-6;
</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">l) CO-OP QUAIL STARTER MEDICATED, Net Wt. 50 Lbs,
Recall # V-111-6;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">
m) CO-OP QUAIL GROWER MEDICATED, 50 Lbs,
Recall # V-112-6</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">
CODE
Product manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER
Alabama Farmers Cooperative, Inc., Decatur, AL, by telephone, fax, email and visit on June 9, 2006.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">FDA initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">
REASON
</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Animal and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE
</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">125 tons</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">
DISTRIBUTION
</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">AL and FL </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">______________________________</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">
PRODUCT
</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Bulk custom dairy feds manufactured from concentrates, Recall # V-113-6
CODE
All dairy feeds produced between 2/1/05 and 6/16/06 and containing H. J. Baker recalled feed products.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER
Vita Plus Corp., Gagetown, MI, by visit beginning on June 21, 2006.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Firm initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">
REASON
</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The feed was manufactured from materials that may have been contaminated with mammalian protein.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE
</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">27,694,240 lbs</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">
DISTRIBUTION
</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">MI </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">______________________________</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">
PRODUCT
</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Bulk custom made dairy feed, Recall # V-114-6</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">
CODE
None</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER
Burkmann Feeds LLC, Glasgow, KY, by letter on July 14, 2006. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">
REASON
</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Custom made feeds contain ingredient called Pro-Lak, which may contain ruminant derived meat and bone meal.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">
???</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">
DISTRIBUTION
</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">KY</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">###</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100120023832/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2006/ucm120413.htm">https://web.archive.org/web/20100120023832/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2006/ucm120413.htm</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE P01-05 January 30, 2001 Print Media: 301-827-6242 Broadcast Media: 301-827-3434 Consumer Inquiries: 888-INFO-FDA</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">FDA ANNOUNCES TEST RESULTS FROM TEXAS FEED LOT</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Today the Food and Drug Administration announced the results of tests taken on feed used at a Texas feedlot that was suspected of containing meat and bone meal from other domestic cattle -- a violation of FDA's 1997 prohibition on using ruminant material in feed for other ruminants. Results indicate that a very low level of prohibited material was found in the feed fed to cattle.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">FDA has determined that each animal could have consumed, at most and in total, five-and-one-half grams - approximately a quarter ounce -- of prohibited material. These animals weigh approximately 600 pounds.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">It is important to note that the prohibited material was domestic in origin (therefore not likely to contain infected material because there is no evidence of BSE in U.S. cattle), fed at a very low level, and fed only once. The potential risk of BSE to such cattle is therefore exceedingly low, even if the feed were contaminated.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">According to Dr. Bernard Schwetz, FDA's Acting Principal Deputy Commissioner, "The challenge to regulators and industry is to keep this disease out of the United States. One important defense is to prohibit the use of any ruminant animal materials in feed for other ruminant animals. Combined with other steps, like U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) ban on the importation of live ruminant animals from affected countries, these steps represent a series of protections, to keep American cattle free of BSE."</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Despite this negligible risk, Purina Mills, Inc., is nonetheless announcing that it is voluntarily purchasing all 1,222 of the animals held in Texas and mistakenly fed the animal feed containing the prohibited material. Therefore, meat from those animals will not enter the human food supply. FDA believes any cattle that did not consume feed containing the prohibited material are unaffected by this incident, and should be handled in the beef supply clearance process as usual.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">FDA believes that Purina Mills has behaved responsibly by first reporting the human error that resulted in the misformulation of the animal feed supplement and then by working closely with State and Federal authorities.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">This episode indicates that the multi-layered safeguard system put into place is essential for protecting the food supply and that continued vigilance needs to be taken, by all concerned, to ensure these rules are followed routinely.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">FDA will continue working with USDA as well as State and local officials to ensure that companies and individuals comply with all laws and regulations designed to protect the U.S. food supply.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010413122520/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2001/NEW00752.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20010413122520/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2001/NEW00752.html</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">SATURDAY, MAY 20, 2023</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> Tennessee State Veterinarian Alerts Cattle Owners to Disease Detection Mad Cow atypical L-Type BSE</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/05/tennessee-state-veterinarian-alerts.html">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/05/tennessee-state-veterinarian-alerts.html</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Wednesday, May 24, 2023</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, United States of America Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Immediate notification</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/5067">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/5067</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">MAY 19, 2023</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/newsroom/stakeholder-info/sa_by_date/sa-2023/bse">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/newsroom/stakeholder-info/sa_by_date/sa-2023/bse</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">2 weeks before the announcement of this recent mad cow case in the USA, i submitted this to the APHIS et al;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> APPRX. 2 weeks before the recent mad cow case was confirmed in the USA, in Tennessee, atypical L-Type BSE, I submitted this to the APHIS et al;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Document APHIS-2023-0027-0001 BSE Singeltary Comment Submission May 2, 2023</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">''said 'burden' cost, will be a heavy burden to bear, if we fail with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion disease, that is why this information collection is so critical''...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">PLEASE NOTE, USDA ET AL ONLY TESTING <25k CATTLE FOR MAD COW DISEASE, woefully inadequate, yet USDA just documented a case Atypical L-Type BSE, the most virulent strain to date...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Monday, May 22, 2023</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> BSE TSE Prion MAD COW TESTING IN THE USA COMPARED TO OTHER COUNTRIES?</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2023/05/bse-tse-prion-mad-cow-testing-in-usa.html">https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2023/05/bse-tse-prion-mad-cow-testing-in-usa.html</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, DECEMBER 22, 2023</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The Mad Cow That Stole Christmas, 20 Years Later</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2023/12/the-mad-cow-that-stole-christmas-23.html">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2023/12/the-mad-cow-that-stole-christmas-23.html</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">USA 50 State Emergency BSE Conference Call 2001</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tseac.blogspot.com/2011/02/usa-50-state-bse-mad-cow-conference.html">https://tseac.blogspot.com/2011/02/usa-50-state-bse-mad-cow-conference.html</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Monday, November 13, 2023</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) Singeltary Another Request for Update 2023</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://fdabse589.blogspot.com/2023/11/food-and-drug-administrations-bse-feed.html">https://fdabse589.blogspot.com/2023/11/food-and-drug-administrations-bse-feed.html</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">NOW, BE AWARE, OIE AND USDA HAVE NOW MADE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE AND ATYPICAL BSE A LEGAL TRADING COMMODITY, WITH NO REPORTING OF SAID ATYPICAL CASES, EXCEPT FOR A VOLUNTARY NOTE ON ANNUAL REPORT...i don't make this stuff up...terry</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">cwd scrapie pigs oral routes</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. <***</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">>*** Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health. <***</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">CONFIDENTIAL</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">LINE TO TAKE</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">3. If questions on pharmaceuticals are raised at the Press conference, the suggested line to take is as follows:-</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">"There are no medicinal products licensed for use on the market which make use of UK-derived porcine tissues with which any hypothetical “high risk" ‘might be associated. The results of the recent experimental work at the CSM will be carefully examined by the CSM‘s Working Group on spongiform encephalopathy at its next meeting.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">DO Hagger RM 1533 MT Ext 3201</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">While this clearly is a cause for concern we should not jump to the conclusion that this means that pigs will necessarily be infected by bone and meat meal fed by the oral route as is the case with cattle. ...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">we cannot rule out the possibility that unrecognised subclinical spongiform encephalopathy could be present in British pigs though there is no evidence for this: only with parenteral/implantable pharmaceuticals/devices is the theoretical risk to humans of sufficient concern to consider any action.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">May I, at the outset, reiterate that we should avoid dissemination of papers relating to this experimental finding to prevent premature release of the information. ...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">3. It is particularly important that this information is not passed outside the Department, until Ministers have decided how they wish it to be handled. ...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">But it would be easier for us if pharmaceuticals/devices are not directly mentioned at all. ...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Our records show that while some use is made of porcine materials in medicinal products, the only products which would appear to be in a hypothetically ''higher risk'' area are the adrenocorticotrophic hormone for which the source material comes from outside the United Kingdom, namely America China Sweden France and Germany. The products are manufactured by Ferring and Armour. A further product, ''Zenoderm Corium implant'' manufactured by Ethicon, makes use of porcine skin - which is not considered to be a ''high risk'' tissue, but one of its uses is described in the data sheet as ''in dural replacement''. This product is sourced from the United Kingdom.....</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=361032">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=361032</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period,</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014),</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE),</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">==============</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">PRION 2015 CONFERENCE</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">PRION 2016 TOKYO</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 1933-690X</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Tuesday, December 16, 2014</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Evidence for zoonotic potential of ovine scrapie prions</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Hervé Cassard,1, n1 Juan-Maria Torres,2, n1 Caroline Lacroux,1, Jean-Yves Douet,1, Sylvie L. Benestad,3, Frédéric Lantier,4, Séverine Lugan,1, Isabelle Lantier,4, Pierrette Costes,1, Naima Aron,1, Fabienne Reine,5, Laetitia Herzog,5, Juan-Carlos Espinosa,2, Vincent Beringue5, & Olivier Andréoletti1, Affiliations Contributions Corresponding author Journal name: Nature Communications</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Volume: 5, Article number: 5821 DOI: doi:10.1038/ncomms6821 Received 07 August 2014 Accepted 10 November 2014 Published 16 December 2014</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Although Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) is the cause of variant Creutzfeldt Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans, the zoonotic potential of scrapie prions remains unknown. Mice genetically engineered to overexpress the human prion protein (tgHu) have emerged as highly relevant models for gauging the capacity of prions to transmit to humans. These models can propagate human prions without any apparent transmission barrier and have been used used to confirm the zoonotic ability of BSE. Here we show that a panel of sheep scrapie prions transmit to several tgHu mice models with an efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***The serial transmission of different scrapie isolates in these mice led to the propagation of prions that are phenotypically identical to those causing sporadic CJD (sCJD) in humans.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Subject terms: Biological sciences• Medical research At a glance</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/141216/ncomms6821/full/ncomms6821.html">http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/141216/ncomms6821/full/ncomms6821.html</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">why do we not want to do TSE transmission studies on chimpanzees $ 5. A positive result from a chimpanzee challenged severly would likely create alarm in some circles even if the result could not be interpreted for man. I have a view that all these agents could be transmitted provided a large enough dose by appropriate routes was given and the animals kept long enough. Until the mechanisms of the species barrier are more clearly understood it might be best to retain that hypothesis.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip... R. BRADLEY</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102222950/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102222950/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">1: J Infect Dis 1980 Aug;142(2):205-8</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Oral transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie to nonhuman primates</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Amyx HL, Bacote A, Masters CL, Gajdusek DC.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease of humans and scrapie disease of sheep and goats were transmitted to squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) that were exposed to the infectious agents only by their nonforced consumption of known infectious tissues. The asymptomatic incubation period in the one monkey exposed to the virus of kuru was 36 months; that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease was 23 and 27 months, respectively; and that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of scrapie was 25 and 32 months, respectively. Careful physical examination of the buccal cavities of all of the monkeys failed to reveal signs or oral lesions. One additional monkey similarly exposed to kuru has remained asymptomatic during the 39 months that it has been under observation.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The successful transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie by natural feeding to squirrel monkeys that we have reported provides further grounds for concern that scrapie-infected meat may occasionally give rise in humans to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. PMID: 6997404</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Recently the question has again been brought up as to whether scrapie is transmissible to man. This has followed reports that the disease has been transmitted to primates. One particularly lurid speculation (Gajdusek 1977) conjectures that the agents of scrapie, kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and transmissible encephalopathy of mink are varieties of a single "virus". The U.S. Department of Agriculture concluded that it could "no longer justify or permit scrapie-blood line and scrapie-exposed sheep and goats to be processed for human or animal food at slaughter or rendering plants" (ARC 84/77)" The problem is emphasised by the finding that some strains of scrapie produce lesions identical to the once which characterise the human dementias" Whether true or not. the hypothesis that these agents might be transmissible to man raises two considerations. First, the safety of laboratory personnel requires prompt attention. Second, action such as the "scorched meat" policy of USDA makes the solution of the acrapie problem urgent if the sheep industry is not to suffer grievously. snip... 76/10.12/4.6</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Nature. 1972 Mar 10;236(5341):73-4.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Transmission of scrapie to the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Gajdusek DC. Nature 236, 73 - 74 (10 March 1972); doi:10.1038/236073a0</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Transmission of Scrapie to the Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">C. J. GIBBS jun. & D. C. GAJDUSEK National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">SCRAPIE has been transmitted to the cynomolgus, or crab-eating, monkey (Macaca fascicularis) with an incubation period of more than 5 yr from the time of intracerebral inoculation of scrapie-infected mouse brain. The animal developed a chronic central nervous system degeneration, with ataxia, tremor and myoclonus with associated severe scrapie-like pathology of intensive astroglial hypertrophy and proliferation, neuronal vacuolation and status spongiosus of grey matter. The strain of scrapie virus used was the eighth passage in Swiss mice (NIH) of a Compton strain of scrapie obtained as ninth intracerebral passage of the agent in goat brain, from Dr R. L. Chandler (ARC, Compton, Berkshire).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2010/04/scrapie-and-atypical-scrapie.html">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2010/04/scrapie-and-atypical-scrapie.html</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://nor-98.blogspot.com/">http://nor-98.blogspot.com/</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Detection of classical BSE prions in asymptomatic cows after inoculation with atypical/Nor98 scrapie</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">* Marina Betancor, Belén Marín, Alicia Otero, Carlos Hedman, Antonio Romero, Tomás Barrio, Eloisa Sevilla, Jean-Yves Douet, Alvina Huor, Juan José Badiola, Olivier Andréoletti & Rosa Bolea * Veterinary Research volume 54, Article number: 89 (2023)
Abstract</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The emergence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) prions from atypical scrapie has been recently observed upon experimental transmission to rodent and swine models. This study aimed to assess whether the inoculation of atypical scrapie could induce BSE-like disease in cattle. Four calves were intracerebrally challenged with atypical scrapie. Animals were euthanized without clinical signs of prion disease and tested negative for PrPSc accumulation by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. However, an emergence of BSE-like prion seeding activity was detected during in vitro propagation of brain samples from the inoculated animals. These findings suggest that atypical scrapie may represent a potential source of BSE infection in cattle.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Snip…</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Further in vivo experiments challenging different mouse lines have been started in order to confirm the infectivity of the PMCA products obtained in this study. However, in conclusion, our findings show that the propagation of atypical scrapie in cattle leads to the emergence of BSE-like seeding activity. This is a concerning issue with far-reaching implications for public health and food safety. The possibility of interspecies transmission of prion diseases and the emergence of new prion strains highlight the critical need for continued surveillance and monitoring of these diseases in both animal and human populations. Early detection of prion diseases is crucial, and highly sensitive detection techniques such as PMCA can play an important role in this regard.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-023-01225-2">https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-023-01225-2</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Research Project: Elucidating the Pathobiology and Transmission of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Title: Disease phenotype of classical sheep scrapie is changed upon experimental passage through white-tailed deer</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Author item Kokemuller, Robyn item MOORE, S.JO - Oak Ridge Institute For Science And Education (ORISE) item Bian, Jifeng item WEST GREENLEE, HEATHER - Iowa State University item Greenlee, Justin</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Submitted to: PLoS Pathogens Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 11/9/2023 Publication Date: 12/4/2023 Citation: Kokemuller, R., Moore, S., Bian, J., West Greenlee, H.M., Greenlee, J.J. 2023. Disease phenotype of classical sheep scrapie is changed upon experimental passage through white-tailed deer. PLoS Pathogens. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1011815. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1011815</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Interpretive Summary: Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are a group of fatal diseases caused by the accumulation of misfolded prion protein in the brain. Ruminant species such as sheep, deer, and elk can get prion diseases. In sheep the disease is called scrapie. In deer and elk, the disease is called chronic wasting disease (CWD). The source of CWD is unknown, but one possibility is that scrapie jumped from sheep to deer. When we experimentally exposed white-tailed deer to the sheep scrapie agent, all deer developed scrapie. The purpose of the current experiment was to determine if sheep can get scrapie derived from white-tailed deer. Some sheep developed scrapie after oronasal exposure to the scrapie agent from white-tailed deer. Passage through white-tailed deer results in a scrapie isolate with different strain properties than the original inoculum. The detection of new strain properties was an unexpected result that will be the subject of further studies. These results indicate that sheep could be susceptible to the scrapie agent after passage through deer if exposed to the agent in natural or agricultural settings, which could be a confounding factor to the scrapie eradication program. National and state regulatory and wildlife officials should consider this information when developing plans to reduce or eliminate TSEs.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Technical Abstract: Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) agents have strain variations that influence disease phenotype and may affect the potential for interspecies transmission. Since deer and sheep may use the same grazing land, it is important to understand the potential transmission of TSEs between these species. The US scrapie isolate (No.13-7) had a 100% attack rate in white-tailed deer after oronasal challenge. The purpose of this study was to determine if sheep are susceptible to oronasal challenge with the scrapie agent from white-tailed deer. Suffolk lambs of various prion protein genotypes were challenged by the oronasal route with a 10% brain homogenate from scrapie-affected white-tailed deer. Sheep were euthanized and necropsied upon development of clinical signs or at the end of the experiment (72 months post-inoculation). Tissues were tested for PrPSc by enzyme immunoassay, western blot, and immunohistochemistry. The first sheep (2/2) to develop clinical signs at approximately 29 months post-inoculation (MPI) had the VRQ/VRQ genotype. One of the two sheep with the ARQ/ARQ genotype also developed clinical signs at 48 MPI. This is in contrast to the original No.13-7 inoculum that has a faster incubation period in sheep with the ARQ/ARQ genotype compared to sheep of the VRQ/VRQ genotype. The shorter incubation period in VRQ/VRQ sheep than ARQ/ARQ sheep after passage through deer indicates a phenotype change. This is important because scrapie infected deer could transmit disease to sheep resulting in new scrapie strain properties. This work raises the concern that scrapie infected deer could serve as a confounding factor to scrapie eradication programs as the scrapie agent from deer is transmissible to sheep by the oronasal route.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=405929">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=405929</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Research Project: Elucidating the Pathobiology and Transmission of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Title: The chronic wasting disease agent from white-tailed deer is highly infectious to humanized mice after passage through raccoons</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Author item Cassmann, Eric item QI, XU - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item KONG, QINGZHONG - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item Greenlee, Justin</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Submitted to: Meeting Abstract Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 3/15/2023 Publication Date: 5/30/2023 Citation: Cassmann, E.D., Qi, X., Kong, Q., Greenlee, J.J. 2023. The chronic wasting disease agent from white-tailed deer is highly infectious to humanized mice after passage through raccoons (abstract). Meeting Abstract. 4th International Chronic Wasting Disease Symposium, May 30-June 3, 2023, Denver, Colorado. Interpretive Summary:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Technical Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the zoonotic potential of the raccoon passaged chronic wasting disease (CWD) agent in humanized transgenic mice in comparison with the North American CWD agent from the original white-tailed deer (WTD) host. Pooled brain (GG96) from CWD positive deer was used to intracranially inoculate two WTD and one raccoon. Brain homogenates (10% w/v) from the raccoon and the WTD were used to intracranially inoculate transgenic mice (Tg40h) expressing the methionine 109 human prion protein. Brains and spleens were collected from mice at experimental endpoints of clinical disease or approximately 700 days post-inoculation. Tissues were divided and homogenized or fixed in 10% buffered neutral formalin. Immunohistochemistry, enzyme immunoassay, and western blot were used to detect misfolded prion protein (PrPSc) in tissue. Tg40h mice inoculated with the raccoon passaged CWD agent from WTD exhibited a 100% (12/12) attack rate with an average incubation period of 605 days. PrPSc was detected in brain tissue by enzyme immunoassay with an average optical density of 3.6/4.0 for positive brains. PrPSc also was detected in brain tissue by western blot and immunohistochemistry. No PrPSc was detected in the spleens of mice inoculated with the raccoon passaged CWD agent. Humanized mice inoculated with the CWD agent from WTD did not have detectable PrPSc using conventional immunoassay techniques. These results demonstrated that the host range of the CWD agent from WTD was expanded in our experimental model after one passage through raccoons.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=400777">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=400777</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">2023</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">OIE Conclusions on transmissibility of atypical BSE among cattle</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Given that cattle have been successfully infected by the oral route, at least for L-BSE, it is reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle are exposed to contaminated feed. In addition, based on reports of atypical BSE from several countries that have not had C-BSE, it appears likely that atypical BSE would arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence in old cattle. In the presence of livestock industry practices that would allow it to be recycled in the cattle feed chain, it is likely that some level of exposure and transmission may occur. As a result, since atypical BSE can be reasonably considered to pose a potential background level of risk for any country with cattle, the recycling of both classical and atypical strains in the cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf">https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Annex 7 (contd) AHG on BSE risk assessment and surveillance/March 2019</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">34 Scientific Commission/September 2019</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">3. Atypical BSE</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The Group discussed and endorsed with minor revisions an overview of relevant literature on the risk of atypical BSE being recycled in a cattle population and its zoonotic potential that had been prepared ahead of the meeting by one expert from the Group. This overview is provided as Appendix IV and its main conclusions are outlined below. With regard to the risk of recycling of atypical BSE, recently published research confirmed that the L-type BSE prion (a type of atypical BSE prion) may be orally transmitted to calves1 . In light of this evidence, and the likelihood that atypical BSE could arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence, the Group was of the opinion that it would be reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle were to be exposed to contaminated feed. Therefore, the recycling of atypical strains in cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">4. Definitions of meat-and-bone meal (MBM) and greaves</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf">http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">***Pennsylvania CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">(2020-Pennsylvania, to date, CWD has been detected in 481 wild cervid as of August, 8, 2020, and captive positives is anyone's guess...tss)</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">***> 2023 Pennsylvania CWD TSE Prion, 1,462 Total Cases To Date</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><a href="https://pgcdatacollection.pa.gov/CWDResultsLookup" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" target="_blank">https://pgcdatacollection.pa.gov/CWDResultsLookup</a><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">PENNSYLVANIA CAPTIVE CWD POSITIVES CWD TOTAL POSITIVES TO DATE, anyone's guess...terry</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><a href="https://www.agriculture.pa.gov/Animals/AHDServices/diseases/Chronic%20Wasting%20Disease%20Program/Pages/CWD-Dashboard.aspx" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" target="_blank">https://www.agriculture.pa.gov/Animals/AHDServices/diseases/Chronic%20Wasting%20Disease%20Program/Pages/CWD-Dashboard.aspx</a><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf</a><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">as of 09/11/2023 To date, CWD has been found in more than 1,400 deer, 243 of those taken by hunters last season. It has not been detected in Pennsylvania’s elk herd.</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">Pennsylvania first detected CWD in 2012 at a captive deer facility in Adams County. The Game Commission has tested more than 131,000 wild, free-ranging whitetails for CWD since 1998, along with more than 1,900 elk.</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">NEW CWD RULES MORE CONVENIENT FOR PENNSYLVANIANS HUNTING OUT-OF-STATE</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">09/11/2023</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><a href="https://www.media.pa.gov/Pages/game-commission-details.aspx?newsid=612" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" target="_blank">https://www.media.pa.gov/Pages/game-commission-details.aspx?newsid=612</a></div></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">Pennsylvania CWD Since July 1, 2022, 400+ Wild Deer Test Positive, Captive Deer Total CWD?</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/06/pennsylvania-cwd-since-july-1-2022-400.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/06/pennsylvania-cwd-since-july-1-2022-400.html</a></div></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">2023 Pennsylvania CWD TSE Prion </div></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">Wild Positives as of 08.08.2020</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">County #</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">Bedford 230</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">Blair 71</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">Fulton 132</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">Total for CCMZ 433</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">Total for PA 481</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><a href="https://www.agriculture.pa.gov/Animals/AHDServices/diseases/Chronic%20Wasting%20Disease%20Program/Documents/CWD%20in%20PA%20Map.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" target="_blank">https://www.agriculture.pa.gov/Animals/AHDServices/diseases/Chronic%20Wasting%20Disease%20Program/Documents/CWD%20in%20PA%20Map.pdf</a></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">MAP</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><a href="https://www.agriculture.pa.gov/Animals/AHDServices/diseases/Chronic%20Wasting%20Disease%20Program/Documents/CWD%20in%20PA%20Map.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" target="_blank">https://www.agriculture.pa.gov/Animals/AHDServices/diseases/Chronic%20Wasting%20Disease%20Program/Documents/CWD%20in%20PA%20Map.pdf</a></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">Current Status: Following the detection of CWD in both captive and free-ranging deer in Pennsylvania, an executive order (PDF) was issued by the Game Commission to establish Disease Management Areas (DMAs). Within DMAs, rehabilitation of cervids (deer, elk and moose); the use or possession of cervid urine-based attractants in an outdoor setting; the removal of high-risk cervid parts; and the feeding of wild, free-ranging cervids are prohibited. Increased testing continues in these areas to determine the distribution of the disease. Newly confirmed cases alter the boundaries of DMAs as the Game Commission continues to manage the disease and minimize its effect on free ranging cervids.</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">As a result of discovering CWD in both captive and free-ranging deer, the Pennsylvania Game Commission expanded DMAs 2, 3 and 4 for 2020. Of course, CWD has been detected in wild or captive deer and/or elk in many other states and provinces. So for the most up-to-date maps and descriptions of DMA boundaries, visit the interactive map.</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">DMA 1 was established after CWD was discovered on a captive deer farm in Adams County in 2012 (DMA 1 has since been eliminated).</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">DMA 2 was established in 2012 and now covers approximately 7,470 square miles, an expansion of 755 square miles over last year. For 2020 biologists expanded it west into Westmoreland County as the result of a CWD-positive adult female roadkill deer, northwest into Cambria and Indiana counties as the result of CWD-positive captive deer facilities and north into Centre County and Mifflin, Union, and Snyder counties as the result of two CWD-positive adult male roadkill deer. DMA 2 currently includes all or parts of Indiana, Cambria, Clearfield, Centre, Union, Snyder, Blair, Huntingdon, Mifflin, Juniata, Perry, Cumberland, Westmoreland, Somerset, Bedford, Fulton, Franklin, and Adams counties.</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">DMA 3 was established in 2014 and now covers approximately 1,233 square miles, an expansion of 114 square miles over last year. For 2020 biologists expanded it southwest into Jefferson, Indiana, and Armstrong counties because of a CWD-positive yearling male roadkill deer. DMA 3 now covers portions of Jefferson, Clearfield, Indiana, Armstrong, and Clarion counties.</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">DMA 4 was established in 2018 and now covers approximately 746 square miles, an increase of 397 square miles over last year. For 2020 biologists expanded it further south into Lancaster County after detection of a captive deer with CWD. It now covers portions of Berks, Lancaster, and Lebanon counties.</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><a href="https://www.pgc.pa.gov/Wildlife/Wildlife-RelatedDiseases/Pages/ChronicWastingDisease.aspx" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" target="_blank">https://www.pgc.pa.gov/Wildlife/Wildlife-RelatedDiseases/Pages/ChronicWastingDisease.aspx</a><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170312222820/https://www.pgc.pa.gov/Wildlife/Wildlife-RelatedDiseases/Pages/ChronicWastingDisease.aspx" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170312222820/https://www.pgc.pa.gov/Wildlife/Wildlife-RelatedDiseases/Pages/ChronicWastingDisease.aspx</a><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><a href="https://www.agriculture.pa.gov/Animals/AHDServices/diseases/Chronic%20Wasting%20Disease%20Program/Pages/default.aspx" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" target="_blank">https://www.agriculture.pa.gov/Animals/AHDServices/diseases/Chronic%20Wasting%20Disease%20Program/Pages/default.aspx</a></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><a href="https://www.agriculture.pa.gov/Animals/AHDServices/diseases/Chronic%20Wasting%20Disease%20Program/Documents/CCMZ%20PDA%20Recording.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" target="_blank">https://www.agriculture.pa.gov/Animals/AHDServices/diseases/Chronic%20Wasting%20Disease%20Program/Documents/CCMZ%20PDA%20Recording.pdf</a></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">Agriculture Department Revises Chronic Wasting Disease Quarantine Requirements For Deer Farms In Bedford, Blair, Fulton Counties </div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">08/28/2020</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">Harrisburg, PA - The Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture today announced changes to quarantine requirements for deer farms in Blair, Bedford and Fulton Counties to control Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD). The department established a CWD Core Captive Management Zone, to control the disease in the area of the state where it is most prevalent, while allowing deer farms to stay in business.</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">“Pennsylvania has taken CWD very seriously, taking aggressive steps to contain the disease, using a scientific, fact-based approach,” State Veterinarian Dr. Kevin Brightbill said. “Despite aggressive measures, we have seen a rapid increase in the number of deer testing positive over the past two years.</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">“The goal of implementing such a zone is to slow the spread of CWD across Pennsylvania while scientists race toward establishing long-term solutions. This order provides a path forward for deer farmers to maintain their livelihoods and continue to offer goods and services. A key component of the order is providing incentive for deer farms to implement management techniques, such as herd density and age management, genetic selection and other rapidly evolving scientific advancements that make their operations and their herds less susceptible to CWD.”</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">CWD is a highly contagious disease that develops very slowly in the lymph nodes, spinal tissue and brains of deer and similar animals like reindeer and elk. It does not affect other livestock. To date there is no evidence that it can be spread to humans.</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">The PA Department of Agriculture oversees the state’s deer farming industry. Pennsylvania’s 760 breeding farms, hunting preserves and hobby farms provide breeding does, breeder and trophy bucks, semen, embryos, antlers and urine products to Pennsylvania and states across the nation. </div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">Pennsylvania deer farms must participate in one of two stringent programs – the federal Herd Certified program, or the state Herd Monitored Program. Both programs require proper IDs; record-keeping on all animals moved on or off farms; annual herd inventories; reporting of CWD suspects, animals that die, escape or are stolen; testing animals over a year old that die for any reason; maintaining a minimum 8-foot high fence; obtaining permits to import animals from out-of-state; and other measures to monitor herds for disease.</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">Blair, Bedford and Fulton County deer farms in the new CWD Core Captive Management Zone will be affected by the updated quarantine as follows:</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">Farms will not be permitted to move high risks parts out of the zone. This includes the brain, eyes, tonsils, lymph nodes, backbone, spleen and anything containing visible brain or spinal cord material where the prions that spread CWD are concentrated. Farms will be permitted to move low risk parts out of the zone including antlers, clean skull caps, capes and deboned meat. Deer farms in this zone can continue to import deer into the zone. Deer farms in this zone can continue to offer hunts. Herd Monitored farms will not be permitted to move live deer out of this zone to other parts of Pennsylvania. Herd Certified farms will continue to be permitted to sell deer out of state, with a permit. Herd Certified farms who screen their entire herd using live animal rectal lymphoid screening for prion detection through a licensed, accredited veterinarian with non-detected results will be permitted to sell live deer, embryos and semen to other parts of Pennsylvania. Deer Farms will be able to buy, sell and transfer live deer if the annual rate of CWD positive animals in their herd remains below five percent. The formula for calculating this rate is included in the quarantine order. Deer farms crossing the five percent threshold will be required to segregate females from males and may continue hunting operations as terminal male hunting facilities until the 60-month quarantine period has expired. No new premises or business with CWD-susceptible species may be established within this zone. Pre-existing establishments with CWD-susceptible species will be grandfathered at the time of publication of this quarantine order, as long as such establishments continuously maintain an active business inventory. The updated quarantine affects deer farms outside the Core Captive Management Zone as follows:</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">Farms will continue to be allowed to sell breeding stock, trophy bucks, embryos and semen bucks to farms within the zone. Farms are restricted from buying live deer, embryos and semen from the zone unless purchased from Herd Certified farms that in the past three years screened their entire herd using live animal rectal lymphoid testing for prion and established non-detected results. The new quarantine order can be found in the Pennsylvania Bulletin or on the department’s website. A map of locations of deer farms that have had CWD-positive deer, and locations of positive deer in the wild can be found on the department’s website. </div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">Find CWD genetic testing through the Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory at padls.agriculture.pa.gov.</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">Find more information about Pennsylvania’s captive deer CWD programs, and the department’s broader efforts to safeguard animal health, at agriculture.pa.gov.</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">MEDIA CONTACT: Shannon Powers - 717.603.2056; shpowers@pa.gov</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"># # #</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><a href="https://www.media.pa.gov/pages/Agriculture_details.aspx?newsid=958" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" target="_blank">https://www.media.pa.gov/pages/Agriculture_details.aspx?newsid=958</a></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">MONDAY, JULY 27, 2020 </div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">Pennsylvania GAME COMMISSION UNVEILS NEW CWD RESPONSE PLAN</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/07/pennsylvania-game-commission-unveils.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/07/pennsylvania-game-commission-unveils.html</a></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">FRIDAY, JUNE 26, 2020 </div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">Pennsylvania CWD TSE Prion AREAS EXPAND</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/06/pennsylvania-cwd-tse-prion-areas-expand.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/06/pennsylvania-cwd-tse-prion-areas-expand.html</a></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">SUNDAY, APRIL 12, 2020 </div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">PENNSYLVANIA REVISED CWD RESPONSE PLAN DRAFT AVAILABLE FOR REVIEW</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/04/pennsylvania-revised-cwd-response-plan.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/04/pennsylvania-revised-cwd-response-plan.html</a><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">WEDNESDAY, MARCH 04, 2020 </div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">Pennsylvania YOUR STATE WILDLIFE AGENCY 2019 ANNUAL REPORT CWD TSE Prion 123 tested positive</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/03/pennsylvania-your-state-wildlife-agency.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/03/pennsylvania-your-state-wildlife-agency.html</a></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">FRIDAY, MARCH 06, 2020 </div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">Pennsylvania CWD TSE Prion deer and State Rep. David Maloney, R-Berks</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/03/pennsylvania-cwd-tse-prion-deer-and.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/03/pennsylvania-cwd-tse-prion-deer-and.html</a></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">THURSDAY, MARCH 05, 2020 </div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">PGC Audit Reeks of Politics Research Representative Maloney Wants To Gut wildlife management and hunting and help spread CWD in Pennsylvania</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/03/pgc-audit-reeks-of-politics-research.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/03/pgc-audit-reeks-of-politics-research.html</a><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">WEDNESDAY, MARCH 04, 2020 </div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">Politicians State Rep. David Maloney, R-Berks Helping to Spread Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/03/politicians-state-rep-david-maloney-r.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/03/politicians-state-rep-david-maloney-r.html</a></div></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">MONDAY, NOVEMBER 04, 2019 </div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">Legislators legislating, or throwing away your money for battling cwd tse prion, State Rep. Steve Green, R-Fosston more money to deer farms for antibiotics?</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/11/legislators-legislating-or-throwing.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/11/legislators-legislating-or-throwing.html</a></div></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 29, 2020 </div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">Pennsylvania CWD TSE Prion 2019-20 hunting seasons as of January 14, 148 of the samples had tested positive for CWD in Wild Deer</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/pennsylvania-cwd-tse-prion-2019-20.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/pennsylvania-cwd-tse-prion-2019-20.html</a></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">SUNDAY, DECEMBER 22, 2019 </div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">Pennsylvania Steady Climb of CWD TSE Prion Confirms 250 Positive To Date In Wild Cervid As At September 12, 2019 </div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">Pennsylvania Captive Cervid Industry Total CWD TSE Prion ??? anyone's guess...</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/12/pennsylvania-steady-climb-of-cwd-tse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/12/pennsylvania-steady-climb-of-cwd-tse.html</a></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">SATURDAY, JANUARY 20, 2018</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">Pennsylvania CWD TSE Prion Cases Explodes 51 deer from the 2017-18 hunting seasons have tested positive for CWD majority of samples collected still are being analyzed</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/01/pennsylvania-cwd-tse-prion-cases.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/01/pennsylvania-cwd-tse-prion-cases.html</a></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 12, 2018</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">Pennsylvania Deer found near Jefferson County elementary school tests positive for CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/02/pennsylvania-deer-found-near-jefferson.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/02/pennsylvania-deer-found-near-jefferson.html</a></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">***> Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Game Farms Captive Cervid Surveillance </div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">LAUGH OUT LOUD! LOL!</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">PENNSYLVANIA TOTAL CWD TSE PRION CAPTIVE CERVID INDUSTRY TO DATE... LMAO, your guess good as mine...</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><a href="https://www.agriculture.pa.gov/Animals/AHDServices/diseases/Chronic%20Wasting%20Disease%20Program/Pages/default.aspx" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" target="_blank">https://www.agriculture.pa.gov/Animals/AHDServices/diseases/Chronic%20Wasting%20Disease%20Program/Pages/default.aspx</a></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">THURSDAY, OCTOBER 24, 2019 </div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">Pennsylvania NEWLY DETECTED CWD-POSITIVE DEER CAPTIVE-RAISED WILL EXPAND DMA 4 IN 2020</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/10/pennsylvania-newly-detected-cwd.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/10/pennsylvania-newly-detected-cwd.html</a></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 10, 2018</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">***> Pennsylvania Thirty-Eight Deer Test Positive for Chronic Wasting Disease on Fulton and Bedford County Deer Farms</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/11/pennsylvania-thirty-eight-deer-test.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/11/pennsylvania-thirty-eight-deer-test.html</a></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 12, 2018 </div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">Pennsylvania CWD TSE Prion has been found in captive deer in Huntingdon and Lancaster counties</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/02/pennsylvania-cwd-tse-prion-has-been.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/02/pennsylvania-cwd-tse-prion-has-been.html</a></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">SATURDAY, AUGUST 12, 2017</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">*** Pennsylvania 27 deer from Bedford County farm test positive for chronic wasting disease ***</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/08/pennsylvania-27-deer-from-bedford.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/08/pennsylvania-27-deer-from-bedford.html</a></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">THURSDAY, JUNE 01, 2017</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">PENNSYLVANIA Third Case of CWD Discovered in a Captive Deer Farm in Four Months</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/06/pennsylvania-third-case-of-cwd.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/06/pennsylvania-third-case-of-cwd.html</a> </div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"> MONDAY, MAY 15, 2017 </div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">Pennsylvania 25 more deer test positive for CWD TSE PRION in the wild</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/05/pennsylvania-25-more-deer-test-positive.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/05/pennsylvania-25-more-deer-test-positive.html</a></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">WEDNESDAY, MARCH 01, 2017 </div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">South central Pennsylvania Captive Deer Tests Positive for Chronic Wasting Disease </div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/03/south-central-pennsylvania-captive-deer.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/03/south-central-pennsylvania-captive-deer.html</a></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">FRIDAY, JANUARY 13, 2017 </div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">Pennsylvania Deer Tests Positive for Chronic Wasting Disease four-year-old white-tailed deer Franklin County Hunting Preserve</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/01/pennsylvania-deer-tests-positive-for.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/01/pennsylvania-deer-tests-positive-for.html</a></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">Wednesday, May 11, 2016 </div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">PENNSYLVANIA TWELVE MORE CASES OF CWD FOUND: STATE GEARS UP FOR ADDITIONAL CONTROL MEASURES </div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/05/pennsylvania-twelve-more-cases-of-cwd.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/05/pennsylvania-twelve-more-cases-of-cwd.html</a></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">Sunday, October 18, 2015 </div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">*** Pennsylvania Game Commission Law and Law Makers CWD TSE PRION Bans Singeltary 2002 from speaking A smelly situation UPDATED 2015 </div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/10/pennsylvania-game-commission-law-and.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/10/pennsylvania-game-commission-law-and.html</a><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">Saturday, November 07, 2015 </div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">PENNSYLVANIA CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION RULES EXPAND </div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/11/pennsylvania-chronic-wasting-disease.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/11/pennsylvania-chronic-wasting-disease.html</a><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">Saturday, November 07, 2015 </div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">Pennsylvania 2015 September Minutes CWD Urine Scents </div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/11/pennsylvania-2015-september-minutes-cwd.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/11/pennsylvania-2015-september-minutes-cwd.html</a><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">Tuesday, May 05, 2015 </div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">Pennsylvania CWD DETECTED IN SIX MORE FREE-RANGING DEER Disease Management Area 2 again expanded due to new cases Release #030-15 </div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/05/pennsylvania-cwd-detected-in-six-more.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/05/pennsylvania-cwd-detected-in-six-more.html</a></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"> Sunday, July 13, 2014 </div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">Louisiana deer mystery unleashes litigation 6 does still missing from CWD index herd in Pennsylvania Great Escape </div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/07/louisiana-deer-mystery-unleashes.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/07/louisiana-deer-mystery-unleashes.html</a></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">Saturday, June 29, 2013 </div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">PENNSYLVANIA CAPTIVE CWD INDEX HERD MATE YELLOW *47 STILL RUNNING LOOSE IN INDIANA, YELLOW NUMBER 2 STILL MISSING, AND OTHERS ON THE RUN STILL IN LOUISIANA </div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/06/pennsylvania-captive-cwd-index-herd.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/06/pennsylvania-captive-cwd-index-herd.html</a></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">Tuesday, June 11, 2013 </div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">*** CWD GONE WILD, More cervid escapees from more shooting pens on the loose in Pennsylvania</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/06/cwd-gone-wild-more-cervid-escapees-from.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/06/cwd-gone-wild-more-cervid-escapees-from.html</a></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">Tuesday, May 28, 2013 </div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD quarantine Louisiana via CWD index herd Pennsylvania Update May 28, 2013 *** 6 doe from Pennsylvania CWD index herd still on the loose in Louisiana, quarantine began on October 18, 2012, still ongoing, Lake Charles premises. </div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/05/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-quarantine.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/05/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-quarantine.html</a> </div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">Sunday, January 06, 2013 </div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">USDA TO PGC ONCE CAPTIVES ESCAPE *** "it‘s no longer its business.” </div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/01/usda-to-pgc-once-captives-escape-its-no.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/01/usda-to-pgc-once-captives-escape-its-no.html</a></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">”The occurrence of CWD must be viewed against the contest of the locations in which it occurred. It was an incidental and unwelcome complication of the respective wildlife research programmes. Despite it’s subsequent recognition as a new disease of cervids, therefore justifying direct investigation, no specific research funding was forthcoming. The USDA veiwed it as a wildlife problem and consequently not their province!” page 26. </div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060307063531/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20060307063531/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">Wednesday, November 14, 2012 </div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">PENNSYLVANIA 2012 THE GREAT ESCAPE OF CWD INVESTIGATION MOVES INTO LOUISIANA and INDIANA </div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/11/pennsylvania-2012-great-escape-of-cwd_14.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/11/pennsylvania-2012-great-escape-of-cwd_14.html</a></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">Tuesday, October 23, 2012 </div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;">PA Captive deer from CWD-positive farm roaming free </div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/10/pa-captive-deer-from-cwd-positive-farm.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/10/pa-captive-deer-from-cwd-positive-farm.html</a></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important;"><br /></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Thursday, October 11, 2012</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Pennsylvania Confirms First Case CWD Adams County Captive Deer Tests Positive</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/10/pennsylvania-confirms-first-case-cwd.html">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/10/pennsylvania-confirms-first-case-cwd.html</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 28, 2023</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">EFSA TSE Report 2022 First published 28 November 2023 The European Union summary report on surveillance for the presence of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) in 2022</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2023/11/efsa-tse-report-2022-first-published-28.html">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2023/11/efsa-tse-report-2022-first-published-28.html</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">THURSDAY, DECEMBER 7, 2023</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Cervid Update By State December 2023 (Long Version)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">(Short Version)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion_7.html">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion_7.html</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">CAMEL PRION DISEASE LIKELY FROM FEED;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Friday, May 12, 2023</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Camel prion disease, a new emerging disease in North Africa, Lymphoid Tropism, Neuropathological Characterization Update 2023</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">11th Iberian Congress on Prions Barcelona 2023</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230512215552/http://prioncongressbcn.ppmclab.com/book_abstracts_v4.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20230512215552/http://prioncongressbcn.ppmclab.com/book_abstracts_v4.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2023/05/camel-prion-disease-new-emerging.html">https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2023/05/camel-prion-disease-new-emerging.html</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37946824.post-24266580725499216622024-02-23T10:55:00.000-06:002024-02-23T10:55:39.828-06:00Arkansas CWD TSE Prion As Of June 22, 2024, Positive Deer to date 1,720 Confirmed Deer, and 52 Confirmed Elk<p><span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Arkansas CWD TSE Prion As Of June 22, 2024, Positive Deer to date 1,720 Confirmed Deer, and 52 Confirmed Elk.</span></p><div style="background-color: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.agfc.com/hunting/deer/chronic-wasting-disease/cwd-in-arkansas/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.agfc.com/hunting/deer/chronic-wasting-disease/cwd-in-arkansas/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">*** Arkansas CWD TSE Prion 2023</div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">(2020, Arkansas, To date, 891 deer and 30 elk have tested positive for the disease in Arkansas...terry)</div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> Arkansas CWD TSE Prion 2023, Arkansas Total CWD confirmed to date is 1,563 by Fiscal Years Tally.</div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.agfc.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/2023-2024-CWD-Sampling-Status_1-Nov-23_Sampling-History-1536x864.jpg">https://www.agfc.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/2023-2024-CWD-Sampling-Status_1-Nov-23_Sampling-History-1536x864.jpg</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Last year the AGFC collected a record 8,804 samples from cervids in Arkansas (8,759 white-tailed deer, 33 elk and 12 exotic cervids).</div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The vast majority of those samples came voluntarily from hunters.</div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Last year’s test results reported 217 positive cases of CWD (208 white-tailed deer and nine elk).</div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Learn more about CWD at http://www.agfc.com/cwd</div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.agfc.com/news/free-cwd-tests-for-hunter-harvested-deer-may-land-lifetime-hunting-and-fishing-license/">https://www.agfc.com/news/free-cwd-tests-for-hunter-harvested-deer-may-land-lifetime-hunting-and-fishing-license/</a><br /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.agfc.com/hunting/deer/chronic-wasting-disease/cwd-in-arkansas/#h-1">https://www.agfc.com/hunting/deer/chronic-wasting-disease/cwd-in-arkansas/#h-1</a><br /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.agfc.com/hunting/deer/chronic-wasting-disease/cwd-in-arkansas/">https://www.agfc.com/hunting/deer/chronic-wasting-disease/cwd-in-arkansas/</a><br /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.agfc.com/hunting/deer/chronic-wasting-disease/cwd-testing-options/">https://www.agfc.com/hunting/deer/chronic-wasting-disease/cwd-testing-options/</a><br /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.agriculture.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/VSV_Entry_Requirements_to_Arkansas_072420B-1.pdf">https://www.agriculture.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/VSV_Entry_Requirements_to_Arkansas_072420B-1.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">THURSDAY, OCTOBER 20, 2022</div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Arkansas Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Update 1,345+ Cases Confirmed To Date</div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/10/arkansas-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/10/arkansas-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html</a><br /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 21, 2020</div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Arkansas CWD TSE Prion positive deer confirmed in Logan County</div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">To date, 891 deer and 30 elk have tested positive for the disease in Arkansas.</div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/11/arkansas-cwd-tse-prion-positive-deer.html">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/11/arkansas-cwd-tse-prion-positive-deer.html</a><br /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 24, 2020</div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">ARKANSAS CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION UPDATE 845 Cases Positive To Date</div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/09/arkansas-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/09/arkansas-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html</a><br /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, JANUARY 24, 2020</div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Arkansas Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion FY2020 211 Positive Cases as of January 17, 2020</div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/arkansas-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd_24.html">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/arkansas-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd_24.html</a><br /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">SUNDAY, JANUARY 05, 2020</div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Arkansas Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion 2019 to 2020 Totals As Of December 3, 2019 are 399 Confirmed with more pending results</div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/arkansas-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/arkansas-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 16, 2024 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Texas TPWD CWD TSE Prion Positives Jump To 637 Confirmed Cases To Date</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2024/02/texas-tpwd-cwd-tse-prion-positives-jump.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2024/02/texas-tpwd-cwd-tse-prion-positives-jump.html</a></div></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY TSE PRION DISEASE ZOONOSIS, ZOONOTIC </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">“If CWD in humans is found to be contagious and transmissible among humans, as it is in cervids [57], the spread of the disease within humans might become endemic.”</p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">PART 2. TPWD CHAPTER 65. DIVISION 1. CWD</p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, 65.88</p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">The Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission in a duly noticed meeting on May 25, 2023 adopted amendments to 31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, and §65.88, concerning Disease Detection and Response, without changes to the proposed text as published in the April 21, 2023, issue of the Texas Register (48 TexReg 2048). The rules will not be republished.</p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Currently, there is scientific evidence to suggest that CWD has zoonotic potential; however, no confirmed cases of CWD have been found in humans.</p><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57</a></div><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">17 DETECTION OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE PRIONS IN PROCESSED MEATS.</p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Rebeca Benavente1, Francisca Bravo1,2, Paulina Soto1,2, J. Hunter Reed3, Mitch Lockwood3, Rodrigo Morales1,2</p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">1Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA. 2Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile. 3Texas Parks and Wildlife, Austin, USA</p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Abstract</p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">The zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease (CWD) remains unknown. Currently, there are no known natural cases of CWD transmission to humans but increasing evidence suggests that the host range of CWD is not confined only to cervid species. Alarmingly, recent experimental evidence suggests that certain CWD isolates can induce disease in non-human primates. While the CDC strongly recommends determining CWD status in animals prior to consumption, this practice is voluntary. Consequently, it is plausible that a proportion of the cervid meat entering the human food chain may be contaminated with CWD. Of additional concern is that traditional diagnostic techniques used to detect CWD have relatively low sensitivity and are only approved for use in tissues other than those typically ingested by humans. In this study, we analyzed different processed meats derived from a pre-clinical, CWD-positive free-ranging elk. Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats. CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates. Our results show positive prion detection in all products. To confirm the resilience of CWD-prions to traditional cooking methods, we grilled and boiled the meat products and evaluated them for any remnant PMCA seeding activity. Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking. Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products.</p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">***> Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats.</p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">***> CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates.</p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">***> Our results show positive prion detection in all products.</p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">***> Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking.</p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">***> Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products.</p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">=====</p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">9 Carrot plants as potential vectors for CWD transmission.</p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Paulina Soto1,2, Francisca Bravo-Risi1,2, Claudio Soto1, Rodrigo Morales1,2</p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">1Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA. 2Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile</p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">***> We show that edible plant components can absorb prions from CWD-contaminated soils and transport them to their aerial parts.</p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">***> Our results indicate that edible plants could participate as vectors of CWD transmission</p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">=====</p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Transmission of prion infectivity from CWD-infected macaque tissues to rodent models demonstrates the zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease.</p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaoui1,2, Ginny Cheng1,2, Wiebke Wemheuer3, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer3, Sabine Gilch1,2, Hermann Schatzl1,2 1University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. 2Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada. 3Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany</p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">***> Further passage to cervidized mice revealed transmission with a 100% attack rate.</p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">***> Our findings demonstrate that macaques, considered the best model for the zoonotic potential of prions, were infected upon CWD challenge, including the oral one.</p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">****> The disease manifested as atypical in macaques and initial transgenic mouse transmissions, but with infectivity present at all times, as unveiled in the bank vole model with an unusual tissue tropism.</p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">***> Epidemiologic surveillance of prion disease among cervid hunters and people likely to have consumed venison contaminated with chronic wasting disease</p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">=====</p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true</p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Transmission of Cervid Prions to Humanized Mice Demonstrates the Zoonotic Potential of CWD </p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaouia, Irina Zemlyankinaa, Sheng Chun Changa, Maria Immaculata Arifina, Vincent Béringueb, Debbie McKenziec, Hermann M. Schatzla, and Sabine Gilcha </p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"> Results: Here, we provide the strongest evidence supporting the zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and their possible phenotype in humans. Inoculation of mice expressing human PrPCwith deer CWD isolates (strains Wisc-1 and 116AG) resulted in atypical clinical manifestations in > 75% of the mice, with myoclonus as leading clinical sign. Most of tg650brain homogenates were positive for seeding activity in RT-QuIC. Clinical disease and presentation was transmissible to tg650 mice and bank voles. Intriguingly, protease-resistant PrP in the brain of tg650 mice resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon passage. Abnormal PrP aggregates upon infection with Wisc-1 were detectable in thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain/pons regions. </p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"> Unprecedented in human prion disease, feces of CWD-inoculated tg650 mice harbored prion seeding activity and infectious prions, as shown by inoculation of bank voles and tg650 with fecal homogenates. </p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"> Conclusions: This is the first evidence that CWD can infect humans and cause disease with a distinctive clinical presentation, signature, and tropism, which might be transmissible between humans while current diagnostic assays might fail to detect it. These findings have major implications for public health and CWD-management. </p><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"> <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a> </div><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">The finding that infectious PrPSc was shed in fecal material of CWD-infected humanized mice and induced clinical disease, different tropism, and typical three banding pattern-PrPres in bank voles that is transmissible upon second passage is highly concerning for public health. The fact that this biochemical signature in bank voles resembles that of the Wisc-1 original deer isolate and is different from that of bvWisc-1, in the migration profile and the glyco-form-ratio, is valid evidence that these results are not a product of contamination in our study. If CWD in humans is found to be contagious and transmissible among humans, as it is in cervids [57], the spread of the disease within humans might become endemic.</p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Acta Neuropathol 144, 767–784 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Published</p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">22 August 2022</p><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaoui1 · Irina Zemlyankina1 · Sheng Chun Chang1 · Maria Immaculata Arifn1 · Vincent Béringue2 · Debbie McKenzie3 · Hermann M. Schatzl1 · Sabine Gilch1</p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Received: 24 May 2022 / Revised: 5 August 2022 / Accepted: 7 August 2022</p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">© The Author(s) 2022</p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Abstract</p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Prions cause infectious and fatal neurodegenerative diseases in mammals. Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease of cervids, spreads efficiently among wild and farmed animals. Potential transmission to humans of CWD is a growing concern due to its increasing prevalence. Here, we provide evidence for a zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and its probable signature using mice expressing human prion protein (PrP) as an infection model. Inoculation of these mice with deer CWD isolates resulted in atypical clinical manifestation with prion seeding activity and efficient transmissible infectivity in the brain and, remarkably, in feces, but without classical neuropathological or Western blot appearances of prion diseases. Intriguingly, the protease-resistant PrP in the brain resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon second passage. Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Keywords Chronic wasting disease · CWD · Zoonotic potential · Prion strains · Zoonotic prions</p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">HIGHLIGHTS OF THIS STUDY</p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">================================</p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">In this study, we evaluated the zoonotic potential of CWD using a transgenic mouse model overexpressing human M129-PrPC (tg650 [12]). We inoculated tg650 mice intracerebrally with two deer CWD isolates, Wisc-1 and 116AG [22, 23, 27, 29]. We demonstrate that this transgenic line was susceptible to infection with CWD prions and displayed a distinct leading clinical sign, an atypical PrPSc signature and unusual fecal shedding of infectious prions. Importantly, these prions generated by the human PrP transgenic mice were transmissible upon passage. Our results are the first evidence of a zoonotic risk of CWD when using one of the most common CWD strains, Wisc-1/CWD1 for infection. We demonstrated in a human transgenic mouse model that the species barrier for transmission of CWD to humans is not absolute. The fact that its signature was not typical raises the questions whether CWD would manifest in humans as a subclinical infection, whether it would arise through direct or indirect transmission including an intermediate host, or a silent to uncovered human-to-human transmission, and whether current detection techniques will be suffcient to unveil its presence.</p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Our findings strongly suggest that CWD should be regarded as an actual public health risk. Here, we use humanized mice to show that CWD prions can cross the species barrier to humans, and remarkably, infectious prions can be excreted in feces.</p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Our results indicate that if CWD crosses the species-barrier to humans, it is unlikely to resemble the most common forms of human prion diseases with respect to clinical signs, tissue tropism and PrPSc signature. For instance, PrPSc in variable protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr), a sporadic form of human prion disease, and in the genetic form Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS) is defined by an atypical PK-resistant PrPSc fragment that is non-glycosylated and truncated at both C- and N-termini, with a molecular weight between 6 and 8 kDa [24, 44–46]. These biochemical features are unique and distinctive from PrPSc (PrP27-30) found in most other human or animal prion disease. The atypical PrPSc signature detected in brain homogenate of tg650 mice #321 (1st passage) and #3063 (2nd passage), and the 7–8 kDa fragment (Figs. 2, 4) are very similar to that of GSS, both in terms of migration profile and the N-terminal cleavage site.</p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">CWD in humans might remain subclinical but with PrPSc deposits in the brain with an unusual morphology that does not resemble the patterns usually seen in different prion diseases (e.g., mouse #328; Fig. 3), clinical with untraceable abnormal PrP (e.g., mouse #327) but still transmissible and uncovered upon subsequent passage (e.g., mouse #3063; Fig. 4), or prions have other reservoirs than the usual ones, hence the presence of infectivity in feces (e.g., mouse #327) suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">=================================</p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at </p><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">snip...see full text</p><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf</a></div><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Fortuitous generation of a zoonotic cervid prion strain </p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Manuel Camacho, Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Sydney Smith, Jieji Hu, Wanyun Tao, Ignazio Cali, Qingzhong Kong. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA </p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Aims: Whether CWD prions can infect humans remains unclear despite the very substantial scale and long history of human exposure of CWD in many states or provinces of USA and Canada. Multiple in vitro conversion experiments and in vivo animal studies indicate that the CWD-to-human transmission barrier is not unbreakable. A major long-term public health concern on CWD zoonosis is the emergence of highly zoonotic CWD strains. We aim to address the question of whether highly zoonotic CWD strains are possible. </p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: We inoculated several sCJD brain samples into cervidized transgenic mice (Tg12), which were intended as negative controls for bioassays of brain tissues from sCJD cases who had potentially been exposed to CWD. Some of the Tg12 mice became infected and their brain tissues were further examined by Western blot as well as serial passages in humanized or cervidized mice. </p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Results: Passage of sCJDMM1 in transgenic mice expressing elk PrP (Tg12) resulted in a “cervidized” CJD strain that we termed CJDElkPrP. We observed 100% transmission of the original CJDElkPrP in transgenic mice expressing human PrP. We passaged CJDElkPrP two more times in the Tg12 mice. We found that such second and third passage CJDElkPrP prions retained 100% transmission rate in the humanized mice, despite that the natural elk CWD isolates and CJDElkPrP share the same elk PrP sequence. In contrast, we and others found zero or poor transmission of natural elk CWD isolates in humanized mice. </p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our data indicate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can retain zoonotic potential after serial passages in cervids, suggesting a very significant and serious long-term risk of CWD zoonosis given that the broad and continuing spread of CWD prions will provide fertile grounds for the emergence of zoonotic CWD strains over time. </p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532 </p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O'Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples used in this study, respectively</p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">"Our data indicate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can retain zoonotic potential after serial passages in cervids, suggesting a very significant and serious long-term risk of CWD zoonosis given that the broad and continuing spread of CWD prions will provide fertile grounds for the emergence of zoonotic CWD strains over time."</p><p style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </p><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a> </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">A probable diagnostic marker for CWD infection in humans </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Manuel Camacho, Ignazio Cali, Qingzhong Kong. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Aims: Multiple in vitro CWD-seeded human PrP conversion experiments and some animal model studies indicate that the species barrier for CWD to human transmission can be overcome, but whether CWD prion can infect humans in real life remains controversial. The very limited understanding on the likely features of CWD infection in humans and the lack of a reliable diagnostic marker for identification of acquired human CWD cases contribute to this uncertainty. We aim to stablish such a reliable diagnostic marker for CWD infections in humans should they occur. </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: A couple of PrPSc-positive spleens were identified from humanized transgenic mice inoculated with either CWD or sCJDMM1. Prions in these spleens were compared by bioassays in cervidized or humanized transgenic mice. A couple of PrPSc-positive spleens from UK sCJDMM1 patients were also examined similarly as controls with no exposure to CWD. </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Results: We have detected two prion-positive spleens in humanized transgenic mice inoculated with some CWD isolates. Such experimentally generated splenic “humanized” CWD prions (termed eHuCWDsp) appear indistinguishable from prions in the brain of sCJDMM1 patients on Western blot. We compared eHuCWDsp with prions in the spleen from humanized mice infected with sCJDMM1 (termed sCJDMM1sp) by bioassays in cervidized or humanized transgenic mice. Significantly, we found that eHuCWDsp can efficiently infect not only the humanized mice but also cervidized transgenic mice, and cervidized mice infected by eHuCWDsp produced PrPSc and brain pathology that are practically identical to those of CWD-infected cervidized mice. In contrast, sCJDMM1sp, similar to prions from sCJDMM1 patient brains, is poorly transmissible in the cervidized mice. </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that high transmissibility with CWD features of splenic prions in cervidized transgenic mice is unique to acquired human CWD prions, and it may serve as a reliable marker to identify the first acquired human CWD cases. </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532 </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O'Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples used in this study, respectively.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">=====end </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Prion 2023 Experimental Oronasal Inoculation of the Chronic Wasting Disease Agent into White Tailed Deer </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Author list: Sarah Zurbuchena,b , S. Jo Moorea,b , Jifeng Biana , Eric D. Cassmanna , and Justin J. Greenleea . a. Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, US b. Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, United States </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Aims: The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether white-tailed deer (WTD) are susceptible to inoculation of chronic wasting disease (CWD) via oronasal exposure. </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Materials and methods: Six male, neutered WTD were oronasally inoculated with brainstem material (10% w/v) from a CWD-positive wild-type WTD. The genotypes of five inoculated deer were Q95/G96 (wild-type). One inoculated deer was homozygous S at codon 96 (96SS). Cervidized (Tg12; M132 elk PrP) mice were inoculated with 1% w/v brainstem homogenate from either a 96GG WTD (n=10) or the 96SS WTD (n=10). </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Results: All deer developed characteristic clinical signs of CWD including weight loss, regurgitation, and ataxia. The 96SS individual had a prolonged disease course and incubation period compared to the other deer. Western blots of the brainstem on all deer yielded similar molecular profiles. All deer had widespread lymphoid distribution of PrPCWD and neuropathologic lesions associated with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Both groups of mice had a 100% attack rate and developed clinical signs, including loss of body condition, ataxia, and loss of righting reflex. Mice inoculated with material from the 96SS deer had a significantly shorter incubation period than mice inoculated with material from 96GG deer (Welch two sample T-test, P<0.05). Serial dilutions of each inocula suggests that differences in incubation period were not due to a greater concentration of PrPCWD in the 96SS inoculum. Molecular profiles from western blot of brain homogenates from mice appeared similar regardless of inoculum and appear similar to those of deer used for inoculum. </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Conclusions: This study characterizes the lesions and clinical course of CWD in WTD inoculated in a similar manner to natural conditions. It supports previous findings that 96SS deer have a prolonged disease course. Further, it describes a first pass of inoculum from a 96SS deer in cervidized mice which shortened the incubation period. </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Funded by: This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection, analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We thank Ami Frank and Kevin Hassall for their technical contributions to this project.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">=====end </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">The detection and decontamination of chronic wasting disease prions during venison processing</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Marissa S. Milstein1,2, Marc D. Schwabenlander1,2, Sarah C. Gresch1,2, Manci Li1,2, Stuart Lichtenberg1,2, Rachel Shoemaker1,2, Gage R. Rowden1,2, Jason C. Bartz2,3 , Tiffany M. Wolf2,4, Peter A. Larsen1,2</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Presenting author: Tiffany M. Wolf 1 Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 2 Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 3 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA 4 Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Aims: There is a growing concern that chronic wasting disease (CWD) prions in venison pose a risk to human health. CWD prions accumulate in infected deer tissues that commonly enter the human food chain through meat processing and consumption. The United States (US) Food and Drug Administration and US Department of Agriculture now formally consider CWD-positive venison unfit for human and animal consumption. Yet, the degree to which prion contamination occurs during routine venison processing is unknown. Here, we use environmental surface swab methods to: a) experimentally test meat processing equipment (i.e., stainless steel knives and polyethylene cutting boards) before and after processing CWD-positive venison and b) test the efficacy of five different disinfectant types (i.e., Dawn dish soap, Virkon-S, Briotech, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach) to determine prion decontamination efficacy.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: We used a real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay to determine CWD infection status of venison and to detect CWD prions in the swabs. We collected three swabs per surface and ran eight technical replicates on RT-QuIC.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Results: CWD prions were detected on all cutting boards (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8 and knives (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) used in processing CWD-positive venison, but not on those used for CWD-negative venison. After processing CWD-positive venison, allowing the surfaces to dry, and washing the cutting board with Dawn dish soap, we detected CWD prions on the cutting board surface (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) but not on the knife (n= 3, replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). Similar patterns were observed with Briotech (cutting board: n= 3; replicates= 7/8, 1/8, 0/8; knife: n= 3; replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). We did not detect CWD prions on the knives or cutting boards after disinfecting with Virkon-S, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Conclusions: These preliminary results suggest that Dawn dish soap and Briotech do not reliably decontaminate CWD prions from these surfaces. Our data suggest that Virkon-S and various bleach concentrations are more effective in reducing prion contamination of meat processing surfaces; however, surface type may also influence the ability of prions to adsorb to surfaces, preventing complete decontamination. Our results will directly inform best practices to prevent the introduction of CWD prions into the human food chain during venison processing.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: Funding was provided by the Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund as recommended by the Legislative-Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources (LCCMR), the Rapid Agriculture Response Fund (#95385/RR257), and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Theme: Animal prion diseases</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Prion 2023 Abstracts</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers.. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available. </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Research Paper</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Cellular prion protein distribution in the vomeronasal organ, parotid, and scent glands of white-tailed deer and mule deer</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Anthony Ness, Aradhana Jacob, Kelsey Saboraki, Alicia Otero, Danielle Gushue, Diana Martinez Moreno, Melanie de Peña, Xinli Tang, Judd Aiken, Susan Lingle & Debbie McKenzieORCID Icon show less</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Pages 40-57 | Received 03 Feb 2022, Accepted 13 May 2022, Published online: 29 May 2022</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Download citation</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">ABSTRACT</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting species of the cervidae family. CWD has an expanding geographic range and complex, poorly understood transmission mechanics. CWD is disproportionately prevalent in wild male mule deer and male white-tailed deer. Sex and species influences on CWD prevalence have been hypothesized to be related to animal behaviours that involve deer facial and body exocrine glands. Understanding CWD transmission potential requires a foundational knowledge of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) in glands associated with cervid behaviours. In this study, we characterized the presence and distribution of PrPC in six integumentary and two non-integumentary tissues of hunter-harvested mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (O. virginianus). We report that white-tailed deer expressed significantly more PrPC than their mule deer in the parotid, metatarsal, and interdigital glands. Females expressed more PrPC than males in the forehead and preorbital glands. The distribution of PrPC within the integumentary exocrine glands of the face and legs were localized to glandular cells, hair follicles, epidermis, and immune cell infiltrates. All tissues examined expressed sufficient quantities of PrPC to serve as possible sites of prion initial infection, propagation, and shedding.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">ARS RESEARCH Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Publication Acceptance Date: 9/8/2021</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Title: Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Author item WANG, ZERUI - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item QIN, KEFENG - University Of Chicago item CAMACHO, MANUEL - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item SHEN, PINGPING - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item YUAN, JUE - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item Greenlee, Justin item CUI, LI - Jilin University item KONG, QINGZHONG - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item MASTRIANNI, JAMES - University Of Chicago item ZOU, WEN-QUAN - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU)</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Submitted to: Acta Neuropathologica Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 9/8/2021 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Interpretive Summary: Prion diseases are invariably fatal neurologic diseases for which there is no known prevention or cure. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease of deer and elk and is present in farmed and free ranging herds throughout North America. To date there is no clear evidence that the CWD agent could be transmitted to humans. This manuscript describes the use of an in vitro technique, cell-free serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA), to generate a CWD prion that is infectious to transgenic mice expressing the human prion protein. This study provides the first evidence that CWD prions may be able to cause misfolding in the human prion protein. This information will impact medical experts and those involved in making policy for farmed cervids and wildlife.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Technical Abstract: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a cervid spongiform encephalopathy or prion disease caused by the infectious prion or PrPSc, a misfolded conformer of cellular prion protein (PrPC). It has rapidly spread in North America and also has been found in Asia and Europe. In contrast to the zoonotic mad cow disease that is the first animal prion disease found transmissible to humans, the transmissibility of CWD to humans remains uncertain although most previous studies have suggested that humans may not be susceptible to CWD. Here we report the generation of an infectious human PrPSc by seeding CWD PrPSc in normal human brain PrPC through the in vitro cell-free serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA). Western blotting confirms that the sPMCA-induced proteinase K-resistant PrPSc is a human form, evidenced by a PrP-specific antibody that recognizes human but not cervid PrP. Remarkably, two lines of humanized transgenic (Tg) mice expressing human PrP-129Val/Val (VV) or -129Met/Met (MM) polymorphism develop prion disease at 233 ± 6 (mean ± SE) days post-inoculation (dpi) and 552 ± 27 dpi, respectively, upon intracerebral inoculation with the sPMCA-generated PrPSc. The brain of diseased Tg mice reveals the electrophoretic profile of PrPSc similar to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) MM1 or VV2 subtype but different neuropathological patterns. We believe that our study provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc is able to convert human PrPC into PrPSc in vitro and the CWD-derived human PrPSc mimics atypical sCJD subtypes in humanized Tg mice.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">''The brain of diseased Tg mice reveals the electrophoretic profile of PrPSc similar to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) MM1 or VV2 subtype but different neuropathological patterns.'' </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">''We believe that our study provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc is able to convert human PrPC into PrPSc in vitro and the CWD-derived human PrPSc mimics atypical sCJD subtypes in humanized Tg mice.''</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Published: 26 September 2021</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Zerui Wang, Kefeng Qin, Manuel V. Camacho, Ignazio Cali, Jue Yuan, Pingping Shen, Justin Greenlee, Qingzhong Kong, James A. Mastrianni & Wen-Quan Zou</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Acta Neuropathologica Communications volume 9, Article number: 158 (2021)</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a cervid prion disease caused by the accumulation of an infectious misfolded conformer (PrPSc) of cellular prion protein (PrPC). It has been spreading rapidly in North America and also found in Asia and Europe. Although bovine spongiform encephalopathy (i.e. mad cow disease) is the only animal prion disease known to be zoonotic, the transmissibility of CWD to humans remains uncertain. Here we report the generation of the first CWD-derived infectious human PrPSc by elk CWD PrPSc-seeded conversion of PrPC in normal human brain homogenates using in vitro protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA). Western blotting with human PrP selective antibody confirmed that the PMCA-generated protease-resistant PrPSc was derived from the human PrPC substrate. Two lines of humanized transgenic mice expressing human PrP with either Val or Met at the polymorphic codon 129 developed clinical prion disease following intracerebral inoculation with the PMCA-generated CWD-derived human PrPSc. Diseased mice exhibited distinct PrPSc patterns and neuropathological changes in the brain. Our study, using PMCA and animal bioassays, provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc can cross the species barrier to convert human PrPC into infectious PrPSc that can produce bona fide prion disease when inoculated into humanized transgenic mice.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Snip...</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">It is worth noting that the annual number of sporadic CJD (sCJD) cases in the USA has increased, with the total number of suspected and confirmed sCJD cases rising from 284 in 2003 to 511 in 2017 (https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cjd/occurrence-transmission.html). The greatly enhanced CJD surveillance and an aging population in the USA certainly contributed to the observed increase in annual sCJD case numbers in recent years, but the possibility cannot be excluded that some of the increased sCJD prevalence is linked to CWD exposure.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">In the present study, using serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) assay we generate PrPSc by seeding CWD prions in normal human brain homogenates. Importantly, we reveal that two lines of humanized Tg mice expressing human PrP-129VV and 129MM develop prion diseases upon intracerebral inoculation of the abnormal PrP generated by sPMCA. We believe that our study provides the first opportunity to dissect the clinical, pathological and biochemical features of the CWD-derived human prion disease in two lines of humanized Tg mice expressing two major human PrP genotypes, respectively.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">i thought i might share some news about cwd zoonosis that i got, that i cannot share or post to the public yet, i promised for various reasons, one that it will cause a shit storm for sure, but it was something i really already knew from previous studies, but, i was told that ;</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">==================</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">''As you can imagine, 2 and 5 (especially 5) may raise alarms. The evidence we have for 4 are not as strong or tight as I would like to have. At this point, please do not post any of the points publicly yet, but you can refer to points 1-3 in private discussions and all 5 points when discussing with relevant public officials to highlight the long-term risks of CWD zoonosis.''</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">====================</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">so, i figure your as about as official as it gets, and i think this science is extremely important for you to know and to converse about with your officials. it's about to burn a whole in my pocket. this is about as close as it will ever get for cwd zoonosis to be proven in my time, this and what Canada Czub et al found with the Macaques, plus an old study from cjd surveillance unit back that showed cjd and a 9% increase in risk from folks that eat venison, i will post all this below for your files Sir. i remember back in the BSE nvCJD days, from when the first BSE case in bovine was confirmed around 1984 maybe 83, i forget the good vets named that screwed it up first, Carol something, but from 83ish to 95 96 when nvCJD was linked to humans from BSE in cattle, so that took 10 to 15 years. hell, at that rate, especially with Texas and cwd zoonsis, hell, i'll be dead before it's official, if ever, so here ya go Sir. there was a grant study on cwd zoonosis that had been going on for some time, i followed it over the years, then the grant date for said study had expired, so, i thought i would write the good Professor about said study i.e. Professor Kong, CWRU et al. i will post the grant study abstract first, and then after that, what reply i got back, about said study that i was told not to post/publish...</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">CWD ZOONOSIS GRANT FIRST;</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Cervid to human prion transmission</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Kong, Qingzhong </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"> Abstract Prion disease is transmissible and invariably fatal. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease affecting deer, elk and moose, and it is a widespread and expanding epidemic affecting 22 US States and 2 Canadian provinces so far. CWD poses the most serious zoonotic prion transmission risks in North America because of huge venison consumption (>6 million deer/elk hunted and consumed annually in the USA alone), significant prion infectivity in muscles and other tissues/fluids from CWD-affected cervids, and usually high levels of individual exposure to CWD resulting from consumption of the affected animal among often just family and friends. However, we still do not know whether CWD prions can infect humans in the brain or peripheral tissues or whether clinical/asymptomatic CWD zoonosis has already occurred, and we have no essays to reliably detect CWD infection in humans. We hypothesize that: (1) The classic CWD prion strain can infect humans at low levels in the brain and peripheral lymphoid tissues; (2) The cervid-to-human transmission barrier is dependent on the cervid prion strain and influenced by the host (human) prion protein (PrP) primary sequence; (3) Reliable essays can be established to detect CWD infection in humans; and (4) CWD transmission to humans has already occurred. We will test these hypotheses in 4 Aims using transgenic (Tg) mouse models and complementary in vitro approaches. </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Aim 1 will prove that the classical CWD strain may infect humans in brain or peripheral lymphoid tissues at low levels by conducting systemic bioassays in a set of humanized Tg mouse lines expressing common human PrP variants using a number of CWD isolates at varying doses and routes. Experimental human CWD samples will also be generated for Aim 3. </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Aim 2 will test the hypothesis that the cervid-to-human prion transmission barrier is dependent on prion strain and influenced by the host (human) PrP sequence by examining and comparing the transmission efficiency and phenotypes of several atypical/unusual CWD isolates/strains as well as a few prion strains from other species that have adapted to cervid PrP sequence, utilizing the same panel of humanized Tg mouse lines as in Aim 1. </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Aim 3 will establish reliable essays for detection and surveillance of CWD infection in humans by examining in details the clinical, pathological, biochemical and in vitro seeding properties of existing and future experimental human CWD samples generated from Aims 1-2 and compare them with those of common sporadic human Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) prions. </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Aim 4 will attempt to detect clinical CWD-affected human cases by examining a significant number of brain samples from prion-affected human subjects in the USA and Canada who have consumed venison from CWD-endemic areas utilizing the criteria and essays established in Aim 3. The findings from this proposal will greatly advance our understandings on the potential and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for CWD zoonosis and potentially discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Public Health Relevance There are significant and increasing human exposure to cervid prions because chronic wasting disease (CWD, a widespread and highly infectious prion disease among deer and elk in North America) continues spreading and consumption of venison remains popular, but our understanding on cervid-to-human prion transmission is still very limited, raising public health concerns. This proposal aims to define the zoonotic risks of cervid prions and set up and apply essays to detect CWD zoonosis using mouse models and in vitro methods. The findings will greatly expand our knowledge on the potentials and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for such infections and may discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"> Funding Agency Agency National Institute of Health (NIH) Institute National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Type Research Project (R01) Project # 1R01NS088604-01A1 Application # 9037884 Study Section Cellular and Molecular Biology of Neurodegeneration Study Section (CMND) Program Officer Wong, May Project Start 2015-09-30 Project End 2019-07-31 Budget Start 2015-09-30 Budget End 2016-07-31 Support Year 1 Fiscal Year 2015 Total Cost $337,507 Indirect Cost $118,756</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1#panel-abstract" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1#panel-abstract</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Professor Kongs reply to me just this month about above grant study that has NOT been published in peer reveiw yet...</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">=================================</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Here is a brief summary of our findings:</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">snip...can't post, made a promise...tss</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">On Sat, Apr 3, 2021 at 12:19 PM Terry Singeltary <flounder9@verizon.net> wrote:</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">end...tss</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">==============</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">CWD ZOONOSIS THE FULL MONTY TO DATE</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">International Conference on Emerging Diseases, Outbreaks & Case Studies & 16th Annual Meeting on Influenza March 28-29, 2018 | Orlando, USA</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Qingzhong Kong</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease prions from cervids</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease in cervids (mule deer, white-tailed deer, American elk, moose, and reindeer). It has become an epidemic in North America, and it has been detected in the Europe (Norway) since 2016. The widespread CWD and popular hunting and consumption of cervid meat and other products raise serious public health concerns, but questions remain on human susceptibility to CWD prions, especially on the potential difference in zoonotic potential among the various CWD prion strains. We have been working to address this critical question for well over a decade. We used CWD samples from various cervid species to inoculate transgenic mice expressing human or elk prion protein (PrP). We found infectious prions in the spleen or brain in a small fraction of CWD-inoculated transgenic mice expressing human PrP, indicating that humans are not completely resistant to CWD prions; this finding has significant ramifications on the public health impact of CWD prions. The influence of cervid PrP polymorphisms, the prion strain dependence of CWD-to-human transmission barrier, and the characterization of experimental human CWD prions will be discussed.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Speaker Biography Qingzhong Kong has completed his PhD from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst and Post-doctoral studies at Yale University. He is currently an Associate Professor of Pathology, Neurology and Regenerative Medicine. He has published over 50 original research papers in reputable journals (including Science Translational Medicine, JCI, PNAS and Cell Reports) and has been serving as an Editorial Board Member on seven scientific journals. He has multiple research interests, including public health risks of animal prions (CWD of cervids and atypical BSE of cattle), animal modeling of human prion diseases, mechanisms of prion replication and pathogenesis, etiology of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD) in humans, normal cellular PrP in the biology and pathology of multiple brain and peripheral diseases, proteins responsible for the α-cleavage of cellular PrP, as well as gene therapy and DNA vaccination.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">qxk2@case.edu </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">SUNDAY, JULY 25, 2021 </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">North American and Norwegian Chronic Wasting Disease prions exhibit different potential for interspecies transmission and zoonotic risk </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">''Our data suggest that reindeer and red deer from Norway could be the most transmissible CWD prions to other mammals, whereas North American CWD prions were more prone to generate human prions in vitro.''</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/north-american-and-norwegian-chronic.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/north-american-and-norwegian-chronic.html</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">MONDAY, JULY 19, 2021 </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">***> U Calgary researchers at work on a vaccine against a fatal infectious disease affecting deer and potentially people</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/u-calgary-researchers-at-work-on.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/u-calgary-researchers-at-work-on.html</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">BSE aka MAD COW DISEASE, was first discovered in 1984, and it took until 1995 to finally admit that BSE was causing nvCJD, the rest there is history, but that science is still evolving i.e. science now shows that indeed atypical L-type BSE, atypical Nor-98 Scrapie, and typical Scrapie are all zoonosis, zoonotic for humans, there from. </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">HOW long are we going to wait for Chronic Wasting Disease, CWD TSE Prion of Cervid, and zoonosis, zoonotic tranmission to humans there from?</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Studies have shown since 1994 that humans are susceptible to CWD TSE Prion, so, what's the hold up with making CWD a zoonotic zoonosis disease, the iatrogenic transmissions there from is not waiting for someone to make a decision.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">P190 Human prion disease mortality rates by occurrence of chronic wasting disease in freeranging cervids, United States</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Abrams JY (1), Maddox RA (1), Schonberger LB (1), Person MK (1), Appleby BS (2), Belay ED (1)</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Background</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease of deer and elk that has been identified in freeranging cervids in 23 US states. While there is currently no epidemiological evidence for zoonotic transmission through the consumption of contaminated venison, studies suggest the CWD agent can cross the species barrier in experimental models designed to closely mimic humans. We compared rates of human prion disease in states with and without CWD to examine the possibility of undetermined zoonotic transmission.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Methods</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Death records from the National Center for Health Statistics, case records from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, and additional state case reports were combined to create a database of human prion disease cases from 2003-2015. Identification of CWD in each state was determined through reports of positive CWD tests by state wildlife agencies. Age- and race-adjusted mortality rates for human prion disease, excluding cases with known etiology, were determined for four categories of states based on CWD occurrence: highly endemic (>16 counties with CWD identified in free-ranging cervids); moderately endemic (3-10 counties with CWD); low endemic (1-2 counties with CWD); and no CWD states. States were counted as having no CWD until the year CWD was first identified. Analyses stratified by age, sex, and time period were also conducted to focus on subgroups for which zoonotic transmission would be more likely to be detected: cases <55 years old, male sex, and the latter half of the study (2010-2015).</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Results</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Highly endemic states had a higher rate of prion disease mortality compared to non-CWD states (rate ratio [RR]: 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01 - 1.23), as did low endemic states (RR: 1.15, 95% CI = 1.04 - 1.27). Moderately endemic states did not have an elevated mortality rate (RR: 1.05, 95% CI = 0.93 - 1.17). In age-stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates among the <55 year old population were elevated for moderately endemic states (RR: 1.57, 95% CI = 1.10 – 2.24) while mortality rates were elevated among those ≥55 for highly endemic states (RR: 1.13, 95% CI = 1.02 - 1.26) and low endemic states (RR: 1.16, 95% CI = 1.04 - 1.29). In other stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates for males were only elevated for low endemic states (RR: 1.27, 95% CI = 1.10 - 1.48), and none of the categories of CWD-endemic states had elevated mortality rates for the latter time period (2010-2015).</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Conclusions</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">While higher prion disease mortality rates in certain categories of states with CWD in free-ranging cervids were noted, additional stratified analyses did not reveal markedly elevated rates for potentially sensitive subgroups that would be suggestive of zoonotic transmission. Unknown confounding factors or other biases may explain state-by-state differences in prion disease mortality.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">P172 Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Prion Disease</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Wang H(1), Cohen M(1), Appleby BS(1,2)</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">(1) University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio (2) National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Cleveland, Ohio.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Prion disease is a fatal progressive neurodegenerative disease due to deposition of an abnormal protease-resistant isoform of prion protein. Typical symptoms include rapidly progressive dementia, myoclonus, visual disturbance and hallucinations. Interestingly, in patients with prion disease, the abnormal protein canould also be found in the peripheral nervous system. Case reports of prion deposition in peripheral nerves have been reported. Peripheral nerve involvement is thought to be uncommon; however, little is known about the exact prevalence and features of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">We reviewed autopsy-proven prion cases from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center that were diagnosed between September 2016 to March 2017. We collected information regarding prion protein diagnosis, demographics, comorbidities, clinical symptoms, physical exam, neuropathology, molecular subtype, genetics lab, brain MRI, image and EMG reports. Our study included 104 patients. Thirteen (12.5%) patients had either subjective symptoms or objective signs of peripheral neuropathy. Among these 13 patients, 3 had other known potential etiologies of peripheral neuropathy such as vitamin B12 deficiency or prior chemotherapy. Among 10 patients that had no other clear etiology, 3 (30%) had familial CJD. The most common sCJD subtype was MV1-2 (30%), followed by MM1-2 (20%). The Majority of cases wasere male (60%). Half of them had exposure to wild game. The most common subjective symptoms were tingling and/or numbness of distal extremities. The most common objective finding was diminished vibratory sensation in the feet. Half of them had an EMG with the findings ranging from fasciculations to axonal polyneuropathy or demyelinating polyneuropathy.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Our study provides an overview of the pattern of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease. Among patients with peripheral neuropathy symptoms or signs, majority has polyneuropathy. It is important to document the baseline frequency of peripheral neuropathy in prion diseases as these symptoms may become important when conducting surveillance for potential novel zoonotic prion diseases.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">P177 PrP plaques in methionine homozygous Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Abrams JY (1), Schonberger LB (1), Cali I (2), Cohen Y (2), Blevins JE (2), Maddox RA (1), Belay ED (1), Appleby BS (2), Cohen ML (2)</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Background</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is widely believed to originate from de novo spontaneous conversion of normal prion protein (PrP) to its pathogenic form, but concern remains that some reported sporadic CJD cases may actually be caused by disease transmission via iatrogenic processes. For cases with methionine homozygosity (CJD-MM) at codon 129 of the PRNP gene, recent research has pointed to plaque-like PrP deposition as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission for a subset of cases. This phenotype is theorized to originate from specific iatrogenic source CJD types that comprise roughly a quarter of known CJD cases.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Methods</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">We reviewed scientific literature for studies which described PrP plaques among CJD patients with known epidemiological links to iatrogenic transmission (receipt of cadaveric human grown hormone or dura mater), as well as in cases of reported sporadic CJD. The presence and description of plaques, along with CJD classification type and other contextual factors, were used to summarize the current evidence regarding plaques as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission. In addition, 523 cases of reported sporadic CJD cases in the US from January 2013 through September 2017 were assessed for presence of PrP plaques.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Results</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">We identified four studies describing 52 total cases of CJD-MM among either dura mater recipients or growth hormone recipients, of which 30 were identified as having PrP plaques. While sporadic cases were not generally described as having plaques, we did identify case reports which described plaques among sporadic MM2 cases as well as case reports of plaques exclusively in white matter among sporadic MM1 cases. Among the 523 reported sporadic CJD cases, 0 of 366 MM1 cases had plaques, 2 of 48 MM2 cases had kuru plaques, and 4 of 109 MM1+2 cases had either kuru plaques or both kuru and florid plaques. Medical chart review of the six reported sporadic CJD cases with plaques did not reveal clinical histories suggestive of potential iatrogenic transmission.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Conclusions</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">PrP plaques occur much more frequently for iatrogenic CJD-MM cases compared to sporadic CJDMM cases. Plaques may indicate iatrogenic transmission for CJD-MM cases without a type 2 Western blot fragment. The study results suggest the absence of significant misclassifications of iatrogenic CJD as sporadic. To our knowledge, this study is the first to describe grey matter kuru plaques in apparently sporadic CJD-MM patients with a type 2 Western blot fragment.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">P180 Clinico-pathological analysis of human prion diseases in a brain bank series</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Ximelis T (1), Aldecoa I (1,2), Molina-Porcel L (1,3), Grau-Rivera O (4), Ferrer I (5), Nos C (6), Gelpi E (1,7), Sánchez-Valle R (1,4)</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">(1) Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobanc-Hospital ClÃnic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (2) Pathological Service of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (3) EAIA Trastorns Cognitius, Centre Emili Mira, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain (4) Department of Neurology of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (5) Institute of Neuropathology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona (6) General subdirectorate of Surveillance and Response to Emergencies in Public Health, Department of Public Health in Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain (7) Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Background and objective:</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">The Neurological Tissue Bank (NTB) of the Hospital Clínic-Institut d‘Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain is the reference center in Catalonia for the neuropathological study of prion diseases in the region since 2001. The aim of this study is to analyse the characteristics of the confirmed prion diseases registered at the NTB during the last 15 years.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Methods:</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">We reviewed retrospectively all neuropathologically confirmed cases registered during the period January 2001 to December 2016.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Results:</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">176 cases (54,3% female, mean age: 67,5 years and age range: 25-86 years) of neuropathological confirmed prion diseases have been studied at the NTB. 152 cases corresponded to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), 10 to genetic CJD, 10 to Fatal Familial Insomnia, 2 to GerstmannSträussler-Scheinker disease, and 2 cases to variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr). Within sCJD subtypes the MM1 subtype was the most frequent, followed by the VV2 histotype.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Clinical and neuropathological diagnoses agreed in 166 cases (94%). The clinical diagnosis was not accurate in 10 patients with definite prion disease: 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Fronto-temporal dementia (FTD), 1 Niemann-Pick‘s disease, 1 Lewy Body‘s Disease, 2 Alzheimer‘s disease, 1 Cortico-basal syndrome and 2 undetermined dementia. Among patients with VPSPr, 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and the other one with FTD.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Concomitant pathologies are frequent in older age groups, mainly AD neuropathological changes were observed in these subjects.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Discussion:</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">A wide spectrum of human prion diseases have been identified in the NTB being the relative frequencies and main characteristics like other published series. There is a high rate of agreement between clinical and neuropathological diagnoses with prion diseases. These findings show the importance that public health has given to prion diseases during the past 15 years. Continuous surveillance of human prion disease allows identification of new emerging phenotypes. Brain tissue samples from these donors are available to the scientific community. For more information please visit:</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">P192 Prion amplification techniques for the rapid evaluation of surface decontamination procedures</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Bruyere-Ostells L (1), Mayran C (1), Belondrade M (1), Boublik Y (2), Haïk S (3), Fournier-Wirth C (1), Nicot S (1), Bougard D (1)</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">(1) Pathogenesis and control of chronic infections, Etablissement Français du Sang, Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (2) Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (3) Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Aims:</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) or prion diseases are a group of incurable and always fatal neurodegenerative disorders including Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases (CJD) in humans. These pathologies include sporadic (sCJD), genetic and acquired (variant CJD) forms. By the past, sCJD and vCJD were transmitted by different prion contaminated biological materials to patients resulting in more than 400 iatrogenic cases (iCJD). The atypical nature and the biochemical properties of the infectious agent, formed by abnormal prion protein or PrPTSE, make it particularly resistant to conventional decontamination procedures. In addition, PrPTSE is widely distributed throughout the organism before clinical onset in vCJD and can also be detected in some peripheral tissues in sporadic CJD. Risk of iatrogenic transmission of CJD by contaminated medical device remains thus a concern for healthcare facilities. Bioassay is the gold standard method to evaluate the efficacy of prion decontamination procedures but is time-consuming and expensive. Here, we propose to compare in vitro prion amplification techniques: Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) and Real-Time Quaking Induced Conversion (RT-QuIC) for the detection of residual prions on surface after decontamination.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Methods:</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Stainless steel wires, by mimicking the surface of surgical instruments, were proposed as a carrier model of prions for inactivation studies. To determine the sensitivity of the two amplification techniques on wires (Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC), steel wires were therefore contaminated with serial dilutions of brain homogenates (BH) from a 263k infected hamster and from a patient with sCJD (MM1 subtype). We then compared the different standard decontamination procedures including partially and fully efficient treatments by detecting the residual seeding activity on 263K and sCJD contaminated wires. We completed our study by the evaluation of marketed reagents endorsed for prion decontamination.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Results:</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">The two amplification techniques can detect minute quantities of PrPTSE adsorbed onto a single wire. 8/8 wires contaminated with a 10-6 dilution of 263k BH and 1/6 with the 10-8 dilution are positive with Surf-PMCA. Similar performances were obtained with Surf-QuIC on 263K: 10/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilution and 1/8 wires contaminated with 10-8 dilution are positive. Regarding the human sCJD-MM1 prion, Surf-QuIC allows us to detect 16/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilutions and 14/16 with 10-7 . Results obtained after decontamination treatments are very similar between 263K and sCJD prions. Efficiency of marketed treatments to remove prions is lower than expected.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Conclusions:</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC are very sensitive methods for the detection of prions on wires and could be applied to prion decontamination studies for rapid evaluation of new treatments. Sodium hypochlorite is the only product to efficiently remove seeding activity of both 263K and sCJD prions.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">WA2 Oral transmission of CWD into Cynomolgus macaques: signs of atypical disease, prion conversion and infectivity in macaques and bio-assayed transgenic mice</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Schatzl HM (1, 2), Hannaoui S (1, 2), Cheng Y-C (1, 2), Gilch S (1, 2), Beekes M (3), SchulzSchaeffer W (4), Stahl-Hennig C (5) and Czub S (2, 6)</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">(1) University of Calgary, Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada (2) University of Calgary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calgary, Canada, (3) Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany, (4) University of Homburg/Saar, Homburg, Germany, (5) German Primate Center, Goettingen, Germany, (6) Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), Lethbridge, Canada.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">To date, BSE is the only example of interspecies transmission of an animal prion disease into humans. The potential zoonotic transmission of CWD is an alarming issue and was addressed by many groups using a variety of in vitro and in vivo experimental systems. Evidence from these studies indicated a substantial, if not absolute, species barrier, aligning with the absence of epidemiological evidence suggesting transmission into humans. Studies in non-human primates were not conclusive so far, with oral transmission into new-world monkeys and no transmission into old-world monkeys. Our consortium has challenged 18 Cynomolgus macaques with characterized CWD material, focusing on oral transmission with muscle tissue. Some macaques have orally received a total of 5 kg of muscle material over a period of 2 years. After 5-7 years of incubation time some animals showed clinical symptoms indicative of prion disease, and prion neuropathology and PrPSc deposition were found in spinal cord and brain of euthanized animals. PrPSc in immunoblot was weakly detected in some spinal cord materials and various tissues tested positive in RT-QuIC, including lymph node and spleen homogenates. To prove prion infectivity in the macaque tissues, we have intracerebrally inoculated 2 lines of transgenic mice, expressing either elk or human PrP. At least 3 TgElk mice, receiving tissues from 2 different macaques, showed clinical signs of a progressive prion disease and brains were positive in immunoblot and RT-QuIC. Tissues (brain, spinal cord and spleen) from these and preclinical mice are currently tested using various read-outs and by second passage in mice. Transgenic mice expressing human PrP were so far negative for clear clinical prion disease (some mice >300 days p.i.). In parallel, the same macaque materials are inoculated into bank voles. Taken together, there is strong evidence of transmissibility of CWD orally into macaques and from macaque tissues into transgenic mouse models, although with an incomplete attack rate. The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology. Our ongoing studies will show whether the transmission of CWD into macaques and passage in transgenic mice represents a form of non-adaptive prion amplification, and whether macaque-adapted prions have the potential to infect mice expressing human PrP. The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">See also poster P103</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">WA16 Monitoring Potential CWD Transmission to Humans</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Belay ED</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">The spread of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in animals has raised concerns about increasing human exposure to the CWD agent via hunting and venison consumption, potentially facilitating CWD transmission to humans. Several studies have explored this possibility, including limited epidemiologic studies, in vitro experiments, and laboratory studies using various types of animal models. Most human exposures to the CWD agent in the United States would be expected to occur in association with deer and elk hunting in CWD-endemic areas. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) collaborated with state health departments in Colorado, Wisconsin, and Wyoming to identify persons at risk of CWD exposure and to monitor their vital status over time. Databases were established of persons who hunted in Colorado and Wyoming and those who reported consumption of venison from deer that later tested positive in Wisconsin. Information from the databases is periodically cross-checked with mortality data to determine the vital status and causes of death for deceased persons. Long-term follow-up of these hunters is needed to assess their risk of development of a prion disease linked to CWD exposure.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">P166 Characterization of CJD strain profiles in venison consumers and non-consumers from Alberta and Saskatchewan</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Stephanie Booth (1,2), Lise Lamoureux (1), Debra Sorensen (1), Jennifer L. Myskiw (1,2), Megan Klassen (1,2), Michael Coulthart (3), Valerie Sim (4)</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">(1) Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg (2) Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (3) Canadian CJD Surveillance System, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (4) Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is spreading rapidly through wild cervid populations in the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. While this has implications for tourism and hunting, there is also concern over possible zoonotic transmission to humans who eat venison from infected deer. Whilst there is no evidence of any human cases of CWD to date, the Canadian CJD Surveillance System (CJDSS) in Canada is staying vigilant. When variant CJD occurred following exposure to BSE, the unique biochemical fingerprint of the pathologic PrP enabled a causal link to be confirmed. However, we cannot be sure what phenotype human CWD prions would present with, or indeed, whether this would be distinct from that see in sporadic CJD. Therefore we are undertaking a systematic analysis of the molecular diversity of CJD cases of individuals who resided in Alberta and Saskatchewan at their time of death comparing venison consumers and non-consumers, using a variety of clinical, imaging, pathological and biochemical markers. Our initial objective is to develop novel biochemical methodologies that will extend the baseline glycoform and genetic polymorphism typing that is already completed by the CJDSS. Firstly, we are reviewing MRI, EEG and pathology information from over 40 cases of CJD to select clinically affected areas for further investigation. Biochemical analysis will include assessment of the levels of protease sensitive and resistant prion protein, glycoform typing using 2D gel electrophoresis, testing seeding capabilities and kinetics of aggregation by quaking-induced conversion, and determining prion oligomer size distributions with asymmetric flow field fractionation with in-line light scattering. Progress and preliminary data will be presented. Ultimately, we intend to further define the relationship between PrP structure and disease phenotype and establish a baseline for the identification of future atypical CJD cases that may arise as a result of exposure to CWD.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Source Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/</a> </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Volume 24, Number 8—August 2018 Research Susceptibility of Human Prion Protein to Conversion by Chronic Wasting Disease Prions Marcelo A. BarriaComments to Author , Adriana Libori, Gordon Mitchell, and Mark W. Head Author affiliations: National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (M.A. Barria, A. Libori, M.W. Head); National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Scrapie and CWD, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (G. Mitchell)</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Abstract Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal neurodegenerative disease and a serious animal health issue for deer and elk in North America. The identification of the first cases of CWD among free-ranging reindeer and moose in Europe brings back into focus the unresolved issue of whether CWD can be zoonotic like bovine spongiform encephalopathy. We used a cell-free seeded protein misfolding assay to determine whether CWD prions from elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer in North America can convert the human prion protein to the disease-associated form. We found that prions can convert, but the efficiency of conversion is affected by polymorphic variation in the cervid and human prion protein genes. In view of the similarity of reindeer, elk, and white-tailed deer in North America to reindeer, red deer, and roe deer, respectively, in Europe, a more comprehensive and thorough assessment of the zoonotic potential of CWD might be warranted.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Discussion Characterization of the transmission properties of CWD and evaluation of their zoonotic potential are important for public health purposes. Given that CWD affects several members of the family Cervidae, it seems reasonable to consider whether the zoonotic potential of CWD prions could be affected by factors such as CWD strain, cervid species, geographic location, and Prnp–PRNP polymorphic variation. We have previously used an in vitro conversion assay (PMCA) to investigate the susceptibility of the human PrP to conversion to its disease-associated form by several animal prion diseases, including CWD (15,16,22). The sensitivity of our molecular model for the detection of zoonotic conversion depends on the combination of 1) the action of proteinase K to degrade the abundant human PrPC that constitutes the substrate while only N terminally truncating any human PrPres produced and 2) the presence of the 3F4 epitope on human but not cervid PrP. In effect, this degree of sensitivity means that any human PrPres formed during the PMCA reaction can be detected down to the limit of Western blot sensitivity. In contrast, if other antibodies that detect both cervid and human PrP are used, such as 6H4, then newly formed human PrPres must be detected as a measurable increase in PrPres over the amount remaining in the reaction product from the cervid seed. Although best known for the efficient amplification of prions in research and diagnostic contexts, the variation of the PMCA method employed in our study is optimized for the definitive detection of zoonotic reaction products of inherently inefficient conversion reactions conducted across species barriers. By using this system, we previously made and reported the novel observation that elk CWD prions could convert human PrPC from human brain and could also convert recombinant human PrPC expressed in transgenic mice and eukaryotic cell cultures (15).</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">A previous publication suggested that mule deer PrPSc was unable to convert humanized transgenic substrate in PMCA assays (23) and required a further step of in vitro conditioning in deer substrate PMCA before it was able to cross the deer–human molecular barrier (24). However, prions from other species, such as elk (15) and reindeer affected by CWD, appear to be compatible with the human protein in a single round of amplification (as shown in our study). These observations suggest that different deer species affected by CWD could present differing degrees of the olecular compatibility with the normal form of human PrP.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">The contribution of the polymorphism at codon 129 of the human PrP gene has been extensively studied and is recognized as a risk factor for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (4). In cervids, the equivalent codon corresponds to the position 132 encoding methionine or leucine. This polymorphism in the elk gene has been shown to play an important role in CWD susceptibility (25,26). We have investigated the effect of this cervid Prnp polymorphism on the conversion of the humanized transgenic substrate according to the variation in the equivalent PRNP codon 129 polymorphism. Interestingly, only the homologs methionine homozygous seed–substrate reactions could readily convert the human PrP, whereas the heterozygous elk PrPSc was unable to do so, even though comparable amounts of PrPres were used to seed the reaction. In addition, we observed only low levels of human PrPres formation in the reactions seeded with the homozygous methionine (132 MM) and the heterozygous (132 ML) seeds incubated with the other 2 human polymorphic substrates (129 MV and 129 VV). The presence of the amino acid leucine at position 132 of the elk Prnp gene has been attributed to a lower degree of prion conversion compared with methionine on the basis of experiments in mice made transgenic for these polymorphic variants (26). Considering the differences observed for the amplification of the homozygous human methionine substrate by the 2 polymorphic elk seeds (MM and ML), reappraisal of the susceptibility of human PrPC by the full range of cervid polymorphic variants affected by CWD would be warranted.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">In light of the recent identification of the first cases of CWD in Europe in a free-ranging reindeer (R. tarandus) in Norway (2), we also decided to evaluate the in vitro conversion potential of CWD in 2 experimentally infected reindeer (18). Formation of human PrPres was readily detectable after a single round of PMCA, and in all 3 humanized polymorphic substrates (MM, MV, and VV). This finding suggests that CWD prions from reindeer could be more compatible with human PrPC generally and might therefore present a greater risk for zoonosis than, for example, CWD prions from white-tailed deer. A more comprehensive comparison of CWD in the affected species, coupled with the polymorphic variations in the human and deer PRNP–Prnp genes, in vivo and in vitro, will be required before firm conclusions can be drawn. Analysis of the Prnp sequence of the CWD reindeer in Norway was reported to be identical to the specimens used in our study (2). This finding raises the possibility of a direct comparison of zoonotic potential between CWD acquired in the wild and that produced in a controlled laboratory setting. (Table).</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">The prion hypothesis proposes that direct molecular interaction between PrPSc and PrPC is necessary for conversion and prion replication. Accordingly, polymorphic variants of the PrP of host and agent might play a role in determining compatibility and potential zoonotic risk. In this study, we have examined the capacity of the human PrPC to support in vitro conversion by elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer CWD PrPSc. Our data confirm that elk CWD prions can convert the human PrPC, at least in vitro, and show that the homologous PRNP polymorphisms at codon 129 and 132 in humans and cervids affect conversion efficiency. Other species affected by CWD, particularly caribou or reindeer, also seem able to convert the human PrP. It will be important to determine whether other polymorphic variants found in other CWD-affected Cervidae or perhaps other factors (17) exert similar effects on the ability to convert human PrP and thus affect their zoonotic potential.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Dr. Barria is a research scientist working at the National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh. His research has focused on understanding the molecular basis of a group of fatal neurologic disorders called prion diseases.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Acknowledgments We thank Aru Balachandran for originally providing cervid brain tissues, Abigail Diack and Jean Manson for providing mouse brain tissue, and James Ironside for his critical reading of the manuscript at an early stage.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">This report is independent research commissioned and funded by the United Kingdom’s Department of Health Policy Research Programme and the Government of Scotland. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Department of Health or the Government of Scotland.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Author contributions: The study was conceived and designed by M.A.B. and M.W.H. The experiments were conducted by M.A.B. and A.L. Chronic wasting disease brain specimens were provided by G.M. The manuscript was written by M.A.B. and M.W.H. All authors contributed to the editing and revision of the manuscript.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"> Prion 2017 Conference Abstracts </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">First evidence of intracranial and peroral transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) into Cynomolgus macaques: a work in progress </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Stefanie Czub1, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer2, Christiane Stahl-Hennig3, Michael Beekes4, Hermann Schaetzl5 and Dirk Motzkus6 1 University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine/Canadian Food Inspection Agency; 2Universitatsklinikum des Saarlandes und Medizinische Fakultat der Universitat des Saarlandes; 3 Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen; 4 Robert-Koch-Institut Berlin; 5 University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; 6 presently: Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center; previously: Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">This is a progress report of a project which started in 2009. </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">21 cynomolgus macaques were challenged with characterized CWD material from white-tailed deer (WTD) or elk by intracerebral (ic), oral, and skin exposure routes. Additional blood transfusion experiments are supposed to assess the CWD contamination risk of human blood product. Challenge materials originated from symptomatic cervids for ic, skin scarification and partially per oral routes (WTD brain). Challenge material for feeding of muscle derived from preclinical WTD and from preclinical macaques for blood transfusion experiments. We have confirmed that the CWD challenge material contained at least two different CWD agents (brain material) as well as CWD prions in muscle-associated nerves. Here we present first data on a group of animals either challenged ic with steel wires or per orally and sacrificed with incubation times ranging from 4.5 to 6.9 years at postmortem. Three animals displayed signs of mild clinical disease, including anxiety, apathy, ataxia and/or tremor. In four animals wasting was observed, two of those had confirmed diabetes. All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals. Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuiC) and PET-blot assays to further substantiate these findings are on the way, as well as bioassays in bank voles and transgenic mice. At present, a total of 10 animals are sacrificed and read-outs are ongoing. Preclinical incubation of the remaining macaques covers a range from 6.4 to 7.10 years. Based on the species barrier and an incubation time of > 5 years for BSE in macaques and about 10 years for scrapie in macaques, we expected an onset of clinical disease beyond 6 years post inoculation. </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">PRION 2017 DECIPHERING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS ABSTRACTS REFERENCE</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://aabb.confex.com/aabb/2018/mediafile/Handout/Session2756/TU1-3.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://aabb.confex.com/aabb/2018/mediafile/Handout/Session2756/TU1-3.pdf</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"> 8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available. </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 23, 2019 </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion and THE FEAST 2003 CDC an updated review of the science 2019 </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a> </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 04, 2014 </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Six-year follow-up of a point-source exposure to CWD contaminated venison in an Upstate New York community: risk behaviours and health outcomes 2005–2011 Authors, though, acknowledged the study was limited in geography and sample size and so it couldn't draw a conclusion about the risk to humans. They recommended more study. Dr. Ermias Belay was the report's principal author but he said New York and Oneida County officials are following the proper course by not launching a study. "There's really nothing to monitor presently. No one's sick," Belay said, noting the disease's incubation period in deer and elk is measured in years. " </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Transmission Studies Mule deer transmissions of CWD were by intracerebral inoculation and compared with natural cases {the following was written but with a single line marked through it ''first passage (by this route)}....TSS resulted in a more rapidly progressive clinical disease with repeated episodes of synocopy ending in coma. One control animal became affected, it is believed through contamination of inoculum (?saline). Further CWD transmissions were carried out by Dick Marsh into ferret, mink and squirrel monkey. Transmission occurred in ALL of these species with the shortest incubation period in the ferret. </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">snip.... </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a> </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Prion Infectivity in Fat of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease▿ </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Brent Race#, Kimberly Meade-White#, Richard Race and Bruce Chesebro* + Author Affiliations In mice, prion infectivity was recently detected in fat. Since ruminant fat is consumed by humans and fed to animals, we determined infectivity titers in fat from two CWD-infected deer. Deer fat devoid of muscle contained low levels of CWD infectivity and might be a risk factor for prion infection of other species. </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full Prions in Skeletal Muscles of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease Here bioassays in transgenic mice expressing cervid prion protein revealed the presence of infectious prions in skeletal muscles of CWD-infected deer, demonstrating that humans consuming or handling meat from CWD-infected deer are at risk to prion exposure. </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"> *** now, let’s see what the authors said about this casual link, personal communications years ago, and then the latest on the zoonotic potential from CWD to humans from the TOKYO PRION 2016 CONFERENCE. </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">see where it is stated NO STRONG evidence. so, does this mean there IS casual evidence ???? </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">“Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans” </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">From: TSS Subject: CWD aka MAD DEER/ELK TO HUMANS ??? </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Date: September 30, 2002 at 7:06 am PST </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">From: "Belay, Ermias" </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">To: Cc: "Race, Richard (NIH)" ; ; "Belay, Ermias" </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Sent: Monday, September 30, 2002 9:22 AM Subject: RE: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Dear Sir/Madam, In the Archives of Neurology you quoted (the abstract of which was attached to your email), we did not say CWD in humans will present like variant CJD.. That assumption would be wrong. I encourage you to read the whole article and call me if you have questions or need more clarification (phone: 404-639-3091). </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Also, we do not claim that "no-one has ever been infected with prion disease from eating venison." Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans in the article you quoted or in any other forum is limited to the patients we investigated. </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Ermias Belay, M.D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">-----Original Message----- From: </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Sent: Sunday, September 29, 2002 10:15 AM </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">To: rr26k@nih.gov; rrace@niaid.nih.gov; ebb8@CDC.GOV </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Subject: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Sunday, November 10, 2002 6:26 PM .......snip........end..............TSS </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Thursday, April 03, 2008 </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease 2008 1: Vet Res. 2008 Apr 3;39(4):41 A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease Sigurdson CJ. </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">snip... *** twenty-seven CJD patients who regularly consumed venison were reported to the Surveillance Center***, </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">snip... full text ; </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people. </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">sporadic, spontaneous CJD, 85%+ of all human TSE, did not just happen. never in scientific literature has this been proven. if one looks up the word sporadic or spontaneous at pubmed, you will get a laundry list of disease that are classified in such a way; </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">sporadic = 54,983 hits </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic</a> </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">spontaneous = 325,650 hits </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous</a> </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">key word here is 'reported'. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can't, and it's as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it's being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. ...terry </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people. key word here is ‘reported’. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can’t, and it’s as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it’s being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. …terry </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ *** </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">*** These results would seem to suggest that CWD does indeed have zoonotic potential, at least as judged by the compatibility of CWD prions and their human PrPC target. Furthermore, extrapolation from this simple in vitro assay suggests that if zoonotic CWD occurred, it would most likely effect those of the PRNP codon 129-MM genotype and that the PrPres type would be similar to that found in the most common subtype of sCJD (MM1).*** </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys</a> </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true</a> </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article</a> </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">CWD TSE PRION AND ZOONOTIC, ZOONOSIS, FACTORS</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Subject: Re: DEER SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY SURVEY & HOUND STUDY </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Date: Fri, 18 Oct 2002 23:12:22 +0100 </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">From: Steve Dealler </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Organization: Netscape Online member </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">To: BSE-L@ References: </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Dear Terry,</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">An excellent piece of review as this literature is desperately difficult to get back from Government sites.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">What happened with the deer was that an association between deer meat eating and sporadic CJD was found in about 1993. The evidence was not great but did not disappear after several years of asking CJD cases what they had eaten. I think that the work into deer disease largely stopped because it was not helpful to the UK industry...and no specific cases were reported. Well, if you dont look adequately like they are in USA currenly then you wont find any!</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Steve Dealler </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">====</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM THIRD ANNUAL REPORT AUGUST 1994</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Consumption of venison and veal was much less widespread among both cases and controls. For both of these meats there was evidence of a trend with increasing frequency of consumption being associated with increasing risk of CJD. (not nvCJD, but sporadic CJD...tss) These associations were largely unchanged when attention was restricted to pairs with data obtained from relatives. ...</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Table 9 presents the results of an analysis of these data.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">There is STRONG evidence of an association between ‘’regular’’ veal eating and risk of CJD (p = .0.01).</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Individuals reported to eat veal on average at least once a year appear to be at 13 TIMES THE RISK of individuals who have never eaten veal.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">There is, however, a very wide confidence interval around this estimate. There is no strong evidence that eating veal less than once per year is associated with increased risk of CJD (p = 0.51).</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">There is some evidence that risk of CJD INCREASES WITH INCREASING FREQUENCY OF LAMB EATING (p = 0.02).</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">The evidence for such an association between beef eating and CJD is weaker (p = 0.14). When only controls for whom a relative was interviewed are included, this evidence becomes a little STRONGER (p = 0.08).</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">It was found that when veal was included in the model with another exposure, the association between veal and CJD remained statistically significant (p = < 0.05 for all exposures), while the other exposures ceased to be statistically significant (p = > 0.05).</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">In conclusion, an analysis of dietary histories revealed statistical associations between various meats/animal products and INCREASED RISK OF CJD. When some account was taken of possible confounding, the association between VEAL EATING AND RISK OF CJD EMERGED AS THE STRONGEST OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS STATISTICALLY. ...</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">In the study in the USA, a range of foodstuffs were associated with an increased risk of CJD, including liver consumption which was associated with an apparent SIX-FOLD INCREASE IN THE RISK OF CJD. By comparing the data from 3 studies in relation to this particular dietary factor, the risk of liver consumption became non-significant with an odds ratio of 1.2 (PERSONAL COMMUNICATION, PROFESSOR A. HOFMAN. ERASMUS UNIVERSITY, ROTTERDAM). (???...TSS)</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">snip...see full report ;</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Stephen Dealler is a consultant medical microbiologist deal@airtime.co.uk </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">BSE Inquiry Steve Dealler</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Management In Confidence</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">BSE: Private Submission of Bovine Brain Dealler</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 2019</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">***> MAD DOGS AND ENGLISHMEN BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, CJD, TSE PRION A REVIEW 2019</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">***> ''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">***> In conclusion, sensory symptoms and loss of reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome can be explained by neuropathological changes in the spinal cord. We conclude that the sensory symptoms and loss of lower limb reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome is due to pathology in the caudal spinal cord. <***</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">***> The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology.<*** </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD. <***</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">***> All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals.<*** </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids.'' Scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease (II) <***</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, DECEMBER 08, 2023 </div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">TEXAS CWD TSE PRION DIRE CONSEQUENCES ARE HERE!</div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/texas-cwd-tse-prion-dire-consequences.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/texas-cwd-tse-prion-dire-consequences.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">CWD TSE PRION DISEASE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS</div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">CWD TSE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;">CWD TSE PRION CERVID ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS 2023</div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;">So, this is what we leave our children and grandchildren?..</div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;">"Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation."</div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Detection of prions in soils contaminated by multiple routes</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stuart Siegfried Lichtenberg1,2 , Heather Inzalaco3 , Sam Thomas4 , Dan Storm5 , Dan Walsh6</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3 Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">4Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">5Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, U.S.A.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">6U.S. Geological Survey, Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, U.S.A.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Free-ranging animals afflicted with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies frequently shed infectious prions into the broader environment. The quintessential example is chronic wasting disease, the TSE of cervids. Over the course of the disease, an infected animal will shed infectious prions in blood, urine, saliva, and feces. Upon death, the total prion load interred in the animal’s tissues will be deposited wherever the animal falls. This contamination creates substantial risk to naïve animals, and likely contributes to disease spread. Identification and quantification of prions at contamination hotspots is essential for any attempt at mitigation of environmental transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: Surfactant extraction of soils followed by precipitation yields a sample that is amenable to analysis by real-time quaking induced conversion. However, differences in extraction yield are apparent depending on the properties of the matrix from which the prions are being extracted, principally soil clay content.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: We are able to detect prion seeding activity at multiple types of environmental hotspots, including carcass sites, contaminated captive facilities, and scrapes (i.e. urine and saliva). Differences in relative prion concentration vary depending on the nature and source of the contamination. Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Detection of prions in the environment is of the utmost importance for controlling chronic wasting disease spread. Here, we have demonstrated a viable method for detection of prions in complex environmental matrices. However, it is quite likely that this method underestimates the total infectious prion load in a contaminated sample, due to incomplete recovery of infectious prions. Further refinements are necessary for accurate quantification of prions in such samples, and to account for the intrinsic heterogeneities found in the broader environment.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources </div></div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;">Prion 2023 Abstracts</div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Nine of these recurrences occurred 14–21 years after culling, apparently as the result of environmental contamination, but outside entry could not always be absolutely excluded. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY Volume 87, Issue 12 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years Free </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82011-0" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82011-0</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rapid recontamination of a farm building occurs after attempted prion removal </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">First published: 19 January 2019 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The data illustrates the difficulty in decontaminating farm buildings from scrapie, and demonstrates the likely contribution of farm dust to the recontamination of these environments to levels that are capable of causing disease. snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This study clearly demonstrates the difficulty in removing scrapie infectivity from the farm environment. Practical and effective prion decontamination methods are still urgently required for decontamination of scrapie infectivity from farms that have had cases of scrapie and this is particularly relevant for scrapie positive goatherds, which currently have limited genetic resistance to scrapie within commercial breeds.24 This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***>This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Front. Vet. Sci., 14 September 2015 | <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Objects in contact with classical scrapie sheep act as a reservoir for scrapie transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In conclusion, the results in the current study indicate that removal of furniture that had been in contact with scrapie-infected animals should be recommended, particularly since cleaning and decontamination may not effectively remove scrapie infectivity (31), even though infectivity declines considerably if the pasture and the field furniture have not been in contact with scrapie-infected sheep for several months. As sPMCA failed to detect PrPSc in furniture that was subjected to weathering, even though exposure led to infection in sheep, this method may not always be reliable in predicting the risk of scrapie infection through environmental contamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">172. Establishment of PrPCWD extraction and detection methods in the farm soil</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our studies showed that PrPCWD persist in 0.001% CWD contaminated soil for at least 4 year and natural CWD-affected farm soil. When cervid reintroduced into CWD outbreak farm, the strict decontamination procedures of the infectious agent should be performed in the environment of CWD-affected cervid habitat.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Plants as vectors for environmental prion transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">November 09</span>, 2023DOI:<span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.108428</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Advertisement Highlights</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• Abnormal prion protein can enter the roots of plants</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• Plants can translocate detectable levels of prions to aerial tissues</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">•Animals exposed to prion-contaminated plant tissues can acquire disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">•Contaminated plants may represent a route of prion exposure</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Nonetheless, our finding of accumulation of two prion strains by a variety of plants grown hydroponically, in agar, or on soil supports the potential for plants to acquire CWD, scrapie, or other prions from the environment and transmit prion disease to susceptible hosts, making plants a plausible vector for prion diseases in wildlife, livestock, and humans. The potential for plants to serve as vectors for prion disease has implications for the disposal of infected carcasses, grazing practices, and the use and transport of potentially contaminated crop materials.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.cell.com/iscience/pdf/S2589-0042(23)02505-1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.cell.com/iscience/pdf/S2589-0042(23)02505-1.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(23)02505-1?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2589004223025051%3Fshowall%3Dtrue" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(23)02505-1?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2589004223025051%3Fshowall%3Dtrue</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Carrot plants as potential vectors for CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The PMCA analysis demonstrated CWD seeding activity in soils contaminated with CWD prions and in carrot plants (leaves and roots) grown on them. Bioassays showed that both plants and roots contained CWD prions sufficiently to induce disease. As expected, animals treated with prion-infected soils developed prion disease at shorter incubation periods (and complete attack rates) compared to plant components. We show that edible plant components can absorb prions from CWD-contaminated soils and transport them to their aerial parts. Our results indicate that edible plants could participate as vectors of CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“In addition, hay and straw from the United States and Canada must be accompanied by a certificate from a public veterinarian that the product has been harvested in states or provinces where Chronic Wasting Disease has not been detected on deer.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Regulation No. 1599 of 2018 on additional requirements for the import of hay and straw for used for animal feed.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Country Norway</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Type of law Regulation</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Source</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FAO , FAOLEX</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In addition, hay and straw from the United States and Canada must be accompanied by a certificate from a public veterinarian that the product has been harvested in states or provinces where Chronic Wasting Disease has not been detected on deer.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/nor189761.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/nor189761.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">THE tse prion aka mad cow type disease is not your normal pathogen. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">The TSE prion disease survives ashing to 600 degrees celsius, that’s around 1112 degrees farenheit. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">you cannot cook the TSE prion disease out of meat. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">you can take the ash and mix it with saline and inject that ash into a mouse, and the mouse will go down with TSE. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production as well. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">the TSE prion agent also survives Simulated Wastewater Treatment Processes. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">IN fact, you should also know that the TSE Prion agent will survive in the environment for years, if not decades. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">you can bury it and it will not go away. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">The TSE agent is capable of infected your water table i.e. Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">it’s not your ordinary pathogen you can just cook it out and be done</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">New studies on the heat resistance of hamster-adapted scrapie agent: Threshold survival after ashing at 600°C suggests an inorganic template of replication </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">A Quantitative Assessment of the Amount of Prion Diverted to Category 1 Materials and Wastewater During Processing </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Rapid assessment of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion inactivation by heat treatment in yellow grease produced in the industrial manufacturing process of meat and bone meals </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 2019 </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">BSE infectivity survives burial for five years with only limited spread</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf</a></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">“Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) agents have strain variations that influence disease phenotype and may affect the potential for interspecies transmission. Since deer and sheep may use the same grazing land, it is important to understand the potential transmission of TSEs between these species. The US scrapie isolate (No.13-7) had a 100% attack rate in white-tailed deer after oronasal challenge.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=405929" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=405929</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, JANUARY 16, 2024 <br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">CIDRAP launches international effort to prepare for possible chronic wasting disease spillover </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Spillover to other Species, What If? </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2024/01/cidrap-launches-international-effort-to.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2024/01/cidrap-launches-international-effort-to.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD, Plants, oh my…<div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/chronic-wasting-disease/plants-can-take-cwd-causing-prions-soil-lab-what-happens-if-they-are-eaten" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/chronic-wasting-disease/plants-can-take-cwd-causing-prions-soil-lab-what-happens-if-they-are-eaten</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Price of TSE Prion Poker goes up substantially, all you cattle ranchers and such, better pay close attention here...terry</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Prion Conference 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of the chronic wasting disease agent from elk to cattle after oronasal exposure</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Justin Greenlee, Jifeng Bian, Zoe Lambert, Alexis Frese, and Eric Cassmann Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the susceptibility of cattle to chronic wasting disease agent from elk. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: Initial studies were conducted in bovinized mice using inoculum derived from elk with various genotypes at codon 132 (MM, LM, LL). Based upon attack rates, inoculum (10% w/v brain homogenate) from an LM132 elk was selected for transmission studies in cattle. At approximately 2 weeks of age, one wild type steer (EE211) and one steer with the E211K polymorphism (EK211) were fed 1 mL of brain homogenate in a quart of milk replacer while another 1 mL was instilled intranasally. The cattle were examined daily for clinical signs for the duration of the experiment. One steer is still under observation at 71 months post-inoculation (mpi). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Inoculum derived from MM132 elk resulted in similar attack rates and incubation periods in mice expressing wild type or K211 bovine PRNP, 35% at 531 days post inoculation (dpi) and 27% at 448 dpi, respectively. Inoculum from LM132 elk had a slightly higher attack rates in mice: 45% (693 dpi) in wild type cattle PRNP and 33% (468) in K211 mice. Inoculum from LL132 elk resulted in the highest attack rate in wild type bovinized mice (53% at 625 dpi), but no K211 mice were affected at >700 days. At approximately 70 mpi, the EK211 genotype steer developed clinical signs suggestive of prion disease, depression, low head carriage, hypersalivation, and ataxia, and was necropsied. Enzyme immunoassay (IDEXX) was positive in brainstem (OD=4.00, but non-detect in retropharyngeal lymph nodes and palatine tonsil. Immunoreactivity was largely limited to the brainstem, midbrain, and cervical spinal cord with a pattern that was primarily glia-associated. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Cattle with the E211K polymorphism are susceptible to the CWD agent after oronasal exposure of 0.2 g of infectious material. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Cattle with the E211K polymorphism are susceptible to the CWD agent after oronasal exposure of 0.2 g of infectious material."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Strain characterization of chronic wasting disease in bovine-PrP transgenic mice </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Altogether, these results exhibit the diversity of CWD strains present in the panel of CWD isolates and the ability of at least some CWD isolates to infect bovine species. Cattle being one of the most important farming species, this ability represents a potential threat to both animal and human health, and consequently deserves further study. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Altogether, these results exhibit the diversity of CWD strains present in the panel of CWD isolates and the ability of at least some CWD isolates to infect bovine species. Cattle being one of the most important farming species, this ability represents a potential threat to both animal and human health, and consequently deserves further study."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Cattle with the EK211 PRNP polymorphism are susceptible to the H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent from either E211K or wild type donors after oronasal inoculation</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Justin J. Greenleea, Eric D. Cassmanna, S. Jo Moorea,b, and M. Heather West Greenleec</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">aVirus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA; bOak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, US; cDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, US</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: In 2006, a case of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (H-BSE) was reported in a cow with a previously unreported prion protein polymorphism (E211K). The E211K polymorphism is heritable and homologous to the E200K mutation in humans that is the most frequent PRNP mutation associated with familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Although the prevalence of the E211K polymorphism is low, cattle carrying the K211 allele develop H-type BSE with a rapid onset after experimental inoculation by the intracranial route. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the agents of H-type BSE or H-type BSE associated with the E211K polymorphism transmit to wild type cattle or cattle with the K211 allele after oronasal exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Material and Methods: Wild type (EE211) or heterozygous (EK211) cattle were oronasally inoculated with the H-BSE agent from either the US 2004 case (wild type donor; n = 3) or from the US 2006 case with the E211K polymorphism (n = 4). Cattle were observed daily throughout the course of the experiment for the development of clinical signs. When signs were noted, animals were euthanized and necropsied. Cattle were confirmed positive for abnormal BSE prions by enzyme immunoassay (EIA; Idexx HerdChek BSE Ag Test), anti-PrP immunohistochemistry (IHC) on brainstem, and microscopic examination for vacuolation.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Three-out-of-four (75%) calves with the EK211 genotype developed clinical signs of H-BSE including inattentiveness, loss of body condition, weakness, ataxia, and muscle fasciculations and were euthanized. Two of the positive EK211 steers received H-BSE US 2004 inoculum (Incubation Period (IP): 59.3 and 72.3 months) while the other positive steer received the E211K H-BSE inoculum (IP: 49.7 months). EIA confirmed that abundant misfolded protein (O.D. 2.57–4.0) in the brainstem, and IHC demonstrated PrPScthroughout the brain. All wild type recipient cattle and a single EK211 steer remained asymptomatic for the duration of the experiment (approximately 7 years post-inoculation) and no abnormal prion protein was detected in these cattle by EIA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. Cattle with the EK211 genotype are oronasally susceptible to small doses of the H-BSE agent from either EK211 or EE211 (wild type) donors. Wild-type EE211 cattle remained asymptomatic for the duration of the experiment with this small dose (0.1 g) of inoculum. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: US Department of Agriculture</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9467582/">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9467582/</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;">How in the hell do you make a complete recall of 27,694,240 lbs of feed that was manufactured from materials that may have been contaminated with mammalian protein, in one state, Michigan, 2006? Wonder how much was fed out?<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">______________________________</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
PRODUCT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
a) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish, Recall # V-100-6;
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">b) Performance Sheep Pell W/Decox/A/N, medicated,
net wt. 50 lbs, Recall # V-101-6;
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">c) Pro 40% Swine Conc Meal -- 50 lb, Recall # V-102-6;
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">d) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish Food Medicated,
Recall # V-103-6;
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">e) "Big Jim’s" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend,
Recall # V-104-6;
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">f) CO-OP 40% Hog Supplement Medicated Pelleted,
Tylosin 100 grams/ton, 50 lb. bag, Recall # V-105-6;
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">g) Pig Starter Pell II, 18% W/MCDX Medicated 282020,
Carbadox -- 0.0055%, Recall # V-106-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
h) CO-OP STARTER-GROWER CRUMBLES, Complete
Feed for Chickens from Hatch to 20 Weeks, Medicated,
Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate, 25 and 50 Lbs,
Recall # V-107-6;
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i) CO-OP LAYING PELLETS, Complete Feed for Laying
Chickens, Recall # 108-6;
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">j) CO-OP LAYING CRUMBLES, Recall # V-109-6;
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">k) CO-OP QUAIL FLIGHT CONDITIONER MEDICATED,
net wt 50 Lbs, Recall # V-110-6;
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">l) CO-OP QUAIL STARTER MEDICATED, Net Wt. 50 Lbs,
Recall # V-111-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
m) CO-OP QUAIL GROWER MEDICATED, 50 Lbs,
Recall # V-112-6</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
CODE
Product manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER
Alabama Farmers Cooperative, Inc., Decatur, AL, by telephone, fax, email and visit on June 9, 2006.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FDA initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
REASON
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Animal and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">125 tons</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
DISTRIBUTION
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">AL and FL </div><div style="outline: none !important;">______________________________</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
PRODUCT
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Bulk custom dairy feds manufactured from concentrates, Recall # V-113-6
CODE
All dairy feeds produced between 2/1/05 and 6/16/06 and containing H. J. Baker recalled feed products.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER
Vita Plus Corp., Gagetown, MI, by visit beginning on June 21, 2006.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Firm initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
REASON
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The feed was manufactured from materials that may have been contaminated with mammalian protein.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">27,694,240 lbs</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
DISTRIBUTION
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MI </div><div style="outline: none !important;">______________________________</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
PRODUCT
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Bulk custom made dairy feed, Recall # V-114-6</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
CODE
None</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER
Burkmann Feeds LLC, Glasgow, KY, by letter on July 14, 2006. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
REASON
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Custom made feeds contain ingredient called Pro-Lak, which may contain ruminant derived meat and bone meal.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
???</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
DISTRIBUTION
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">KY</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">###</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100120023832/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2006/ucm120413.htm">https://web.archive.org/web/20100120023832/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2006/ucm120413.htm</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE P01-05 January 30, 2001<span class="yiv5513631293ydp3451ec39yiv8051503129ydp462e0578yiv8334921158Apple-tab-span" style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Print Media: 301-827-6242 Broadcast Media: 301-827-3434 Consumer Inquiries: 888-INFO-FDA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FDA ANNOUNCES TEST RESULTS FROM TEXAS FEED LOT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Today the Food and Drug Administration announced the results of tests taken on feed used at a Texas feedlot that was suspected of containing meat and bone meal from other domestic cattle -- a violation of FDA's 1997 prohibition on using ruminant material in feed for other ruminants. Results indicate that a very low level of prohibited material was found in the feed fed to cattle.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FDA has determined that each animal could have consumed, at most and in total, five-and-one-half grams - approximately a quarter ounce -- of prohibited material. These animals weigh approximately 600 pounds.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It is important to note that the prohibited material was domestic in origin (therefore not likely to contain infected material because there is no evidence of BSE in U.S. cattle), fed at a very low level, and fed only once. The potential risk of BSE to such cattle is therefore exceedingly low, even if the feed were contaminated.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">According to Dr. Bernard Schwetz, FDA's Acting Principal Deputy Commissioner, "The challenge to regulators and industry is to keep this disease out of the United States. One important defense is to prohibit the use of any ruminant animal materials in feed for other ruminant animals. Combined with other steps, like U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) ban on the importation of live ruminant animals from affected countries, these steps represent a series of protections, to keep American cattle free of BSE."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Despite this negligible risk, Purina Mills, Inc., is nonetheless announcing that it is voluntarily purchasing all 1,222 of the animals held in Texas and mistakenly fed the animal feed containing the prohibited material. Therefore, meat from those animals will not enter the human food supply. FDA believes any cattle that did not consume feed containing the prohibited material are unaffected by this incident, and should be handled in the beef supply clearance process as usual.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FDA believes that Purina Mills has behaved responsibly by first reporting the human error that resulted in the misformulation of the animal feed supplement and then by working closely with State and Federal authorities.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This episode indicates that the multi-layered safeguard system put into place is essential for protecting the food supply and that continued vigilance needs to be taken, by all concerned, to ensure these rules are followed routinely.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FDA will continue working with USDA as well as State and local officials to ensure that companies and individuals comply with all laws and regulations designed to protect the U.S. food supply.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010413122520/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2001/NEW00752.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20010413122520/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2001/NEW00752.html</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SATURDAY, MAY 20, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Tennessee State Veterinarian Alerts Cattle Owners to Disease Detection Mad Cow atypical L-Type BSE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/05/tennessee-state-veterinarian-alerts.html">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/05/tennessee-state-veterinarian-alerts.html</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/123/tennessee-veterinarian-alerts-cattle-confirmed">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/123/tennessee-veterinarian-alerts-cattle-confirmed</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Wednesday, May 24, 2023 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, United States of America Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Immediate notification</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/5067">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/5067</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/125/wahis-woah-oie-immediate-notification">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/125/wahis-woah-oie-immediate-notification</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MAY 19, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/newsroom/stakeholder-info/sa_by_date/sa-2023/bse">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/newsroom/stakeholder-info/sa_by_date/sa-2023/bse</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2 weeks before the announcement of this recent mad cow case in the USA, i submitted this to the APHIS et al;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> APPRX. 2 weeks before the recent mad cow case was confirmed in the USA, in Tennessee, atypical L-Type BSE, I submitted this to the APHIS et al;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Document APHIS-2023-0027-0001 BSE Singeltary Comment Submission May 2, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''said 'burden' cost, will be a heavy burden to bear, if we fail with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion disease, that is why this information collection is so critical''...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">big outbreak of spontaneous mad cow disease evidently, around the same time, strange;<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 08, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ireland Atypical BSE confirmed November 3 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/11/ireland-atypical-bse-confirmed-november.html">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/11/ireland-atypical-bse-confirmed-november.html</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 14, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ireland Atypical BSE case, 3 progeny of case cow to be culled </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/11/ireland-atypical-bse-case-3-progeny-of.html">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/11/ireland-atypical-bse-case-3-progeny-of.html</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SUNDAY, JULY 16, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Switzerland Atypical BSE detected in a cow in the canton of St. Gallen </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/07/switzerland-atypical-bse-detected-in.html">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/07/switzerland-atypical-bse-detected-in.html</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, REPORT Switzerland Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical L-Type</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Switzerland Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical L-Type</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Switzerland - Bovine spongiform encephalopathy - Immediate notification</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4962">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4962</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2020/02/switzerland-oie-bovine-spongiform.html">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2020/02/switzerland-oie-bovine-spongiform.html</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Monday, March 20, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, REPORT United Kingdom Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical H-Type </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4977">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4977</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/single-case-of-atypical-bse-confirmed-on-a-farm-in-cornwall">https://www.gov.uk/government/news/single-case-of-atypical-bse-confirmed-on-a-farm-in-cornwall</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BRAZIL BSE START DATE 2023/01/18</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BRAZIL BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/22</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BRAZIL BSE END DATE 2023/03/03</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4918">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4918</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/06/brazil-reports-another-cases-of-mad-cow.html">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/06/brazil-reports-another-cases-of-mad-cow.html</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SPAIN BSE START DATE 2023/01/21</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SPAIN BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/03</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SPAIN BSE END DATE 2023/02/06</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4888">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4888</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/02/spain-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/02/spain-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;">NETHERLANDS BSE START DATE 2023/02/01</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">NETHERLANDS BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/01</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">NETHERLANDS BSE END DATE 2023/03/13</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4876">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4876</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/02/netherlands-bovine-spongiform.html">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/02/netherlands-bovine-spongiform.html</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PLEASE NOTE, USDA ET AL ONLY TESTING <25k CATTLE FOR MAD COW DISEASE, woefully inadequate, yet USDA just documented a case Atypical L-Type BSE, the most virulent strain to date...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Monday, May 22, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> BSE TSE Prion MAD COW TESTING IN THE USA COMPARED TO OTHER COUNTRIES? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2023/05/bse-tse-prion-mad-cow-testing-in-usa.html ">https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2023/05/bse-tse-prion-mad-cow-testing-in-usa.html </a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, DECEMBER 22, 2023</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The Mad Cow That Stole Christmas, 20 Years Later</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2023/12/the-mad-cow-that-stole-christmas-23.html">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2023/12/the-mad-cow-that-stole-christmas-23.html</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">USA 50 State Emergency BSE Conference Call 2001</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tseac.blogspot.com/2011/02/usa-50-state-bse-mad-cow-conference.html">https://tseac.blogspot.com/2011/02/usa-50-state-bse-mad-cow-conference.html</a><br /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Monday, November 13, 2023</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) Singeltary Another Request for Update 2023</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://fdabse589.blogspot.com/2023/11/food-and-drug-administrations-bse-feed.html">https://fdabse589.blogspot.com/2023/11/food-and-drug-administrations-bse-feed.html</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;">NOW, BE AWARE, OIE AND USDA HAVE NOW MADE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE AND ATYPICAL BSE A LEGAL TRADING COMMODITY, WITH NO REPORTING OF SAID ATYPICAL CASES, EXCEPT FOR A VOLUNTARY NOTE ON ANNUAL REPORT...i don't make this stuff up...terry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">cwd scrapie pigs oral routes </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. <*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">>*** Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health. <*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CONFIDENTIAL</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">LINE TO TAKE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3. If questions on pharmaceuticals are raised at the Press conference, the suggested line to take is as follows:- </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> "There are no medicinal products licensed for use on the market which make use of UK-derived porcine tissues with which any hypothetical “high risk" ‘might be associated. The results of the recent experimental work at the CSM will be carefully examined by the CSM‘s Working Group on spongiform encephalopathy at its next meeting.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DO Hagger RM 1533 MT Ext 3201</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">While this clearly is a cause for concern we should not jump to the conclusion that this means that pigs will necessarily be infected by bone and meat meal fed by the oral route as is the case with cattle. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">we cannot rule out the possibility that unrecognised subclinical spongiform encephalopathy could be present in British pigs though there is no evidence for this: only with parenteral/implantable pharmaceuticals/devices is the theoretical risk to humans of sufficient concern to consider any action.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">May I, at the outset, reiterate that we should avoid dissemination of papers relating to this experimental finding to prevent premature release of the information. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3. It is particularly important that this information is not passed outside the Department, until Ministers have decided how they wish it to be handled. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">But it would be easier for us if pharmaceuticals/devices are not directly mentioned at all. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our records show that while some use is made of porcine materials in medicinal products, the only products which would appear to be in a hypothetically ''higher risk'' area are the adrenocorticotrophic hormone for which the source material comes from outside the United Kingdom, namely America China Sweden France and Germany. The products are manufactured by Ferring and Armour. A further product, ''Zenoderm Corium implant'' manufactured by Ethicon, makes use of porcine skin - which is not considered to be a ''high risk'' tissue, but one of its uses is described in the data sheet as ''in dural replacement''. This product is sourced from the United Kingdom.....</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf ">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf </a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=361032">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=361032</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">============== </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2015 CONFERENCE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2016 TOKYO</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 1933-690X </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Tuesday, December 16, 2014 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Evidence for zoonotic potential of ovine scrapie prions </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Hervé Cassard,1, n1 Juan-Maria Torres,2, n1 Caroline Lacroux,1, Jean-Yves Douet,1, Sylvie L. Benestad,3, Frédéric Lantier,4, Séverine Lugan,1, Isabelle Lantier,4, Pierrette Costes,1, Naima Aron,1, Fabienne Reine,5, Laetitia Herzog,5, Juan-Carlos Espinosa,2, Vincent Beringue5, & Olivier Andréoletti1, Affiliations Contributions Corresponding author Journal name: Nature Communications </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Volume: 5, Article number: 5821 DOI: doi:10.1038/ncomms6821 Received 07 August 2014 Accepted 10 November 2014 Published 16 December 2014 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Although Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) is the cause of variant Creutzfeldt Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans, the zoonotic potential of scrapie prions remains unknown. Mice genetically engineered to overexpress the human prion protein (tgHu) have emerged as highly relevant models for gauging the capacity of prions to transmit to humans. These models can propagate human prions without any apparent transmission barrier and have been used used to confirm the zoonotic ability of BSE. Here we show that a panel of sheep scrapie prions transmit to several tgHu mice models with an efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***The serial transmission of different scrapie isolates in these mice led to the propagation of prions that are phenotypically identical to those causing sporadic CJD (sCJD) in humans. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject terms: Biological sciences• Medical research At a glance</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/141216/ncomms6821/full/ncomms6821.html">http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/141216/ncomms6821/full/ncomms6821.html</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">why do we not want to do TSE transmission studies on chimpanzees $ 5. A positive result from a chimpanzee challenged severly would likely create alarm in some circles even if the result could not be interpreted for man. I have a view that all these agents could be transmitted provided a large enough dose by appropriate routes was given and the animals kept long enough. Until the mechanisms of the species barrier are more clearly understood it might be best to retain that hypothesis. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... R. BRADLEY </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102222950/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102222950/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1: J Infect Dis 1980 Aug;142(2):205-8 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Oral transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie to nonhuman primates</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Amyx HL, Bacote A, Masters CL, Gajdusek DC. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease of humans and scrapie disease of sheep and goats were transmitted to squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) that were exposed to the infectious agents only by their nonforced consumption of known infectious tissues. The asymptomatic incubation period in the one monkey exposed to the virus of kuru was 36 months; that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease was 23 and 27 months, respectively; and that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of scrapie was 25 and 32 months, respectively. Careful physical examination of the buccal cavities of all of the monkeys failed to reveal signs or oral lesions. One additional monkey similarly exposed to kuru has remained asymptomatic during the 39 months that it has been under observation. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The successful transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie by natural feeding to squirrel monkeys that we have reported provides further grounds for concern that scrapie-infected meat may occasionally give rise in humans to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. PMID: 6997404</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Recently the question has again been brought up as to whether scrapie is transmissible to man. This has followed reports that the disease has been transmitted to primates. One particularly lurid speculation (Gajdusek 1977) conjectures that the agents of scrapie, kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and transmissible encephalopathy of mink are varieties of a single "virus". The U.S. Department of Agriculture concluded that it could "no longer justify or permit scrapie-blood line and scrapie-exposed sheep and goats to be processed for human or animal food at slaughter or rendering plants" (ARC 84/77)" The problem is emphasised by the finding that some strains of scrapie produce lesions identical to the once which characterise the human dementias" Whether true or not. the hypothesis that these agents might be transmissible to man raises two considerations. First, the safety of laboratory personnel requires prompt attention. Second, action such as the "scorched meat" policy of USDA makes the solution of the acrapie problem urgent if the sheep industry is not to suffer grievously. snip... 76/10.12/4.6 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Nature. 1972 Mar 10;236(5341):73-4. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of scrapie to the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Gajdusek DC. Nature 236, 73 - 74 (10 March 1972); doi:10.1038/236073a0 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of Scrapie to the Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis) </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">C. J. GIBBS jun. & D. C. GAJDUSEK National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SCRAPIE has been transmitted to the cynomolgus, or crab-eating, monkey (Macaca fascicularis) with an incubation period of more than 5 yr from the time of intracerebral inoculation of scrapie-infected mouse brain. The animal developed a chronic central nervous system degeneration, with ataxia, tremor and myoclonus with associated severe scrapie-like pathology of intensive astroglial hypertrophy and proliferation, neuronal vacuolation and status spongiosus of grey matter. The strain of scrapie virus used was the eighth passage in Swiss mice (NIH) of a Compton strain of scrapie obtained as ninth intracerebral passage of the agent in goat brain, from Dr R. L. Chandler (ARC, Compton, Berkshire).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2010/04/scrapie-and-atypical-scrapie.html">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2010/04/scrapie-and-atypical-scrapie.html</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://nor-98.blogspot.com/">http://nor-98.blogspot.com/</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Detection of classical BSE prions in asymptomatic cows after inoculation with atypical/Nor98 scrapie</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">* Marina Betancor, Belén Marín, Alicia Otero, Carlos Hedman, Antonio Romero, Tomás Barrio, Eloisa Sevilla, Jean-Yves Douet, Alvina Huor, Juan José Badiola, Olivier Andréoletti & Rosa Bolea * Veterinary Research volume 54, Article number: 89 (2023)
Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The emergence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) prions from atypical scrapie has been recently observed upon experimental transmission to rodent and swine models. This study aimed to assess whether the inoculation of atypical scrapie could induce BSE-like disease in cattle. Four calves were intracerebrally challenged with atypical scrapie. Animals were euthanized without clinical signs of prion disease and tested negative for PrPSc accumulation by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. However, an emergence of BSE-like prion seeding activity was detected during in vitro propagation of brain samples from the inoculated animals. These findings suggest that atypical scrapie may represent a potential source of BSE infection in cattle.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Further in vivo experiments challenging different mouse lines have been started in order to confirm the infectivity of the PMCA products obtained in this study. However, in conclusion, our findings show that the propagation of atypical scrapie in cattle leads to the emergence of BSE-like seeding activity. This is a concerning issue with far-reaching implications for public health and food safety. The possibility of interspecies transmission of prion diseases and the emergence of new prion strains highlight the critical need for continued surveillance and monitoring of these diseases in both animal and human populations. Early detection of prion diseases is crucial, and highly sensitive detection techniques such as PMCA can play an important role in this regard.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-023-01225-2">https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-023-01225-2</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Project: Elucidating the Pathobiology and Transmission of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: Disease phenotype of classical sheep scrapie is changed upon experimental passage through white-tailed deer</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author item Kokemuller, Robyn item MOORE, S.JO - Oak Ridge Institute For Science And Education (ORISE) item Bian, Jifeng item WEST GREENLEE, HEATHER - Iowa State University item Greenlee, Justin</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Submitted to: PLoS Pathogens Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 11/9/2023 Publication Date: 12/4/2023 Citation: Kokemuller, R., Moore, S., Bian, J., West Greenlee, H.M., Greenlee, J.J. 2023. Disease phenotype of classical sheep scrapie is changed upon experimental passage through white-tailed deer. PLoS Pathogens. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1011815. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1011815 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Interpretive Summary: Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are a group of fatal diseases caused by the accumulation of misfolded prion protein in the brain. Ruminant species such as sheep, deer, and elk can get prion diseases. In sheep the disease is called scrapie. In deer and elk, the disease is called chronic wasting disease (CWD). The source of CWD is unknown, but one possibility is that scrapie jumped from sheep to deer. When we experimentally exposed white-tailed deer to the sheep scrapie agent, all deer developed scrapie. The purpose of the current experiment was to determine if sheep can get scrapie derived from white-tailed deer. Some sheep developed scrapie after oronasal exposure to the scrapie agent from white-tailed deer. Passage through white-tailed deer results in a scrapie isolate with different strain properties than the original inoculum. The detection of new strain properties was an unexpected result that will be the subject of further studies. These results indicate that sheep could be susceptible to the scrapie agent after passage through deer if exposed to the agent in natural or agricultural settings, which could be a confounding factor to the scrapie eradication program. National and state regulatory and wildlife officials should consider this information when developing plans to reduce or eliminate TSEs.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Technical Abstract: Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) agents have strain variations that influence disease phenotype and may affect the potential for interspecies transmission. Since deer and sheep may use the same grazing land, it is important to understand the potential transmission of TSEs between these species. The US scrapie isolate (No.13-7) had a 100% attack rate in white-tailed deer after oronasal challenge. The purpose of this study was to determine if sheep are susceptible to oronasal challenge with the scrapie agent from white-tailed deer. Suffolk lambs of various prion protein genotypes were challenged by the oronasal route with a 10% brain homogenate from scrapie-affected white-tailed deer. Sheep were euthanized and necropsied upon development of clinical signs or at the end of the experiment (72 months post-inoculation). Tissues were tested for PrPSc by enzyme immunoassay, western blot, and immunohistochemistry. The first sheep (2/2) to develop clinical signs at approximately 29 months post-inoculation (MPI) had the VRQ/VRQ genotype. One of the two sheep with the ARQ/ARQ genotype also developed clinical signs at 48 MPI. This is in contrast to the original No.13-7 inoculum that has a faster incubation period in sheep with the ARQ/ARQ genotype compared to sheep of the VRQ/VRQ genotype. The shorter incubation period in VRQ/VRQ sheep than ARQ/ARQ sheep after passage through deer indicates a phenotype change. This is important because scrapie infected deer could transmit disease to sheep resulting in new scrapie strain properties. This work raises the concern that scrapie infected deer could serve as a confounding factor to scrapie eradication programs as the scrapie agent from deer is transmissible to sheep by the oronasal route.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=405929" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=405929</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Project: Elucidating the Pathobiology and Transmission of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: The chronic wasting disease agent from white-tailed deer is highly infectious to humanized mice after passage through raccoons</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author item Cassmann, Eric item QI, XU - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item KONG, QINGZHONG - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item Greenlee, Justin</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Submitted to: Meeting Abstract Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 3/15/2023 Publication Date: 5/30/2023 Citation: Cassmann, E.D., Qi, X., Kong, Q., Greenlee, J.J. 2023. The chronic wasting disease agent from white-tailed deer is highly infectious to humanized mice after passage through raccoons (abstract). Meeting Abstract. 4th International Chronic Wasting Disease Symposium, May 30-June 3, 2023, Denver, Colorado. Interpretive Summary:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Technical Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the zoonotic potential of the raccoon passaged chronic wasting disease (CWD) agent in humanized transgenic mice in comparison with the North American CWD agent from the original white-tailed deer (WTD) host. Pooled brain (GG96) from CWD positive deer was used to intracranially inoculate two WTD and one raccoon. Brain homogenates (10% w/v) from the raccoon and the WTD were used to intracranially inoculate transgenic mice (Tg40h) expressing the methionine 109 human prion protein. Brains and spleens were collected from mice at experimental endpoints of clinical disease or approximately 700 days post-inoculation. Tissues were divided and homogenized or fixed in 10% buffered neutral formalin. Immunohistochemistry, enzyme immunoassay, and western blot were used to detect misfolded prion protein (PrPSc) in tissue. Tg40h mice inoculated with the raccoon passaged CWD agent from WTD exhibited a 100% (12/12) attack rate with an average incubation period of 605 days. PrPSc was detected in brain tissue by enzyme immunoassay with an average optical density of 3.6/4.0 for positive brains. PrPSc also was detected in brain tissue by western blot and immunohistochemistry. No PrPSc was detected in the spleens of mice inoculated with the raccoon passaged CWD agent. Humanized mice inoculated with the CWD agent from WTD did not have detectable PrPSc using conventional immunoassay techniques. These results demonstrated that the host range of the CWD agent from WTD was expanded in our experimental model after one passage through raccoons.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=400777" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=400777</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">2023</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">OIE Conclusions on transmissibility of atypical BSE among cattle</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Given that cattle have been successfully infected by the oral route, at least for L-BSE, it is reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle are exposed to contaminated feed. In addition, based on reports of atypical BSE from several countries that have not had C-BSE, it appears likely that atypical BSE would arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence in old cattle. In the presence of livestock industry practices that would allow it to be recycled in the cattle feed chain, it is likely that some level of exposure and transmission may occur. As a result, since atypical BSE can be reasonably considered to pose a potential background level of risk for any country with cattle, the recycling of both classical and atypical strains in the cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Annex 7 (contd) AHG on BSE risk assessment and surveillance/March 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">34 Scientific Commission/September 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3. Atypical BSE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Group discussed and endorsed with minor revisions an overview of relevant literature on the risk of atypical BSE being recycled in a cattle population and its zoonotic potential that had been prepared ahead of the meeting by one expert from the Group. This overview is provided as Appendix IV and its main conclusions are outlined below. With regard to the risk of recycling of atypical BSE, recently published research confirmed that the L-type BSE prion (a type of atypical BSE prion) may be orally transmitted to calves1 . In light of this evidence, and the likelihood that atypical BSE could arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence, the Group was of the opinion that it would be reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle were to be exposed to contaminated feed. Therefore, the recycling of atypical strains in cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">4. Definitions of meat-and-bone meal (MBM) and greaves</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf</a></div></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 28, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">EFSA TSE Report 2022 First published 28 November 2023 The European Union summary report on surveillance for the presence of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) in 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2023/11/efsa-tse-report-2022-first-published-28.html">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2023/11/efsa-tse-report-2022-first-published-28.html</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">THURSDAY, DECEMBER 7, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Cervid Update By State December 2023 (Long Version) </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(Short Version) </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion_7.html">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion_7.html</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">CAMEL PRION DISEASE LIKELY FROM FEED;</div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Friday, May 12, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Camel prion disease, a new emerging disease in North Africa, Lymphoid Tropism, Neuropathological Characterization Update 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">11th Iberian Congress on Prions Barcelona 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://prioncongressbcn.ppmclab.com/book_abstracts_v4.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://prioncongressbcn.ppmclab.com/book_abstracts_v4.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2023/05/camel-prion-disease-new-emerging.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2023/05/camel-prion-disease-new-emerging.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A Camelid Anti-PrP Antibody Abrogates PrPSc Replication in Prion-Permissive Neuroblastoma Cell Lines</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Daryl Rhys Jones,William Alexander Taylor,Clive Bate,Monique David,Mourad Tayebi </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published: March 22, 2010</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009804" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009804</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0009804" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0009804</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15 Apr 2018 23:13 GMT MOST RECENT </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion Disease in Dromedary Camels, Algeria </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Posted by flounder on 15 Apr 2018 at 23:13 GMT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/fea97a95-2600-42a6-b289-0f490896a3aa" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/fea97a95-2600-42a6-b289-0f490896a3aa</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comments?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0009804" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comments?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0009804</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/6/17-2007_article" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/6/17-2007_article</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 05, 2024</div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;">Mad Cow Scaremongers, The Center For Consumer Freedom Team, Terry Singeltary Sr Revisited 2024</div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2024/02/mad-cow-scaremongers-center-for.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2024/02/mad-cow-scaremongers-center-for.html</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Professor John Collinge on tackling prion diseases, sCJD accounts for around 1 in 5000 deaths worldwide</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 11, 2023 </div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Professor John Collinge on tackling prion diseases </div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">“The best-known human prion disease is sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), a rapidly progressive dementia which accounts for around 1 in 5000 deaths worldwide.”</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">There is accumulating evidence also for iatrogenic AD. Understanding prion biology, and in particular how propagation of prions leads to neurodegeneration, is therefore of central research importance in medicine.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/brain-sciences/dementia-ucl-priority/professor-john-collinge-tackling-prion-diseases">https://www.ucl.ac.uk/brain-sciences/dementia-ucl-priority/professor-john-collinge-tackling-prion-diseases</a><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html</a><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">MONDAY, DECEMBER 18, 2023 </div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Change in Epidemiology of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in the US, 2007-2020 </div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/change-in-epidemiology-of-creutzfeldt.html">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/change-in-epidemiology-of-creutzfeldt.html</a><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, DECEMBER 12, 2023 </div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE TSE PRION DISEASE UPDATE USA DECEMBER 2023 </div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-tse-prion.html">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-tse-prion.html</a><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">SUNDAY, NOVEMBER 26, 2023 </div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The role of environmental factors on sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease mortality: evidence from an age-period-cohort analysis</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/11/the-role-of-environmental-factors-on.html">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/11/the-role-of-environmental-factors-on.html</a><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">22 years ago;</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">2001 Singeltary on CJD</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">February 14, 2001</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary, Sr</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Author Affiliations</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">JAMA. 2001;285(6):733-734. doi:10-1001/pubs.JAMA-ISSN-0098-7484-285-6-jlt0214 </div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">To the Editor: In their Research Letter, Dr Gibbons and colleagues1 reported that the annual US death rate due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has been stable since 1985. These estimates, however, are based only on reported cases, and do not include misdiagnosed or preclinical cases. It seems to me that misdiagnosis alone would drastically change these figures. An unknown number of persons with a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in fact may have CJD, although only a small number of these patients receive the postmortem examination necessary to make this diagnosis. Furthermore, only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies should be reportable nationwide and internationally.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1031186">https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1031186</a><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html</a><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: arial;">MONDAY, JANUARY 29, 202</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Iatrogenic Alzheimer’s disease in recipients of cadaveric pituitary-derived growth hormone</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: arial;">''The clinical syndrome developed by these individuals can, therefore, be termed iatrogenic Alzheimer’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease should now be recognized as a potentially transmissible disorder.''</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://betaamyloidcjd.blogspot.com/2024/01/iatrogenic-alzheimers-disease-in.html">https://betaamyloidcjd.blogspot.com/2024/01/iatrogenic-alzheimers-disease-in.html</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Monday, January 29, 2024</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: arial;">iatrogenic Alzheimer’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease should now be recognized as a potentially transmissible disorder</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Iatrogenic Alzheimer’s disease in recipients of cadaveric pituitary-derived growth hormone</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2024/01/iatrogenic-alzheimers-disease.html">https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2024/01/iatrogenic-alzheimers-disease.html</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><span style="font-family: New;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</span></div></div></div></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37946824.post-58761932501461314512024-02-16T15:49:00.004-06:002024-02-16T15:49:54.622-06:00Texas TPWD CWD TSE Prion Positives Jump To 637 Confirmed Cases To Date<p>Texas TPWD CWD TSE Prion Positives Jump To 637 Confirmed Cases To Date</p><div style="outline: none !important;">Listing of CWD Cases in Texas</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Show 25</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Positive Number<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>CWD Positive Confirmation Date<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Free Range Captive<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>County<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Source<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Species<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Sex<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Age</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">637<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2024-02-09<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Hunt<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Facility #9<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>M<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2.6</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">636<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2024-02-09<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Hunt<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Facility #9<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>M<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>1.5</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">635<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2024-02-09<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Hunt<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Facility #9<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>F<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>4.6</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">634<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2024-02-12<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Hunt<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Facility #9<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>M<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>3.5</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">633<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2024-01-31<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Hunt<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Facility #9<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>M<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>3.5</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">632<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2024-01-31<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Hunt<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Facility #9<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>M<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2.5</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">631<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2024-01-31<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Hunt<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Facility #9<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>F<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>4.5</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">630<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2024-01-31<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Gillespie<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Facility #14<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>M<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2.5</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">629<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2024-02-09<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Hunt<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>N/A<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer - Breeder Release Site<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>F<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>3.5</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">628<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2024-01-31<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Hunt<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>N/A<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer - Breeder Release Site<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>F<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>3.5</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">627<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2024-01-31<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Kaufman<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>N/A<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer - Breeder Release Site<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>M<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>5.5</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">626<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2024-01-31<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Hunt<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>N/A<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer - Breeder Release Site<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>F<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>1.5</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">625<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2024-01-18<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Medina<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Facility #4<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer - Breeder Release Site<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>M<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>8.5</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">624<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2024-01-18<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Medina<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>N/A<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer - Free Range<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>F<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>3.5</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">623<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2024-01-04<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Zavala<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Facility #23<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>M<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>1.5</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">622<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2024-01-04<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Hunt<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Facility #9<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>F<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2.5</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">621<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2024-01-04<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Hunt<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Facility #9<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>M<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>5.5</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">620<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2024-01-04<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Hunt<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Facility #9<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>F<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>3.5</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">619<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2024-01-04<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Hunt<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Facility #9<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>M<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2.5</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">618<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2024-01-02<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Frio<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Facility #21<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>M<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2.5</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">617<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2024-01-03<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Frio<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Facility #24<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>F<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2.5</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">616<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2024-01-03<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Hunt<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Facility #9<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>M<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2.5</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">615<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2024-01-03<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Kimble<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Facility #26<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>F<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>5.5</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">614<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>2024-01-03<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Hunt<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Facility #9<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>F<span style="outline: none !important;"> </span>4.5</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Showing 1 to 24 of 637</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*CWD Positive Confirmation Dates marked with * are dates confirmed by Texas A&M Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory rather than the National Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">*CWD Positive Confirmation Dates marked with * are dates confirmed by Texas A&M Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory rather than the National Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory.</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/positive-cases/listing-cwd-cases-texas.phtml#texasCWD" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/positive-cases/listing-cwd-cases-texas.phtml#texasCWD</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">TPWD Chronic Wasting Disease Surveillance Weekly Update February 05, 2024 CWD Confirmed to Date 628 Positive</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease Surveillance Weekly Update</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">February 05, 2024</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD surveillance efforts have been under way since March 1, 2023. Statewide CWD sampling goals for the 2023-2024 collection year are to collect approximately 7,982 samples, and all samples within the CWD designated zones. Wildlife Division staff are collecting CWD samples from a variety of locations which include, road kill deer, locker plants and deer processors, private ranches, WMA and State Parks, and check stations. The first sample reported for this season was collected on March 1, 2023 and was a road kill deer. Exotic species which have been sampled include axis deer, red deer, sika, sambar and elk. A total of 14,753 CWD samples have been collected to date which is approximately 184.83% of the statewide goal of 7,982 samples. Summary of current results are listed below along with maps illustrating distribution of CWD samples.</div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5MsoNormal" style="margin: 9.4pt 0in 0.0001pt 5.5pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 16pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none !important;">SUMMARY</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5MsoBodyText" style="margin: 17.75pt 0in 0.0001pt 5.5pt; outline: none !important;"><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; outline: none !important;">Table</span><span style="color: #333333; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; outline: none !important;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; outline: none !important;">1.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none !important;"> </span></span></b><span style="color: #333333; outline: none !important;">CWD<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt; outline: none !important;"> </span>sample<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none !important;"> </span>totals<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; outline: none !important;"> </span>by<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; outline: none !important;"> </span>species<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; outline: none !important;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none !important;"> </span>deer<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none !important;"> sex.</span></span></p><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.5pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; outline: none !important;"> </span></p><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 5.85pt; outline: none !important;"><tbody style="outline: none !important;"><tr style="min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none !important;"><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 148.15pt;" valign="top" width="198"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 0.15pt 0.0001pt 8.6pt; outline: none !important;"><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;">Species</span></b><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 103.45pt;" valign="top" width="138"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 7.8pt; outline: none !important;"><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;">Doe/Cow</span></b><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 98.5pt;" valign="top" width="131"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 0.25pt 0.0001pt 0.05pt; outline: none !important;"><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;">Buck/Bull</span></b><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 94.6pt;" valign="top" width="126"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 0.1pt 0.0001pt 3.95pt; outline: none !important;"><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;">Unknown</span></b><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 74.95pt;" valign="top" width="100"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 3.7pt; outline: none !important;"><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;">Total</span></b><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></b></p></td></tr><tr style="min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none !important;"><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 148.15pt;" valign="top" width="198"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0.05pt 0.0001pt 8.6pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">Elk</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 103.45pt;" valign="top" width="138"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0.1pt 0.0001pt 7.8pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none !important;">6</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 98.5pt;" valign="top" width="131"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0.25pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">16</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 94.6pt;" valign="top" width="126"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0in 0.0001pt 3.95pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none !important;">1</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 74.95pt;" valign="top" width="100"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0.05pt 0.0001pt 3.7pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">23</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td></tr><tr style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important;"><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 148.15pt;" valign="top" width="198"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 0.6pt 0.25pt 0.0001pt 8.6pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none !important;">Exotic</span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none !important;">Deer</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 103.45pt;" valign="top" width="138"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 0.6pt 0.1pt 0.0001pt 7.8pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">94</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 98.5pt;" valign="top" width="131"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-right: 0.25pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">104</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 94.6pt;" valign="top" width="126"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 3.95pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none !important;">1</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 74.95pt;" valign="top" width="100"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 0.6pt 0.05pt 0.0001pt 3.7pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">199</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td></tr><tr style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important;"><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 148.15pt;" valign="top" width="198"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 0.6pt 0.25pt 0.0001pt 8.6pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none !important;">Mule</span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none !important;"> Deer</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 103.45pt;" valign="top" width="138"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 0.6pt 0.1pt 0.0001pt 7.8pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">63</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 98.5pt;" valign="top" width="131"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-right: 0.25pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">536</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 94.6pt;" valign="top" width="126"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 3.95pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none !important;">9</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 74.95pt;" valign="top" width="100"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 0.6pt 0.05pt 0.0001pt 3.7pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">608</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td></tr><tr style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none !important;"><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 148.15pt;" valign="top" width="198"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 0.6pt 0.25pt 0.0001pt 8.6pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;">White-tailed</span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; outline: none !important;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none !important;">Deer</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 103.45pt;" valign="top" width="138"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 0.6pt 0.1pt 0.0001pt 7.8pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;">5,673</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 98.5pt;" valign="top" width="131"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-right: 0.25pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;">7,950</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 94.6pt;" valign="top" width="126"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 3.95pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">300</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 74.95pt;" valign="top" width="100"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 0.6pt 0.05pt 0.0001pt 3.7pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;">13,923</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td></tr><tr style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important;"><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 148.15pt;" valign="top" width="198"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0in 0.0001pt 8.6pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;">Grand</span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;">Total</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 103.45pt;" valign="top" width="138"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0.1pt 0.0001pt 7.8pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;">5,836</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 98.5pt;" valign="top" width="131"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0.25pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;">8,606</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 94.6pt;" valign="top" width="126"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0in 0.0001pt 3.95pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">311</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 74.95pt;" valign="top" width="100"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0.05pt 0.0001pt 3.7pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;">14,753</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br style="outline: none !important;" /><br style="outline: none !important;" /><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 17.6px; margin: 0.05pt 7.05pt 0.0001pt 5.5pt; outline: none !important;"><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; outline: none !important;">Table</span><span style="color: #333333; outline: none !important;"> 2.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;"> </span></span></b><span style="color: #333333; outline: none !important;">CWD<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; outline: none !important;"> </span>sample<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;"> </span>totals<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none !important;"> </span>by<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none !important;"> </span>species<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none !important;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;"> </span>deer and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;"> </span>type<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;"> </span>mortality.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;"> </span>“Other Mortality” includes<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none !important;"> </span>sick<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none !important;"> </span>deer,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;"> </span>poached<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;"> </span>deer,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;"> </span>deer collected </span><span style="color: #333333; outline: none !important;">for<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt; outline: none !important;"> </span>training<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt; outline: none !important;"> </span>or<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt; outline: none !important;"> </span>research.</span></p><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5MsoBodyText" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 7.5pt; outline: none !important;"> </span></p><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 5.85pt; outline: none !important;"><tbody style="outline: none !important;"><tr style="min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none !important;"><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 108.25pt;" valign="top" width="144"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 0.1pt 0.0001pt 5.25pt; outline: none !important;"><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;">Species</span></b><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 67.55pt;" valign="top" width="90"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.4pt; outline: none !important;"><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;">Clinical</span></b><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 99.85pt;" valign="top" width="133"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 0.15pt 0.0001pt 1.05pt; outline: none !important;"><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;">Hunter</span></b><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.75pt; outline: none !important;"> </span></b><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;">Harvest</span></b><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 54.85pt;" valign="top" width="73"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 0.2pt 0.0001pt 4.15pt; outline: none !important;"><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;">Other</span></b><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 66.6pt;" valign="top" width="89"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 1.9pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none !important;"><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;">Road</span></b><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none !important;"> Kill</span></b><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 69.1pt;" valign="top" width="92"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 0.15pt 0.0001pt 1.5pt; outline: none !important;"><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;">Unknown</span></b><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 53.5pt;" valign="top" width="71"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1.95pt; outline: none !important;"><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;">Total</span></b><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></b></p></td></tr><tr style="min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none !important;"><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 108.25pt;" valign="top" width="144"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0in 0.0001pt 5.25pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">Elk</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 67.55pt;" valign="top" width="90"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0in 0.0001pt 0.4pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none !important;">0</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 99.85pt;" valign="top" width="133"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0in 0.0001pt 1.05pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">22</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 54.85pt;" valign="top" width="73"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0in 0.0001pt 4.15pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none !important;">0</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 66.6pt;" valign="top" width="89"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 1.9pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none !important;">1</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 69.1pt;" valign="top" width="92"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0in 0.0001pt 1.5pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none !important;">0</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 53.5pt;" valign="top" width="71"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0in 0.0001pt 1.95pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">23</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td></tr><tr style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important;"><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 108.25pt;" valign="top" width="144"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 0.6pt 0.25pt 0.0001pt 5.25pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none !important;">Exotic</span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none !important;">Deer</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 67.55pt;" valign="top" width="90"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.4pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none !important;">0</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 99.85pt;" valign="top" width="133"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 1.05pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">148</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 54.85pt;" valign="top" width="73"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 4.15pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none !important;">2</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 66.6pt;" valign="top" width="89"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-right: 1.9pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">49</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 69.1pt;" valign="top" width="92"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none !important;">0</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 53.5pt;" valign="top" width="71"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 1.95pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">199</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td></tr><tr style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important;"><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 108.25pt;" valign="top" width="144"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 0.6pt 0.25pt 0.0001pt 5.25pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none !important;">Mule</span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none !important;"> Deer</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 67.55pt;" valign="top" width="90"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.4pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none !important;">7</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 99.85pt;" valign="top" width="133"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 1.05pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">512</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 54.85pt;" valign="top" width="73"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 4.15pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">22</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 66.6pt;" valign="top" width="89"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-right: 1.9pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">66</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 69.1pt;" valign="top" width="92"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none !important;">1</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 53.5pt;" valign="top" width="71"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 1.95pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">608</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td></tr><tr style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none !important;"><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 108.25pt;" valign="top" width="144"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 0.6pt 0.25pt 0.0001pt 5.25pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;">White-tailed</span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; outline: none !important;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none !important;">Deer</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 67.55pt;" valign="top" width="90"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.4pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">50</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 99.85pt;" valign="top" width="133"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 1.05pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;">11,096</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 54.85pt;" valign="top" width="73"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 4.15pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">186</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 66.6pt;" valign="top" width="89"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-right: 1.9pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;">2,588</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 69.1pt;" valign="top" width="92"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none !important;">3</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 53.5pt;" valign="top" width="71"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 1.95pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;">13,923</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td></tr><tr style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important;"><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 108.25pt;" valign="top" width="144"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0in 0.0001pt 5.25pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;">Grand</span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;">Total</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 67.55pt;" valign="top" width="90"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0in 0.0001pt 0.4pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">57</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 99.85pt;" valign="top" width="133"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0in 0.0001pt 1.05pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;">11,778</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 54.85pt;" valign="top" width="73"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0in 0.0001pt 4.15pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">210</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 66.6pt;" valign="top" width="89"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 1.9pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;">2,704</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 69.1pt;" valign="top" width="92"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0in 0.0001pt 1.5pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none !important;">4</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 53.5pt;" valign="top" width="71"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0in 0.0001pt 1.95pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;">14,753</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5MsoBodyText" style="outline: none !important;"> </p><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0.05pt 0in 0.0001pt 5.5pt; outline: none !important;"><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; outline: none !important;">Table</span><span style="color: #333333; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; outline: none !important;">3.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;"> </span></span></b><span style="color: #333333; outline: none !important;">CWD<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt; outline: none !important;"> </span>sample<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;"> </span>totals<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt; outline: none !important;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;"> </span>white-tailed<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;"> </span>deer<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt; outline: none !important;"> </span>by<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt; outline: none !important;"> </span>sex<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt; outline: none !important;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;"> </span>age<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;">class.</span></span></p><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0.5pt 0in 0.05pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; outline: none !important;"> </span></p><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 5.85pt; outline: none !important;"><tbody style="outline: none !important;"><tr style="min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none !important;"><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 109.25pt;" valign="top" width="146"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 1.05pt 0.0001pt 7.95pt; outline: none !important;"><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;">White-tailed</span></b><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: 1.2pt; outline: none !important;"> </span></b><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none !important;">Deer</span></b><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 37.5pt;" valign="top" width="50"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 6.2pt; outline: none !important;"><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">0.5</span></b><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 39.35pt;" valign="top" width="52"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 0.85pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none !important;"><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">1.5</span></b><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 40.25pt;" valign="top" width="54"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 0.05pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none !important;"><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">2.5</span></b><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 40.4pt;" valign="top" width="54"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 0.25pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none !important;"><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">3.5</span></b><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 40.7pt;" valign="top" width="54"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 0.35pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none !important;"><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">4.5</span></b><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 40.85pt;" valign="top" width="54"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 0.25pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none !important;"><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">5.5</span></b><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 39.95pt;" valign="top" width="53"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.4pt; outline: none !important;"><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">6.5</span></b><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 31.25pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.05pt; outline: none !important;"><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">7.5</span></b><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 36.3pt;" valign="top" width="48"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 3.75pt 0.0001pt 0.25pt; outline: none !important;"><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none !important;">8.5+</span></b><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 64.3pt;" valign="top" width="86"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 3.65pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none !important;"><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;">Unknown</span></b><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></b></p></td></tr><tr style="min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none !important;"><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 109.25pt;" valign="top" width="146"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0in 0.0001pt 7.95pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;">Doe/Cow</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 37.5pt;" valign="top" width="50"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0in 0.0001pt 6.2pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">216</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 39.35pt;" valign="top" width="52"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0.85pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">624</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 40.25pt;" valign="top" width="54"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0.05pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">964</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 40.4pt;" valign="top" width="54"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0.25pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;">1,276</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 40.7pt;" valign="top" width="54"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0.35pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">957</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 40.85pt;" valign="top" width="54"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0.25pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">672</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 39.95pt;" valign="top" width="53"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0in 0.0001pt 0.4pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">465</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 31.25pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0in 0.0001pt 0.05pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">216</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 36.3pt;" valign="top" width="48"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 3.75pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">154</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 64.3pt;" valign="top" width="86"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 3.65pt 0.0001pt 0.1pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">129</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td></tr><tr style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important;"><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 109.25pt;" valign="top" width="146"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 0.6pt 0.7pt 0.0001pt 7.95pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;">Buck/Bull</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 37.5pt;" valign="top" width="50"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 6.2pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">183</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 39.35pt;" valign="top" width="52"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-right: 0.85pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;">1,040</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 40.25pt;" valign="top" width="54"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-right: 0.05pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;">1,197</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 40.4pt;" valign="top" width="54"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-right: 0.25pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;">1,809</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 40.7pt;" valign="top" width="54"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-right: 0.35pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;">1,602</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 40.85pt;" valign="top" width="54"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-right: 0.25pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;">1,063</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 39.95pt;" valign="top" width="53"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.4pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">521</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 31.25pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.05pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">219</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 36.3pt;" valign="top" width="48"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-right: 3.75pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">110</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 64.3pt;" valign="top" width="86"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 0.6pt 3.65pt 0.0001pt 0.1pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">206</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td></tr><tr style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none !important;"><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 109.25pt;" valign="top" width="146"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 0.6pt 0.8pt 0.0001pt 7.95pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none !important;">Sex</span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.45pt; outline: none !important;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;">Unknown</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 37.5pt;" valign="top" width="50"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 6.2pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none !important;">9</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 39.35pt;" valign="top" width="52"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-right: 0.85pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">28</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 40.25pt;" valign="top" width="54"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-right: 0.05pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">15</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 40.4pt;" valign="top" width="54"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-right: 0.25pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">24</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 40.7pt;" valign="top" width="54"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-right: 0.35pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">25</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 40.85pt;" valign="top" width="54"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-right: 0.25pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">26</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 39.95pt;" valign="top" width="53"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.4pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">19</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 31.25pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.05pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none !important;">6</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 36.3pt;" valign="top" width="48"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-right: 3.75pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none !important;">1</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 64.3pt;" valign="top" width="86"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 0.6pt 3.65pt 0.0001pt 0.1pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">147</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td></tr><tr style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important;"><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 109.25pt;" valign="top" width="146"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0.7pt 0.0001pt 7.95pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;">Grand</span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;">Total</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 37.5pt;" valign="top" width="50"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0in 0.0001pt 6.2pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">408</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 39.35pt;" valign="top" width="52"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0.85pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;">1,692</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 40.25pt;" valign="top" width="54"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0.05pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;">2,176</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 40.4pt;" valign="top" width="54"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0.25pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;">3,109</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 40.7pt;" valign="top" width="54"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0.35pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;">2,584</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 40.85pt;" valign="top" width="54"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0.25pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;">1,761</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 39.95pt;" valign="top" width="53"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0in 0.0001pt 0.4pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;">1,005</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 31.25pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0in 0.0001pt 0.05pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">441</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 36.3pt;" valign="top" width="48"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 3.75pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">265</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 64.3pt;" valign="top" width="86"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 3.65pt 0.0001pt 0.1pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">482</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5MsoBodyText" style="outline: none !important;"> </p><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0.05pt 0in 0.0001pt 5.5pt; outline: none !important;"><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; outline: none !important;">Table</span><span style="color: #333333; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; outline: none !important;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; outline: none !important;">4.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none !important;"> </span></span></b><span style="color: #333333; outline: none !important;">CWD<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt; outline: none !important;"> </span>sample<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none !important;"> </span>totals<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; outline: none !important;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;"> </span>mule<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none !important;"> </span>deer<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;"> </span>by<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; outline: none !important;"> </span>sex<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt; outline: none !important;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none !important;"> </span>age<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none !important;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;">class.</span></span></p><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.5pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; outline: none !important;"> </span></p><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 5.85pt; outline: none !important;"><tbody style="outline: none !important;"><tr style="min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none !important;"><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 97.65pt;" valign="top" width="130"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 1.05pt 0.0001pt 9.35pt; outline: none !important;"><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;">Mule</span></b><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: 1.1pt; outline: none !important;"> </span></b><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none !important;">Deer</span></b><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="56"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 8.55pt; outline: none !important;"><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">0.5</span></b><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 33.6pt;" valign="top" width="45"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.05pt; outline: none !important;"><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">1.5</span></b><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 34.2pt;" valign="top" width="46"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 0.4pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none !important;"><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">2.5</span></b><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 2.2pt 0.0001pt 1.85pt; outline: none !important;"><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">3.5</span></b><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 38.4pt;" valign="top" width="51"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.1pt; outline: none !important;"><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">4.5</span></b><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 37.95pt;" valign="top" width="51"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.55pt; outline: none !important;"><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">5.5</span></b><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 34.65pt;" valign="top" width="46"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.6pt; outline: none !important;"><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">6.5</span></b><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 35.25pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 0.75pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none !important;"><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">7.5</span></b><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 47.35pt;" valign="top" width="63"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 5.9pt 0.0001pt 0.2pt; outline: none !important;"><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none !important;">8.5+</span></b><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 80.6pt;" valign="top" width="107"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 4.95pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none !important;"><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;">Unknown</span></b><b style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></b></p></td></tr><tr style="min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none !important;"><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 97.65pt;" valign="top" width="130"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0in 0.0001pt 9.35pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;">Doe/Cow</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="56"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0in 0.0001pt 8.55pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none !important;">3</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 33.6pt;" valign="top" width="45"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0in 0.0001pt 0.05pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none !important;">8</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 34.2pt;" valign="top" width="46"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0.4pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none !important;">6</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 2.2pt 0.0001pt 1.85pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">15</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 38.4pt;" valign="top" width="51"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0in 0.0001pt 0.1pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">14</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 37.95pt;" valign="top" width="51"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0in 0.0001pt 0.55pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none !important;">4</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 34.65pt;" valign="top" width="46"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0in 0.0001pt 0.6pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none !important;">5</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 35.25pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0.75pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none !important;">2</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 47.35pt;" valign="top" width="63"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 5.9pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none !important;">2</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 80.6pt;" valign="top" width="107"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 4.95pt 0.0001pt 0.1pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none !important;">4</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td></tr><tr style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important;"><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 97.65pt;" valign="top" width="130"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 0.6pt 0.7pt 0.0001pt 9.35pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;">Buck/Bull</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="56"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 8.55pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none !important;">4</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 33.6pt;" valign="top" width="45"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.05pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">17</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 34.2pt;" valign="top" width="46"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-right: 0.4pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">45</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 0.6pt 2.2pt 0.0001pt 1.85pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">85</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 38.4pt;" valign="top" width="51"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.1pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">107</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 37.95pt;" valign="top" width="51"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.55pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">99</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 34.65pt;" valign="top" width="46"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.6pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">76</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 35.25pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-right: 0.75pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">35</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 47.35pt;" valign="top" width="63"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-right: 5.9pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">37</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 80.6pt;" valign="top" width="107"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 0.6pt 4.95pt 0.0001pt 0.1pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">31</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td></tr><tr style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none !important;"><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 97.65pt;" valign="top" width="130"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 0.6pt 0.8pt 0.0001pt 9.35pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none !important;">Sex</span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.45pt; outline: none !important;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;">Unknown</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="56"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 8.55pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none !important;">2</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 33.6pt;" valign="top" width="45"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.05pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none !important;">1</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 34.2pt;" valign="top" width="46"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-right: 0.4pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none !important;">0</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 0.6pt 2.2pt 0.0001pt 1.85pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none !important;">1</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 38.4pt;" valign="top" width="51"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.1pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none !important;">0</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 37.95pt;" valign="top" width="51"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.55pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none !important;">0</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 34.65pt;" valign="top" width="46"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.6pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none !important;">2</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 35.25pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-right: 0.75pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none !important;">0</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 47.35pt;" valign="top" width="63"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-right: 5.9pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none !important;">2</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 80.6pt;" valign="top" width="107"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 0.6pt 4.95pt 0.0001pt 0.1pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none !important;">1</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td></tr><tr style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important;"><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 97.65pt;" valign="top" width="130"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0.7pt 0.0001pt 9.35pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;">Grand</span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none !important;">Total</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="56"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0in 0.0001pt 8.55pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none !important;">9</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 33.6pt;" valign="top" width="45"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0in 0.0001pt 0.05pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">26</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 34.2pt;" valign="top" width="46"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0.4pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">51</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 2.2pt 0.0001pt 1.85pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">101</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 38.4pt;" valign="top" width="51"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0in 0.0001pt 0.1pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">121</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 37.95pt;" valign="top" width="51"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0in 0.0001pt 0.55pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">103</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 34.65pt;" valign="top" width="46"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0in 0.0001pt 0.6pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">83</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 35.25pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0.75pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">37</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 47.35pt;" valign="top" width="63"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 5.9pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">41</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none !important; padding: 0in; width: 80.6pt;" valign="top" width="107"><p class="ydp728d1560yiv5059044203ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 4.95pt 0.0001pt 0.1pt; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none !important;">36</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none !important;"></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Table 5. CWD sample totals by species of deer and CWD zones. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">White-tailed Deer Mule Deer Elk Exotic Deer Total </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Trans Pecos Containment Zone 1 0 39 0 0 39 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Trans Pecos Surveillance Zone 1 1 128 2 0 131 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Panhandle Containment Zone 2 41 132 11 0 184 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Panhandle Surveillance Zone 2 34 89 1 0 124 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">South-Central TX Containment Zone 3 550 0 0 3 553 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">South-Central TX Surveillance Zone 3 247 0 0 1 248 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Del Rio Containment Zone 4 162 0 0 1 163 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Del Rio Surveillance Zone 4 283 0 0 2 285 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Lubbock County Containment Zone 5 29 13 0 0 42 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Lubbock County Surveillance Zone 6 28 39 1 0 68 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Kimble County #1 Containment Zone 6 56 0 0 6 62 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Kimble County #1 Surveillance Zone 5 322 0 0 13 335 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Hunt County Containment Zone 7 234 0 0 0 234 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Hunt County Surveillance Zone 7 252 0 0 0 252 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Bexar County Containment Zone 8 13 0 0 0 13 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Bexar County Surveillance Zone 18 15 0 0 0 15 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Duval County Surveillance Zone 8 236 0 0 0 236 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Gillespie County Surveillance Zone 9 333 0 0 0 333 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Limestone County Surveillance Zone 10 7 0 0 0 7 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Uvalde County #2 Surveillance Zone 11 41 0 0 0 41 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Uvalde County #1 Surveillance Zone 12 40 0 0 0 40 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Zavala County #1 Surveillance Zone 13 111 0 0 0 111 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Gonzales County Surveillance Zone 14 3 0 0 0 3 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Hamilton County Surveillance Zone 15 84 0 0 0 84 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Washington County Surveillance Zone 16 17 0 0 0 17 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Frio County #1 Surveillance Zone 17 201 0 0 0 201 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sutton County Surveillance Zone 19 251 0 0 9 260 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Zavala County #2 Surveillance Zone 20 157 0 0 0 157 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Frio County #2 Surveillance Zone 21 131 0 0 0 131 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Brooks County Surveillance Zone 22 53 0 0 0 53 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Kimble County #2 Surveillance Zone 23 121 0 0 0 121 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Grand Total 4,053 440 15 35 4,543</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Table 6. CWD sample totals by species of deer and check stations. </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Elk Exotic Deer Mule Deer White-tailed Deer Total </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">62/180 1 0 10 0 11 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Brenham 0 1 0 160 161 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Coolidge 0 0 0 11 11 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Dalhart 2 0 95 33 130 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Del Rio 0 25 1 683 709 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Doss 0 2 0 481 483 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Falfurrias 0 0 0 148 148 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">George West 0 1 0 227 228 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Gonzales/Waelder 0 0 0 20 20 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Harper 0 0 0 24 24 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Hondo 1 5 1 1,131 1,138 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Hueco Mountains 0 0 19 0 19 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Leos Store Duval 0 0 0 59 59 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Lubbock 1 1 69 71 142</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Pearsall 0 1 0 561 562 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Quinlan 0 0 0 423 423 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Segovia 0 29 0 703 732 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Star 0 0 0 160 160 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Sutton 1 23 1 523 548 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Tarpley 0 0 0 25 25 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Terrell 0 2 1 150 153 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Uvalde 2 0 0 373 375 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Van Horn 0 0 55 0 55 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Vega 0 0 70 25 95 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Grand Total 8 90 322 5,991 6,411 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Table 7. CWD sample totals by species of deer and Wildlife Division District. </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Elk Exotic Deer Mule Deer White-tailed Deer Total </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">District 1 3 0 245 64 312 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">District 2 14 1 355 390 760 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">District 3 0 5 2 1,812 1,819 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">District 4 3 141 6 3,910 4,060 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">District 5 0 0 0 1,605 1,605 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">District 6 0 1 0 779 780 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">District 7 0 37 0 1,776 1,813 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">District 8 3 14 0 3,587 3,604 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Grand Total 23 199 608 13,923 14,753</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Table 8. CWD sample collection effort by Deer Management Unit (DMU). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DMU CWD Samples Collected DMU Goal Percent of Goal </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">01 253 112 225.89% </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">02 2 112 1.79% </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">03 34 60 56.67% </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">04 656 433 151.50% </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">05 1731 433 399.77% </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">06 739 433 170.67% </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">07 North 545 300 181.67% </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">07 South 1353 433 312.47% </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">08 West 1023 433 236.26% </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">08 East 844 433 194.92% </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">09 687 112 613.39% </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">10 373 300 124.33% </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">11 724 222 326.13% </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">12 547 112 488.39% </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">13 121 148 81.76% </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">14 269 148 181.76% </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15 198 60 330.00% </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">16 64 60 106.67% </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 211 148 142.57% </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">18 774 222 348.65% </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">19 North 277 222 124.77% </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">19 South 281 112 250.89% </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">20 236 112 210.71% </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">21 34 112 30.36% </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">21 North 55 60 91.67% </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 112 60 186.67% </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23 557 300 185.67% </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">24 259 222 116.67% </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">25 195 148 131.76% </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">25 South 217 222 97.75% </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">26 75 60 125.00% </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">27 172 112 153.57% </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">28 142 60 236.67% </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">29 North 95 112 84.82% </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">29 South 125 60 208.33% </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">30 303 222 136.49% </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">31 18 112 16.07% </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">31 East 33 60 55.00% </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">31 West 199 300 66.33% </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">32 66 300 22.00% </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">33 115 300 38.33% </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Urban Houston 8 Road kills ---% </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Urban San Antonio 31 Road kills ---% </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Urban Valley 0 Road kills ---% </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">All DMUs 14753 7982 184.83%</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD Positive Area Susceptible Species 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Total </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Bexar County WTD-FR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Brooks county WTD - BP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Cherokee County WTD-BP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Coleman County WTD- FR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Duval County WTD - BP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 3 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Frio County WTD - BP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 2 9 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Gillespie County WTD - BP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 4 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Gonzales County WTD - BP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 10 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Hamilton County WTD - BP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Hunt County WTD - BP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 49 95 9 159 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"> WTD - BRS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 3 9 <br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Kimble County WTD - BP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 2 1 13 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"> WTD - BRS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Limestone County WTD - BP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 0 9 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Lubbock County MD - FR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Mason County WTD - BP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Matagorda County WTD - BP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Northwest Panhandle MD - FR 0 0 0 1 2 2 1 7 3 0 14 3 12 45 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Elk-FR 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"> WTD - FR 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 1 0 2 1 1 9 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">South Central Texas WTD - FR 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 3 3 1 5 1 2 17 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"> WTD - BP 0 0 0 5 21 21 45 19 1 46 71 1 0 230 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"> WTD - BRS 0 0 0 1 2 4 6 1 6 0 8 0 1 29 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Elk - BRS 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 5 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Red Deer - BRS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 4 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sutton County WTD - BP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Trans Pecos MD - FR 6 0 1 1 5 2 4 2 8 6 7 2 0 44 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Val Verde County WTD- FR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 3 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Washington County WTD - BP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Zavala County WTD - BP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 1 11 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Total 6 0 1 8 32 31 61 34 35 65 170 153 32 628 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">BP = Breeder Pen; BRS = Breeder Release Site; FR = Free Range; WTD = White-tailed Deer; MD = Mule Deer</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2024/02/tpwd-chronic-wasting-disease.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2024/02/tpwd-chronic-wasting-disease.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY TSE PRION DISEASE ZOONOSIS, ZOONOTIC </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">“If CWD in humans is found to be contagious and transmissible among humans, as it is in cervids [57], the spread of the disease within humans might become endemic.”</p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">PART 2. TPWD CHAPTER 65. DIVISION 1. CWD</p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, 65.88</p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">The Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission in a duly noticed meeting on May 25, 2023 adopted amendments to 31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, and §65.88, concerning Disease Detection and Response, without changes to the proposed text as published in the April 21, 2023, issue of the Texas Register (48 TexReg 2048). The rules will not be republished.</p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">Currently, there is scientific evidence to suggest that CWD has zoonotic potential; however, no confirmed cases of CWD have been found in humans.</p><div style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57</a></div><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">17 DETECTION OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE PRIONS IN PROCESSED MEATS.</p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">Rebeca Benavente1, Francisca Bravo1,2, Paulina Soto1,2, J. Hunter Reed3, Mitch Lockwood3, Rodrigo Morales1,2</p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">1Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA. 2Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile. 3Texas Parks and Wildlife, Austin, USA</p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">Abstract</p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">The zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease (CWD) remains unknown. Currently, there are no known natural cases of CWD transmission to humans but increasing evidence suggests that the host range of CWD is not confined only to cervid species. Alarmingly, recent experimental evidence suggests that certain CWD isolates can induce disease in non-human primates. While the CDC strongly recommends determining CWD status in animals prior to consumption, this practice is voluntary. Consequently, it is plausible that a proportion of the cervid meat entering the human food chain may be contaminated with CWD. Of additional concern is that traditional diagnostic techniques used to detect CWD have relatively low sensitivity and are only approved for use in tissues other than those typically ingested by humans. In this study, we analyzed different processed meats derived from a pre-clinical, CWD-positive free-ranging elk. Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats. CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates. Our results show positive prion detection in all products. To confirm the resilience of CWD-prions to traditional cooking methods, we grilled and boiled the meat products and evaluated them for any remnant PMCA seeding activity. Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking. Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products.</p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">***> Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats.</p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">***> CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates.</p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">***> Our results show positive prion detection in all products.</p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">***> Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking.</p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">***> Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products.</p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">=====</p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">9 Carrot plants as potential vectors for CWD transmission.</p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">Paulina Soto1,2, Francisca Bravo-Risi1,2, Claudio Soto1, Rodrigo Morales1,2</p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">1Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA. 2Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile</p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">***> We show that edible plant components can absorb prions from CWD-contaminated soils and transport them to their aerial parts.</p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">***> Our results indicate that edible plants could participate as vectors of CWD transmission</p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">=====</p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">Transmission of prion infectivity from CWD-infected macaque tissues to rodent models demonstrates the zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease.</p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaoui1,2, Ginny Cheng1,2, Wiebke Wemheuer3, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer3, Sabine Gilch1,2, Hermann Schatzl1,2 1University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. 2Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada. 3Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany</p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">***> Further passage to cervidized mice revealed transmission with a 100% attack rate.</p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">***> Our findings demonstrate that macaques, considered the best model for the zoonotic potential of prions, were infected upon CWD challenge, including the oral one.</p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">****> The disease manifested as atypical in macaques and initial transgenic mouse transmissions, but with infectivity present at all times, as unveiled in the bank vole model with an unusual tissue tropism.</p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">***> Epidemiologic surveillance of prion disease among cervid hunters and people likely to have consumed venison contaminated with chronic wasting disease</p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">=====</p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true</p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">Transmission of Cervid Prions to Humanized Mice Demonstrates the Zoonotic Potential of CWD </p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaouia, Irina Zemlyankinaa, Sheng Chun Changa, Maria Immaculata Arifina, Vincent Béringueb, Debbie McKenziec, Hermann M. Schatzla, and Sabine Gilcha </p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;"> Results: Here, we provide the strongest evidence supporting the zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and their possible phenotype in humans. Inoculation of mice expressing human PrPCwith deer CWD isolates (strains Wisc-1 and 116AG) resulted in atypical clinical manifestations in > 75% of the mice, with myoclonus as leading clinical sign. Most of tg650brain homogenates were positive for seeding activity in RT-QuIC. Clinical disease and presentation was transmissible to tg650 mice and bank voles. Intriguingly, protease-resistant PrP in the brain of tg650 mice resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon passage. Abnormal PrP aggregates upon infection with Wisc-1 were detectable in thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain/pons regions. </p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;"> Unprecedented in human prion disease, feces of CWD-inoculated tg650 mice harbored prion seeding activity and infectious prions, as shown by inoculation of bank voles and tg650 with fecal homogenates. </p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;"> Conclusions: This is the first evidence that CWD can infect humans and cause disease with a distinctive clinical presentation, signature, and tropism, which might be transmissible between humans while current diagnostic assays might fail to detect it. These findings have major implications for public health and CWD-management. </p><div style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;"> <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a> </div><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">The finding that infectious PrPSc was shed in fecal material of CWD-infected humanized mice and induced clinical disease, different tropism, and typical three banding pattern-PrPres in bank voles that is transmissible upon second passage is highly concerning for public health. The fact that this biochemical signature in bank voles resembles that of the Wisc-1 original deer isolate and is different from that of bvWisc-1, in the migration profile and the glyco-form-ratio, is valid evidence that these results are not a product of contamination in our study. If CWD in humans is found to be contagious and transmissible among humans, as it is in cervids [57], the spread of the disease within humans might become endemic.</p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">Acta Neuropathol 144, 767–784 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">Published</p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">22 August 2022</p><div style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaoui1 · Irina Zemlyankina1 · Sheng Chun Chang1 · Maria Immaculata Arifn1 · Vincent Béringue2 · Debbie McKenzie3 · Hermann M. Schatzl1 · Sabine Gilch1</p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">Received: 24 May 2022 / Revised: 5 August 2022 / Accepted: 7 August 2022</p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">© The Author(s) 2022</p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">Abstract</p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">Prions cause infectious and fatal neurodegenerative diseases in mammals. Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease of cervids, spreads efficiently among wild and farmed animals. Potential transmission to humans of CWD is a growing concern due to its increasing prevalence. Here, we provide evidence for a zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and its probable signature using mice expressing human prion protein (PrP) as an infection model. Inoculation of these mice with deer CWD isolates resulted in atypical clinical manifestation with prion seeding activity and efficient transmissible infectivity in the brain and, remarkably, in feces, but without classical neuropathological or Western blot appearances of prion diseases. Intriguingly, the protease-resistant PrP in the brain resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon second passage. Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">Keywords Chronic wasting disease · CWD · Zoonotic potential · Prion strains · Zoonotic prions</p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">HIGHLIGHTS OF THIS STUDY</p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">================================</p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">In this study, we evaluated the zoonotic potential of CWD using a transgenic mouse model overexpressing human M129-PrPC (tg650 [12]). We inoculated tg650 mice intracerebrally with two deer CWD isolates, Wisc-1 and 116AG [22, 23, 27, 29]. We demonstrate that this transgenic line was susceptible to infection with CWD prions and displayed a distinct leading clinical sign, an atypical PrPSc signature and unusual fecal shedding of infectious prions. Importantly, these prions generated by the human PrP transgenic mice were transmissible upon passage. Our results are the first evidence of a zoonotic risk of CWD when using one of the most common CWD strains, Wisc-1/CWD1 for infection. We demonstrated in a human transgenic mouse model that the species barrier for transmission of CWD to humans is not absolute. The fact that its signature was not typical raises the questions whether CWD would manifest in humans as a subclinical infection, whether it would arise through direct or indirect transmission including an intermediate host, or a silent to uncovered human-to-human transmission, and whether current detection techniques will be suffcient to unveil its presence.</p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">Our findings strongly suggest that CWD should be regarded as an actual public health risk. Here, we use humanized mice to show that CWD prions can cross the species barrier to humans, and remarkably, infectious prions can be excreted in feces.</p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">Our results indicate that if CWD crosses the species-barrier to humans, it is unlikely to resemble the most common forms of human prion diseases with respect to clinical signs, tissue tropism and PrPSc signature. For instance, PrPSc in variable protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr), a sporadic form of human prion disease, and in the genetic form Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS) is defined by an atypical PK-resistant PrPSc fragment that is non-glycosylated and truncated at both C- and N-termini, with a molecular weight between 6 and 8 kDa [24, 44–46]. These biochemical features are unique and distinctive from PrPSc (PrP27-30) found in most other human or animal prion disease. The atypical PrPSc signature detected in brain homogenate of tg650 mice #321 (1st passage) and #3063 (2nd passage), and the 7–8 kDa fragment (Figs. 2, 4) are very similar to that of GSS, both in terms of migration profile and the N-terminal cleavage site.</p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">CWD in humans might remain subclinical but with PrPSc deposits in the brain with an unusual morphology that does not resemble the patterns usually seen in different prion diseases (e.g., mouse #328; Fig. 3), clinical with untraceable abnormal PrP (e.g., mouse #327) but still transmissible and uncovered upon subsequent passage (e.g., mouse #3063; Fig. 4), or prions have other reservoirs than the usual ones, hence the presence of infectivity in feces (e.g., mouse #327) suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">=================================</p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at </p><div style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">snip...see full text</p><div style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf</a></div><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">Fortuitous generation of a zoonotic cervid prion strain </p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">Manuel Camacho, Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Sydney Smith, Jieji Hu, Wanyun Tao, Ignazio Cali, Qingzhong Kong. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA </p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">Aims: Whether CWD prions can infect humans remains unclear despite the very substantial scale and long history of human exposure of CWD in many states or provinces of USA and Canada. Multiple in vitro conversion experiments and in vivo animal studies indicate that the CWD-to-human transmission barrier is not unbreakable. A major long-term public health concern on CWD zoonosis is the emergence of highly zoonotic CWD strains. We aim to address the question of whether highly zoonotic CWD strains are possible. </p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: We inoculated several sCJD brain samples into cervidized transgenic mice (Tg12), which were intended as negative controls for bioassays of brain tissues from sCJD cases who had potentially been exposed to CWD. Some of the Tg12 mice became infected and their brain tissues were further examined by Western blot as well as serial passages in humanized or cervidized mice. </p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">Results: Passage of sCJDMM1 in transgenic mice expressing elk PrP (Tg12) resulted in a “cervidized” CJD strain that we termed CJDElkPrP. We observed 100% transmission of the original CJDElkPrP in transgenic mice expressing human PrP. We passaged CJDElkPrP two more times in the Tg12 mice. We found that such second and third passage CJDElkPrP prions retained 100% transmission rate in the humanized mice, despite that the natural elk CWD isolates and CJDElkPrP share the same elk PrP sequence. In contrast, we and others found zero or poor transmission of natural elk CWD isolates in humanized mice. </p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our data indicate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can retain zoonotic potential after serial passages in cervids, suggesting a very significant and serious long-term risk of CWD zoonosis given that the broad and continuing spread of CWD prions will provide fertile grounds for the emergence of zoonotic CWD strains over time. </p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532 </p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O'Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples used in this study, respectively</p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">"Our data indicate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can retain zoonotic potential after serial passages in cervids, suggesting a very significant and serious long-term risk of CWD zoonosis given that the broad and continuing spread of CWD prions will provide fertile grounds for the emergence of zoonotic CWD strains over time."</p><p style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </p><div style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a> </div><div style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: New; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">A probable diagnostic marker for CWD infection in humans </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Manuel Camacho, Ignazio Cali, Qingzhong Kong. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Multiple in vitro CWD-seeded human PrP conversion experiments and some animal model studies indicate that the species barrier for CWD to human transmission can be overcome, but whether CWD prion can infect humans in real life remains controversial. The very limited understanding on the likely features of CWD infection in humans and the lack of a reliable diagnostic marker for identification of acquired human CWD cases contribute to this uncertainty. We aim to stablish such a reliable diagnostic marker for CWD infections in humans should they occur. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: A couple of PrPSc-positive spleens were identified from humanized transgenic mice inoculated with either CWD or sCJDMM1. Prions in these spleens were compared by bioassays in cervidized or humanized transgenic mice. A couple of PrPSc-positive spleens from UK sCJDMM1 patients were also examined similarly as controls with no exposure to CWD. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: We have detected two prion-positive spleens in humanized transgenic mice inoculated with some CWD isolates. Such experimentally generated splenic “humanized” CWD prions (termed eHuCWDsp) appear indistinguishable from prions in the brain of sCJDMM1 patients on Western blot. We compared eHuCWDsp with prions in the spleen from humanized mice infected with sCJDMM1 (termed sCJDMM1sp) by bioassays in cervidized or humanized transgenic mice. Significantly, we found that eHuCWDsp can efficiently infect not only the humanized mice but also cervidized transgenic mice, and cervidized mice infected by eHuCWDsp produced PrPSc and brain pathology that are practically identical to those of CWD-infected cervidized mice. In contrast, sCJDMM1sp, similar to prions from sCJDMM1 patient brains, is poorly transmissible in the cervidized mice. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that high transmissibility with CWD features of splenic prions in cervidized transgenic mice is unique to acquired human CWD prions, and it may serve as a reliable marker to identify the first acquired human CWD cases. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O'Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples used in this study, respectively.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====end </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2023 Experimental Oronasal Inoculation of the Chronic Wasting Disease Agent into White Tailed Deer </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author list: Sarah Zurbuchena,b , S. Jo Moorea,b , Jifeng Biana , Eric D. Cassmanna , and Justin J. Greenleea . a. Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, US b. Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, United States </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether white-tailed deer (WTD) are susceptible to inoculation of chronic wasting disease (CWD) via oronasal exposure. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and methods: Six male, neutered WTD were oronasally inoculated with brainstem material (10% w/v) from a CWD-positive wild-type WTD. The genotypes of five inoculated deer were Q95/G96 (wild-type). One inoculated deer was homozygous S at codon 96 (96SS). Cervidized (Tg12; M132 elk PrP) mice were inoculated with 1% w/v brainstem homogenate from either a 96GG WTD (n=10) or the 96SS WTD (n=10). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: All deer developed characteristic clinical signs of CWD including weight loss, regurgitation, and ataxia. The 96SS individual had a prolonged disease course and incubation period compared to the other deer. Western blots of the brainstem on all deer yielded similar molecular profiles. All deer had widespread lymphoid distribution of PrPCWD and neuropathologic lesions associated with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Both groups of mice had a 100% attack rate and developed clinical signs, including loss of body condition, ataxia, and loss of righting reflex. Mice inoculated with material from the 96SS deer had a significantly shorter incubation period than mice inoculated with material from 96GG deer (Welch two sample T-test, P<0.05). Serial dilutions of each inocula suggests that differences in incubation period were not due to a greater concentration of PrPCWD in the 96SS inoculum. Molecular profiles from western blot of brain homogenates from mice appeared similar regardless of inoculum and appear similar to those of deer used for inoculum. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: This study characterizes the lesions and clinical course of CWD in WTD inoculated in a similar manner to natural conditions. It supports previous findings that 96SS deer have a prolonged disease course. Further, it describes a first pass of inoculum from a 96SS deer in cervidized mice which shortened the incubation period. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection, analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We thank Ami Frank and Kevin Hassall for their technical contributions to this project.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====end </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The detection and decontamination of chronic wasting disease prions during venison processing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Marissa S. Milstein1,2, Marc D. Schwabenlander1,2, Sarah C. Gresch1,2, Manci Li1,2, Stuart Lichtenberg1,2, Rachel Shoemaker1,2, Gage R. Rowden1,2, Jason C. Bartz2,3 , Tiffany M. Wolf2,4, Peter A. Larsen1,2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Presenting author: Tiffany M. Wolf 1 Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 2 Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 3 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA 4 Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: There is a growing concern that chronic wasting disease (CWD) prions in venison pose a risk to human health. CWD prions accumulate in infected deer tissues that commonly enter the human food chain through meat processing and consumption. The United States (US) Food and Drug Administration and US Department of Agriculture now formally consider CWD-positive venison unfit for human and animal consumption. Yet, the degree to which prion contamination occurs during routine venison processing is unknown. Here, we use environmental surface swab methods to: a) experimentally test meat processing equipment (i.e., stainless steel knives and polyethylene cutting boards) before and after processing CWD-positive venison and b) test the efficacy of five different disinfectant types (i.e., Dawn dish soap, Virkon-S, Briotech, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach) to determine prion decontamination efficacy.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: We used a real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay to determine CWD infection status of venison and to detect CWD prions in the swabs. We collected three swabs per surface and ran eight technical replicates on RT-QuIC.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: CWD prions were detected on all cutting boards (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8 and knives (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) used in processing CWD-positive venison, but not on those used for CWD-negative venison. After processing CWD-positive venison, allowing the surfaces to dry, and washing the cutting board with Dawn dish soap, we detected CWD prions on the cutting board surface (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) but not on the knife (n= 3, replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). Similar patterns were observed with Briotech (cutting board: n= 3; replicates= 7/8, 1/8, 0/8; knife: n= 3; replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). We did not detect CWD prions on the knives or cutting boards after disinfecting with Virkon-S, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: These preliminary results suggest that Dawn dish soap and Briotech do not reliably decontaminate CWD prions from these surfaces. Our data suggest that Virkon-S and various bleach concentrations are more effective in reducing prion contamination of meat processing surfaces; however, surface type may also influence the ability of prions to adsorb to surfaces, preventing complete decontamination. Our results will directly inform best practices to prevent the introduction of CWD prions into the human food chain during venison processing.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: Funding was provided by the Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund as recommended by the Legislative-Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources (LCCMR), the Rapid Agriculture Response Fund (#95385/RR257), and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Theme: Animal prion diseases</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2023 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers.. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Paper</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Cellular prion protein distribution in the vomeronasal organ, parotid, and scent glands of white-tailed deer and mule deer</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Anthony Ness, Aradhana Jacob, Kelsey Saboraki, Alicia Otero, Danielle Gushue, Diana Martinez Moreno, Melanie de Peña, Xinli Tang, Judd Aiken, Susan Lingle & Debbie McKenzieORCID Icon show less</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Pages 40-57 | Received 03 Feb 2022, Accepted 13 May 2022, Published online: 29 May 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Download citation</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ABSTRACT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting species of the cervidae family. CWD has an expanding geographic range and complex, poorly understood transmission mechanics. CWD is disproportionately prevalent in wild male mule deer and male white-tailed deer. Sex and species influences on CWD prevalence have been hypothesized to be related to animal behaviours that involve deer facial and body exocrine glands. Understanding CWD transmission potential requires a foundational knowledge of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) in glands associated with cervid behaviours. In this study, we characterized the presence and distribution of PrPC in six integumentary and two non-integumentary tissues of hunter-harvested mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (O. virginianus). We report that white-tailed deer expressed significantly more PrPC than their mule deer in the parotid, metatarsal, and interdigital glands. Females expressed more PrPC than males in the forehead and preorbital glands. The distribution of PrPC within the integumentary exocrine glands of the face and legs were localized to glandular cells, hair follicles, epidermis, and immune cell infiltrates. All tissues examined expressed sufficient quantities of PrPC to serve as possible sites of prion initial infection, propagation, and shedding.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ARS RESEARCH Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Publication Acceptance Date: 9/8/2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author item WANG, ZERUI - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item QIN, KEFENG - University Of Chicago item CAMACHO, MANUEL - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item SHEN, PINGPING - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item YUAN, JUE - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item Greenlee, Justin item CUI, LI - Jilin University item KONG, QINGZHONG - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item MASTRIANNI, JAMES - University Of Chicago item ZOU, WEN-QUAN - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Submitted to: Acta Neuropathologica Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 9/8/2021 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Interpretive Summary: Prion diseases are invariably fatal neurologic diseases for which there is no known prevention or cure. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease of deer and elk and is present in farmed and free ranging herds throughout North America. To date there is no clear evidence that the CWD agent could be transmitted to humans. This manuscript describes the use of an in vitro technique, cell-free serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA), to generate a CWD prion that is infectious to transgenic mice expressing the human prion protein. This study provides the first evidence that CWD prions may be able to cause misfolding in the human prion protein. This information will impact medical experts and those involved in making policy for farmed cervids and wildlife.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Technical Abstract: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a cervid spongiform encephalopathy or prion disease caused by the infectious prion or PrPSc, a misfolded conformer of cellular prion protein (PrPC). It has rapidly spread in North America and also has been found in Asia and Europe. In contrast to the zoonotic mad cow disease that is the first animal prion disease found transmissible to humans, the transmissibility of CWD to humans remains uncertain although most previous studies have suggested that humans may not be susceptible to CWD. Here we report the generation of an infectious human PrPSc by seeding CWD PrPSc in normal human brain PrPC through the in vitro cell-free serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA). Western blotting confirms that the sPMCA-induced proteinase K-resistant PrPSc is a human form, evidenced by a PrP-specific antibody that recognizes human but not cervid PrP. Remarkably, two lines of humanized transgenic (Tg) mice expressing human PrP-129Val/Val (VV) or -129Met/Met (MM) polymorphism develop prion disease at 233 ± 6 (mean ± SE) days post-inoculation (dpi) and 552 ± 27 dpi, respectively, upon intracerebral inoculation with the sPMCA-generated PrPSc. The brain of diseased Tg mice reveals the electrophoretic profile of PrPSc similar to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) MM1 or VV2 subtype but different neuropathological patterns. We believe that our study provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc is able to convert human PrPC into PrPSc in vitro and the CWD-derived human PrPSc mimics atypical sCJD subtypes in humanized Tg mice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''The brain of diseased Tg mice reveals the electrophoretic profile of PrPSc similar to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) MM1 or VV2 subtype but different neuropathological patterns.'' </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''We believe that our study provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc is able to convert human PrPC into PrPSc in vitro and the CWD-derived human PrPSc mimics atypical sCJD subtypes in humanized Tg mice.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published: 26 September 2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Zerui Wang, Kefeng Qin, Manuel V. Camacho, Ignazio Cali, Jue Yuan, Pingping Shen, Justin Greenlee, Qingzhong Kong, James A. Mastrianni & Wen-Quan Zou</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acta Neuropathologica Communications volume 9, Article number: 158 (2021)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a cervid prion disease caused by the accumulation of an infectious misfolded conformer (PrPSc) of cellular prion protein (PrPC). It has been spreading rapidly in North America and also found in Asia and Europe. Although bovine spongiform encephalopathy (i.e. mad cow disease) is the only animal prion disease known to be zoonotic, the transmissibility of CWD to humans remains uncertain. Here we report the generation of the first CWD-derived infectious human PrPSc by elk CWD PrPSc-seeded conversion of PrPC in normal human brain homogenates using in vitro protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA). Western blotting with human PrP selective antibody confirmed that the PMCA-generated protease-resistant PrPSc was derived from the human PrPC substrate. Two lines of humanized transgenic mice expressing human PrP with either Val or Met at the polymorphic codon 129 developed clinical prion disease following intracerebral inoculation with the PMCA-generated CWD-derived human PrPSc. Diseased mice exhibited distinct PrPSc patterns and neuropathological changes in the brain. Our study, using PMCA and animal bioassays, provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc can cross the species barrier to convert human PrPC into infectious PrPSc that can produce bona fide prion disease when inoculated into humanized transgenic mice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It is worth noting that the annual number of sporadic CJD (sCJD) cases in the USA has increased, with the total number of suspected and confirmed sCJD cases rising from 284 in 2003 to 511 in 2017 (https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cjd/occurrence-transmission.html). The greatly enhanced CJD surveillance and an aging population in the USA certainly contributed to the observed increase in annual sCJD case numbers in recent years, but the possibility cannot be excluded that some of the increased sCJD prevalence is linked to CWD exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the present study, using serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) assay we generate PrPSc by seeding CWD prions in normal human brain homogenates. Importantly, we reveal that two lines of humanized Tg mice expressing human PrP-129VV and 129MM develop prion diseases upon intracerebral inoculation of the abnormal PrP generated by sPMCA. We believe that our study provides the first opportunity to dissect the clinical, pathological and biochemical features of the CWD-derived human prion disease in two lines of humanized Tg mice expressing two major human PrP genotypes, respectively.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i thought i might share some news about cwd zoonosis that i got, that i cannot share or post to the public yet, i promised for various reasons, one that it will cause a shit storm for sure, but it was something i really already knew from previous studies, but, i was told that ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">==================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''As you can imagine, 2 and 5 (especially 5) may raise alarms. The evidence we have for 4 are not as strong or tight as I would like to have. At this point, please do not post any of the points publicly yet, but you can refer to points 1-3 in private discussions and all 5 points when discussing with relevant public officials to highlight the long-term risks of CWD zoonosis.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">====================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">so, i figure your as about as official as it gets, and i think this science is extremely important for you to know and to converse about with your officials. it's about to burn a whole in my pocket. this is about as close as it will ever get for cwd zoonosis to be proven in my time, this and what Canada Czub et al found with the Macaques, plus an old study from cjd surveillance unit back that showed cjd and a 9% increase in risk from folks that eat venison, i will post all this below for your files Sir. i remember back in the BSE nvCJD days, from when the first BSE case in bovine was confirmed around 1984 maybe 83, i forget the good vets named that screwed it up first, Carol something, but from 83ish to 95 96 when nvCJD was linked to humans from BSE in cattle, so that took 10 to 15 years. hell, at that rate, especially with Texas and cwd zoonsis, hell, i'll be dead before it's official, if ever, so here ya go Sir. there was a grant study on cwd zoonosis that had been going on for some time, i followed it over the years, then the grant date for said study had expired, so, i thought i would write the good Professor about said study i.e. Professor Kong, CWRU et al. i will post the grant study abstract first, and then after that, what reply i got back, about said study that i was told not to post/publish...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD ZOONOSIS GRANT FIRST;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Cervid to human prion transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Kong, Qingzhong </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Abstract Prion disease is transmissible and invariably fatal. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease affecting deer, elk and moose, and it is a widespread and expanding epidemic affecting 22 US States and 2 Canadian provinces so far. CWD poses the most serious zoonotic prion transmission risks in North America because of huge venison consumption (>6 million deer/elk hunted and consumed annually in the USA alone), significant prion infectivity in muscles and other tissues/fluids from CWD-affected cervids, and usually high levels of individual exposure to CWD resulting from consumption of the affected animal among often just family and friends. However, we still do not know whether CWD prions can infect humans in the brain or peripheral tissues or whether clinical/asymptomatic CWD zoonosis has already occurred, and we have no essays to reliably detect CWD infection in humans. We hypothesize that: (1) The classic CWD prion strain can infect humans at low levels in the brain and peripheral lymphoid tissues; (2) The cervid-to-human transmission barrier is dependent on the cervid prion strain and influenced by the host (human) prion protein (PrP) primary sequence; (3) Reliable essays can be established to detect CWD infection in humans; and (4) CWD transmission to humans has already occurred. We will test these hypotheses in 4 Aims using transgenic (Tg) mouse models and complementary in vitro approaches. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 1 will prove that the classical CWD strain may infect humans in brain or peripheral lymphoid tissues at low levels by conducting systemic bioassays in a set of humanized Tg mouse lines expressing common human PrP variants using a number of CWD isolates at varying doses and routes. Experimental human CWD samples will also be generated for Aim 3. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 2 will test the hypothesis that the cervid-to-human prion transmission barrier is dependent on prion strain and influenced by the host (human) PrP sequence by examining and comparing the transmission efficiency and phenotypes of several atypical/unusual CWD isolates/strains as well as a few prion strains from other species that have adapted to cervid PrP sequence, utilizing the same panel of humanized Tg mouse lines as in Aim 1. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 3 will establish reliable essays for detection and surveillance of CWD infection in humans by examining in details the clinical, pathological, biochemical and in vitro seeding properties of existing and future experimental human CWD samples generated from Aims 1-2 and compare them with those of common sporadic human Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) prions. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 4 will attempt to detect clinical CWD-affected human cases by examining a significant number of brain samples from prion-affected human subjects in the USA and Canada who have consumed venison from CWD-endemic areas utilizing the criteria and essays established in Aim 3. The findings from this proposal will greatly advance our understandings on the potential and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for CWD zoonosis and potentially discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Public Health Relevance There are significant and increasing human exposure to cervid prions because chronic wasting disease (CWD, a widespread and highly infectious prion disease among deer and elk in North America) continues spreading and consumption of venison remains popular, but our understanding on cervid-to-human prion transmission is still very limited, raising public health concerns. This proposal aims to define the zoonotic risks of cervid prions and set up and apply essays to detect CWD zoonosis using mouse models and in vitro methods. The findings will greatly expand our knowledge on the potentials and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for such infections and may discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Funding Agency Agency National Institute of Health (NIH) Institute National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Type Research Project (R01) Project # 1R01NS088604-01A1 Application # 9037884 Study Section Cellular and Molecular Biology of Neurodegeneration Study Section (CMND) Program Officer Wong, May Project Start 2015-09-30 Project End 2019-07-31 Budget Start 2015-09-30 Budget End 2016-07-31 Support Year 1 Fiscal Year 2015 Total Cost $337,507 Indirect Cost $118,756</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1#panel-abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1#panel-abstract</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Professor Kongs reply to me just this month about above grant study that has NOT been published in peer reveiw yet...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=================================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Here is a brief summary of our findings:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...can't post, made a promise...tss</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">On Sat, Apr 3, 2021 at 12:19 PM Terry Singeltary <flounder9@verizon.net> wrote:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">end...tss</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">==============</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD ZOONOSIS THE FULL MONTY TO DATE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">International Conference on Emerging Diseases, Outbreaks & Case Studies & 16th Annual Meeting on Influenza March 28-29, 2018 | Orlando, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Qingzhong Kong</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease prions from cervids</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease in cervids (mule deer, white-tailed deer, American elk, moose, and reindeer). It has become an epidemic in North America, and it has been detected in the Europe (Norway) since 2016. The widespread CWD and popular hunting and consumption of cervid meat and other products raise serious public health concerns, but questions remain on human susceptibility to CWD prions, especially on the potential difference in zoonotic potential among the various CWD prion strains. We have been working to address this critical question for well over a decade. We used CWD samples from various cervid species to inoculate transgenic mice expressing human or elk prion protein (PrP). We found infectious prions in the spleen or brain in a small fraction of CWD-inoculated transgenic mice expressing human PrP, indicating that humans are not completely resistant to CWD prions; this finding has significant ramifications on the public health impact of CWD prions. The influence of cervid PrP polymorphisms, the prion strain dependence of CWD-to-human transmission barrier, and the characterization of experimental human CWD prions will be discussed.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Speaker Biography Qingzhong Kong has completed his PhD from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst and Post-doctoral studies at Yale University. He is currently an Associate Professor of Pathology, Neurology and Regenerative Medicine. He has published over 50 original research papers in reputable journals (including Science Translational Medicine, JCI, PNAS and Cell Reports) and has been serving as an Editorial Board Member on seven scientific journals. He has multiple research interests, including public health risks of animal prions (CWD of cervids and atypical BSE of cattle), animal modeling of human prion diseases, mechanisms of prion replication and pathogenesis, etiology of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD) in humans, normal cellular PrP in the biology and pathology of multiple brain and peripheral diseases, proteins responsible for the α-cleavage of cellular PrP, as well as gene therapy and DNA vaccination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">qxk2@case.edu </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SUNDAY, JULY 25, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">North American and Norwegian Chronic Wasting Disease prions exhibit different potential for interspecies transmission and zoonotic risk </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''Our data suggest that reindeer and red deer from Norway could be the most transmissible CWD prions to other mammals, whereas North American CWD prions were more prone to generate human prions in vitro.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/north-american-and-norwegian-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/north-american-and-norwegian-chronic.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, JULY 19, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> U Calgary researchers at work on a vaccine against a fatal infectious disease affecting deer and potentially people</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/u-calgary-researchers-at-work-on.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/u-calgary-researchers-at-work-on.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE aka MAD COW DISEASE, was first discovered in 1984, and it took until 1995 to finally admit that BSE was causing nvCJD, the rest there is history, but that science is still evolving i.e. science now shows that indeed atypical L-type BSE, atypical Nor-98 Scrapie, and typical Scrapie are all zoonosis, zoonotic for humans, there from. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">HOW long are we going to wait for Chronic Wasting Disease, CWD TSE Prion of Cervid, and zoonosis, zoonotic tranmission to humans there from?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Studies have shown since 1994 that humans are susceptible to CWD TSE Prion, so, what's the hold up with making CWD a zoonotic zoonosis disease, the iatrogenic transmissions there from is not waiting for someone to make a decision.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P190 Human prion disease mortality rates by occurrence of chronic wasting disease in freeranging cervids, United States</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abrams JY (1), Maddox RA (1), Schonberger LB (1), Person MK (1), Appleby BS (2), Belay ED (1)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease of deer and elk that has been identified in freeranging cervids in 23 US states. While there is currently no epidemiological evidence for zoonotic transmission through the consumption of contaminated venison, studies suggest the CWD agent can cross the species barrier in experimental models designed to closely mimic humans. We compared rates of human prion disease in states with and without CWD to examine the possibility of undetermined zoonotic transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Death records from the National Center for Health Statistics, case records from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, and additional state case reports were combined to create a database of human prion disease cases from 2003-2015. Identification of CWD in each state was determined through reports of positive CWD tests by state wildlife agencies. Age- and race-adjusted mortality rates for human prion disease, excluding cases with known etiology, were determined for four categories of states based on CWD occurrence: highly endemic (>16 counties with CWD identified in free-ranging cervids); moderately endemic (3-10 counties with CWD); low endemic (1-2 counties with CWD); and no CWD states. States were counted as having no CWD until the year CWD was first identified. Analyses stratified by age, sex, and time period were also conducted to focus on subgroups for which zoonotic transmission would be more likely to be detected: cases <55 years old, male sex, and the latter half of the study (2010-2015).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Highly endemic states had a higher rate of prion disease mortality compared to non-CWD states (rate ratio [RR]: 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01 - 1.23), as did low endemic states (RR: 1.15, 95% CI = 1.04 - 1.27). Moderately endemic states did not have an elevated mortality rate (RR: 1.05, 95% CI = 0.93 - 1.17). In age-stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates among the <55 year old population were elevated for moderately endemic states (RR: 1.57, 95% CI = 1.10 – 2.24) while mortality rates were elevated among those ≥55 for highly endemic states (RR: 1.13, 95% CI = 1.02 - 1.26) and low endemic states (RR: 1.16, 95% CI = 1.04 - 1.29). In other stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates for males were only elevated for low endemic states (RR: 1.27, 95% CI = 1.10 - 1.48), and none of the categories of CWD-endemic states had elevated mortality rates for the latter time period (2010-2015).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">While higher prion disease mortality rates in certain categories of states with CWD in free-ranging cervids were noted, additional stratified analyses did not reveal markedly elevated rates for potentially sensitive subgroups that would be suggestive of zoonotic transmission. Unknown confounding factors or other biases may explain state-by-state differences in prion disease mortality.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P172 Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Prion Disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Wang H(1), Cohen M(1), Appleby BS(1,2)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio (2) National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Cleveland, Ohio.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion disease is a fatal progressive neurodegenerative disease due to deposition of an abnormal protease-resistant isoform of prion protein. Typical symptoms include rapidly progressive dementia, myoclonus, visual disturbance and hallucinations. Interestingly, in patients with prion disease, the abnormal protein canould also be found in the peripheral nervous system. Case reports of prion deposition in peripheral nerves have been reported. Peripheral nerve involvement is thought to be uncommon; however, little is known about the exact prevalence and features of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We reviewed autopsy-proven prion cases from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center that were diagnosed between September 2016 to March 2017. We collected information regarding prion protein diagnosis, demographics, comorbidities, clinical symptoms, physical exam, neuropathology, molecular subtype, genetics lab, brain MRI, image and EMG reports. Our study included 104 patients. Thirteen (12.5%) patients had either subjective symptoms or objective signs of peripheral neuropathy. Among these 13 patients, 3 had other known potential etiologies of peripheral neuropathy such as vitamin B12 deficiency or prior chemotherapy. Among 10 patients that had no other clear etiology, 3 (30%) had familial CJD. The most common sCJD subtype was MV1-2 (30%), followed by MM1-2 (20%). The Majority of cases wasere male (60%). Half of them had exposure to wild game. The most common subjective symptoms were tingling and/or numbness of distal extremities. The most common objective finding was diminished vibratory sensation in the feet. Half of them had an EMG with the findings ranging from fasciculations to axonal polyneuropathy or demyelinating polyneuropathy.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our study provides an overview of the pattern of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease. Among patients with peripheral neuropathy symptoms or signs, majority has polyneuropathy. It is important to document the baseline frequency of peripheral neuropathy in prion diseases as these symptoms may become important when conducting surveillance for potential novel zoonotic prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P177 PrP plaques in methionine homozygous Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abrams JY (1), Schonberger LB (1), Cali I (2), Cohen Y (2), Blevins JE (2), Maddox RA (1), Belay ED (1), Appleby BS (2), Cohen ML (2)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is widely believed to originate from de novo spontaneous conversion of normal prion protein (PrP) to its pathogenic form, but concern remains that some reported sporadic CJD cases may actually be caused by disease transmission via iatrogenic processes. For cases with methionine homozygosity (CJD-MM) at codon 129 of the PRNP gene, recent research has pointed to plaque-like PrP deposition as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission for a subset of cases. This phenotype is theorized to originate from specific iatrogenic source CJD types that comprise roughly a quarter of known CJD cases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We reviewed scientific literature for studies which described PrP plaques among CJD patients with known epidemiological links to iatrogenic transmission (receipt of cadaveric human grown hormone or dura mater), as well as in cases of reported sporadic CJD. The presence and description of plaques, along with CJD classification type and other contextual factors, were used to summarize the current evidence regarding plaques as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission. In addition, 523 cases of reported sporadic CJD cases in the US from January 2013 through September 2017 were assessed for presence of PrP plaques.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We identified four studies describing 52 total cases of CJD-MM among either dura mater recipients or growth hormone recipients, of which 30 were identified as having PrP plaques. While sporadic cases were not generally described as having plaques, we did identify case reports which described plaques among sporadic MM2 cases as well as case reports of plaques exclusively in white matter among sporadic MM1 cases. Among the 523 reported sporadic CJD cases, 0 of 366 MM1 cases had plaques, 2 of 48 MM2 cases had kuru plaques, and 4 of 109 MM1+2 cases had either kuru plaques or both kuru and florid plaques. Medical chart review of the six reported sporadic CJD cases with plaques did not reveal clinical histories suggestive of potential iatrogenic transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PrP plaques occur much more frequently for iatrogenic CJD-MM cases compared to sporadic CJDMM cases. Plaques may indicate iatrogenic transmission for CJD-MM cases without a type 2 Western blot fragment. The study results suggest the absence of significant misclassifications of iatrogenic CJD as sporadic. To our knowledge, this study is the first to describe grey matter kuru plaques in apparently sporadic CJD-MM patients with a type 2 Western blot fragment.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P180 Clinico-pathological analysis of human prion diseases in a brain bank series</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ximelis T (1), Aldecoa I (1,2), Molina-Porcel L (1,3), Grau-Rivera O (4), Ferrer I (5), Nos C (6), Gelpi E (1,7), Sánchez-Valle R (1,4)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobanc-Hospital ClÃnic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (2) Pathological Service of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (3) EAIA Trastorns Cognitius, Centre Emili Mira, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain (4) Department of Neurology of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (5) Institute of Neuropathology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona (6) General subdirectorate of Surveillance and Response to Emergencies in Public Health, Department of Public Health in Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain (7) Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background and objective:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Neurological Tissue Bank (NTB) of the Hospital Clínic-Institut d‘Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain is the reference center in Catalonia for the neuropathological study of prion diseases in the region since 2001. The aim of this study is to analyse the characteristics of the confirmed prion diseases registered at the NTB during the last 15 years.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We reviewed retrospectively all neuropathologically confirmed cases registered during the period January 2001 to December 2016.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">176 cases (54,3% female, mean age: 67,5 years and age range: 25-86 years) of neuropathological confirmed prion diseases have been studied at the NTB. 152 cases corresponded to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), 10 to genetic CJD, 10 to Fatal Familial Insomnia, 2 to GerstmannSträussler-Scheinker disease, and 2 cases to variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr). Within sCJD subtypes the MM1 subtype was the most frequent, followed by the VV2 histotype.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Clinical and neuropathological diagnoses agreed in 166 cases (94%). The clinical diagnosis was not accurate in 10 patients with definite prion disease: 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Fronto-temporal dementia (FTD), 1 Niemann-Pick‘s disease, 1 Lewy Body‘s Disease, 2 Alzheimer‘s disease, 1 Cortico-basal syndrome and 2 undetermined dementia. Among patients with VPSPr, 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and the other one with FTD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Concomitant pathologies are frequent in older age groups, mainly AD neuropathological changes were observed in these subjects.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Discussion:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A wide spectrum of human prion diseases have been identified in the NTB being the relative frequencies and main characteristics like other published series. There is a high rate of agreement between clinical and neuropathological diagnoses with prion diseases. These findings show the importance that public health has given to prion diseases during the past 15 years. Continuous surveillance of human prion disease allows identification of new emerging phenotypes. Brain tissue samples from these donors are available to the scientific community. For more information please visit:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P192 Prion amplification techniques for the rapid evaluation of surface decontamination procedures</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Bruyere-Ostells L (1), Mayran C (1), Belondrade M (1), Boublik Y (2), Haïk S (3), Fournier-Wirth C (1), Nicot S (1), Bougard D (1)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Pathogenesis and control of chronic infections, Etablissement Français du Sang, Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (2) Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (3) Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) or prion diseases are a group of incurable and always fatal neurodegenerative disorders including Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases (CJD) in humans. These pathologies include sporadic (sCJD), genetic and acquired (variant CJD) forms. By the past, sCJD and vCJD were transmitted by different prion contaminated biological materials to patients resulting in more than 400 iatrogenic cases (iCJD). The atypical nature and the biochemical properties of the infectious agent, formed by abnormal prion protein or PrPTSE, make it particularly resistant to conventional decontamination procedures. In addition, PrPTSE is widely distributed throughout the organism before clinical onset in vCJD and can also be detected in some peripheral tissues in sporadic CJD. Risk of iatrogenic transmission of CJD by contaminated medical device remains thus a concern for healthcare facilities. Bioassay is the gold standard method to evaluate the efficacy of prion decontamination procedures but is time-consuming and expensive. Here, we propose to compare in vitro prion amplification techniques: Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) and Real-Time Quaking Induced Conversion (RT-QuIC) for the detection of residual prions on surface after decontamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stainless steel wires, by mimicking the surface of surgical instruments, were proposed as a carrier model of prions for inactivation studies. To determine the sensitivity of the two amplification techniques on wires (Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC), steel wires were therefore contaminated with serial dilutions of brain homogenates (BH) from a 263k infected hamster and from a patient with sCJD (MM1 subtype). We then compared the different standard decontamination procedures including partially and fully efficient treatments by detecting the residual seeding activity on 263K and sCJD contaminated wires. We completed our study by the evaluation of marketed reagents endorsed for prion decontamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The two amplification techniques can detect minute quantities of PrPTSE adsorbed onto a single wire. 8/8 wires contaminated with a 10-6 dilution of 263k BH and 1/6 with the 10-8 dilution are positive with Surf-PMCA. Similar performances were obtained with Surf-QuIC on 263K: 10/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilution and 1/8 wires contaminated with 10-8 dilution are positive. Regarding the human sCJD-MM1 prion, Surf-QuIC allows us to detect 16/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilutions and 14/16 with 10-7 . Results obtained after decontamination treatments are very similar between 263K and sCJD prions. Efficiency of marketed treatments to remove prions is lower than expected.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC are very sensitive methods for the detection of prions on wires and could be applied to prion decontamination studies for rapid evaluation of new treatments. Sodium hypochlorite is the only product to efficiently remove seeding activity of both 263K and sCJD prions.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WA2 Oral transmission of CWD into Cynomolgus macaques: signs of atypical disease, prion conversion and infectivity in macaques and bio-assayed transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Schatzl HM (1, 2), Hannaoui S (1, 2), Cheng Y-C (1, 2), Gilch S (1, 2), Beekes M (3), SchulzSchaeffer W (4), Stahl-Hennig C (5) and Czub S (2, 6)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) University of Calgary, Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada (2) University of Calgary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calgary, Canada, (3) Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany, (4) University of Homburg/Saar, Homburg, Germany, (5) German Primate Center, Goettingen, Germany, (6) Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), Lethbridge, Canada.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To date, BSE is the only example of interspecies transmission of an animal prion disease into humans. The potential zoonotic transmission of CWD is an alarming issue and was addressed by many groups using a variety of in vitro and in vivo experimental systems. Evidence from these studies indicated a substantial, if not absolute, species barrier, aligning with the absence of epidemiological evidence suggesting transmission into humans. Studies in non-human primates were not conclusive so far, with oral transmission into new-world monkeys and no transmission into old-world monkeys. Our consortium has challenged 18 Cynomolgus macaques with characterized CWD material, focusing on oral transmission with muscle tissue. Some macaques have orally received a total of 5 kg of muscle material over a period of 2 years. After 5-7 years of incubation time some animals showed clinical symptoms indicative of prion disease, and prion neuropathology and PrPSc deposition were found in spinal cord and brain of euthanized animals. PrPSc in immunoblot was weakly detected in some spinal cord materials and various tissues tested positive in RT-QuIC, including lymph node and spleen homogenates. To prove prion infectivity in the macaque tissues, we have intracerebrally inoculated 2 lines of transgenic mice, expressing either elk or human PrP. At least 3 TgElk mice, receiving tissues from 2 different macaques, showed clinical signs of a progressive prion disease and brains were positive in immunoblot and RT-QuIC. Tissues (brain, spinal cord and spleen) from these and preclinical mice are currently tested using various read-outs and by second passage in mice. Transgenic mice expressing human PrP were so far negative for clear clinical prion disease (some mice >300 days p.i.). In parallel, the same macaque materials are inoculated into bank voles. Taken together, there is strong evidence of transmissibility of CWD orally into macaques and from macaque tissues into transgenic mouse models, although with an incomplete attack rate. The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology. Our ongoing studies will show whether the transmission of CWD into macaques and passage in transgenic mice represents a form of non-adaptive prion amplification, and whether macaque-adapted prions have the potential to infect mice expressing human PrP. The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">See also poster P103</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WA16 Monitoring Potential CWD Transmission to Humans</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Belay ED</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The spread of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in animals has raised concerns about increasing human exposure to the CWD agent via hunting and venison consumption, potentially facilitating CWD transmission to humans. Several studies have explored this possibility, including limited epidemiologic studies, in vitro experiments, and laboratory studies using various types of animal models. Most human exposures to the CWD agent in the United States would be expected to occur in association with deer and elk hunting in CWD-endemic areas. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) collaborated with state health departments in Colorado, Wisconsin, and Wyoming to identify persons at risk of CWD exposure and to monitor their vital status over time. Databases were established of persons who hunted in Colorado and Wyoming and those who reported consumption of venison from deer that later tested positive in Wisconsin. Information from the databases is periodically cross-checked with mortality data to determine the vital status and causes of death for deceased persons. Long-term follow-up of these hunters is needed to assess their risk of development of a prion disease linked to CWD exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P166 Characterization of CJD strain profiles in venison consumers and non-consumers from Alberta and Saskatchewan</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stephanie Booth (1,2), Lise Lamoureux (1), Debra Sorensen (1), Jennifer L. Myskiw (1,2), Megan Klassen (1,2), Michael Coulthart (3), Valerie Sim (4)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg (2) Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (3) Canadian CJD Surveillance System, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (4) Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is spreading rapidly through wild cervid populations in the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. While this has implications for tourism and hunting, there is also concern over possible zoonotic transmission to humans who eat venison from infected deer. Whilst there is no evidence of any human cases of CWD to date, the Canadian CJD Surveillance System (CJDSS) in Canada is staying vigilant. When variant CJD occurred following exposure to BSE, the unique biochemical fingerprint of the pathologic PrP enabled a causal link to be confirmed. However, we cannot be sure what phenotype human CWD prions would present with, or indeed, whether this would be distinct from that see in sporadic CJD. Therefore we are undertaking a systematic analysis of the molecular diversity of CJD cases of individuals who resided in Alberta and Saskatchewan at their time of death comparing venison consumers and non-consumers, using a variety of clinical, imaging, pathological and biochemical markers. Our initial objective is to develop novel biochemical methodologies that will extend the baseline glycoform and genetic polymorphism typing that is already completed by the CJDSS. Firstly, we are reviewing MRI, EEG and pathology information from over 40 cases of CJD to select clinically affected areas for further investigation. Biochemical analysis will include assessment of the levels of protease sensitive and resistant prion protein, glycoform typing using 2D gel electrophoresis, testing seeding capabilities and kinetics of aggregation by quaking-induced conversion, and determining prion oligomer size distributions with asymmetric flow field fractionation with in-line light scattering. Progress and preliminary data will be presented. Ultimately, we intend to further define the relationship between PrP structure and disease phenotype and establish a baseline for the identification of future atypical CJD cases that may arise as a result of exposure to CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Source Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Volume 24, Number 8—August 2018 Research Susceptibility of Human Prion Protein to Conversion by Chronic Wasting Disease Prions Marcelo A. BarriaComments to Author , Adriana Libori, Gordon Mitchell, and Mark W. Head Author affiliations: National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (M.A. Barria, A. Libori, M.W. Head); National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Scrapie and CWD, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (G. Mitchell)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal neurodegenerative disease and a serious animal health issue for deer and elk in North America. The identification of the first cases of CWD among free-ranging reindeer and moose in Europe brings back into focus the unresolved issue of whether CWD can be zoonotic like bovine spongiform encephalopathy. We used a cell-free seeded protein misfolding assay to determine whether CWD prions from elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer in North America can convert the human prion protein to the disease-associated form. We found that prions can convert, but the efficiency of conversion is affected by polymorphic variation in the cervid and human prion protein genes. In view of the similarity of reindeer, elk, and white-tailed deer in North America to reindeer, red deer, and roe deer, respectively, in Europe, a more comprehensive and thorough assessment of the zoonotic potential of CWD might be warranted.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Discussion Characterization of the transmission properties of CWD and evaluation of their zoonotic potential are important for public health purposes. Given that CWD affects several members of the family Cervidae, it seems reasonable to consider whether the zoonotic potential of CWD prions could be affected by factors such as CWD strain, cervid species, geographic location, and Prnp–PRNP polymorphic variation. We have previously used an in vitro conversion assay (PMCA) to investigate the susceptibility of the human PrP to conversion to its disease-associated form by several animal prion diseases, including CWD (15,16,22). The sensitivity of our molecular model for the detection of zoonotic conversion depends on the combination of 1) the action of proteinase K to degrade the abundant human PrPC that constitutes the substrate while only N terminally truncating any human PrPres produced and 2) the presence of the 3F4 epitope on human but not cervid PrP. In effect, this degree of sensitivity means that any human PrPres formed during the PMCA reaction can be detected down to the limit of Western blot sensitivity. In contrast, if other antibodies that detect both cervid and human PrP are used, such as 6H4, then newly formed human PrPres must be detected as a measurable increase in PrPres over the amount remaining in the reaction product from the cervid seed. Although best known for the efficient amplification of prions in research and diagnostic contexts, the variation of the PMCA method employed in our study is optimized for the definitive detection of zoonotic reaction products of inherently inefficient conversion reactions conducted across species barriers. By using this system, we previously made and reported the novel observation that elk CWD prions could convert human PrPC from human brain and could also convert recombinant human PrPC expressed in transgenic mice and eukaryotic cell cultures (15).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A previous publication suggested that mule deer PrPSc was unable to convert humanized transgenic substrate in PMCA assays (23) and required a further step of in vitro conditioning in deer substrate PMCA before it was able to cross the deer–human molecular barrier (24). However, prions from other species, such as elk (15) and reindeer affected by CWD, appear to be compatible with the human protein in a single round of amplification (as shown in our study). These observations suggest that different deer species affected by CWD could present differing degrees of the olecular compatibility with the normal form of human PrP.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The contribution of the polymorphism at codon 129 of the human PrP gene has been extensively studied and is recognized as a risk factor for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (4). In cervids, the equivalent codon corresponds to the position 132 encoding methionine or leucine. This polymorphism in the elk gene has been shown to play an important role in CWD susceptibility (25,26). We have investigated the effect of this cervid Prnp polymorphism on the conversion of the humanized transgenic substrate according to the variation in the equivalent PRNP codon 129 polymorphism. Interestingly, only the homologs methionine homozygous seed–substrate reactions could readily convert the human PrP, whereas the heterozygous elk PrPSc was unable to do so, even though comparable amounts of PrPres were used to seed the reaction. In addition, we observed only low levels of human PrPres formation in the reactions seeded with the homozygous methionine (132 MM) and the heterozygous (132 ML) seeds incubated with the other 2 human polymorphic substrates (129 MV and 129 VV). The presence of the amino acid leucine at position 132 of the elk Prnp gene has been attributed to a lower degree of prion conversion compared with methionine on the basis of experiments in mice made transgenic for these polymorphic variants (26). Considering the differences observed for the amplification of the homozygous human methionine substrate by the 2 polymorphic elk seeds (MM and ML), reappraisal of the susceptibility of human PrPC by the full range of cervid polymorphic variants affected by CWD would be warranted.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In light of the recent identification of the first cases of CWD in Europe in a free-ranging reindeer (R. tarandus) in Norway (2), we also decided to evaluate the in vitro conversion potential of CWD in 2 experimentally infected reindeer (18). Formation of human PrPres was readily detectable after a single round of PMCA, and in all 3 humanized polymorphic substrates (MM, MV, and VV). This finding suggests that CWD prions from reindeer could be more compatible with human PrPC generally and might therefore present a greater risk for zoonosis than, for example, CWD prions from white-tailed deer. A more comprehensive comparison of CWD in the affected species, coupled with the polymorphic variations in the human and deer PRNP–Prnp genes, in vivo and in vitro, will be required before firm conclusions can be drawn. Analysis of the Prnp sequence of the CWD reindeer in Norway was reported to be identical to the specimens used in our study (2). This finding raises the possibility of a direct comparison of zoonotic potential between CWD acquired in the wild and that produced in a controlled laboratory setting. (Table).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The prion hypothesis proposes that direct molecular interaction between PrPSc and PrPC is necessary for conversion and prion replication. Accordingly, polymorphic variants of the PrP of host and agent might play a role in determining compatibility and potential zoonotic risk. In this study, we have examined the capacity of the human PrPC to support in vitro conversion by elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer CWD PrPSc. Our data confirm that elk CWD prions can convert the human PrPC, at least in vitro, and show that the homologous PRNP polymorphisms at codon 129 and 132 in humans and cervids affect conversion efficiency. Other species affected by CWD, particularly caribou or reindeer, also seem able to convert the human PrP. It will be important to determine whether other polymorphic variants found in other CWD-affected Cervidae or perhaps other factors (17) exert similar effects on the ability to convert human PrP and thus affect their zoonotic potential.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dr. Barria is a research scientist working at the National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh. His research has focused on understanding the molecular basis of a group of fatal neurologic disorders called prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgments We thank Aru Balachandran for originally providing cervid brain tissues, Abigail Diack and Jean Manson for providing mouse brain tissue, and James Ironside for his critical reading of the manuscript at an early stage.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This report is independent research commissioned and funded by the United Kingdom’s Department of Health Policy Research Programme and the Government of Scotland. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Department of Health or the Government of Scotland.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author contributions: The study was conceived and designed by M.A.B. and M.W.H. The experiments were conducted by M.A.B. and A.L. Chronic wasting disease brain specimens were provided by G.M. The manuscript was written by M.A.B. and M.W.H. All authors contributed to the editing and revision of the manuscript.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Prion 2017 Conference Abstracts </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">First evidence of intracranial and peroral transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) into Cynomolgus macaques: a work in progress </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stefanie Czub1, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer2, Christiane Stahl-Hennig3, Michael Beekes4, Hermann Schaetzl5 and Dirk Motzkus6 1 University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine/Canadian Food Inspection Agency; 2Universitatsklinikum des Saarlandes und Medizinische Fakultat der Universitat des Saarlandes; 3 Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen; 4 Robert-Koch-Institut Berlin; 5 University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; 6 presently: Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center; previously: Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This is a progress report of a project which started in 2009. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">21 cynomolgus macaques were challenged with characterized CWD material from white-tailed deer (WTD) or elk by intracerebral (ic), oral, and skin exposure routes. Additional blood transfusion experiments are supposed to assess the CWD contamination risk of human blood product. Challenge materials originated from symptomatic cervids for ic, skin scarification and partially per oral routes (WTD brain). Challenge material for feeding of muscle derived from preclinical WTD and from preclinical macaques for blood transfusion experiments. We have confirmed that the CWD challenge material contained at least two different CWD agents (brain material) as well as CWD prions in muscle-associated nerves. Here we present first data on a group of animals either challenged ic with steel wires or per orally and sacrificed with incubation times ranging from 4.5 to 6.9 years at postmortem. Three animals displayed signs of mild clinical disease, including anxiety, apathy, ataxia and/or tremor. In four animals wasting was observed, two of those had confirmed diabetes. All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals. Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuiC) and PET-blot assays to further substantiate these findings are on the way, as well as bioassays in bank voles and transgenic mice. At present, a total of 10 animals are sacrificed and read-outs are ongoing. Preclinical incubation of the remaining macaques covers a range from 6.4 to 7.10 years. Based on the species barrier and an incubation time of > 5 years for BSE in macaques and about 10 years for scrapie in macaques, we expected an onset of clinical disease beyond 6 years post inoculation. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2017 DECIPHERING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS ABSTRACTS REFERENCE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://aabb.confex.com/aabb/2018/mediafile/Handout/Session2756/TU1-3.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://aabb.confex.com/aabb/2018/mediafile/Handout/Session2756/TU1-3.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> 8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 23, 2019 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion and THE FEAST 2003 CDC an updated review of the science 2019 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 04, 2014 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Six-year follow-up of a point-source exposure to CWD contaminated venison in an Upstate New York community: risk behaviours and health outcomes 2005–2011 Authors, though, acknowledged the study was limited in geography and sample size and so it couldn't draw a conclusion about the risk to humans. They recommended more study. Dr. Ermias Belay was the report's principal author but he said New York and Oneida County officials are following the proper course by not launching a study. "There's really nothing to monitor presently. No one's sick," Belay said, noting the disease's incubation period in deer and elk is measured in years. " </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission Studies Mule deer transmissions of CWD were by intracerebral inoculation and compared with natural cases {the following was written but with a single line marked through it ''first passage (by this route)}....TSS resulted in a more rapidly progressive clinical disease with repeated episodes of synocopy ending in coma. One control animal became affected, it is believed through contamination of inoculum (?saline). Further CWD transmissions were carried out by Dick Marsh into ferret, mink and squirrel monkey. Transmission occurred in ALL of these species with the shortest incubation period in the ferret. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip.... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion Infectivity in Fat of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease▿ </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Brent Race#, Kimberly Meade-White#, Richard Race and Bruce Chesebro* + Author Affiliations In mice, prion infectivity was recently detected in fat. Since ruminant fat is consumed by humans and fed to animals, we determined infectivity titers in fat from two CWD-infected deer. Deer fat devoid of muscle contained low levels of CWD infectivity and might be a risk factor for prion infection of other species. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full Prions in Skeletal Muscles of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease Here bioassays in transgenic mice expressing cervid prion protein revealed the presence of infectious prions in skeletal muscles of CWD-infected deer, demonstrating that humans consuming or handling meat from CWD-infected deer are at risk to prion exposure. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> *** now, let’s see what the authors said about this casual link, personal communications years ago, and then the latest on the zoonotic potential from CWD to humans from the TOKYO PRION 2016 CONFERENCE. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see where it is stated NO STRONG evidence. so, does this mean there IS casual evidence ???? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans” </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: TSS Subject: CWD aka MAD DEER/ELK TO HUMANS ??? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: September 30, 2002 at 7:06 am PST </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: "Belay, Ermias" </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: Cc: "Race, Richard (NIH)" ; ; "Belay, Ermias" </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sent: Monday, September 30, 2002 9:22 AM Subject: RE: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dear Sir/Madam, In the Archives of Neurology you quoted (the abstract of which was attached to your email), we did not say CWD in humans will present like variant CJD.. That assumption would be wrong. I encourage you to read the whole article and call me if you have questions or need more clarification (phone: 404-639-3091). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Also, we do not claim that "no-one has ever been infected with prion disease from eating venison." Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans in the article you quoted or in any other forum is limited to the patients we investigated. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ermias Belay, M.D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">-----Original Message----- From: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sent: Sunday, September 29, 2002 10:15 AM </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: rr26k@nih.gov; rrace@niaid.nih.gov; ebb8@CDC.GOV </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sunday, November 10, 2002 6:26 PM .......snip........end..............TSS </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Thursday, April 03, 2008 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease 2008 1: Vet Res. 2008 Apr 3;39(4):41 A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease Sigurdson CJ. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... *** twenty-seven CJD patients who regularly consumed venison were reported to the Surveillance Center***, </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... full text ; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">sporadic, spontaneous CJD, 85%+ of all human TSE, did not just happen. never in scientific literature has this been proven. if one looks up the word sporadic or spontaneous at pubmed, you will get a laundry list of disease that are classified in such a way; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">sporadic = 54,983 hits </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">spontaneous = 325,650 hits </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">key word here is 'reported'. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can't, and it's as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it's being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. ...terry </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people. key word here is ‘reported’. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can’t, and it’s as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it’s being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. …terry </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ *** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** These results would seem to suggest that CWD does indeed have zoonotic potential, at least as judged by the compatibility of CWD prions and their human PrPC target. Furthermore, extrapolation from this simple in vitro assay suggests that if zoonotic CWD occurred, it would most likely effect those of the PRNP codon 129-MM genotype and that the PrPres type would be similar to that found in the most common subtype of sCJD (MM1).*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">CWD TSE PRION AND ZOONOTIC, ZOONOSIS, FACTORS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: Re: DEER SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY SURVEY & HOUND STUDY </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: Fri, 18 Oct 2002 23:12:22 +0100 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: Steve Dealler </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Organization: Netscape Online member </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: BSE-L@ References: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dear Terry,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">An excellent piece of review as this literature is desperately difficult to get back from Government sites.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">What happened with the deer was that an association between deer meat eating and sporadic CJD was found in about 1993. The evidence was not great but did not disappear after several years of asking CJD cases what they had eaten. I think that the work into deer disease largely stopped because it was not helpful to the UK industry...and no specific cases were reported. Well, if you dont look adequately like they are in USA currenly then you wont find any!</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Steve Dealler </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM THIRD ANNUAL REPORT AUGUST 1994</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Consumption of venison and veal was much less widespread among both cases and controls. For both of these meats there was evidence of a trend with increasing frequency of consumption being associated with increasing risk of CJD. (not nvCJD, but sporadic CJD...tss) These associations were largely unchanged when attention was restricted to pairs with data obtained from relatives. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Table 9 presents the results of an analysis of these data.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is STRONG evidence of an association between ‘’regular’’ veal eating and risk of CJD (p = .0.01).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Individuals reported to eat veal on average at least once a year appear to be at 13 TIMES THE RISK of individuals who have never eaten veal.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is, however, a very wide confidence interval around this estimate. There is no strong evidence that eating veal less than once per year is associated with increased risk of CJD (p = 0.51).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is some evidence that risk of CJD INCREASES WITH INCREASING FREQUENCY OF LAMB EATING (p = 0.02).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The evidence for such an association between beef eating and CJD is weaker (p = 0.14). When only controls for whom a relative was interviewed are included, this evidence becomes a little STRONGER (p = 0.08).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It was found that when veal was included in the model with another exposure, the association between veal and CJD remained statistically significant (p = < 0.05 for all exposures), while the other exposures ceased to be statistically significant (p = > 0.05).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In conclusion, an analysis of dietary histories revealed statistical associations between various meats/animal products and INCREASED RISK OF CJD. When some account was taken of possible confounding, the association between VEAL EATING AND RISK OF CJD EMERGED AS THE STRONGEST OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS STATISTICALLY. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the study in the USA, a range of foodstuffs were associated with an increased risk of CJD, including liver consumption which was associated with an apparent SIX-FOLD INCREASE IN THE RISK OF CJD. By comparing the data from 3 studies in relation to this particular dietary factor, the risk of liver consumption became non-significant with an odds ratio of 1.2 (PERSONAL COMMUNICATION, PROFESSOR A. HOFMAN. ERASMUS UNIVERSITY, ROTTERDAM). (???...TSS)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full report ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stephen Dealler is a consultant medical microbiologist deal@airtime.co.uk </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE Inquiry Steve Dealler</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Management In Confidence</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE: Private Submission of Bovine Brain Dealler</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> MAD DOGS AND ENGLISHMEN BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, CJD, TSE PRION A REVIEW 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> ''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> In conclusion, sensory symptoms and loss of reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome can be explained by neuropathological changes in the spinal cord. We conclude that the sensory symptoms and loss of lower limb reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome is due to pathology in the caudal spinal cord. <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology.<*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD. <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals.<*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids.'' Scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease (II) <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, DECEMBER 08, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">TEXAS CWD TSE PRION DIRE CONSEQUENCES ARE HERE!</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/texas-cwd-tse-prion-dire-consequences.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/texas-cwd-tse-prion-dire-consequences.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">CWD TSE PRION DISEASE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">CWD TSE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;">CWD TSE PRION CERVID ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS 2023</div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;">So, this is what we leave our children and grandchildren?..</div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;">"Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation."</div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Detection of prions in soils contaminated by multiple routes</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stuart Siegfried Lichtenberg1,2 , Heather Inzalaco3 , Sam Thomas4 , Dan Storm5 , Dan Walsh6</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3 Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">4Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">5Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, U.S.A.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">6U.S. Geological Survey, Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, U.S.A.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Free-ranging animals afflicted with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies frequently shed infectious prions into the broader environment. The quintessential example is chronic wasting disease, the TSE of cervids. Over the course of the disease, an infected animal will shed infectious prions in blood, urine, saliva, and feces. Upon death, the total prion load interred in the animal’s tissues will be deposited wherever the animal falls. This contamination creates substantial risk to naïve animals, and likely contributes to disease spread. Identification and quantification of prions at contamination hotspots is essential for any attempt at mitigation of environmental transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: Surfactant extraction of soils followed by precipitation yields a sample that is amenable to analysis by real-time quaking induced conversion. However, differences in extraction yield are apparent depending on the properties of the matrix from which the prions are being extracted, principally soil clay content.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: We are able to detect prion seeding activity at multiple types of environmental hotspots, including carcass sites, contaminated captive facilities, and scrapes (i.e. urine and saliva). Differences in relative prion concentration vary depending on the nature and source of the contamination. Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Detection of prions in the environment is of the utmost importance for controlling chronic wasting disease spread. Here, we have demonstrated a viable method for detection of prions in complex environmental matrices. However, it is quite likely that this method underestimates the total infectious prion load in a contaminated sample, due to incomplete recovery of infectious prions. Further refinements are necessary for accurate quantification of prions in such samples, and to account for the intrinsic heterogeneities found in the broader environment.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources </div></div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;">Prion 2023 Abstracts</div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Nine of these recurrences occurred 14–21 years after culling, apparently as the result of environmental contamination, but outside entry could not always be absolutely excluded. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY Volume 87, Issue 12 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years Free </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82011-0" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82011-0</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rapid recontamination of a farm building occurs after attempted prion removal </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">First published: 19 January 2019 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The data illustrates the difficulty in decontaminating farm buildings from scrapie, and demonstrates the likely contribution of farm dust to the recontamination of these environments to levels that are capable of causing disease. snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This study clearly demonstrates the difficulty in removing scrapie infectivity from the farm environment. Practical and effective prion decontamination methods are still urgently required for decontamination of scrapie infectivity from farms that have had cases of scrapie and this is particularly relevant for scrapie positive goatherds, which currently have limited genetic resistance to scrapie within commercial breeds.24 This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***>This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Front. Vet. Sci., 14 September 2015 | <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Objects in contact with classical scrapie sheep act as a reservoir for scrapie transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In conclusion, the results in the current study indicate that removal of furniture that had been in contact with scrapie-infected animals should be recommended, particularly since cleaning and decontamination may not effectively remove scrapie infectivity (31), even though infectivity declines considerably if the pasture and the field furniture have not been in contact with scrapie-infected sheep for several months. As sPMCA failed to detect PrPSc in furniture that was subjected to weathering, even though exposure led to infection in sheep, this method may not always be reliable in predicting the risk of scrapie infection through environmental contamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">172. Establishment of PrPCWD extraction and detection methods in the farm soil</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our studies showed that PrPCWD persist in 0.001% CWD contaminated soil for at least 4 year and natural CWD-affected farm soil. When cervid reintroduced into CWD outbreak farm, the strict decontamination procedures of the infectious agent should be performed in the environment of CWD-affected cervid habitat.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Plants as vectors for environmental prion transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">November 09</span>, 2023DOI:<span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.108428</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Advertisement Highlights</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• Abnormal prion protein can enter the roots of plants</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• Plants can translocate detectable levels of prions to aerial tissues</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">•Animals exposed to prion-contaminated plant tissues can acquire disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">•Contaminated plants may represent a route of prion exposure</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Nonetheless, our finding of accumulation of two prion strains by a variety of plants grown hydroponically, in agar, or on soil supports the potential for plants to acquire CWD, scrapie, or other prions from the environment and transmit prion disease to susceptible hosts, making plants a plausible vector for prion diseases in wildlife, livestock, and humans. The potential for plants to serve as vectors for prion disease has implications for the disposal of infected carcasses, grazing practices, and the use and transport of potentially contaminated crop materials.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.cell.com/iscience/pdf/S2589-0042(23)02505-1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.cell.com/iscience/pdf/S2589-0042(23)02505-1.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(23)02505-1?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2589004223025051%3Fshowall%3Dtrue" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(23)02505-1?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2589004223025051%3Fshowall%3Dtrue</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Carrot plants as potential vectors for CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The PMCA analysis demonstrated CWD seeding activity in soils contaminated with CWD prions and in carrot plants (leaves and roots) grown on them. Bioassays showed that both plants and roots contained CWD prions sufficiently to induce disease. As expected, animals treated with prion-infected soils developed prion disease at shorter incubation periods (and complete attack rates) compared to plant components. We show that edible plant components can absorb prions from CWD-contaminated soils and transport them to their aerial parts. Our results indicate that edible plants could participate as vectors of CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“In addition, hay and straw from the United States and Canada must be accompanied by a certificate from a public veterinarian that the product has been harvested in states or provinces where Chronic Wasting Disease has not been detected on deer.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Regulation No. 1599 of 2018 on additional requirements for the import of hay and straw for used for animal feed.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Country Norway</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Type of law Regulation</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Source</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FAO , FAOLEX</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In addition, hay and straw from the United States and Canada must be accompanied by a certificate from a public veterinarian that the product has been harvested in states or provinces where Chronic Wasting Disease has not been detected on deer.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/nor189761.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/nor189761.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">THE tse prion aka mad cow type disease is not your normal pathogen. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">The TSE prion disease survives ashing to 600 degrees celsius, that’s around 1112 degrees farenheit. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">you cannot cook the TSE prion disease out of meat. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">you can take the ash and mix it with saline and inject that ash into a mouse, and the mouse will go down with TSE. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production as well. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">the TSE prion agent also survives Simulated Wastewater Treatment Processes. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">IN fact, you should also know that the TSE Prion agent will survive in the environment for years, if not decades. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">you can bury it and it will not go away. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">The TSE agent is capable of infected your water table i.e. Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">it’s not your ordinary pathogen you can just cook it out and be done</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">New studies on the heat resistance of hamster-adapted scrapie agent: Threshold survival after ashing at 600°C suggests an inorganic template of replication </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">A Quantitative Assessment of the Amount of Prion Diverted to Category 1 Materials and Wastewater During Processing </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Rapid assessment of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion inactivation by heat treatment in yellow grease produced in the industrial manufacturing process of meat and bone meals </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 2019 </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">BSE infectivity survives burial for five years with only limited spread</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf</a></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">“Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) agents have strain variations that influence disease phenotype and may affect the potential for interspecies transmission. Since deer and sheep may use the same grazing land, it is important to understand the potential transmission of TSEs between these species. The US scrapie isolate (No.13-7) had a 100% attack rate in white-tailed deer after oronasal challenge.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=405929" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=405929</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, JANUARY 16, 2024 <br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">CIDRAP launches international effort to prepare for possible chronic wasting disease spillover </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Spillover to other Species, What If? </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2024/01/cidrap-launches-international-effort-to.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2024/01/cidrap-launches-international-effort-to.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">CAMEL PRION DISEASE LIKELY FROM FEED;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Friday, May 12, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Camel prion disease, a new emerging disease in North Africa, Lymphoid Tropism, Neuropathological Characterization Update 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">11th Iberian Congress on Prions Barcelona 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://prioncongressbcn.ppmclab.com/book_abstracts_v4.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://prioncongressbcn.ppmclab.com/book_abstracts_v4.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2023/05/camel-prion-disease-new-emerging.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2023/05/camel-prion-disease-new-emerging.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A Camelid Anti-PrP Antibody Abrogates PrPSc Replication in Prion-Permissive Neuroblastoma Cell Lines</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Daryl Rhys Jones,William Alexander Taylor,Clive Bate,Monique David,Mourad Tayebi </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published: March 22, 2010</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009804" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009804</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0009804" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0009804</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15 Apr 2018 23:13 GMT MOST RECENT </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion Disease in Dromedary Camels, Algeria </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Posted by flounder on 15 Apr 2018 at 23:13 GMT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/fea97a95-2600-42a6-b289-0f490896a3aa" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/fea97a95-2600-42a6-b289-0f490896a3aa</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comments?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0009804" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comments?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0009804</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/6/17-2007_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/6/17-2007_article</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 05, 2024</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Mad Cow Scaremongers, The Center For Consumer Freedom Team, Terry Singeltary Sr Revisited 2024</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2024/02/mad-cow-scaremongers-center-for.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2024/02/mad-cow-scaremongers-center-for.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="background-color: white; outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37946824.post-12875736771138657302024-02-13T12:52:00.003-06:002024-02-13T12:56:56.219-06:00TPWD Chronic Wasting Disease Surveillance Weekly Update, 628 Confirmed to Date February 5, 2024<div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">TPWD Chronic Wasting Disease Surveillance Weekly Update February 05, 2024 </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">CWD Confirmed to Date 628 Positive Chronic Wasting Disease Surveillance Weekly Update February 05, 2024 CWD surveillance efforts have been under way since March 1, 2023. Statewide CWD sampling goals for the 2023-2024 collection year are to collect approximately 7,982 samples, and all samples within the CWD designated zones. Wildlife Division staff are collecting CWD samples from a variety of locations which include, road kill deer, locker plants and deer processors, private ranches, WMA and State Parks, and check stations. The first sample reported for this season was collected on March 1, 2023 and was a road kill deer. Exotic species which have been sampled include axis deer, red deer, sika, sambar and elk. A total of 14,753 CWD samples have been collected to date which is approximately 184.83% of the statewide goal of 7,982 samples. Summary of current results are listed below along with maps illustrating distribution of CWD samples. </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">SUMMARY</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><p class="ydpaa039bb5MsoBodyText" style="margin: 17.75pt 0in 0.0001pt 5.5pt; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; outline: none;">Table</span><span style="color: #333333; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; outline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; outline: none;">1.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none;"> </span></span></b><span style="color: #333333; outline: none;">CWD<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt; outline: none;"> </span>sample<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none;"> </span>totals<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; outline: none;"> </span>by<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; outline: none;"> </span>species<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; outline: none;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none;"> </span>deer<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none;"> sex.</span></span></p><p class="ydpaa039bb5MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.5pt; outline: none;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; outline: none;"> </span></p><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="ydpaa039bb5MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 5.85pt; outline: none;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none;"><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-image: initial; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 148.15pt;" valign="top" width="198"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 0.15pt 0.0001pt 8.6pt; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;">Species</span></b><b style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-image: initial; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 103.45pt;" valign="top" width="138"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 7.8pt; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;">Doe/Cow</span></b><b style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-image: initial; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 98.5pt;" valign="top" width="131"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 0.25pt 0.0001pt 0.05pt; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;">Buck/Bull</span></b><b style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-image: initial; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 94.6pt;" valign="top" width="126"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 0.1pt 0.0001pt 3.95pt; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;">Unknown</span></b><b style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-image: initial; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 74.95pt;" valign="top" width="100"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 3.7pt; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;">Total</span></b><b style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></b></p></td></tr><tr style="min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none;"><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 148.15pt;" valign="top" width="198"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0.05pt 0.0001pt 8.6pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">Elk</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 103.45pt;" valign="top" width="138"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0.1pt 0.0001pt 7.8pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none;">6</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 98.5pt;" valign="top" width="131"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0.25pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">16</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 94.6pt;" valign="top" width="126"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0in 0.0001pt 3.95pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none;">1</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 74.95pt;" valign="top" width="100"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0.05pt 0.0001pt 3.7pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">23</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td></tr><tr style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none;"><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 148.15pt;" valign="top" width="198"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 0.6pt 0.25pt 0.0001pt 8.6pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none;">Exotic</span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none;">Deer</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 103.45pt;" valign="top" width="138"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 0.6pt 0.1pt 0.0001pt 7.8pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">94</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 98.5pt;" valign="top" width="131"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-right: 0.25pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">104</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 94.6pt;" valign="top" width="126"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 3.95pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none;">1</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 74.95pt;" valign="top" width="100"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 0.6pt 0.05pt 0.0001pt 3.7pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">199</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td></tr><tr style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none;"><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 148.15pt;" valign="top" width="198"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 0.6pt 0.25pt 0.0001pt 8.6pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none;">Mule</span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none;"> Deer</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 103.45pt;" valign="top" width="138"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 0.6pt 0.1pt 0.0001pt 7.8pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">63</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 98.5pt;" valign="top" width="131"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-right: 0.25pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">536</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 94.6pt;" valign="top" width="126"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 3.95pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none;">9</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 74.95pt;" valign="top" width="100"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 0.6pt 0.05pt 0.0001pt 3.7pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">608</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td></tr><tr style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none;"><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 148.15pt;" valign="top" width="198"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 0.6pt 0.25pt 0.0001pt 8.6pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;">White-tailed</span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; outline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none;">Deer</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 103.45pt;" valign="top" width="138"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 0.6pt 0.1pt 0.0001pt 7.8pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;">5,673</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 98.5pt;" valign="top" width="131"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-right: 0.25pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;">7,950</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 94.6pt;" valign="top" width="126"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 3.95pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">300</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 74.95pt;" valign="top" width="100"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 0.6pt 0.05pt 0.0001pt 3.7pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;">13,923</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td></tr><tr style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none;"><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 148.15pt;" valign="top" width="198"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0in 0.0001pt 8.6pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;">Grand</span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;">Total</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 103.45pt;" valign="top" width="138"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0.1pt 0.0001pt 7.8pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;">5,836</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 98.5pt;" valign="top" width="131"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0.25pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;">8,606</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 94.6pt;" valign="top" width="126"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0in 0.0001pt 3.95pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">311</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 74.95pt;" valign="top" width="100"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0.05pt 0.0001pt 3.7pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;">14,753</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="ydpaa039bb5MsoBodyText" style="outline: none;"><br /></p><p class="ydpaa039bb5MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 17.6px; margin: 0.05pt 7.05pt 0.0001pt 5.5pt; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; outline: none;">Table</span><span style="color: #333333; outline: none;"> <span style="outline: none;">2.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;"> </span></span></span></b><span style="color: #333333; outline: none;">CWD<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; outline: none;"> </span>sample<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;"> </span>totals<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none;"> </span>by<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none;"> </span>species<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;"> </span>deer and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;"> </span>type<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;"> </span>mortality.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;"> </span>“Other Mortality” includes<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none;"> </span>sick<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none;"> </span>deer,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;"> </span>poached<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;"> </span>deer,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;"> </span>deer collected </span><span style="color: #333333; outline: none;">for<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt; outline: none;"> </span>training<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt; outline: none;"> </span>or<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt; outline: none;"> </span>research.</span></p><p class="ydpaa039bb5MsoBodyText" style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: 7.5pt; outline: none;"> </span></p><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="ydpaa039bb5MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 5.85pt; outline: none;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none;"><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-image: initial; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 108.25pt;" valign="top" width="144"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 0.1pt 0.0001pt 5.25pt; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;">Species</span></b><b style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-image: initial; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 67.55pt;" valign="top" width="90"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.4pt; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;">Clinical</span></b><b style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-image: initial; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 99.85pt;" valign="top" width="133"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 0.15pt 0.0001pt 1.05pt; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;">Hunter</span></b><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.75pt; outline: none;"> </span></b><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;">Harvest</span></b><b style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-image: initial; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 54.85pt;" valign="top" width="73"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 0.2pt 0.0001pt 4.15pt; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;">Other</span></b><b style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-image: initial; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 66.6pt;" valign="top" width="89"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 1.9pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;">Road</span></b><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none;"> Kill</span></b><b style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-image: initial; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 69.1pt;" valign="top" width="92"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 0.15pt 0.0001pt 1.5pt; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;">Unknown</span></b><b style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-image: initial; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 53.5pt;" valign="top" width="71"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1.95pt; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;">Total</span></b><b style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></b></p></td></tr><tr style="min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none;"><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 108.25pt;" valign="top" width="144"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0in 0.0001pt 5.25pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">Elk</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 67.55pt;" valign="top" width="90"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0in 0.0001pt 0.4pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none;">0</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 99.85pt;" valign="top" width="133"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0in 0.0001pt 1.05pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">22</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 54.85pt;" valign="top" width="73"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0in 0.0001pt 4.15pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none;">0</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 66.6pt;" valign="top" width="89"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 1.9pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none;">1</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 69.1pt;" valign="top" width="92"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0in 0.0001pt 1.5pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none;">0</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 53.5pt;" valign="top" width="71"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0in 0.0001pt 1.95pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">23</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td></tr><tr style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none;"><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 108.25pt;" valign="top" width="144"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 0.6pt 0.25pt 0.0001pt 5.25pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none;">Exotic</span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none;">Deer</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 67.55pt;" valign="top" width="90"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.4pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none;">0</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 99.85pt;" valign="top" width="133"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 1.05pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">148</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 54.85pt;" valign="top" width="73"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 4.15pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none;">2</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 66.6pt;" valign="top" width="89"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-right: 1.9pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">49</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 69.1pt;" valign="top" width="92"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none;">0</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 53.5pt;" valign="top" width="71"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 1.95pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">199</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td></tr><tr style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none;"><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 108.25pt;" valign="top" width="144"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 0.6pt 0.25pt 0.0001pt 5.25pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none;">Mule</span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none;"> Deer</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 67.55pt;" valign="top" width="90"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.4pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none;">7</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 99.85pt;" valign="top" width="133"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 1.05pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">512</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 54.85pt;" valign="top" width="73"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 4.15pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">22</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 66.6pt;" valign="top" width="89"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-right: 1.9pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">66</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 69.1pt;" valign="top" width="92"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none;">1</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 53.5pt;" valign="top" width="71"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 1.95pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">608</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td></tr><tr style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none;"><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 108.25pt;" valign="top" width="144"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 0.6pt 0.25pt 0.0001pt 5.25pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;">White-tailed</span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; outline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none;">Deer</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 67.55pt;" valign="top" width="90"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.4pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">50</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 99.85pt;" valign="top" width="133"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 1.05pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;">11,096</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 54.85pt;" valign="top" width="73"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 4.15pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">186</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 66.6pt;" valign="top" width="89"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-right: 1.9pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;">2,588</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 69.1pt;" valign="top" width="92"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none;">3</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 53.5pt;" valign="top" width="71"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 1.95pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;">13,923</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td></tr><tr style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none;"><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 108.25pt;" valign="top" width="144"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0in 0.0001pt 5.25pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;">Grand</span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;">Total</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 67.55pt;" valign="top" width="90"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0in 0.0001pt 0.4pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">57</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 99.85pt;" valign="top" width="133"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0in 0.0001pt 1.05pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;">11,778</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 54.85pt;" valign="top" width="73"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0in 0.0001pt 4.15pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">210</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 66.6pt;" valign="top" width="89"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 1.9pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;">2,704</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 69.1pt;" valign="top" width="92"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0in 0.0001pt 1.5pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none;">4</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 53.5pt;" valign="top" width="71"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0in 0.0001pt 1.95pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;">14,753</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="ydpaa039bb5MsoBodyText" style="outline: none;"> </p><p class="ydpaa039bb5MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0.05pt 0in 0.0001pt 5.5pt; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; outline: none;">Table</span><span style="color: #333333; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; outline: none;">3.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;"> </span></span></b><span style="color: #333333; outline: none;">CWD<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt; outline: none;"> </span>sample<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;"> </span>totals<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt; outline: none;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;"> </span>white-tailed<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;"> </span>deer<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt; outline: none;"> </span>by<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt; outline: none;"> </span>sex<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt; outline: none;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;"> </span>age<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;">class.</span></span></p><p class="ydpaa039bb5MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0.5pt 0in 0.05pt; outline: none;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; outline: none;"> </span></p><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="ydpaa039bb5MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 5.85pt; outline: none;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none;"><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-image: initial; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 109.25pt;" valign="top" width="146"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 1.05pt 0.0001pt 7.95pt; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;">White-tailed</span></b><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: 1.2pt; outline: none;"> </span></b><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none;">Deer</span></b><b style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-image: initial; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 37.5pt;" valign="top" width="50"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 6.2pt; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">0.5</span></b><b style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-image: initial; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 39.35pt;" valign="top" width="52"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 0.85pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">1.5</span></b><b style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-image: initial; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 40.25pt;" valign="top" width="54"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 0.05pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">2.5</span></b><b style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-image: initial; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 40.4pt;" valign="top" width="54"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 0.25pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">3.5</span></b><b style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-image: initial; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 40.7pt;" valign="top" width="54"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 0.35pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">4.5</span></b><b style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-image: initial; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 40.85pt;" valign="top" width="54"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 0.25pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">5.5</span></b><b style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-image: initial; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 39.95pt;" valign="top" width="53"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.4pt; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">6.5</span></b><b style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-image: initial; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 31.25pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.05pt; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">7.5</span></b><b style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-image: initial; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 36.3pt;" valign="top" width="48"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 3.75pt 0.0001pt 0.25pt; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none;">8.5+</span></b><b style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-image: initial; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 64.3pt;" valign="top" width="86"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 3.65pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;">Unknown</span></b><b style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></b></p></td></tr><tr style="min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none;"><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 109.25pt;" valign="top" width="146"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0in 0.0001pt 7.95pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;">Doe/Cow</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 37.5pt;" valign="top" width="50"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0in 0.0001pt 6.2pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">216</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 39.35pt;" valign="top" width="52"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0.85pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">624</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 40.25pt;" valign="top" width="54"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0.05pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">964</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 40.4pt;" valign="top" width="54"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0.25pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;">1,276</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 40.7pt;" valign="top" width="54"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0.35pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">957</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 40.85pt;" valign="top" width="54"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0.25pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">672</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 39.95pt;" valign="top" width="53"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0in 0.0001pt 0.4pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">465</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 31.25pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0in 0.0001pt 0.05pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">216</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 36.3pt;" valign="top" width="48"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 3.75pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">154</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 64.3pt;" valign="top" width="86"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 3.65pt 0.0001pt 0.1pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">129</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td></tr><tr style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none;"><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 109.25pt;" valign="top" width="146"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 0.6pt 0.7pt 0.0001pt 7.95pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;">Buck/Bull</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 37.5pt;" valign="top" width="50"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 6.2pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">183</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 39.35pt;" valign="top" width="52"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-right: 0.85pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;">1,040</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 40.25pt;" valign="top" width="54"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-right: 0.05pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;">1,197</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 40.4pt;" valign="top" width="54"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-right: 0.25pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;">1,809</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 40.7pt;" valign="top" width="54"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-right: 0.35pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;">1,602</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 40.85pt;" valign="top" width="54"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-right: 0.25pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;">1,063</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 39.95pt;" valign="top" width="53"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.4pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">521</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 31.25pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.05pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">219</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 36.3pt;" valign="top" width="48"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-right: 3.75pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">110</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 64.3pt;" valign="top" width="86"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 0.6pt 3.65pt 0.0001pt 0.1pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">206</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td></tr><tr style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none;"><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 109.25pt;" valign="top" width="146"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 0.6pt 0.8pt 0.0001pt 7.95pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none;">Sex</span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.45pt; outline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;">Unknown</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 37.5pt;" valign="top" width="50"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 6.2pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none;">9</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 39.35pt;" valign="top" width="52"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-right: 0.85pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">28</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 40.25pt;" valign="top" width="54"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-right: 0.05pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">15</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 40.4pt;" valign="top" width="54"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-right: 0.25pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">24</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 40.7pt;" valign="top" width="54"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-right: 0.35pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">25</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 40.85pt;" valign="top" width="54"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-right: 0.25pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">26</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 39.95pt;" valign="top" width="53"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.4pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">19</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 31.25pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.05pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none;">6</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 36.3pt;" valign="top" width="48"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-right: 3.75pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none;">1</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 64.3pt;" valign="top" width="86"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 0.6pt 3.65pt 0.0001pt 0.1pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">147</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td></tr><tr style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none;"><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 109.25pt;" valign="top" width="146"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0.7pt 0.0001pt 7.95pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;">Grand</span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;">Total</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 37.5pt;" valign="top" width="50"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0in 0.0001pt 6.2pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">408</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 39.35pt;" valign="top" width="52"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0.85pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;">1,692</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 40.25pt;" valign="top" width="54"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0.05pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;">2,176</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 40.4pt;" valign="top" width="54"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0.25pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;">3,109</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 40.7pt;" valign="top" width="54"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0.35pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;">2,584</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 40.85pt;" valign="top" width="54"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0.25pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;">1,761</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 39.95pt;" valign="top" width="53"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0in 0.0001pt 0.4pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;">1,005</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 31.25pt;" valign="top" width="42"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0in 0.0001pt 0.05pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">441</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 36.3pt;" valign="top" width="48"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 3.75pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">265</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 64.3pt;" valign="top" width="86"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 3.65pt 0.0001pt 0.1pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">482</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="ydpaa039bb5MsoBodyText" style="outline: none;"> </p><p class="ydpaa039bb5MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0.05pt 0in 0.0001pt 5.5pt; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; outline: none;">Table</span><span style="color: #333333; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; outline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; outline: none;">4.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none;"> </span></span></b><span style="color: #333333; outline: none;">CWD<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt; outline: none;"> </span>sample<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none;"> </span>totals<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; outline: none;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;"> </span>mule<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none;"> </span>deer<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;"> </span>by<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; outline: none;"> </span>sex<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt; outline: none;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none;"> </span>age<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;">class.</span></span></p><p class="ydpaa039bb5MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.5pt; outline: none;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; outline: none;"> </span></p><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="ydpaa039bb5MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 5.85pt; outline: none;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none;"><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-image: initial; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 97.65pt;" valign="top" width="130"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 1.05pt 0.0001pt 9.35pt; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;">Mule</span></b><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: 1.1pt; outline: none;"> </span></b><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none;">Deer</span></b><b style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-image: initial; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="56"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 8.55pt; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">0.5</span></b><b style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-image: initial; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 33.6pt;" valign="top" width="45"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.05pt; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">1.5</span></b><b style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-image: initial; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 34.2pt;" valign="top" width="46"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 0.4pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">2.5</span></b><b style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-image: initial; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 2.2pt 0.0001pt 1.85pt; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">3.5</span></b><b style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-image: initial; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 38.4pt;" valign="top" width="51"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.1pt; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">4.5</span></b><b style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-image: initial; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 37.95pt;" valign="top" width="51"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.55pt; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">5.5</span></b><b style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-image: initial; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 34.65pt;" valign="top" width="46"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.6pt; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">6.5</span></b><b style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-image: initial; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 35.25pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 0.75pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">7.5</span></b><b style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-image: initial; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 47.35pt;" valign="top" width="63"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 5.9pt 0.0001pt 0.2pt; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none;">8.5+</span></b><b style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-image: initial; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; min-height: 10.85pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 80.6pt;" valign="top" width="107"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.45pt; margin: 0in 4.95pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;">Unknown</span></b><b style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></b></p></td></tr><tr style="min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none;"><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 97.65pt;" valign="top" width="130"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0in 0.0001pt 9.35pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;">Doe/Cow</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="56"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0in 0.0001pt 8.55pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none;">3</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 33.6pt;" valign="top" width="45"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0in 0.0001pt 0.05pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none;">8</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 34.2pt;" valign="top" width="46"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0.4pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none;">6</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 2.2pt 0.0001pt 1.85pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">15</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 38.4pt;" valign="top" width="51"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0in 0.0001pt 0.1pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">14</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 37.95pt;" valign="top" width="51"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0in 0.0001pt 0.55pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none;">4</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 34.65pt;" valign="top" width="46"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0in 0.0001pt 0.6pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none;">5</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 35.25pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 0.75pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none;">2</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 47.35pt;" valign="top" width="63"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 5.9pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none;">2</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="border: none; min-height: 14.3pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 80.6pt;" valign="top" width="107"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.15pt 4.95pt 0.0001pt 0.1pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none;">4</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td></tr><tr style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none;"><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 97.65pt;" valign="top" width="130"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 0.6pt 0.7pt 0.0001pt 9.35pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;">Buck/Bull</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="56"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 8.55pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none;">4</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 33.6pt;" valign="top" width="45"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.05pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">17</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 34.2pt;" valign="top" width="46"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-right: 0.4pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">45</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 0.6pt 2.2pt 0.0001pt 1.85pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">85</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 38.4pt;" valign="top" width="51"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.1pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">107</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 37.95pt;" valign="top" width="51"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.55pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">99</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 34.65pt;" valign="top" width="46"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.6pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">76</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 35.25pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-right: 0.75pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">35</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 47.35pt;" valign="top" width="63"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-right: 5.9pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">37</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 80.6pt;" valign="top" width="107"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 0.6pt 4.95pt 0.0001pt 0.1pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">31</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td></tr><tr style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none;"><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 97.65pt;" valign="top" width="130"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 0.6pt 0.8pt 0.0001pt 9.35pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; outline: none;">Sex</span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.45pt; outline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;">Unknown</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="56"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 8.55pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none;">2</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 33.6pt;" valign="top" width="45"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.05pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none;">1</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 34.2pt;" valign="top" width="46"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-right: 0.4pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none;">0</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 0.6pt 2.2pt 0.0001pt 1.85pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none;">1</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 38.4pt;" valign="top" width="51"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.1pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none;">0</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 37.95pt;" valign="top" width="51"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.55pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none;">0</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 34.65pt;" valign="top" width="46"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.6pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none;">2</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 35.25pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-right: 0.75pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none;">0</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 47.35pt;" valign="top" width="63"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin-right: 5.9pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none;">2</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="min-height: 13.1pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 80.6pt;" valign="top" width="107"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 0.6pt 4.95pt 0.0001pt 0.1pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none;">1</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td></tr><tr style="min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none;"><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 97.65pt;" valign="top" width="130"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0.7pt 0.0001pt 9.35pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;">Grand</span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; outline: none;">Total</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="56"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0in 0.0001pt 8.55pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; outline: none;">9</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 33.6pt;" valign="top" width="45"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0in 0.0001pt 0.05pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">26</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 34.2pt;" valign="top" width="46"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0.4pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">51</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 2.2pt 0.0001pt 1.85pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">101</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 38.4pt;" valign="top" width="51"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0in 0.0001pt 0.1pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">121</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 37.95pt;" valign="top" width="51"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0in 0.0001pt 0.55pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">103</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 34.65pt;" valign="top" width="46"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0in 0.0001pt 0.6pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">83</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 35.25pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 0.75pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">37</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 47.35pt;" valign="top" width="63"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 5.9pt 0.0001pt 0in; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">41</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td><td style="background: lightgrey; min-height: 13.8pt; outline: none; padding: 0in; width: 80.6pt;" valign="top" width="107"><p class="ydpaa039bb5TableParagraph" style="margin: 1.3pt 4.95pt 0.0001pt 0.1pt; outline: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; outline: none;">36</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; outline: none;"></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Table 5. CWD sample totals by species of deer and CWD zones. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">White-tailed Deer Mule Deer Elk Exotic Deer Total </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Trans Pecos Containment Zone 1 0 39 0 0 39 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Trans Pecos Surveillance Zone 1 1 128 2 0 131 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Panhandle Containment Zone 2 41 132 11 0 184 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Panhandle Surveillance Zone 2 34 89 1 0 124 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">South-Central TX Containment Zone 3 550 0 0 3 553 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">South-Central TX Surveillance Zone 3 247 0 0 1 248 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Del Rio Containment Zone 4 162 0 0 1 163 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Del Rio Surveillance Zone 4 283 0 0 2 285 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Lubbock County Containment Zone 5 29 13 0 0 42 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Lubbock County Surveillance Zone 6 28 39 1 0 68 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Kimble County #1 Containment Zone 6 56 0 0 6 62 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Kimble County #1 Surveillance Zone 5 322 0 0 13 335 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Hunt County Containment Zone 7 234 0 0 0 234 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Hunt County Surveillance Zone 7 252 0 0 0 252 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Bexar County Containment Zone 8 13 0 0 0 13 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Bexar County Surveillance Zone 18 15 0 0 0 15 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Duval County Surveillance Zone 8 236 0 0 0 236 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Gillespie County Surveillance Zone 9 333 0 0 0 333 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Limestone County Surveillance Zone 10 7 0 0 0 7 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Uvalde County #2 Surveillance Zone 11 41 0 0 0 41 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Uvalde County #1 Surveillance Zone 12 40 0 0 0 40 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Zavala County #1 Surveillance Zone 13 111 0 0 0 111 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Gonzales County Surveillance Zone 14 3 0 0 0 3 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Hamilton County Surveillance Zone 15 84 0 0 0 84 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Washington County Surveillance Zone 16 17 0 0 0 17 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Frio County #1 Surveillance Zone 17 201 0 0 0 201 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Sutton County Surveillance Zone 19 251 0 0 9 260 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Zavala County #2 Surveillance Zone 20 157 0 0 0 157 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Frio County #2 Surveillance Zone 21 131 0 0 0 131 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Brooks County Surveillance Zone 22 53 0 0 0 53 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Kimble County #2 Surveillance Zone 23 121 0 0 0 121 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Grand Total 4,053 440 15 35 4,543</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Table 6. CWD sample totals by species of deer and check stations. </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Elk Exotic Deer Mule Deer White-tailed Deer Total </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">62/180 1 0 10 0 11 </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Brenham 0 1 0 160 161 </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Coolidge 0 0 0 11 11 </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Dalhart 2 0 95 33 130 </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Del Rio 0 25 1 683 709 </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Doss 0 2 0 481 483 </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Falfurrias 0 0 0 148 148 </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">George West 0 1 0 227 228 </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Gonzales/Waelder 0 0 0 20 20 </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Harper 0 0 0 24 24 </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Hondo 1 5 1 1,131 1,138 </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Hueco Mountains 0 0 19 0 19 </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Leos Store Duval 0 0 0 59 59 </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Lubbock 1 1 69 71 142</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Pearsall 0 1 0 561 562 </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Quinlan 0 0 0 423 423 </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Segovia 0 29 0 703 732 </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Star 0 0 0 160 160 </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Sutton 1 23 1 523 548 </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Tarpley 0 0 0 25 25 </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Terrell 0 2 1 150 153 </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Uvalde 2 0 0 373 375 </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Van Horn 0 0 55 0 55 </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Vega 0 0 70 25 95 </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Grand Total 8 90 322 5,991 6,411 </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Table 7. CWD sample totals by species of deer and Wildlife Division District. </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Elk Exotic Deer Mule Deer White-tailed Deer Total </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">District 1 3 0 245 64 312 </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">District 2 14 1 355 390 760 </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">District 3 0 5 2 1,812 1,819 </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">District 4 3 141 6 3,910 4,060 </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">District 5 0 0 0 1,605 1,605 </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">District 6 0 1 0 779 780 </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">District 7 0 37 0 1,776 1,813 </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">District 8 3 14 0 3,587 3,604 </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Grand Total 23 199 608 13,923 14,753</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Table 8. CWD sample collection effort by Deer Management Unit (DMU). </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DMU CWD Samples Collected DMU Goal Percent of Goal </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">01 253 112 225.89% </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">02 2 112 1.79% </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">03 34 60 56.67% </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">04 656 433 151.50% </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">05 1731 433 399.77% </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">06 739 433 170.67% </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">07 North 545 300 181.67% </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">07 South 1353 433 312.47% </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">08 West 1023 433 236.26% </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">08 East 844 433 194.92% </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">09 687 112 613.39% </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">10 373 300 124.33% </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">11 724 222 326.13% </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">12 547 112 488.39% </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">13 121 148 81.76% </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">14 269 148 181.76% </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">15 198 60 330.00% </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">16 64 60 106.67% </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">17 211 148 142.57% </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">18 774 222 348.65% </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">19 North 277 222 124.77% </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">19 South 281 112 250.89% </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">20 236 112 210.71% </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">21 34 112 30.36% </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">21 North 55 60 91.67% </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">22 112 60 186.67% </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">23 557 300 185.67% </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">24 259 222 116.67% </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">25 195 148 131.76% </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">25 South 217 222 97.75% </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">26 75 60 125.00% </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">27 172 112 153.57% </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">28 142 60 236.67% </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">29 North 95 112 84.82% </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">29 South 125 60 208.33% </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">30 303 222 136.49% </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">31 18 112 16.07% </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">31 East 33 60 55.00% </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">31 West 199 300 66.33% </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">32 66 300 22.00% </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">33 115 300 38.33% </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Urban Houston 8 Road kills ---% </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Urban San Antonio 31 Road kills ---% </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Urban Valley 0 Road kills ---% </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">All DMUs 14753 7982 184.83%</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">CWD Positive Area Susceptible Species 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Total </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Bexar County WTD-FR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Brooks county WTD - BP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Cherokee County WTD-BP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Coleman County WTD- FR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Duval County WTD - BP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 3 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Frio County WTD - BP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 2 9 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Gillespie County WTD - BP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 4 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Gonzales County WTD - BP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 10 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Hamilton County WTD - BP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Hunt County WTD - BP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 49 95 9 159 </div><div style="outline: none;"> WTD - BRS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 3 9 <br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Kimble County WTD - BP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 2 1 13 </div><div style="outline: none;"> WTD - BRS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Limestone County WTD - BP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 0 9 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Lubbock County MD - FR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Mason County WTD - BP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Matagorda County WTD - BP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Northwest Panhandle MD - FR 0 0 0 1 2 2 1 7 3 0 14 3 12 45 </div><div style="outline: none;"> Elk-FR 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 </div><div style="outline: none;"> WTD - FR 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 1 0 2 1 1 9 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">South Central Texas WTD - FR 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 3 3 1 5 1 2 17 </div><div style="outline: none;"> WTD - BP 0 0 0 5 21 21 45 19 1 46 71 1 0 230 </div><div style="outline: none;"> WTD - BRS 0 0 0 1 2 4 6 1 6 0 8 0 1 29 </div><div style="outline: none;"> Elk - BRS 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 5 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Red Deer - BRS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 4 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Sutton County WTD - BP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Trans Pecos MD - FR 6 0 1 1 5 2 4 2 8 6 7 2 0 44 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Val Verde County WTD- FR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 3 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Washington County WTD - BP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Zavala County WTD - BP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 1 11 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Total 6 0 1 8 32 31 61 34 35 65 170 153 32 628 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">BP = Breeder Pen; BRS = Breeder Release Site; FR = Free Range; WTD = White-tailed Deer; MD = Mule Deer </div><div style="outline: none;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none;">end...TSS</div><div style="outline: none;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a aria-label="TPWD Chronic Wasting Disease Surveillance Weekly Update February 5, 2024.pdf" class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x1ejq31n xd10rxx x1sy0etr x17r0tee x972fbf xcfux6l x1qhh985 xm0m39n x9f619 x1ypdohk xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1o1ewxj x3x9cwd x1e5q0jg x13rtm0m x1n2onr6 x87ps6o x1lku1pv x1a2a7pz x1lliihq" href="https://www.facebook.com/download/890173402901526/TPWD%20Chronic%20Wasting%20Disease%20Surveillance%20Weekly%20Update%20February%205%2C%202024.pdf?av=699042479&eav=AfZQ0X9Do_E_IvKkvGSczSac6pKZPGHbWwJs59eVw3JFz241Hq-Os2JjhrDWChgJFLU&paipv=0&hash=Acpr6WGQDQWRvAGLttw&__cft__[0]=AZU3-hfGOXTxoFYQcOyZJtPB5IQrhM-o1x5Dpd9T1B2Twe4Z7JuL-AfL5k-we6dmrerO32fx8JynFXHH73oHLMhquYRe-EnvLJH-8n92hBhDj5Szb95tyxFroE_OIAQDYOir1sKVfGL4HXtr_7NDRJgaAoq_sRvG4z7TAk3HnUZ80GtWQjTdQSO0RG-sqv5l8duhj28Y4CUhHfjwxVPTVaxv&__tn__=H-R" role="link" tabindex="0"><div class="xmjcpbm x80vd3b x1q0q8m5 xso031l x1n2onr6 x1lku1pv"><div class="x9f619 x1n2onr6 x1ja2u2z x78zum5 x2lah0s x1qughib x6s0dn4 xozqiw3 x1q0g3np xykv574 xbmpl8g xsag5q8 x1pi30zi x1swvt13 xz9dl7a"><div class="x9f619 x1n2onr6 x1ja2u2z x78zum5 xdt5ytf x2lah0s x193iq5w xeuugli xqcrz7y xsyo7zv x16hj40l"><img alt="TPWD Chronic Wasting Disease Surveillance Weekly Update February 5, 2024.pdf" class="xz74otr" referrerpolicy="origin-when-cross-origin" src="https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/yJ/r/9vb0RJ0lHaG.png" /></div><div class="x9f619 x1n2onr6 x1ja2u2z x193iq5w xeuugli x1r8uery x1iyjqo2 xs83m0k xsyo7zv x16hj40l"><div class="x1e56ztr xtvhhri"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x1lliihq x1s928wv xhkezso x1gmr53x x1cpjm7i x1fgarty x1943h6x x4zkp8e x3x7a5m x1nxh6w3 x1sibtaa xo1l8bm xi81zsa" dir="auto"><span class="x1lliihq x6ikm8r x10wlt62 x1n2onr6 xlyipyv xuxw1ft x1j85h84">PDF</span></span></div><div class="x4vbgl9 x1rdy4ex x6ikm8r x10wlt62 xjkvuk6 x1iorvi4"><div class="x78zum5 xdt5ytf xz62fqu x16ldp7u"><div class="xu06os2 x1ok221b"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x1lliihq x1s928wv xhkezso x1gmr53x x1cpjm7i x1fgarty x1943h6x xudqn12 x3x7a5m x1lkfr7t x1lbecb7 x1s688f xzsf02u x1yc453h" dir="auto"><span class="x1lliihq x6ikm8r x10wlt62 x1n2onr6 x1j85h84" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; display: -webkit-box;"><span dir="auto">TPWD Chronic Wasting Disease Surveillance Weekly Update February 5, 2024.pdf</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></a></div></div></div></div></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37946824.post-28518320646323512622024-01-23T09:42:00.002-06:002024-01-23T13:17:52.583-06:00Lessons learned and lingering uncertainties after seven years of chronic wasting disease management in Norway<p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">Lessons learned and lingering uncertainties after seven years of chronic wasting disease management in Norway</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">Atle Mysterud, Michael A. Tranulis, Olav Strand, Christer M. Rolandsen</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">First published: 22 January 2024</p><div style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/wlb3.01255" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1002/wlb3.01255</a></div><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">Snip…</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">The management of CWD in Norway has not followed an explicit adaptive management protocol but has changed practice when new evidence has arisen. Positive news seven years after detection of CWD in Norway: Epidemiological evidence shows that sCWD does not appear contagious among moose (and probably red deer) under natural conditions and that the management policy has changed accordingly. The most critical process uncertainty remaining for reindeer management is the uncertain epidemiological consequences of potential environmental reservoirs of prions in the depopulated Nordfjella Zone 1 and whether the elimination of CWD is realistic without actively using PRNP genetics. Intensive surveillance has lowered measurement uncertainty. Contagious CWD has not been detected in moose, red deer, or roe deer, and we now know that contagious CWD is not widespread among reindeer. The main setback and game changer was that CWD was detected in a new population of reindeer inhabiting the Hardangervidda area. However, intensive surveillance cannot eliminate critical measurement uncertainty in the early stages of CWD epidemics. Hence, critical decisions regarding culling and depopulation must be made despite the uncertain occurrence of CWD. Governance now appears to be a key uncertainty in Norwegian CWD management, with ministries ignoring advice from their own management institutions. These management institutions have given their advice based on a political aim of ‘limiting, and if possible, eradicate CWD'. Political decisions are now more in line with limiting CWD. The eradication of CWD appears unlikely with current efforts, and there is no clear long-term plan for managing CWD with the aim of limiting it. It is beyond the scope of this review to document how management has tackled the uncertainties and risk management decisions. However, our review provides a baseline for conducting in-depth interviews with stakeholders on how they have tackled the challenging trade-offs between short- and long-term aims.</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">A potential game-changing factor would be a shift in the assessment of the zoonotic potential of CWD. Currently, it is regarded to be ‘very unlikely' that CWD is zoonotic (Waddell et al. 2018, Tranulis and Tryland 2023), but some findings leave room for concern (Hannaoui et al. 2022). Detailed studies are required to characterize the potential for zoonotic transmission of the new CWD strains. Initial reports suggested that the zoonotic potential of North European CWD strains is comparable to or even lower than that of North American CWD strains (Pritzkow et al. 2022, Wadsworth et al. 2022). A growing field of research is the extent to which prion strains can evolve (Huor et al. 2019, Sun and Telling 2023); ‘prions are themselves capable of a form of evolution, in which changes in their structure that impact their rate of growth or fragmentation are replicated, making such changes subject to natural selection' (Acevedo and Stewart 2023). In transmission experiments, strains can become contagious (Bian et al. 2021). Human exposure will continue if CWD is not eradicated, and repeated exposure is an inherent risk factor for developing new strains, which may (or may not) be more zoonotic than the original strain (Silva 2022).</p><div style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://nsojournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wlb3.01255" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://nsojournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wlb3.01255</a></div><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">J Virol. 2005 Nov; 79(21): 13794–13796. doi: 10.1128/JVI.79.21.13794-13796.2005 PMCID: PMC1262585PMID: 16227298</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">Interspecies Transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease Prions to Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">Richard F. Marsh,1,† Anthony E. Kincaid,2 Richard A. Bessen,3 and Jason C. Bartz4,</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">ABSTRACT</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is an emerging prion disease of deer and elk. The risk of CWD transmission to humans following exposure to CWD-infected tissues is unknown. To assess the susceptibility of nonhuman primates to CWD, two squirrel monkeys were inoculated with brain tissue from a CWD-infected mule deer. The CWD-inoculated squirrel monkeys developed a progressive neurodegenerative disease and were euthanized at 31 and 34 months postinfection. Brain tissue from the CWD-infected squirrel monkeys contained the abnormal isoform of the prion protein, PrP-res, and displayed spongiform degeneration. This is the first reported transmission of CWD to primates.</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1262585/">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1262585/</a><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">58. Lasmezas CI, Comoy E, Hawkins S, Herzog C, Mouthon F, Konold T, Auvre F, Correia E, Lescoutra-Etchegaray N, Sales N, Wells G, Brown P, Deslys JP. </p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">Risk of oral infection with bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent in primates. </p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;"> Lancet 2005; 365: 781-783.</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">* Published: 22 August 2022 * * Volume 144, pages 767–784, (2022)</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">* Samia Hannaoui, Irina Zemlyankina, Sheng Chun Chang, Maria Immaculata Arifin, Vincent Béringue, Debbie McKenzie, Hermann M. Schatzl & Sabine Gilch </p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">Snip…</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">Here, we provide evidence for a zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and its probable signature using mice expressing human prion protein (PrP) as an infection model. Inoculation of these mice with deer CWD isolates resulted in atypical clinical manifestation with prion seeding activity and efficient transmissible infectivity in the brain and, remarkably, in feces, but without classical neuropathological or Western blot appearances of prion diseases. Intriguingly, the protease-resistant PrP in the brain resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon second passage.</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">In contrast, in cervids affected with CWD, infectivity has been found in the lymphatic system, salivary gland, intestinal tract, muscles, antler velvet, blood, urine, saliva, and feces [4], which have been demonstrated to be transmissible [57]. </p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">CWD prions are shed into the environment via bodily fluids and excreta. They bind to soil and are taken up by plants, making the environment infectious for decades to come [4, 48]. The persistence of CWD prions in the environment amplifies the already effective transmission within and between cervid species. Therefore, CWD is considered to be the most contagious prion disease with fast spreading and efficient horizontal transmission.</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">These data demonstrate that humanized tg650 mice inoculated with CWD prions shed prion infectivity in feces able to generate transmissible PrPSc in bank voles distinct from those generated by inoculation of the Wisc-1 deer isolate directly to bank voles.</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">Our data also suggest that prions found in the periphery may hold higher zoonotic potential than prions found in neural tissues. In fact, upon second passage, 50% of the tg650 mice inoculated with fecal homogenates from mouse #327 had succumbed with terminal disease compared to only 20% of brain/spinal cord homogenates inoculated-tg650 mice suggesting that hCWD prions found in feces transmit disease more efficiently. </p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">Our results also suggest that epidemiological studies [25] may have missed subclinical and atypical infections that are/might be transmissible, undetected by the gold standard tests, i.e., Western blot, ELISA, and IHC.</p><div style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">“If CWD in humans is found to be contagious and transmissible among humans, as it is in cervids [57], the spread of the disease within humans might become endemic.”</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">PART 2. TPWD CHAPTER 65. DIVISION 1. CWD</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, 65.88</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">The Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission in a duly noticed meeting on May 25, 2023 adopted amendments to 31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, and §65.88, concerning Disease Detection and Response, without changes to the proposed text as published in the April 21, 2023, issue of the Texas Register (48 TexReg 2048). The rules will not be republished.</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">Currently, there is scientific evidence to suggest that CWD has zoonotic potential; however, no confirmed cases of CWD have been found in humans.</p><div style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57</a></div><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">17 DETECTION OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE PRIONS IN PROCESSED MEATS.</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">Rebeca Benavente1, Francisca Bravo1,2, Paulina Soto1,2, J. Hunter Reed3, Mitch Lockwood3, Rodrigo Morales1,2</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">1Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA. 2Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile. 3Texas Parks and Wildlife, Austin, USA</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">Abstract</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">The zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease (CWD) remains unknown. Currently, there are no known natural cases of CWD transmission to humans but increasing evidence suggests that the host range of CWD is not confined only to cervid species. Alarmingly, recent experimental evidence suggests that certain CWD isolates can induce disease in non-human primates. While the CDC strongly recommends determining CWD status in animals prior to consumption, this practice is voluntary. Consequently, it is plausible that a proportion of the cervid meat entering the human food chain may be contaminated with CWD. Of additional concern is that traditional diagnostic techniques used to detect CWD have relatively low sensitivity and are only approved for use in tissues other than those typically ingested by humans. In this study, we analyzed different processed meats derived from a pre-clinical, CWD-positive free-ranging elk. Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats. CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates. Our results show positive prion detection in all products. To confirm the resilience of CWD-prions to traditional cooking methods, we grilled and boiled the meat products and evaluated them for any remnant PMCA seeding activity. Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking. Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products.</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">***> Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats.</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">***> CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates.</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">***> Our results show positive prion detection in all products.</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">***> Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking.</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">***> Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products.</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">=====</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">9 Carrot plants as potential vectors for CWD transmission.</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">Paulina Soto1,2, Francisca Bravo-Risi1,2, Claudio Soto1, Rodrigo Morales1,2</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">1Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA. 2Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">***> We show that edible plant components can absorb prions from CWD-contaminated soils and transport them to their aerial parts.</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">***> Our results indicate that edible plants could participate as vectors of CWD transmission</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">=====</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">Transmission of prion infectivity from CWD-infected macaque tissues to rodent models demonstrates the zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease.</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">Samia Hannaoui1,2, Ginny Cheng1,2, Wiebke Wemheuer3, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer3, Sabine Gilch1,2, Hermann Schatzl1,2 1University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. 2Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada. 3Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">***> Further passage to cervidized mice revealed transmission with a 100% attack rate.</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">***> Our findings demonstrate that macaques, considered the best model for the zoonotic potential of prions, were infected upon CWD challenge, including the oral one.</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">****> The disease manifested as atypical in macaques and initial transgenic mouse transmissions, but with infectivity present at all times, as unveiled in the bank vole model with an unusual tissue tropism.</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">***> Epidemiologic surveillance of prion disease among cervid hunters and people likely to have consumed venison contaminated with chronic wasting disease</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">=====</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true">https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true</a><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">Transmission of Cervid Prions to Humanized Mice Demonstrates the Zoonotic Potential of CWD </p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">Samia Hannaouia, Irina Zemlyankinaa, Sheng Chun Changa, Maria Immaculata Arifina, Vincent Béringueb, Debbie McKenziec, Hermann M. Schatzla, and Sabine Gilcha </p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;"> Results: Here, we provide the strongest evidence supporting the zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and their possible phenotype in humans. Inoculation of mice expressing human PrPCwith deer CWD isolates (strains Wisc-1 and 116AG) resulted in atypical clinical manifestations in > 75% of the mice, with myoclonus as leading clinical sign. Most of tg650brain homogenates were positive for seeding activity in RT-QuIC. Clinical disease and presentation was transmissible to tg650 mice and bank voles. Intriguingly, protease-resistant PrP in the brain of tg650 mice resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon passage. Abnormal PrP aggregates upon infection with Wisc-1 were detectable in thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain/pons regions. </p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;"> Unprecedented in human prion disease, feces of CWD-inoculated tg650 mice harbored prion seeding activity and infectious prions, as shown by inoculation of bank voles and tg650 with fecal homogenates. </p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;"> Conclusions: This is the first evidence that CWD can infect humans and cause disease with a distinctive clinical presentation, signature, and tropism, which might be transmissible between humans while current diagnostic assays might fail to detect it. These findings have major implications for public health and CWD-management. </p><div style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;"> <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a> </div><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">The finding that infectious PrPSc was shed in fecal material of CWD-infected humanized mice and induced clinical disease, different tropism, and typical three banding pattern-PrPres in bank voles that is transmissible upon second passage is highly concerning for public health. The fact that this biochemical signature in bank voles resembles that of the Wisc-1 original deer isolate and is different from that of bvWisc-1, in the migration profile and the glyco-form-ratio, is valid evidence that these results are not a product of contamination in our study. If CWD in humans is found to be contagious and transmissible among humans, as it is in cervids [57], the spread of the disease within humans might become endemic.</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">Acta Neuropathol 144, 767–784 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">Published</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">22 August 2022</p><div style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">Samia Hannaoui1 · Irina Zemlyankina1 · Sheng Chun Chang1 · Maria Immaculata Arifn1 · Vincent Béringue2 · Debbie McKenzie3 · Hermann M. Schatzl1 · Sabine Gilch1</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">Received: 24 May 2022 / Revised: 5 August 2022 / Accepted: 7 August 2022</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">© The Author(s) 2022</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">Abstract</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">Prions cause infectious and fatal neurodegenerative diseases in mammals. Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease of cervids, spreads efficiently among wild and farmed animals. Potential transmission to humans of CWD is a growing concern due to its increasing prevalence. Here, we provide evidence for a zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and its probable signature using mice expressing human prion protein (PrP) as an infection model. Inoculation of these mice with deer CWD isolates resulted in atypical clinical manifestation with prion seeding activity and efficient transmissible infectivity in the brain and, remarkably, in feces, but without classical neuropathological or Western blot appearances of prion diseases. Intriguingly, the protease-resistant PrP in the brain resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon second passage. Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">Keywords Chronic wasting disease · CWD · Zoonotic potential · Prion strains · Zoonotic prions</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">HIGHLIGHTS OF THIS STUDY</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">================================</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">In this study, we evaluated the zoonotic potential of CWD using a transgenic mouse model overexpressing human M129-PrPC (tg650 [12]). We inoculated tg650 mice intracerebrally with two deer CWD isolates, Wisc-1 and 116AG [22, 23, 27, 29]. We demonstrate that this transgenic line was susceptible to infection with CWD prions and displayed a distinct leading clinical sign, an atypical PrPSc signature and unusual fecal shedding of infectious prions. Importantly, these prions generated by the human PrP transgenic mice were transmissible upon passage. Our results are the first evidence of a zoonotic risk of CWD when using one of the most common CWD strains, Wisc-1/CWD1 for infection. We demonstrated in a human transgenic mouse model that the species barrier for transmission of CWD to humans is not absolute. The fact that its signature was not typical raises the questions whether CWD would manifest in humans as a subclinical infection, whether it would arise through direct or indirect transmission including an intermediate host, or a silent to uncovered human-to-human transmission, and whether current detection techniques will be suffcient to unveil its presence.</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">Our findings strongly suggest that CWD should be regarded as an actual public health risk. Here, we use humanized mice to show that CWD prions can cross the species barrier to humans, and remarkably, infectious prions can be excreted in feces.</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">Our results indicate that if CWD crosses the species-barrier to humans, it is unlikely to resemble the most common forms of human prion diseases with respect to clinical signs, tissue tropism and PrPSc signature. For instance, PrPSc in variable protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr), a sporadic form of human prion disease, and in the genetic form Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS) is defined by an atypical PK-resistant PrPSc fragment that is non-glycosylated and truncated at both C- and N-termini, with a molecular weight between 6 and 8 kDa [24, 44–46]. These biochemical features are unique and distinctive from PrPSc (PrP27-30) found in most other human or animal prion disease. The atypical PrPSc signature detected in brain homogenate of tg650 mice #321 (1st passage) and #3063 (2nd passage), and the 7–8 kDa fragment (Figs. 2, 4) are very similar to that of GSS, both in terms of migration profile and the N-terminal cleavage site.</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">CWD in humans might remain subclinical but with PrPSc deposits in the brain with an unusual morphology that does not resemble the patterns usually seen in different prion diseases (e.g., mouse #328; Fig. 3), clinical with untraceable abnormal PrP (e.g., mouse #327) but still transmissible and uncovered upon subsequent passage (e.g., mouse #3063; Fig. 4), or prions have other reservoirs than the usual ones, hence the presence of infectivity in feces (e.g., mouse #327) suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">=================================</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at </p><div style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">snip...see full text</p><div style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf</a></div><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">Fortuitous generation of a zoonotic cervid prion strain </p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">Manuel Camacho, Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Sydney Smith, Jieji Hu, Wanyun Tao, Ignazio Cali, Qingzhong Kong. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA </p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">Aims: Whether CWD prions can infect humans remains unclear despite the very substantial scale and long history of human exposure of CWD in many states or provinces of USA and Canada. Multiple in vitro conversion experiments and in vivo animal studies indicate that the CWD-to-human transmission barrier is not unbreakable. A major long-term public health concern on CWD zoonosis is the emergence of highly zoonotic CWD strains. We aim to address the question of whether highly zoonotic CWD strains are possible. </p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">Materials and Methods: We inoculated several sCJD brain samples into cervidized transgenic mice (Tg12), which were intended as negative controls for bioassays of brain tissues from sCJD cases who had potentially been exposed to CWD. Some of the Tg12 mice became infected and their brain tissues were further examined by Western blot as well as serial passages in humanized or cervidized mice. </p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">Results: Passage of sCJDMM1 in transgenic mice expressing elk PrP (Tg12) resulted in a “cervidized” CJD strain that we termed CJDElkPrP. We observed 100% transmission of the original CJDElkPrP in transgenic mice expressing human PrP. We passaged CJDElkPrP two more times in the Tg12 mice. We found that such second and third passage CJDElkPrP prions retained 100% transmission rate in the humanized mice, despite that the natural elk CWD isolates and CJDElkPrP share the same elk PrP sequence. In contrast, we and others found zero or poor transmission of natural elk CWD isolates in humanized mice. </p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions: Our data indicate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can retain zoonotic potential after serial passages in cervids, suggesting a very significant and serious long-term risk of CWD zoonosis given that the broad and continuing spread of CWD prions will provide fertile grounds for the emergence of zoonotic CWD strains over time. </p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">Funded by: NIH Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532 </p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O'Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples used in this study, respectively</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">"Our data indicate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can retain zoonotic potential after serial passages in cervids, suggesting a very significant and serious long-term risk of CWD zoonosis given that the broad and continuing spread of CWD prions will provide fertile grounds for the emergence of zoonotic CWD strains over time."</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </p><div style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a> </div><div style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">A probable diagnostic marker for CWD infection in humans </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Manuel Camacho, Ignazio Cali, Qingzhong Kong. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Aims: Multiple in vitro CWD-seeded human PrP conversion experiments and some animal model studies indicate that the species barrier for CWD to human transmission can be overcome, but whether CWD prion can infect humans in real life remains controversial. The very limited understanding on the likely features of CWD infection in humans and the lack of a reliable diagnostic marker for identification of acquired human CWD cases contribute to this uncertainty. We aim to stablish such a reliable diagnostic marker for CWD infections in humans should they occur. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Materials and Methods: A couple of PrPSc-positive spleens were identified from humanized transgenic mice inoculated with either CWD or sCJDMM1. Prions in these spleens were compared by bioassays in cervidized or humanized transgenic mice. A couple of PrPSc-positive spleens from UK sCJDMM1 patients were also examined similarly as controls with no exposure to CWD. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results: We have detected two prion-positive spleens in humanized transgenic mice inoculated with some CWD isolates. Such experimentally generated splenic “humanized” CWD prions (termed eHuCWDsp) appear indistinguishable from prions in the brain of sCJDMM1 patients on Western blot. We compared eHuCWDsp with prions in the spleen from humanized mice infected with sCJDMM1 (termed sCJDMM1sp) by bioassays in cervidized or humanized transgenic mice. Significantly, we found that eHuCWDsp can efficiently infect not only the humanized mice but also cervidized transgenic mice, and cervidized mice infected by eHuCWDsp produced PrPSc and brain pathology that are practically identical to those of CWD-infected cervidized mice. In contrast, sCJDMM1sp, similar to prions from sCJDMM1 patient brains, is poorly transmissible in the cervidized mice. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that high transmissibility with CWD features of splenic prions in cervidized transgenic mice is unique to acquired human CWD prions, and it may serve as a reliable marker to identify the first acquired human CWD cases. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Funded by: NIH Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O'Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples used in this study, respectively.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=====end </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Prion 2023 Experimental Oronasal Inoculation of the Chronic Wasting Disease Agent into White Tailed Deer </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Author list: Sarah Zurbuchena,b , S. Jo Moorea,b , Jifeng Biana , Eric D. Cassmanna , and Justin J. Greenleea . a. Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, US b. Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, United States </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Aims: The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether white-tailed deer (WTD) are susceptible to inoculation of chronic wasting disease (CWD) via oronasal exposure. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Materials and methods: Six male, neutered WTD were oronasally inoculated with brainstem material (10% w/v) from a CWD-positive wild-type WTD. The genotypes of five inoculated deer were Q95/G96 (wild-type). One inoculated deer was homozygous S at codon 96 (96SS). Cervidized (Tg12; M132 elk PrP) mice were inoculated with 1% w/v brainstem homogenate from either a 96GG WTD (n=10) or the 96SS WTD (n=10). </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results: All deer developed characteristic clinical signs of CWD including weight loss, regurgitation, and ataxia. The 96SS individual had a prolonged disease course and incubation period compared to the other deer. Western blots of the brainstem on all deer yielded similar molecular profiles. All deer had widespread lymphoid distribution of PrPCWD and neuropathologic lesions associated with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Both groups of mice had a 100% attack rate and developed clinical signs, including loss of body condition, ataxia, and loss of righting reflex. Mice inoculated with material from the 96SS deer had a significantly shorter incubation period than mice inoculated with material from 96GG deer (Welch two sample T-test, P<0.05). Serial dilutions of each inocula suggests that differences in incubation period were not due to a greater concentration of PrPCWD in the 96SS inoculum. Molecular profiles from western blot of brain homogenates from mice appeared similar regardless of inoculum and appear similar to those of deer used for inoculum. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions: This study characterizes the lesions and clinical course of CWD in WTD inoculated in a similar manner to natural conditions. It supports previous findings that 96SS deer have a prolonged disease course. Further, it describes a first pass of inoculum from a 96SS deer in cervidized mice which shortened the incubation period. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Funded by: This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection, analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Acknowledgement: We thank Ami Frank and Kevin Hassall for their technical contributions to this project.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=====end </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The detection and decontamination of chronic wasting disease prions during venison processing</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Marissa S. Milstein1,2, Marc D. Schwabenlander1,2, Sarah C. Gresch1,2, Manci Li1,2, Stuart Lichtenberg1,2, Rachel Shoemaker1,2, Gage R. Rowden1,2, Jason C. Bartz2,3 , Tiffany M. Wolf2,4, Peter A. Larsen1,2</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Presenting author: Tiffany M. Wolf 1 Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 2 Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 3 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA 4 Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Aims: There is a growing concern that chronic wasting disease (CWD) prions in venison pose a risk to human health. CWD prions accumulate in infected deer tissues that commonly enter the human food chain through meat processing and consumption. The United States (US) Food and Drug Administration and US Department of Agriculture now formally consider CWD-positive venison unfit for human and animal consumption. Yet, the degree to which prion contamination occurs during routine venison processing is unknown. Here, we use environmental surface swab methods to: a) experimentally test meat processing equipment (i.e., stainless steel knives and polyethylene cutting boards) before and after processing CWD-positive venison and b) test the efficacy of five different disinfectant types (i.e., Dawn dish soap, Virkon-S, Briotech, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach) to determine prion decontamination efficacy.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Materials and Methods: We used a real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay to determine CWD infection status of venison and to detect CWD prions in the swabs. We collected three swabs per surface and ran eight technical replicates on RT-QuIC.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results: CWD prions were detected on all cutting boards (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8 and knives (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) used in processing CWD-positive venison, but not on those used for CWD-negative venison. After processing CWD-positive venison, allowing the surfaces to dry, and washing the cutting board with Dawn dish soap, we detected CWD prions on the cutting board surface (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) but not on the knife (n= 3, replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). Similar patterns were observed with Briotech (cutting board: n= 3; replicates= 7/8, 1/8, 0/8; knife: n= 3; replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). We did not detect CWD prions on the knives or cutting boards after disinfecting with Virkon-S, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions: These preliminary results suggest that Dawn dish soap and Briotech do not reliably decontaminate CWD prions from these surfaces. Our data suggest that Virkon-S and various bleach concentrations are more effective in reducing prion contamination of meat processing surfaces; however, surface type may also influence the ability of prions to adsorb to surfaces, preventing complete decontamination. Our results will directly inform best practices to prevent the introduction of CWD prions into the human food chain during venison processing.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Acknowledgement: Funding was provided by the Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund as recommended by the Legislative-Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources (LCCMR), the Rapid Agriculture Response Fund (#95385/RR257), and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Theme: Animal prion diseases</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=====end</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Prion 2023 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers.. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Research Paper</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Cellular prion protein distribution in the vomeronasal organ, parotid, and scent glands of white-tailed deer and mule deer</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Anthony Ness, Aradhana Jacob, Kelsey Saboraki, Alicia Otero, Danielle Gushue, Diana Martinez Moreno, Melanie de Peña, Xinli Tang, Judd Aiken, Susan Lingle & Debbie McKenzieORCID Icon show less</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Pages 40-57 | Received 03 Feb 2022, Accepted 13 May 2022, Published online: 29 May 2022</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Download citation</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ABSTRACT</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting species of the cervidae family. CWD has an expanding geographic range and complex, poorly understood transmission mechanics. CWD is disproportionately prevalent in wild male mule deer and male white-tailed deer. Sex and species influences on CWD prevalence have been hypothesized to be related to animal behaviours that involve deer facial and body exocrine glands. Understanding CWD transmission potential requires a foundational knowledge of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) in glands associated with cervid behaviours. In this study, we characterized the presence and distribution of PrPC in six integumentary and two non-integumentary tissues of hunter-harvested mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (O. virginianus). We report that white-tailed deer expressed significantly more PrPC than their mule deer in the parotid, metatarsal, and interdigital glands. Females expressed more PrPC than males in the forehead and preorbital glands. The distribution of PrPC within the integumentary exocrine glands of the face and legs were localized to glandular cells, hair follicles, epidermis, and immune cell infiltrates. All tissues examined expressed sufficient quantities of PrPC to serve as possible sites of prion initial infection, propagation, and shedding.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ARS RESEARCH Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Publication Acceptance Date: 9/8/2021</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Title: Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Author item WANG, ZERUI - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item QIN, KEFENG - University Of Chicago item CAMACHO, MANUEL - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item SHEN, PINGPING - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item YUAN, JUE - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item Greenlee, Justin item CUI, LI - Jilin University item KONG, QINGZHONG - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item MASTRIANNI, JAMES - University Of Chicago item ZOU, WEN-QUAN - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Submitted to: Acta Neuropathologica Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 9/8/2021 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Interpretive Summary: Prion diseases are invariably fatal neurologic diseases for which there is no known prevention or cure. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease of deer and elk and is present in farmed and free ranging herds throughout North America. To date there is no clear evidence that the CWD agent could be transmitted to humans. This manuscript describes the use of an in vitro technique, cell-free serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA), to generate a CWD prion that is infectious to transgenic mice expressing the human prion protein. This study provides the first evidence that CWD prions may be able to cause misfolding in the human prion protein. This information will impact medical experts and those involved in making policy for farmed cervids and wildlife.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Technical Abstract: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a cervid spongiform encephalopathy or prion disease caused by the infectious prion or PrPSc, a misfolded conformer of cellular prion protein (PrPC). It has rapidly spread in North America and also has been found in Asia and Europe. In contrast to the zoonotic mad cow disease that is the first animal prion disease found transmissible to humans, the transmissibility of CWD to humans remains uncertain although most previous studies have suggested that humans may not be susceptible to CWD. Here we report the generation of an infectious human PrPSc by seeding CWD PrPSc in normal human brain PrPC through the in vitro cell-free serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA). Western blotting confirms that the sPMCA-induced proteinase K-resistant PrPSc is a human form, evidenced by a PrP-specific antibody that recognizes human but not cervid PrP. Remarkably, two lines of humanized transgenic (Tg) mice expressing human PrP-129Val/Val (VV) or -129Met/Met (MM) polymorphism develop prion disease at 233 ± 6 (mean ± SE) days post-inoculation (dpi) and 552 ± 27 dpi, respectively, upon intracerebral inoculation with the sPMCA-generated PrPSc. The brain of diseased Tg mice reveals the electrophoretic profile of PrPSc similar to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) MM1 or VV2 subtype but different neuropathological patterns. We believe that our study provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc is able to convert human PrPC into PrPSc in vitro and the CWD-derived human PrPSc mimics atypical sCJD subtypes in humanized Tg mice.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''The brain of diseased Tg mice reveals the electrophoretic profile of PrPSc similar to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) MM1 or VV2 subtype but different neuropathological patterns.'' </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''We believe that our study provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc is able to convert human PrPC into PrPSc in vitro and the CWD-derived human PrPSc mimics atypical sCJD subtypes in humanized Tg mice.''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Published: 26 September 2021</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Zerui Wang, Kefeng Qin, Manuel V. Camacho, Ignazio Cali, Jue Yuan, Pingping Shen, Justin Greenlee, Qingzhong Kong, James A. Mastrianni & Wen-Quan Zou</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Acta Neuropathologica Communications volume 9, Article number: 158 (2021)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a cervid prion disease caused by the accumulation of an infectious misfolded conformer (PrPSc) of cellular prion protein (PrPC). It has been spreading rapidly in North America and also found in Asia and Europe. Although bovine spongiform encephalopathy (i.e. mad cow disease) is the only animal prion disease known to be zoonotic, the transmissibility of CWD to humans remains uncertain. Here we report the generation of the first CWD-derived infectious human PrPSc by elk CWD PrPSc-seeded conversion of PrPC in normal human brain homogenates using in vitro protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA). Western blotting with human PrP selective antibody confirmed that the PMCA-generated protease-resistant PrPSc was derived from the human PrPC substrate. Two lines of humanized transgenic mice expressing human PrP with either Val or Met at the polymorphic codon 129 developed clinical prion disease following intracerebral inoculation with the PMCA-generated CWD-derived human PrPSc. Diseased mice exhibited distinct PrPSc patterns and neuropathological changes in the brain. Our study, using PMCA and animal bioassays, provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc can cross the species barrier to convert human PrPC into infectious PrPSc that can produce bona fide prion disease when inoculated into humanized transgenic mice.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">It is worth noting that the annual number of sporadic CJD (sCJD) cases in the USA has increased, with the total number of suspected and confirmed sCJD cases rising from 284 in 2003 to 511 in 2017 (https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cjd/occurrence-transmission.html). The greatly enhanced CJD surveillance and an aging population in the USA certainly contributed to the observed increase in annual sCJD case numbers in recent years, but the possibility cannot be excluded that some of the increased sCJD prevalence is linked to CWD exposure.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In the present study, using serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) assay we generate PrPSc by seeding CWD prions in normal human brain homogenates. Importantly, we reveal that two lines of humanized Tg mice expressing human PrP-129VV and 129MM develop prion diseases upon intracerebral inoculation of the abnormal PrP generated by sPMCA. We believe that our study provides the first opportunity to dissect the clinical, pathological and biochemical features of the CWD-derived human prion disease in two lines of humanized Tg mice expressing two major human PrP genotypes, respectively.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">i thought i might share some news about cwd zoonosis that i got, that i cannot share or post to the public yet, i promised for various reasons, one that it will cause a shit storm for sure, but it was something i really already knew from previous studies, but, i was told that ;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">==================</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''As you can imagine, 2 and 5 (especially 5) may raise alarms. The evidence we have for 4 are not as strong or tight as I would like to have. At this point, please do not post any of the points publicly yet, but you can refer to points 1-3 in private discussions and all 5 points when discussing with relevant public officials to highlight the long-term risks of CWD zoonosis.''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">====================</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">so, i figure your as about as official as it gets, and i think this science is extremely important for you to know and to converse about with your officials. it's about to burn a whole in my pocket. this is about as close as it will ever get for cwd zoonosis to be proven in my time, this and what Canada Czub et al found with the Macaques, plus an old study from cjd surveillance unit back that showed cjd and a 9% increase in risk from folks that eat venison, i will post all this below for your files Sir. i remember back in the BSE nvCJD days, from when the first BSE case in bovine was confirmed around 1984 maybe 83, i forget the good vets named that screwed it up first, Carol something, but from 83ish to 95 96 when nvCJD was linked to humans from BSE in cattle, so that took 10 to 15 years. hell, at that rate, especially with Texas and cwd zoonsis, hell, i'll be dead before it's official, if ever, so here ya go Sir. there was a grant study on cwd zoonosis that had been going on for some time, i followed it over the years, then the grant date for said study had expired, so, i thought i would write the good Professor about said study i.e. Professor Kong, CWRU et al. i will post the grant study abstract first, and then after that, what reply i got back, about said study that i was told not to post/publish...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD ZOONOSIS GRANT FIRST;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=====</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Cervid to human prion transmission</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Kong, Qingzhong </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> Abstract Prion disease is transmissible and invariably fatal. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease affecting deer, elk and moose, and it is a widespread and expanding epidemic affecting 22 US States and 2 Canadian provinces so far. CWD poses the most serious zoonotic prion transmission risks in North America because of huge venison consumption (>6 million deer/elk hunted and consumed annually in the USA alone), significant prion infectivity in muscles and other tissues/fluids from CWD-affected cervids, and usually high levels of individual exposure to CWD resulting from consumption of the affected animal among often just family and friends. However, we still do not know whether CWD prions can infect humans in the brain or peripheral tissues or whether clinical/asymptomatic CWD zoonosis has already occurred, and we have no essays to reliably detect CWD infection in humans. We hypothesize that: (1) The classic CWD prion strain can infect humans at low levels in the brain and peripheral lymphoid tissues; (2) The cervid-to-human transmission barrier is dependent on the cervid prion strain and influenced by the host (human) prion protein (PrP) primary sequence; (3) Reliable essays can be established to detect CWD infection in humans; and (4) CWD transmission to humans has already occurred. We will test these hypotheses in 4 Aims using transgenic (Tg) mouse models and complementary in vitro approaches. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Aim 1 will prove that the classical CWD strain may infect humans in brain or peripheral lymphoid tissues at low levels by conducting systemic bioassays in a set of humanized Tg mouse lines expressing common human PrP variants using a number of CWD isolates at varying doses and routes. Experimental human CWD samples will also be generated for Aim 3. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Aim 2 will test the hypothesis that the cervid-to-human prion transmission barrier is dependent on prion strain and influenced by the host (human) PrP sequence by examining and comparing the transmission efficiency and phenotypes of several atypical/unusual CWD isolates/strains as well as a few prion strains from other species that have adapted to cervid PrP sequence, utilizing the same panel of humanized Tg mouse lines as in Aim 1. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Aim 3 will establish reliable essays for detection and surveillance of CWD infection in humans by examining in details the clinical, pathological, biochemical and in vitro seeding properties of existing and future experimental human CWD samples generated from Aims 1-2 and compare them with those of common sporadic human Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) prions. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Aim 4 will attempt to detect clinical CWD-affected human cases by examining a significant number of brain samples from prion-affected human subjects in the USA and Canada who have consumed venison from CWD-endemic areas utilizing the criteria and essays established in Aim 3. The findings from this proposal will greatly advance our understandings on the potential and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for CWD zoonosis and potentially discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Public Health Relevance There are significant and increasing human exposure to cervid prions because chronic wasting disease (CWD, a widespread and highly infectious prion disease among deer and elk in North America) continues spreading and consumption of venison remains popular, but our understanding on cervid-to-human prion transmission is still very limited, raising public health concerns. This proposal aims to define the zoonotic risks of cervid prions and set up and apply essays to detect CWD zoonosis using mouse models and in vitro methods. The findings will greatly expand our knowledge on the potentials and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for such infections and may discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> Funding Agency Agency National Institute of Health (NIH) Institute National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Type Research Project (R01) Project # 1R01NS088604-01A1 Application # 9037884 Study Section Cellular and Molecular Biology of Neurodegeneration Study Section (CMND) Program Officer Wong, May Project Start 2015-09-30 Project End 2019-07-31 Budget Start 2015-09-30 Budget End 2016-07-31 Support Year 1 Fiscal Year 2015 Total Cost $337,507 Indirect Cost $118,756</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip... </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1#panel-abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1#panel-abstract</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Professor Kongs reply to me just this month about above grant study that has NOT been published in peer reveiw yet...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=================================</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Here is a brief summary of our findings:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...can't post, made a promise...tss</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">On Sat, Apr 3, 2021 at 12:19 PM Terry Singeltary <flounder9@verizon.net> wrote:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">end...tss</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">==============</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD ZOONOSIS THE FULL MONTY TO DATE</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">International Conference on Emerging Diseases, Outbreaks & Case Studies & 16th Annual Meeting on Influenza March 28-29, 2018 | Orlando, USA</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Qingzhong Kong</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease prions from cervids</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease in cervids (mule deer, white-tailed deer, American elk, moose, and reindeer). It has become an epidemic in North America, and it has been detected in the Europe (Norway) since 2016. The widespread CWD and popular hunting and consumption of cervid meat and other products raise serious public health concerns, but questions remain on human susceptibility to CWD prions, especially on the potential difference in zoonotic potential among the various CWD prion strains. We have been working to address this critical question for well over a decade. We used CWD samples from various cervid species to inoculate transgenic mice expressing human or elk prion protein (PrP). We found infectious prions in the spleen or brain in a small fraction of CWD-inoculated transgenic mice expressing human PrP, indicating that humans are not completely resistant to CWD prions; this finding has significant ramifications on the public health impact of CWD prions. The influence of cervid PrP polymorphisms, the prion strain dependence of CWD-to-human transmission barrier, and the characterization of experimental human CWD prions will be discussed.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Speaker Biography Qingzhong Kong has completed his PhD from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst and Post-doctoral studies at Yale University. He is currently an Associate Professor of Pathology, Neurology and Regenerative Medicine. He has published over 50 original research papers in reputable journals (including Science Translational Medicine, JCI, PNAS and Cell Reports) and has been serving as an Editorial Board Member on seven scientific journals. He has multiple research interests, including public health risks of animal prions (CWD of cervids and atypical BSE of cattle), animal modeling of human prion diseases, mechanisms of prion replication and pathogenesis, etiology of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD) in humans, normal cellular PrP in the biology and pathology of multiple brain and peripheral diseases, proteins responsible for the α-cleavage of cellular PrP, as well as gene therapy and DNA vaccination.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">qxk2@case.edu </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SUNDAY, JULY 25, 2021 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">North American and Norwegian Chronic Wasting Disease prions exhibit different potential for interspecies transmission and zoonotic risk </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''Our data suggest that reindeer and red deer from Norway could be the most transmissible CWD prions to other mammals, whereas North American CWD prions were more prone to generate human prions in vitro.''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/north-american-and-norwegian-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/north-american-and-norwegian-chronic.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">MONDAY, JULY 19, 2021 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> U Calgary researchers at work on a vaccine against a fatal infectious disease affecting deer and potentially people</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/u-calgary-researchers-at-work-on.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/u-calgary-researchers-at-work-on.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">BSE aka MAD COW DISEASE, was first discovered in 1984, and it took until 1995 to finally admit that BSE was causing nvCJD, the rest there is history, but that science is still evolving i.e. science now shows that indeed atypical L-type BSE, atypical Nor-98 Scrapie, and typical Scrapie are all zoonosis, zoonotic for humans, there from. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">HOW long are we going to wait for Chronic Wasting Disease, CWD TSE Prion of Cervid, and zoonosis, zoonotic tranmission to humans there from?</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Studies have shown since 1994 that humans are susceptible to CWD TSE Prion, so, what's the hold up with making CWD a zoonotic zoonosis disease, the iatrogenic transmissions there from is not waiting for someone to make a decision.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">P190 Human prion disease mortality rates by occurrence of chronic wasting disease in freeranging cervids, United States</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Abrams JY (1), Maddox RA (1), Schonberger LB (1), Person MK (1), Appleby BS (2), Belay ED (1)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Background</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease of deer and elk that has been identified in freeranging cervids in 23 US states. While there is currently no epidemiological evidence for zoonotic transmission through the consumption of contaminated venison, studies suggest the CWD agent can cross the species barrier in experimental models designed to closely mimic humans. We compared rates of human prion disease in states with and without CWD to examine the possibility of undetermined zoonotic transmission.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Methods</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Death records from the National Center for Health Statistics, case records from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, and additional state case reports were combined to create a database of human prion disease cases from 2003-2015. Identification of CWD in each state was determined through reports of positive CWD tests by state wildlife agencies. Age- and race-adjusted mortality rates for human prion disease, excluding cases with known etiology, were determined for four categories of states based on CWD occurrence: highly endemic (>16 counties with CWD identified in free-ranging cervids); moderately endemic (3-10 counties with CWD); low endemic (1-2 counties with CWD); and no CWD states. States were counted as having no CWD until the year CWD was first identified. Analyses stratified by age, sex, and time period were also conducted to focus on subgroups for which zoonotic transmission would be more likely to be detected: cases <55 years old, male sex, and the latter half of the study (2010-2015).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Highly endemic states had a higher rate of prion disease mortality compared to non-CWD states (rate ratio [RR]: 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01 - 1.23), as did low endemic states (RR: 1.15, 95% CI = 1.04 - 1.27). Moderately endemic states did not have an elevated mortality rate (RR: 1.05, 95% CI = 0.93 - 1.17). In age-stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates among the <55 year old population were elevated for moderately endemic states (RR: 1.57, 95% CI = 1.10 – 2.24) while mortality rates were elevated among those ≥55 for highly endemic states (RR: 1.13, 95% CI = 1.02 - 1.26) and low endemic states (RR: 1.16, 95% CI = 1.04 - 1.29). In other stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates for males were only elevated for low endemic states (RR: 1.27, 95% CI = 1.10 - 1.48), and none of the categories of CWD-endemic states had elevated mortality rates for the latter time period (2010-2015).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">While higher prion disease mortality rates in certain categories of states with CWD in free-ranging cervids were noted, additional stratified analyses did not reveal markedly elevated rates for potentially sensitive subgroups that would be suggestive of zoonotic transmission. Unknown confounding factors or other biases may explain state-by-state differences in prion disease mortality.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=====</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">P172 Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Prion Disease</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Wang H(1), Cohen M(1), Appleby BS(1,2)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">(1) University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio (2) National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Cleveland, Ohio.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Prion disease is a fatal progressive neurodegenerative disease due to deposition of an abnormal protease-resistant isoform of prion protein. Typical symptoms include rapidly progressive dementia, myoclonus, visual disturbance and hallucinations. Interestingly, in patients with prion disease, the abnormal protein canould also be found in the peripheral nervous system. Case reports of prion deposition in peripheral nerves have been reported. Peripheral nerve involvement is thought to be uncommon; however, little is known about the exact prevalence and features of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">We reviewed autopsy-proven prion cases from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center that were diagnosed between September 2016 to March 2017. We collected information regarding prion protein diagnosis, demographics, comorbidities, clinical symptoms, physical exam, neuropathology, molecular subtype, genetics lab, brain MRI, image and EMG reports. Our study included 104 patients. Thirteen (12.5%) patients had either subjective symptoms or objective signs of peripheral neuropathy. Among these 13 patients, 3 had other known potential etiologies of peripheral neuropathy such as vitamin B12 deficiency or prior chemotherapy. Among 10 patients that had no other clear etiology, 3 (30%) had familial CJD. The most common sCJD subtype was MV1-2 (30%), followed by MM1-2 (20%). The Majority of cases wasere male (60%). Half of them had exposure to wild game. The most common subjective symptoms were tingling and/or numbness of distal extremities. The most common objective finding was diminished vibratory sensation in the feet. Half of them had an EMG with the findings ranging from fasciculations to axonal polyneuropathy or demyelinating polyneuropathy.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Our study provides an overview of the pattern of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease. Among patients with peripheral neuropathy symptoms or signs, majority has polyneuropathy. It is important to document the baseline frequency of peripheral neuropathy in prion diseases as these symptoms may become important when conducting surveillance for potential novel zoonotic prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=====</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">P177 PrP plaques in methionine homozygous Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Abrams JY (1), Schonberger LB (1), Cali I (2), Cohen Y (2), Blevins JE (2), Maddox RA (1), Belay ED (1), Appleby BS (2), Cohen ML (2)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Background</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is widely believed to originate from de novo spontaneous conversion of normal prion protein (PrP) to its pathogenic form, but concern remains that some reported sporadic CJD cases may actually be caused by disease transmission via iatrogenic processes. For cases with methionine homozygosity (CJD-MM) at codon 129 of the PRNP gene, recent research has pointed to plaque-like PrP deposition as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission for a subset of cases. This phenotype is theorized to originate from specific iatrogenic source CJD types that comprise roughly a quarter of known CJD cases.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Methods</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">We reviewed scientific literature for studies which described PrP plaques among CJD patients with known epidemiological links to iatrogenic transmission (receipt of cadaveric human grown hormone or dura mater), as well as in cases of reported sporadic CJD. The presence and description of plaques, along with CJD classification type and other contextual factors, were used to summarize the current evidence regarding plaques as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission. In addition, 523 cases of reported sporadic CJD cases in the US from January 2013 through September 2017 were assessed for presence of PrP plaques.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">We identified four studies describing 52 total cases of CJD-MM among either dura mater recipients or growth hormone recipients, of which 30 were identified as having PrP plaques. While sporadic cases were not generally described as having plaques, we did identify case reports which described plaques among sporadic MM2 cases as well as case reports of plaques exclusively in white matter among sporadic MM1 cases. Among the 523 reported sporadic CJD cases, 0 of 366 MM1 cases had plaques, 2 of 48 MM2 cases had kuru plaques, and 4 of 109 MM1+2 cases had either kuru plaques or both kuru and florid plaques. Medical chart review of the six reported sporadic CJD cases with plaques did not reveal clinical histories suggestive of potential iatrogenic transmission.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PrP plaques occur much more frequently for iatrogenic CJD-MM cases compared to sporadic CJDMM cases. Plaques may indicate iatrogenic transmission for CJD-MM cases without a type 2 Western blot fragment. The study results suggest the absence of significant misclassifications of iatrogenic CJD as sporadic. To our knowledge, this study is the first to describe grey matter kuru plaques in apparently sporadic CJD-MM patients with a type 2 Western blot fragment.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=====</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">P180 Clinico-pathological analysis of human prion diseases in a brain bank series</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Ximelis T (1), Aldecoa I (1,2), Molina-Porcel L (1,3), Grau-Rivera O (4), Ferrer I (5), Nos C (6), Gelpi E (1,7), Sánchez-Valle R (1,4)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">(1) Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobanc-Hospital ClÃnic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (2) Pathological Service of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (3) EAIA Trastorns Cognitius, Centre Emili Mira, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain (4) Department of Neurology of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (5) Institute of Neuropathology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona (6) General subdirectorate of Surveillance and Response to Emergencies in Public Health, Department of Public Health in Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain (7) Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Background and objective:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The Neurological Tissue Bank (NTB) of the Hospital Clínic-Institut d‘Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain is the reference center in Catalonia for the neuropathological study of prion diseases in the region since 2001. The aim of this study is to analyse the characteristics of the confirmed prion diseases registered at the NTB during the last 15 years.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Methods:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">We reviewed retrospectively all neuropathologically confirmed cases registered during the period January 2001 to December 2016.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">176 cases (54,3% female, mean age: 67,5 years and age range: 25-86 years) of neuropathological confirmed prion diseases have been studied at the NTB. 152 cases corresponded to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), 10 to genetic CJD, 10 to Fatal Familial Insomnia, 2 to GerstmannSträussler-Scheinker disease, and 2 cases to variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr). Within sCJD subtypes the MM1 subtype was the most frequent, followed by the VV2 histotype.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Clinical and neuropathological diagnoses agreed in 166 cases (94%). The clinical diagnosis was not accurate in 10 patients with definite prion disease: 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Fronto-temporal dementia (FTD), 1 Niemann-Pick‘s disease, 1 Lewy Body‘s Disease, 2 Alzheimer‘s disease, 1 Cortico-basal syndrome and 2 undetermined dementia. Among patients with VPSPr, 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and the other one with FTD.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Concomitant pathologies are frequent in older age groups, mainly AD neuropathological changes were observed in these subjects.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Discussion:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">A wide spectrum of human prion diseases have been identified in the NTB being the relative frequencies and main characteristics like other published series. There is a high rate of agreement between clinical and neuropathological diagnoses with prion diseases. These findings show the importance that public health has given to prion diseases during the past 15 years. Continuous surveillance of human prion disease allows identification of new emerging phenotypes. Brain tissue samples from these donors are available to the scientific community. For more information please visit:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=====</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">P192 Prion amplification techniques for the rapid evaluation of surface decontamination procedures</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Bruyere-Ostells L (1), Mayran C (1), Belondrade M (1), Boublik Y (2), Haïk S (3), Fournier-Wirth C (1), Nicot S (1), Bougard D (1)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">(1) Pathogenesis and control of chronic infections, Etablissement Français du Sang, Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (2) Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (3) Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Aims:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) or prion diseases are a group of incurable and always fatal neurodegenerative disorders including Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases (CJD) in humans. These pathologies include sporadic (sCJD), genetic and acquired (variant CJD) forms. By the past, sCJD and vCJD were transmitted by different prion contaminated biological materials to patients resulting in more than 400 iatrogenic cases (iCJD). The atypical nature and the biochemical properties of the infectious agent, formed by abnormal prion protein or PrPTSE, make it particularly resistant to conventional decontamination procedures. In addition, PrPTSE is widely distributed throughout the organism before clinical onset in vCJD and can also be detected in some peripheral tissues in sporadic CJD. Risk of iatrogenic transmission of CJD by contaminated medical device remains thus a concern for healthcare facilities. Bioassay is the gold standard method to evaluate the efficacy of prion decontamination procedures but is time-consuming and expensive. Here, we propose to compare in vitro prion amplification techniques: Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) and Real-Time Quaking Induced Conversion (RT-QuIC) for the detection of residual prions on surface after decontamination.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Methods:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Stainless steel wires, by mimicking the surface of surgical instruments, were proposed as a carrier model of prions for inactivation studies. To determine the sensitivity of the two amplification techniques on wires (Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC), steel wires were therefore contaminated with serial dilutions of brain homogenates (BH) from a 263k infected hamster and from a patient with sCJD (MM1 subtype). We then compared the different standard decontamination procedures including partially and fully efficient treatments by detecting the residual seeding activity on 263K and sCJD contaminated wires. We completed our study by the evaluation of marketed reagents endorsed for prion decontamination.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The two amplification techniques can detect minute quantities of PrPTSE adsorbed onto a single wire. 8/8 wires contaminated with a 10-6 dilution of 263k BH and 1/6 with the 10-8 dilution are positive with Surf-PMCA. Similar performances were obtained with Surf-QuIC on 263K: 10/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilution and 1/8 wires contaminated with 10-8 dilution are positive. Regarding the human sCJD-MM1 prion, Surf-QuIC allows us to detect 16/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilutions and 14/16 with 10-7 . Results obtained after decontamination treatments are very similar between 263K and sCJD prions. Efficiency of marketed treatments to remove prions is lower than expected.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC are very sensitive methods for the detection of prions on wires and could be applied to prion decontamination studies for rapid evaluation of new treatments. Sodium hypochlorite is the only product to efficiently remove seeding activity of both 263K and sCJD prions.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=====</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WA2 Oral transmission of CWD into Cynomolgus macaques: signs of atypical disease, prion conversion and infectivity in macaques and bio-assayed transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Schatzl HM (1, 2), Hannaoui S (1, 2), Cheng Y-C (1, 2), Gilch S (1, 2), Beekes M (3), SchulzSchaeffer W (4), Stahl-Hennig C (5) and Czub S (2, 6)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">(1) University of Calgary, Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada (2) University of Calgary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calgary, Canada, (3) Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany, (4) University of Homburg/Saar, Homburg, Germany, (5) German Primate Center, Goettingen, Germany, (6) Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), Lethbridge, Canada.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">To date, BSE is the only example of interspecies transmission of an animal prion disease into humans. The potential zoonotic transmission of CWD is an alarming issue and was addressed by many groups using a variety of in vitro and in vivo experimental systems. Evidence from these studies indicated a substantial, if not absolute, species barrier, aligning with the absence of epidemiological evidence suggesting transmission into humans. Studies in non-human primates were not conclusive so far, with oral transmission into new-world monkeys and no transmission into old-world monkeys. Our consortium has challenged 18 Cynomolgus macaques with characterized CWD material, focusing on oral transmission with muscle tissue. Some macaques have orally received a total of 5 kg of muscle material over a period of 2 years. After 5-7 years of incubation time some animals showed clinical symptoms indicative of prion disease, and prion neuropathology and PrPSc deposition were found in spinal cord and brain of euthanized animals. PrPSc in immunoblot was weakly detected in some spinal cord materials and various tissues tested positive in RT-QuIC, including lymph node and spleen homogenates. To prove prion infectivity in the macaque tissues, we have intracerebrally inoculated 2 lines of transgenic mice, expressing either elk or human PrP. At least 3 TgElk mice, receiving tissues from 2 different macaques, showed clinical signs of a progressive prion disease and brains were positive in immunoblot and RT-QuIC. Tissues (brain, spinal cord and spleen) from these and preclinical mice are currently tested using various read-outs and by second passage in mice. Transgenic mice expressing human PrP were so far negative for clear clinical prion disease (some mice >300 days p.i.). In parallel, the same macaque materials are inoculated into bank voles. Taken together, there is strong evidence of transmissibility of CWD orally into macaques and from macaque tissues into transgenic mouse models, although with an incomplete attack rate. The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology. Our ongoing studies will show whether the transmission of CWD into macaques and passage in transgenic mice represents a form of non-adaptive prion amplification, and whether macaque-adapted prions have the potential to infect mice expressing human PrP. The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">See also poster P103</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=====</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WA16 Monitoring Potential CWD Transmission to Humans</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Belay ED</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The spread of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in animals has raised concerns about increasing human exposure to the CWD agent via hunting and venison consumption, potentially facilitating CWD transmission to humans. Several studies have explored this possibility, including limited epidemiologic studies, in vitro experiments, and laboratory studies using various types of animal models. Most human exposures to the CWD agent in the United States would be expected to occur in association with deer and elk hunting in CWD-endemic areas. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) collaborated with state health departments in Colorado, Wisconsin, and Wyoming to identify persons at risk of CWD exposure and to monitor their vital status over time. Databases were established of persons who hunted in Colorado and Wyoming and those who reported consumption of venison from deer that later tested positive in Wisconsin. Information from the databases is periodically cross-checked with mortality data to determine the vital status and causes of death for deceased persons. Long-term follow-up of these hunters is needed to assess their risk of development of a prion disease linked to CWD exposure.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=====</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">P166 Characterization of CJD strain profiles in venison consumers and non-consumers from Alberta and Saskatchewan</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Stephanie Booth (1,2), Lise Lamoureux (1), Debra Sorensen (1), Jennifer L. Myskiw (1,2), Megan Klassen (1,2), Michael Coulthart (3), Valerie Sim (4)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">(1) Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg (2) Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (3) Canadian CJD Surveillance System, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (4) Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is spreading rapidly through wild cervid populations in the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. While this has implications for tourism and hunting, there is also concern over possible zoonotic transmission to humans who eat venison from infected deer. Whilst there is no evidence of any human cases of CWD to date, the Canadian CJD Surveillance System (CJDSS) in Canada is staying vigilant. When variant CJD occurred following exposure to BSE, the unique biochemical fingerprint of the pathologic PrP enabled a causal link to be confirmed. However, we cannot be sure what phenotype human CWD prions would present with, or indeed, whether this would be distinct from that see in sporadic CJD. Therefore we are undertaking a systematic analysis of the molecular diversity of CJD cases of individuals who resided in Alberta and Saskatchewan at their time of death comparing venison consumers and non-consumers, using a variety of clinical, imaging, pathological and biochemical markers. Our initial objective is to develop novel biochemical methodologies that will extend the baseline glycoform and genetic polymorphism typing that is already completed by the CJDSS. Firstly, we are reviewing MRI, EEG and pathology information from over 40 cases of CJD to select clinically affected areas for further investigation. Biochemical analysis will include assessment of the levels of protease sensitive and resistant prion protein, glycoform typing using 2D gel electrophoresis, testing seeding capabilities and kinetics of aggregation by quaking-induced conversion, and determining prion oligomer size distributions with asymmetric flow field fractionation with in-line light scattering. Progress and preliminary data will be presented. Ultimately, we intend to further define the relationship between PrP structure and disease phenotype and establish a baseline for the identification of future atypical CJD cases that may arise as a result of exposure to CWD.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=====</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Source Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Volume 24, Number 8—August 2018 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Research Susceptibility of Human Prion Protein to Conversion by Chronic Wasting Disease Prions </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Marcelo A. BarriaComments to Author , Adriana Libori, Gordon Mitchell, and Mark W. Head Author affiliations: National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (M.A. Barria, A. Libori, M.W. Head); National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Scrapie and CWD, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (G. Mitchell)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Abstract Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal neurodegenerative disease and a serious animal health issue for deer and elk in North America. The identification of the first cases of CWD among free-ranging reindeer and moose in Europe brings back into focus the unresolved issue of whether CWD can be zoonotic like bovine spongiform encephalopathy. We used a cell-free seeded protein misfolding assay to determine whether CWD prions from elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer in North America can convert the human prion protein to the disease-associated form. We found that prions can convert, but the efficiency of conversion is affected by polymorphic variation in the cervid and human prion protein genes. In view of the similarity of reindeer, elk, and white-tailed deer in North America to reindeer, red deer, and roe deer, respectively, in Europe, a more comprehensive and thorough assessment of the zoonotic potential of CWD might be warranted.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Discussion Characterization of the transmission properties of CWD and evaluation of their zoonotic potential are important for public health purposes. Given that CWD affects several members of the family Cervidae, it seems reasonable to consider whether the zoonotic potential of CWD prions could be affected by factors such as CWD strain, cervid species, geographic location, and Prnp–PRNP polymorphic variation. We have previously used an in vitro conversion assay (PMCA) to investigate the susceptibility of the human PrP to conversion to its disease-associated form by several animal prion diseases, including CWD (15,16,22). The sensitivity of our molecular model for the detection of zoonotic conversion depends on the combination of 1) the action of proteinase K to degrade the abundant human PrPC that constitutes the substrate while only N terminally truncating any human PrPres produced and 2) the presence of the 3F4 epitope on human but not cervid PrP. In effect, this degree of sensitivity means that any human PrPres formed during the PMCA reaction can be detected down to the limit of Western blot sensitivity. In contrast, if other antibodies that detect both cervid and human PrP are used, such as 6H4, then newly formed human PrPres must be detected as a measurable increase in PrPres over the amount remaining in the reaction product from the cervid seed. Although best known for the efficient amplification of prions in research and diagnostic contexts, the variation of the PMCA method employed in our study is optimized for the definitive detection of zoonotic reaction products of inherently inefficient conversion reactions conducted across species barriers. By using this system, we previously made and reported the novel observation that elk CWD prions could convert human PrPC from human brain and could also convert recombinant human PrPC expressed in transgenic mice and eukaryotic cell cultures (15).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">A previous publication suggested that mule deer PrPSc was unable to convert humanized transgenic substrate in PMCA assays (23) and required a further step of in vitro conditioning in deer substrate PMCA before it was able to cross the deer–human molecular barrier (24). However, prions from other species, such as elk (15) and reindeer affected by CWD, appear to be compatible with the human protein in a single round of amplification (as shown in our study). These observations suggest that different deer species affected by CWD could present differing degrees of the olecular compatibility with the normal form of human PrP.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The contribution of the polymorphism at codon 129 of the human PrP gene has been extensively studied and is recognized as a risk factor for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (4). In cervids, the equivalent codon corresponds to the position 132 encoding methionine or leucine. This polymorphism in the elk gene has been shown to play an important role in CWD susceptibility (25,26). We have investigated the effect of this cervid Prnp polymorphism on the conversion of the humanized transgenic substrate according to the variation in the equivalent PRNP codon 129 polymorphism. Interestingly, only the homologs methionine homozygous seed–substrate reactions could readily convert the human PrP, whereas the heterozygous elk PrPSc was unable to do so, even though comparable amounts of PrPres were used to seed the reaction. In addition, we observed only low levels of human PrPres formation in the reactions seeded with the homozygous methionine (132 MM) and the heterozygous (132 ML) seeds incubated with the other 2 human polymorphic substrates (129 MV and 129 VV). The presence of the amino acid leucine at position 132 of the elk Prnp gene has been attributed to a lower degree of prion conversion compared with methionine on the basis of experiments in mice made transgenic for these polymorphic variants (26). Considering the differences observed for the amplification of the homozygous human methionine substrate by the 2 polymorphic elk seeds (MM and ML), reappraisal of the susceptibility of human PrPC by the full range of cervid polymorphic variants affected by CWD would be warranted.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In light of the recent identification of the first cases of CWD in Europe in a free-ranging reindeer (R. tarandus) in Norway (2), we also decided to evaluate the in vitro conversion potential of CWD in 2 experimentally infected reindeer (18). Formation of human PrPres was readily detectable after a single round of PMCA, and in all 3 humanized polymorphic substrates (MM, MV, and VV). This finding suggests that CWD prions from reindeer could be more compatible with human PrPC generally and might therefore present a greater risk for zoonosis than, for example, CWD prions from white-tailed deer. A more comprehensive comparison of CWD in the affected species, coupled with the polymorphic variations in the human and deer PRNP–Prnp genes, in vivo and in vitro, will be required before firm conclusions can be drawn. Analysis of the Prnp sequence of the CWD reindeer in Norway was reported to be identical to the specimens used in our study (2). This finding raises the possibility of a direct comparison of zoonotic potential between CWD acquired in the wild and that produced in a controlled laboratory setting. (Table).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The prion hypothesis proposes that direct molecular interaction between PrPSc and PrPC is necessary for conversion and prion replication. Accordingly, polymorphic variants of the PrP of host and agent might play a role in determining compatibility and potential zoonotic risk. In this study, we have examined the capacity of the human PrPC to support in vitro conversion by elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer CWD PrPSc. Our data confirm that elk CWD prions can convert the human PrPC, at least in vitro, and show that the homologous PRNP polymorphisms at codon 129 and 132 in humans and cervids affect conversion efficiency. Other species affected by CWD, particularly caribou or reindeer, also seem able to convert the human PrP. It will be important to determine whether other polymorphic variants found in other CWD-affected Cervidae or perhaps other factors (17) exert similar effects on the ability to convert human PrP and thus affect their zoonotic potential.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Dr. Barria is a research scientist working at the National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh. His research has focused on understanding the molecular basis of a group of fatal neurologic disorders called prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Acknowledgments We thank Aru Balachandran for originally providing cervid brain tissues, Abigail Diack and Jean Manson for providing mouse brain tissue, and James Ironside for his critical reading of the manuscript at an early stage.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">This report is independent research commissioned and funded by the United Kingdom’s Department of Health Policy Research Programme and the Government of Scotland. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Department of Health or the Government of Scotland.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Author contributions: The study was conceived and designed by M.A.B. and M.W.H. The experiments were conducted by M.A.B. and A.L. Chronic wasting disease brain specimens were provided by G.M. The manuscript was written by M.A.B. and M.W.H. All authors contributed to the editing and revision of the manuscript.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> Prion 2017 Conference Abstracts </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">First evidence of intracranial and peroral transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) into Cynomolgus macaques: a work in progress </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Stefanie Czub1, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer2, Christiane Stahl-Hennig3, Michael Beekes4, Hermann Schaetzl5 and Dirk Motzkus6 1 University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine/Canadian Food Inspection Agency; 2Universitatsklinikum des Saarlandes und Medizinische Fakultat der Universitat des Saarlandes; 3 Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen; 4 Robert-Koch-Institut Berlin; 5 University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; 6 presently: Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center; previously: Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">This is a progress report of a project which started in 2009. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">21 cynomolgus macaques were challenged with characterized CWD material from white-tailed deer (WTD) or elk by intracerebral (ic), oral, and skin exposure routes. Additional blood transfusion experiments are supposed to assess the CWD contamination risk of human blood product. Challenge materials originated from symptomatic cervids for ic, skin scarification and partially per oral routes (WTD brain). Challenge material for feeding of muscle derived from preclinical WTD and from preclinical macaques for blood transfusion experiments. We have confirmed that the CWD challenge material contained at least two different CWD agents (brain material) as well as CWD prions in muscle-associated nerves. Here we present first data on a group of animals either challenged ic with steel wires or per orally and sacrificed with incubation times ranging from 4.5 to 6.9 years at postmortem. Three animals displayed signs of mild clinical disease, including anxiety, apathy, ataxia and/or tremor. In four animals wasting was observed, two of those had confirmed diabetes. All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals. Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuiC) and PET-blot assays to further substantiate these findings are on the way, as well as bioassays in bank voles and transgenic mice. At present, a total of 10 animals are sacrificed and read-outs are ongoing. Preclinical incubation of the remaining macaques covers a range from 6.4 to 7.10 years. Based on the species barrier and an incubation time of > 5 years for BSE in macaques and about 10 years for scrapie in macaques, we expected an onset of clinical disease beyond 6 years post inoculation. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PRION 2017 DECIPHERING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS ABSTRACTS REFERENCE</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://aabb.confex.com/aabb/2018/mediafile/Handout/Session2756/TU1-3.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://aabb.confex.com/aabb/2018/mediafile/Handout/Session2756/TU1-3.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 23, 2019 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion and THE FEAST 2003 CDC an updated review of the science 2019 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 04, 2014 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Six-year follow-up of a point-source exposure to CWD contaminated venison in an Upstate New York community: risk behaviours and health outcomes 2005–2011 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Authors, though, acknowledged the study was limited in geography and sample size and so it couldn't draw a conclusion about the risk to humans. They recommended more study. Dr. Ermias Belay was the report's principal author but he said New York and Oneida County officials are following the proper course by not launching a study. "There's really nothing to monitor presently. No one's sick," Belay said, noting the disease's incubation period in deer and elk is measured in years. " </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Transmission Studies Mule deer transmissions of CWD were by intracerebral inoculation and compared with natural cases {the following was written but with a single line marked through it ''first passage (by this route)}....TSS resulted in a more rapidly progressive clinical disease with repeated episodes of synocopy ending in coma. One control animal became affected, it is believed through contamination of inoculum (?saline). Further CWD transmissions were carried out by Dick Marsh into ferret, mink and squirrel monkey. Transmission occurred in ALL of these species with the shortest incubation period in the ferret. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip.... </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Prion Infectivity in Fat of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease▿ </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Brent Race#, Kimberly Meade-White#, Richard Race and Bruce Chesebro* + Author Affiliations In mice, prion infectivity was recently detected in fat. Since ruminant fat is consumed by humans and fed to animals, we determined infectivity titers in fat from two CWD-infected deer. Deer fat devoid of muscle contained low levels of CWD infectivity and might be a risk factor for prion infection of other species. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full Prions in Skeletal Muscles of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease Here bioassays in transgenic mice expressing cervid prion protein revealed the presence of infectious prions in skeletal muscles of CWD-infected deer, demonstrating that humans consuming or handling meat from CWD-infected deer are at risk to prion exposure. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> *** now, let’s see what the authors said about this casual link, personal communications years ago, and then the latest on the zoonotic potential from CWD to humans from the TOKYO PRION 2016 CONFERENCE. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">see where it is stated NO STRONG evidence. so, does this mean there IS casual evidence ???? </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans” </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">From: TSS Subject: CWD aka MAD DEER/ELK TO HUMANS ??? </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Date: September 30, 2002 at 7:06 am PST </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">From: "Belay, Ermias" </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">To: Cc: "Race, Richard (NIH)" ; ; "Belay, Ermias" </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Sent: Monday, September 30, 2002 9:22 AM Subject: RE: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Dear Sir/Madam, In the Archives of Neurology you quoted (the abstract of which was attached to your email), we did not say CWD in humans will present like variant CJD.. That assumption would be wrong. I encourage you to read the whole article and call me if you have questions or need more clarification (phone: 404-639-3091). </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Also, we do not claim that "no-one has ever been infected with prion disease from eating venison." Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans in the article you quoted or in any other forum is limited to the patients we investigated. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Ermias Belay, M.D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">-----Original Message----- From: </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Sent: Sunday, September 29, 2002 10:15 AM </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">To: rr26k@nih.gov; rrace@niaid.nih.gov; ebb8@CDC.GOV </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Subject: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Sunday, November 10, 2002 6:26 PM .......snip........end..............TSS </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Thursday, April 03, 2008 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease 2008 1: Vet Res. 2008 Apr 3;39(4):41 A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease Sigurdson CJ. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip... *** twenty-seven CJD patients who regularly consumed venison were reported to the Surveillance Center***, </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip... full text ; </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">sporadic, spontaneous CJD, 85%+ of all human TSE, did not just happen. never in scientific literature has this been proven. if one looks up the word sporadic or spontaneous at pubmed, you will get a laundry list of disease that are classified in such a way; </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">sporadic = 54,983 hits </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">spontaneous = 325,650 hits </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">key word here is 'reported'. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can't, and it's as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it's being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. ...terry </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people. key word here is ‘reported’. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can’t, and it’s as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it’s being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. …terry </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ *** </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">*** These results would seem to suggest that CWD does indeed have zoonotic potential, at least as judged by the compatibility of CWD prions and their human PrPC target. Furthermore, extrapolation from this simple in vitro assay suggests that if zoonotic CWD occurred, it would most likely effect those of the PRNP codon 129-MM genotype and that the PrPres type would be similar to that found in the most common subtype of sCJD (MM1).*** </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD TSE PRION AND ZOONOTIC, ZOONOSIS, POTENTIAL</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Subject: Re: DEER SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY SURVEY & HOUND STUDY </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Date: Fri, 18 Oct 2002 23:12:22 +0100 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">From: Steve Dealler </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Organization: Netscape Online member </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">To: BSE-L@ References: </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Dear Terry,</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">An excellent piece of review as this literature is desperately difficult to get back from Government sites.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">What happened with the deer was that an association between deer meat eating and sporadic CJD was found in about 1993. The evidence was not great but did not disappear after several years of asking CJD cases what they had eaten. I think that the work into deer disease largely stopped because it was not helpful to the UK industry...and no specific cases were reported. Well, if you dont look adequately like they are in USA currenly then you wont find any!</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Steve Dealler </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">====</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM THIRD ANNUAL REPORT AUGUST 1994</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Consumption of venison and veal was much less widespread among both cases and controls. For both of these meats there was evidence of a trend with increasing frequency of consumption being associated with increasing risk of CJD. (not nvCJD, but sporadic CJD...tss) These associations were largely unchanged when attention was restricted to pairs with data obtained from relatives. ...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Table 9 presents the results of an analysis of these data.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">There is STRONG evidence of an association between ‘’regular’’ veal eating and risk of CJD (p = .0.01).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Individuals reported to eat veal on average at least once a year appear to be at 13 TIMES THE RISK of individuals who have never eaten veal.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">There is, however, a very wide confidence interval around this estimate. There is no strong evidence that eating veal less than once per year is associated with increased risk of CJD (p = 0.51).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">There is some evidence that risk of CJD INCREASES WITH INCREASING FREQUENCY OF LAMB EATING (p = 0.02).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The evidence for such an association between beef eating and CJD is weaker (p = 0.14). When only controls for whom a relative was interviewed are included, this evidence becomes a little STRONGER (p = 0.08).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">It was found that when veal was included in the model with another exposure, the association between veal and CJD remained statistically significant (p = < 0.05 for all exposures), while the other exposures ceased to be statistically significant (p = > 0.05).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In conclusion, an analysis of dietary histories revealed statistical associations between various meats/animal products and INCREASED RISK OF CJD. When some account was taken of possible confounding, the association between VEAL EATING AND RISK OF CJD EMERGED AS THE STRONGEST OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS STATISTICALLY. ...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In the study in the USA, a range of foodstuffs were associated with an increased risk of CJD, including liver consumption which was associated with an apparent SIX-FOLD INCREASE IN THE RISK OF CJD. By comparing the data from 3 studies in relation to this particular dietary factor, the risk of liver consumption became non-significant with an odds ratio of 1.2 (PERSONAL COMMUNICATION, PROFESSOR A. HOFMAN. ERASMUS UNIVERSITY, ROTTERDAM). (???...TSS)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...see full report ;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Stephen Dealler is a consultant medical microbiologist deal@airtime.co.uk </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">BSE Inquiry Steve Dealler</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Management In Confidence</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">BSE: Private Submission of Bovine Brain Dealler</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 2019</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> MAD DOGS AND ENGLISHMEN BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, CJD, TSE PRION A REVIEW 2019</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> ''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> In conclusion, sensory symptoms and loss of reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome can be explained by neuropathological changes in the spinal cord. We conclude that the sensory symptoms and loss of lower limb reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome is due to pathology in the caudal spinal cord. <***</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology.<*** </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD. <***</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals.<*** </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids.'' Scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease (II) <***</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">FRIDAY, DECEMBER 08, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TEXAS CWD TSE PRION DIRE CONSEQUENCES ARE HERE! </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/texas-cwd-tse-prion-dire-consequences.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/texas-cwd-tse-prion-dire-consequences.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, MAY 11, 2021</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">> A Unique Presentation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in a Patient Consuming Deer Antler Velvet <</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusion</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">We believe that our patient’s case of CJD is highly suspicious for cervid etiology given the circumstances of the case as well as the strong evidence of plausibility reported in published literature. This is the first known case of CJD in a patient who had consumed deer antler velvet. Despite the confirmed diagnosis of CJD, a causal relationship between the patient’s disease and his consumption of deer antler velvet cannot be definitively concluded.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Supplemental data including molecular tissue sample analysis and autopsy findings could yield further supporting evidence. Given this patient’s clinical resemblance to CBD and the known histological similarities of CBD with CJD, clinicians should consider both diseases in the differential diagnosis of patients with a similarly esoteric presentation. Regardless of the origin of this patient’s disease, it is clear that the potential for prion transmission from cervids to humans should be further investigated by the academic community with considerable urgency.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''We believe that our patient’s case of CJD is highly suspicious for cervid etiology given the circumstances of the case as well as the strong evidence of plausibility reported in published literature. This is the first known case of CJD in a patient who had consumed deer antler velvet. Despite the confirmed diagnosis of CJD, a causal relationship between the patient’s disease and his consumption of deer antler velvet cannot be definitively concluded.''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE: A Unique Presentation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in a Patient Consuming Deer Antler Velvet</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">i was warning England and the BSE Inquiry about just this, way back in 1998, and was ask to supply information to the BSE Inquiry. for anyone that might be interested, see;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Singeltary submission to the BSE Inquiry on CJD and Nutritional Supplements 1998</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ABOUT that deer antler spray and CWD TSE PRION... I have been screaming this since my neighbors mom died from cjd, and she had been taking a supplement that contained bovine brain, bovine eyeball, and other SRMs specified risk materials, the most high risk for mad cow disease. just saying...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">I made a submission to the BSE Inquiry long ago during the BSE Inquiry days, and they seemed pretty interested.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Sender: "Patricia Cantos"</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">To: "Terry S Singeltary Sr. (E-mail)"</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Subject: Your submission to the Inquiry</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Date: Fri, 3 Jul 1998 10:10:05 +0100 3 July 1998</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Mr Terry S Singeltary Sr. E-Mail: Flounder at wt.net Ref: E2979</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Dear Mr Singeltary, Thank you for your E-mail message of the 30th of June 1998 providing the Inquiry with your further comments. Thank you for offering to provide the Inquiry with any test results on the nutritional supplements your mother was taking before she died. As requested I am sending you our general Information Pack and a copy of the Chairman's letter. Please contact me if your system cannot read the attachments. Regarding your question, the Inquiry is looking into many aspects of the scientific evidence on BSE and nvCJD.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">I would refer you to the transcripts of evidence we have already heard which are found on our internet site at ;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">http://www.bse.org.uk.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Could you please provide the Inquiry with a copy of the press article you refer to in your e-mail? If not an approximate date for the article so that we can locate it? In the meantime, thank you for you comments. Please do not hesitate to contact me on... snip...end...tss</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">everyone I tell this too gets it screwed up...MY MOTHER WAS NOT TAKING THOSE SUPPLEMENTS IPLEX (that I ever knew of). this was my neighbors mother that died exactly one year previously and to the day of sporadic CJD that was diagnosed as Alzheimer’s at first. my mother died exactly a year later from the Heidenhain Variant of Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease hvCJD, and exceedingly rare strains of the ever growing sporadic CJD’s. both cases confirmed. ...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">kind regards, terry</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TSEs i.e. mad cow disease's BSE/BASE and NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS IPLEX, mad by standard process; vacuum dried bovine BRAIN, bone meal, bovine EYE, veal Bone, bovine liver powder, bovine adrenal, vacuum dried bovine kidney, and vacuum dried porcine stomach. also; what about potential mad cow candy bars ? see their potential mad cow candy bar list too... THESE are just a few of MANY of just this ONE COMPANY...TSS</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''So, in sum, dietary supplements sold in the United States often contain ruminant tissues from undisclosed sources. Personally, I am rather squeamish and I don't think I would be eating prostate or testicle or pituitary, but I am also a little bit wary of consuming products with those glands, not just out of personal repugnance but simply out of a health concern.'' DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION CENTER FOR BIOLOGICS EVALUATION AND RESEARCH TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES ADVISORY COMMITTEE Friday, January 19, 2001</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">15 Open Public Hearing</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">16 DR. FREAS: We are opening the open public hearing</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">17 now. We have received one response to speak in this</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">18 afternoon's open public hearing. That is from Dr. Scott</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">19 Norton. If Dr. Norton is here, would you please come</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">20 forward. You can either use the podium or the microphone,</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">21 whichever is your choice.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">22 DR. NORTON: I am Scott Norton and I am a</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">23 physician in the Washington D.C. area. I am here speaking</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">24 as a private citizen today.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">25 I first became concerned about the presence of 231</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">1 tissues from ruminant animals in dietary supplements about</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">2 six months ago and expressed my concern in a letter that was 3 published in New England Journal of Medicine in July of Year 4 2000. 5 A couple of the products that I had looked at, and 6 examined their labels, that raised these concerns I brought 7 in right here. I will just read some of the organs that are 8 found in one that is called Male Power. Deer antler, 9 pancreas, orchic--despite what we just heard that the FDA</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">10 prefers the term "testicular tissue" to be written on the</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">11 labels, I have never seen a dietary supplement say</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">12 "testicle." They always say "orchis" or "orchic" which may</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">13 sound rather flowery to the etymologically impaired--thymus,</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">14 adrenal, heart, lymph node, prostate, spleen and pituitary.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">15 There are actually seventeen organs in that particular</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">16 product.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">17 There is another product that is called Brain</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">18 Nutrition that tells us that it is vitamins and minerals</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">19 essential for important brain function. It does not mention</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">20 that there is any glandulars on at least the bold print. 21 But if you look at the small print on the back, we learn</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">22 that it has brain extract and pituitary extract, raw, in</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">23 there.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">24 We know that many of the organs that can be found</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">25 in the dietary supplements do fall in that list of organs</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">232</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">1 that are suspect for contamination with TSEs, the labels, in 2 nearly all cases, identify neither the animal source nor the 3 geographic location from which the organs were derived. I 4 have seen one line that did specify from New Zealand cattle 5 but no other manufacturer will list either the species or 6 the geographic location. 7 The FDA's and the USDA's import alerts that we 8 just learned about prohibit the use of these organs in 9 foods, medicines and medical devices. But my reading of the</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">10 alert, 17-04, suggests that DSHEA does allow some loopholes</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">11 for these tissues to possible slip in.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">12 I will just read from 17-04 that we heard. On the</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">13 first page, it says that, "This alert does not establish any</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">14 obligations on regulated entities." I love seeing</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">15 legislation that starts out with that caveat.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">16 Then it says, further, "The USDA regulations do</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">17 not apply to bovine-derived materials intended for human</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">18 consumption as finished dietary supplements." We also learn</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">19 that the prohibition, or the import alert, is limited to</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">20 bulk lots of these tissues, completed tissues, from BSE-</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">21 derived countries. It does not mention if it is not a bulk</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">22 import or if it is raw materials rather than finished</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">23 materials.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">24 Further, we know that it is strongly recommended</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">25 but not actually prohibited in the language here. So I have</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">233</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">1 not taken the assurances from that import alert that Dr. 2 Moore was trying to convey to us. 3 So, in sum, dietary supplements sold in the United 4 States often contain ruminant tissues from undisclosed 5 sources. Personally, I am rather squeamish and I don't 6 think I would be eating prostate or testicle or pituitary, 7 but I am also a little bit wary of consuming products with 8 those glands, not just out of personal repugnance but simply 9 out of a health concern.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">10 So my question to the advisory committee is this;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">11 is my caution reasonable and, if it is, should we take</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">12 further efforts to inform, or even protect, the American</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">13 public from such exposure.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">14 I was curious about Dr. Moore's remarks. I sensed</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">15 two messages. One was the initial reassurance that FDA has</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">16 the regulatory authority but then I also learned that it is</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">17 the manufacturer's responsibility to provide those 18 assurances, that the FDA doesn't actually inspect.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">19 I think that the FDA commissioners from Harvey</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">20 Wylie to David Kessler would say that that track record has</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">21 proven itself.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">22 Thank you very much.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">23 [Applause.]</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">24 DR. BROWN: Thanks, Dr. Norton. 25 Committee Discussion snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">17 But I think that we could exhibit some quite 18 reasonable concern about blood donors who are taking dietary 19 supplements that contain a certain amount of unspecified- 20 origin brain, brain-related, brain and pituitary material. 21 If they have done this for more than a sniff or something 22 like that, then, perhaps, they should be deferred as blood 23 donors. 24 That is probably worse than spending six months in 25 the U.K. 1/19/01 3681t2.rtf(845) page 501 http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/cber01.htm</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Advisory Committees: CBER 2001 Meeting Documents</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">see actual paper;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20110616...ov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t2.rtf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20110616...ov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t2.rtf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Mar03/031403/96N-0417-EC-2.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Mar03/031403/96N-0417-EC-2.htm</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_07.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_07.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">-------- Original Message --------</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Subject: METABOLIFE AND TSEs GAO-03-494 ''URGENT DATA''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Date: Thu, 01 May 2003 11:23:01 -0500</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">To: NelliganJ at gao.gov</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The General Accounting Office (GAO) today released the following reports and testimonies:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">REPORTS</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">1. Dietary Supplements: Review of Health-Related Call Records for Users of Metabolife 356. GAO-03-494, March 31.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-03-494" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-03-494</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">see updated url link;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050205084229/http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20050205084229/http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">GREETINGS GAO:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">i was surprised that i did not see any listing of bovine tissue in metabolife on it's label. have they ceased using these desiccated tissues???</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">i see that the lable on this product METABOLIFE 356, does not state that it has any tissues of desiccated bovine organs? i no the product use to, so i am curious if they have ceased the use of the tissues of cattle they use to use (see below)???</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">METABOLIFE 356 BOVINE COMPLEX/GLANDULAR SYSTEM OVARIES, PROSTATE, SCROTUM AND ADRENAL USDA SOURCE CATTLE</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">i tried warning them years ago of this potential threat of CJD/TSEs;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">From: Randy Smith To: "'flounder at wt.net'" Subject: Metabolife Date: Mon, 7 Dec 1998 14:21:35 -0800</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Dear Sir,</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">We are looking at reformulation. I agree that slow virus diseases present a problem in some areas of the world.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Our product uses healthy USDA inspected cattle for the glandular extract.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">If you have any links to more information on this subject I would like to examine them.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Thank you for your interest and concern,</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Dr. Smith ============</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">see full text links of this archived information ;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/03/chronic-wasting-disease-prions-in-elk.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/03/chronic-wasting-disease-prions-in-elk.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/ohio-division-of-wildlife-confirms.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/ohio-division-of-wildlife-confirms.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/124/additional-cases-marion-wyandot-counties" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/124/additional-cases-marion-wyandot-counties</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">spontaneous/sporadic CJD in 85%+ of all human TSE, or spontaneous BSE in cattle, is a pipe dream, dreamed up by USDA/OIE et al, that has never been proven. let me repeat, NEVER BEEN PROVEN FOR ALL HUMAN OR ANIMAL TSE I.E. ATYPICAL BSE OR SPORADIC CJD! please see;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep1157" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep1157</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, JANUARY 16, 2024</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CIDRAP launches international effort to prepare for possible chronic wasting disease spillover, Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Spillover to other Species, What If? predators and scavengers and cwd?</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2024/01/cidrap-launches-international-effort-to.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2024/01/cidrap-launches-international-effort-to.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 11, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Professor John Collinge on tackling prion diseases sCJD around 1 in 5000 deaths worldwide</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“The best-known human prion disease is sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), a rapidly progressive dementia which accounts for around 1 in 5000 deaths worldwide.”</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/brain-sciences/dementia-ucl-priority/professor-john-collinge-tackling-prion-diseases" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ucl.ac.uk/brain-sciences/dementia-ucl-priority/professor-john-collinge-tackling-prion-diseases</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Singeltary sCJD</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">IN CONFIDENCE</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TRANSMISSION TO CHIMPANZEES</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Kuru and CJD have been successfully transmitted to chimpanzees but scrapie and TME have not.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">We cannot say that scrapie will not transmit to chimpanzees. There are several scrapie strains and I am not aware that all have been tried (that would have to be from mouse passaged material). Nor has a wide enough range of field isolates subsequently strain typed in mice been inoculated by the appropriate routes (i/c, i/p and i/v).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">I believe the proposed experiment to determine transmissibility, if conducted, would only show the susceptibility or resistance of the chimpanzee to infection/disease by the routes used and the result could not be interpreted for the predictability of the susceptibility for man. proposals for prolonged oral exposure of chimpanzees to milk from cattle were suggested a long while ago and rejected.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In view of Dr Gibbs' probable use of chimpazees Mr Wells' comments (enclosed) are pertinent. I have yet to receive a direct communication from Dr Schellekers but before any collaboration or provision of material we should identify the Gibbs' proposals and objectives.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">A positive result from a chimpanzee challenged severely would likely create alarm in some circles even if the result could not be interpreted for man. I have a view that all these agents could be transmitted provided a large enough dose by appropriate routes was given and the animals kept long enough. Until the mechanisms of the species barrier are more clearly understood it might be best to retain that hypothesis.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">A negative result would take a lifetime to determine but that would be a shorter period than might be available for human exposure and it would still not answer the question regarding mans ‘susceptibility. In the meantime no doubt the negativity would be used defensively. It would however be counterproductive if the experiment finally became positive. We may learn more about public reactions following next Monday's meeting.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">R Bradley</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CVO (+ Mr Wells’ commenters 23 September 1990 Dr T W A Little Dr B J Shreeve</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">90/9.23/1.1 </div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506041740/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506041740/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">IN CONFIDENCE</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080726032852mp_/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/17001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080726032852mp_/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/17001001.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">IN CONFIDENCE</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080102222723mp_/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/26003001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080102222723mp_/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/26003001.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">CONFIDENTIAL </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY OF PIGS</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080102200318mp_/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080102200318mp_/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">CONFIDENTIAL</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080102182347/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/evidence/yb/1990sep.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080102182347/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/evidence/yb/1990sep.htm</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">CONFIDENTIAL</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080102182347/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/evidence/yb/1990sep.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080102182347/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/evidence/yb/1990sep.htm</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">IN CONFIDENCE</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080726032836mp_/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/20014001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080726032836mp_/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/20014001.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">MAFF PRESS RELEASE BSE TRANSMISSION EXPERITMENT IN PIGS</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080102222859mp_/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/24007001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080102222859mp_/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/24007001.pdf</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">cwd scrapie pigs oral routes </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. <*** </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">>*** Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health. <*** </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">8/18</span> (44%), and the tonsil in <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">10/25</span> (40%). </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">ORAL TRANSMISSION OF CWD TO PIGS</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.agriculture.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Moore_2017_Swine_CWD.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.agriculture.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Moore_2017_Swine_CWD.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CONFIDENTIAL</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">LINE TO TAKE</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">3. If questions on pharmaceuticals are raised at the Press conference, the suggested line to take is as follows:- </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> "There are no medicinal products licensed for use on the market which make use of UK-derived porcine tissues with which any hypothetical “high risk" ‘might be associated. The results of the recent experimental work at the CSM will be carefully examined by the CSM‘s Working Group on spongiform encephalopathy at its next meeting.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">DO Hagger RM 1533 MT Ext 3201</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">While this clearly is a cause for concern we should not jump to the conclusion that this means that pigs will necessarily be infected by bone and meat meal fed by the oral route as is the case with cattle. ...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">we cannot rule out the possibility that unrecognised subclinical spongiform encephalopathy could be present in British pigs though there is no evidence for this: only with parenteral/implantable pharmaceuticals/devices is the theoretical risk to humans of sufficient concern to consider any action.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">May I, at the outset, reiterate that we should avoid dissemination of papers relating to this experimental finding to prevent premature release of the information. ...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">3. It is particularly important that this information is not passed outside the Department, until Ministers have decided how they wish it to be handled. ...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">But it would be easier for us if pharmaceuticals/devices are not directly mentioned at all. ...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Our records show that while some use is made of porcine materials in medicinal products, the only products which would appear to be in a hypothetically ''higher risk'' area are the adrenocorticotrophic hormone for which the source material comes from outside the United Kingdom, namely America China Sweden France and Germany. The products are manufactured by Ferring and Armour. A further product, ''Zenoderm Corium implant'' manufactured by Ethicon, makes use of porcine skin - which is not considered to be a ''high risk'' tissue, but one of its uses is described in the data sheet as ''in dural replacement''. This product is sourced from the United Kingdom.....</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a> </div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Transmissible mink encephalopathy.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">By: Marsh R F</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics), (1992 Jun) Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 539-50. Ref: 33 Journal code: 8712301. ISSN: 0253-1933. L-ISSN: 0253-1933.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) is a rare disease of ranch-raised mink caused by exposure to an as yet unidentified contaminated food ingredient in the ration. The clinical and pathological similarities between TME and scrapie, together with the indistinguishable physicochemical characteristics of their transmissible agents, suggest that sheep may be the source of infection. However, experimental testing of oral susceptibility of mink to several different sources of sheep scrapie have been unsuccessful. These results indicate that either the feeding of scrapie-infected sheep tissues to mink is not the cause of TME, or that there exists a strain of sheep scrapie having high mink pathogenicity that remains unknown. Additional sources of sheep scrapie need to be tested in mink, and epidemiological investigations of new incidents of TME need to emphasise obtaining a thorough history of past feeding practices.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.11.2.606</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://doc.woah.org/dyn/portal/index.xhtml?page=alo&aloId=26189" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://doc.woah.org/dyn/portal/index.xhtml?page=alo&aloId=26189</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">J Am Vet Med Assoc . 1992 Jan 15;200(2):164-7.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Recommendations of the International Roundtable Workshop on Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">C J Gibbs Jr 1, C L Bolis, D M Asher, R Bradley, R W Fite, R T Johnson, B W Mahy, G M McKhann</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PMID: 1348501</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Recommendations of the working party were summarized as follows: Determine the status in all countries of their national cattle herds with respect to BSE. Attempt to develop a test to recognize BSE-infected animals before they become clinically ill. Establish procedures to prevent spread of BSE agent into the cattle populations, especially by eliminating feeds containing rendered ruminant proteins. Review the rendering processes, identify the sources and destinations of rendered products, and suggest appropriate changes if needed. Especially needed are standardized rendering procedures in regard to use of organic solvents, temperature, and duration of heat treatment. Review import and export regulations to reduce the risk of spreading BSE and to maximize opportunities for safe trading in cattle and cattle products. The scrapie-free certification program of the USDA was supported, and similar programs might be considered by other countries. If BSE/scrapie is diagnosed in a given country, determine baseline incidence of CJD in those countries and consider contributing to an international registry. The WHO should address the problems of BSE, formulate policy, participate in and coordinate research, and provide training opportunities for veterinary and human health care workers from eastern European countries and developing nations. Government and private agencies should consider increasing support for research on transmissibility and pathogenesis of CJD, BSE, CWD, scrapie, and transmissible mink encephalopathy. Prepare and publish a critical neuropathologic review of all spongiform encephalopathies, naturally and experimentally transmitted, defining the characteristics of each disease in the various species known to be susceptible. Consider producing guidelines for the biological and pharmaceutical industries with regard to sourcing, collecting, and processing bovine and ovine materials.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1348501/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1348501/</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Experimental Subacute Spongiform Virus Encephalopathies in Primates and Other Laboratory Animals</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CLARENCE J. GIBBS, JR. AND D. CARLETON GAJDUSEKAuthors Info & Affiliations</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SCIENCE</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">5 Oct 1973</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Vol 182, Issue 4107 pp. 67-68</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">DOI: 10.1126/science.182.4107.67</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The host range of subacute spongiform virus encephalopathies is described. The asymptomatic incubation period and the duration of the illnesses in various species of animal hosts is discussed along with information on additional species of Old World and New World monkeys and the domestic cat, which have been shown to be susceptible to subacute spongiform virus encephalopathies.</div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.182.4107.67" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.182.4107.67</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Science . 1968 Jul 26;161(3839):388-9. doi: 10.1126/science.161.3839.388.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (spongiform encephalopathy): transmission to the chimpanzee</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">C J Gibbs Jr, D C Gajdusek, D M Asher, M P Alpers, E Beck, P M Daniel, W B Matthews</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PMID: 5661299 DOI: 10.1126/science.161.3839.388</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Biopsy material taken from the brain of a patient with CreutzfeldtJakob disease with status spongiosus induced a similar fatal encephalopathy in a chimpanzee 13 months after inoculation.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5661299/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5661299/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Dev Biol Stand . 1993:80:9-13.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Transmission of human spongiform encephalopathies to experimental animals: comparison of the chimpanzee and squirrel monkey</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">D M Asher 1, C J Gibbs Jr, M P Sulima, A Bacote, H Amyx, D C Gajdusek</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PMID: 8270119</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The agents of kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease have been consistently transmitted from patients with those diseases to chimpanzees and squirrel monkeys, as well as to other new-world primates, with average incubation periods of two or three years. No other animals have been found so consistently susceptible to the agents in human tissues. More rapid and convenient assays for the infectious agents would greatly facilitate research on the spongiform encephalopathies of humans.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8270119/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8270119/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Human spongiform encephalopathy: The national institutes of health series of 300 cases of experimentally transmitted disease</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Dr. Paul Brown MD, C. J. Gibbs Jr. PhD, Pamela Rodgers-Johnson MD, David M. Asher MD, Michael P. Sulima, Alfred Bacote, Lev G. Goldfarb MD, D. Carleton Gajdusek MD</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">First published: May 1994 https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410350504</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">We present a synthesis of clinical, neuropathological, and biological details of the National Institutes of Health series of 300 experimentally transmitted cases of spongiform encephalopathy from among more than 1,000 cases of various neurological disorders inoculated into nonhuman primates during the past 30 years. The series comprises 278 subjects with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, of whom 234 had sporadic, 36 familial, and 8 iatrogenic disease; 18 patients with kuru; and 4 patients with Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome. Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, numerically by far the most important representative, showed an average age at onset of 60 years, with the freqauent early appearance of cerebellar and visual/oculomotor signs, and a broad spectrum of clinical features during the subsequent course of illness, which was usually fatal in less than 6 months. Characteristic spongiform neuropathology was present in all but 2 subjects. Microscopically visible kuru-type amyloid plaques were found in 5% of patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, 75% of those with kuru, and 100% of those with Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome; brain biopsy was diagnostic in 95% of cases later confirmed at autopsy, and proteinase-resistant amyloid protein was identified in Western blots of brain extracts from 88% of tested subjects. Experimental transmission rates were highest for iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (100%), kuru (95%), and sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (90%), and considerably lower for most familial forms of disease (68%). Incubation periods as well as the durations and character of illness showed great variability, even in animals receiving the same inoculum, mirroring the spectrum of clinical profiles seen in human disease. Infectivity reached average levels of nearly 105 median lethal doses/gm of brain tissue, but was only irregularly present (and at much lower levels) in tissues outside the brain, and except for cerebrospinal fluid, was never detected in bodily secretions or excretions.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ana.410350504?sid=nlm%3Apubmed" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ana.410350504?sid=nlm%3Apubmed</a></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD TRANSMITS BY ORAL ROUTES TO MACAQUES, CATTLE, SHEEP, PIGS, AND CERVID...BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) mad cow feed ban does not stop all that! </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD transmits to cervid by oral routes with as little as 300NG! </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PLoS One. 2020; 15(8): e0237410.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Published online 2020 Aug 20. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237410</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PMCID: PMC7446902</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PMID: 32817706</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Very low oral exposure to prions of brain or saliva origin can transmit chronic wasting disease</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">We orally inoculated white-tailed deer with either single or multiple divided doses of prions of brain or saliva origin and monitored infection by serial longitudinal tissue biopsies spanning over two years. We report that oral exposure to as little as 300 nanograms (ng) of CWD-positive brain or to saliva containing seeding activity equivalent to 300 ng of CWD-positive brain, were sufficient to transmit CWD disease. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">These studies suggest that the CWD minimum infectious dose approximates 100 to 300 ng CWD-positive brain (or saliva equivalent), and that CWD infection appears to conform more with a threshold than a cumulative dose dynamic.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7446902/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7446902/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ALABAMA MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">e) "Big Jim's" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Product manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Alabama Farmers Cooperative, Inc., Decatur, AL, by telephone, fax, email and visit on June 9, 2006. FDA initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">REASON Animal and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein not labeled as </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">"Do not feed to ruminants".</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 tons</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">DISTRIBUTION AL and FL</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060821195949/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20060821195949/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Price of TSE Prion Poker goes up substantially, all you cattle ranchers and such, better pay close attention here...terry</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Transmission of the chronic wasting disease agent from elk to cattle after oronasal exposure</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Justin Greenlee, Jifeng Bian, Zoe Lambert, Alexis Frese, and Eric Cassmann Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, USA </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the susceptibility of cattle to chronic wasting disease agent from elk. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Materials and Methods: Initial studies were conducted in bovinized mice using inoculum derived from elk with various genotypes at codon 132 (MM, LM, LL). Based upon attack rates, inoculum (10% w/v brain homogenate) from an LM132 elk was selected for transmission studies in cattle. At approximately 2 weeks of age, one wild type steer (EE211) and one steer with the E211K polymorphism (EK211) were fed 1 mL of brain homogenate in a quart of milk replacer while another 1 mL was instilled intranasally. The cattle were examined daily for clinical signs for the duration of the experiment. One steer is still under observation at 71 months post-inoculation (mpi). </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results: Inoculum derived from MM132 elk resulted in similar attack rates and incubation periods in mice expressing wild type or K211 bovine PRNP, 35% at 531 days post inoculation (dpi) and 27% at 448 dpi, respectively. Inoculum from LM132 elk had a slightly higher attack rates in mice: 45% (693 dpi) in wild type cattle PRNP and 33% (468) in K211 mice. Inoculum from LL132 elk resulted in the highest attack rate in wild type bovinized mice (53% at 625 dpi), but no K211 mice were affected at >700 days. At approximately 70 mpi, the EK211 genotype steer developed clinical signs suggestive of prion disease, depression, low head carriage, hypersalivation, and ataxia, and was necropsied. Enzyme immunoassay (IDEXX) was positive in brainstem (OD=4.00, but non-detect in retropharyngeal lymph nodes and palatine tonsil. Immunoreactivity was largely limited to the brainstem, midbrain, and cervical spinal cord with a pattern that was primarily glia-associated. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions: Cattle with the E211K polymorphism are susceptible to the CWD agent after oronasal exposure of 0.2 g of infectious material. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">"Cattle with the E211K polymorphism are susceptible to the CWD agent after oronasal exposure of 0.2 g of infectious material."</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=====end</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Strain characterization of chronic wasting disease in bovine-PrP transgenic mice </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions: Altogether, these results exhibit the diversity of CWD strains present in the panel of CWD isolates and the ability of at least some CWD isolates to infect bovine species. Cattle being one of the most important farming species, this ability represents a potential threat to both animal and human health, and consequently deserves further study. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">"Altogether, these results exhibit the diversity of CWD strains present in the panel of CWD isolates and the ability of at least some CWD isolates to infect bovine species. Cattle being one of the most important farming species, this ability represents a potential threat to both animal and human health, and consequently deserves further study."</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=====end</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) Singeltary Another Request for Update 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The infamous 1997 mad cow feed ban i.e. Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin) from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***>However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WITH GREAT URGENCY, THE Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) MUST BE ENHANCED AND UPDATED TO INCLUDE CERVID, PIGS, AND SHEEP, SINCE RECENT SCIENCE AND TRANSMISSION STUDIES ALL, INCLUDING CATTLE, HAVE SHOWN ORAL TSE PrP TRANSMISSIONS BETWEEN THE SPECIES, AND THIS SHOULD BE DONE WITH THE UTMOST URGENCY, REASONS AS FOLLOW.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">First off I will start with a single BSE feed breach 10 years after 1997 partial ban. If you got to the archived link, all the way down to bottom…THE NEXT YEAR I RECALL ONE WITH 10,000,000+ banned products recall…see this records at the bottom…terry </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">REASON The feed was manufactured from materials that may have been contaminated with mammalian protein. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 27,694,240 lbs DISTRIBUTION MI </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip..... end</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***>However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">THIS MUST CHANGE ASAP!</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law.”…</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Snip…please see my full submission with reference materials…</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Monday, November 13, 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) Singeltary Another Request for Update 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://fdabse589.blogspot.com/2023/11/food-and-drug-administrations-bse-feed.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://fdabse589.blogspot.com/2023/11/food-and-drug-administrations-bse-feed.html</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">FRIDAY, JULY 07, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> TME, 589.2000 (21 C.F.R. 589.2000), atypical L-BSE, who’s testing MINK for TSE? </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/07/tme-5892000-21-cfr-5892000-atypical-l.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/07/tme-5892000-21-cfr-5892000-atypical-l.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">BSE--U.S. 50 STATE CONFERENCE CALL Jan. 9, 2001</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Date: Tue, 9 Jan 2001 16:49:00 -0800</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">To: BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://tseac.blogspot.com/2011/02/usa-50-state-bse-mad-cow-conference.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://tseac.blogspot.com/2011/02/usa-50-state-bse-mad-cow-conference.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">ORAL TRANSMISSION OF CWD TO MACAQUE</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD Macaque</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://aabb.confex.com/aabb/2018/mediafile/Handout/Session2756/TU1-3.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://aabb.confex.com/aabb/2018/mediafile/Handout/Session2756/TU1-3.pdf</a></div></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">CWD TSE PRION HAS NOW BEEN PROVEN, IN TRANSMISSION STUDIES, TO TRANSMIT BY ORAL ROUTES, TO A LAUNDRY LIST OF PRIMATES, INCLUDING MACAQUES, CATTLE, SHEEP, PIGS, CERVID, RODENTS, AND MORE, AND THE MAD COW FEED BAN DOES NOT PRTECT AGAINST ALL THIS, THIS MUST BE CHANGED ASAP!</div><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, JANUARY 16, 2024</p><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">CIDRAP launches international effort to prepare for possible chronic wasting disease spillover</p><div style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2024/01/cidrap-launches-international-effort-to.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2024/01/cidrap-launches-international-effort-to.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><p style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">Terry</p>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37946824.post-51277513368967088892024-01-20T10:31:00.003-06:002024-01-20T10:31:25.556-06:00National Laboratory Does Not Confirm Chronic Wasting Disease at Kerr Wildlife Management Area Research Facility<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">National Laboratory Does Not Confirm Chronic Wasting Disease at Kerr Wildlife Management Area Research Facility</span></p><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Jan. 19, 2024</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Media Contact: TPWD News, Business Hours, 512-389-8030</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> News Image Share on Facebook Share Release URL</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">AUSTIN — The National Veterinary Service Laboratories (NVSL) in Ames, Iowa recently notified Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) that additional testing at their facility did not confirm a suspect-positive case of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in a 14-month-old captive male white-tailed deer at the Kerr Wildlife Management Area (WMA) research facility.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The sample from the 14-month-old buck was collected in October during ante-mortem testing of all captive white-tailed deer as part of on-going research at the Kerr WMA. Samples were submitted to the Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Lab (TVMDL), working in conjunction with the Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Lab (WVDL) to address an influx of sample submissions in a timely fashion. The sample was processed by WVDL, and the staining observed by their staff was confirmed by TVMDL via digital images of the slide. As required by federal regulation, WVDL forwarded the sample from the Kerr WMA as a suspect positive for CWD to NVSL for confirmatory testing.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">October’s ante-mortem testing followed a previous presumptive positive RT-QuIC (real time quaking-induced conversion) test result from a doe in early 2023. This RT-QuIC detection spurred additional research investigations and amplification testing on additional deer, equipment, water, and feed sites within the facility. Although no confirmed detections were obtained from regulatory tests on any deer, the second round of RT-QuIC environmental evaluations at the facility did detect the presence of prions in some environmental samples.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Out of an abundance of caution, TPWD staff euthanized all deer in the research facility prior to receiving confirmation from NVSL and collected post-mortem samples in November, which resulted in no additional detections. TPWD has immediate plans to utilize RT-QuIC and protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) to conduct a third round of environmental sampling at the facility and evaluate postmortem tissues from all the animals euthanized from the facility. This is an extremely rare occurrence in which TPWD has not received confirmation from NVSL following a suspect immunohistochemistry positive result.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">“While TPWD staff is disappointed in abruptly ending use of the research herd, the department knew it was essential to immediately eliminate the likelihood of amplifying the disease threat within the captive facility,” said Wildlife Division Director, John Silovsky. “Additionally, it also reduces the risk of potentially transmitting CWD to the surrounding WMA property and neighboring landowners. Early detection and containment of the disease are key components of CWD management.”</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The WMA will also continue mandatory testing of all hunter-harvested deer on the property. Furthermore, it has implemented carcass disposal and movement restrictions despite the absence of a formal CWD surveillance zone.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">CWD is a fatal neurological disease found in certain cervids including deer, elk, moose, and other members of the deer family. This slow, progressive disease may not produce visible signs in susceptible species for several years after infection. As the disease process continues, animals with CWD may show changes in behavior and appearance. Clinical signs may include progressive weight loss, stumbling or tremors with a lack of coordination, loss of appetite, teeth grinding, abnormal head posture and/or drooping ears, and excessive thirst, salivation, or urination.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">CWD has an incubation period that can span years, so the first indication of the disease in a herd is often found through surveillance testing rather than observed clinical signs. Early detection and proactive monitoring improve the state’s response time to the detection of CWD and can greatly reduce the risk of further disease spread.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">In Texas, the disease was first discovered in 2012 in free-ranging mule deer along a remote area of the Hueco Mountains near the Texas-New Mexico border. CWD has since been detected in Texas captive and free-ranging cervids, including white-tailed deer, mule deer, red deer, and elk.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">For more information on previous detections in Texas and CWD best management practices for hunters and landowners, visit TPWD’s CWD page. For more information about the Kerr WMA and research projects visit Kerr WMA web page.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/newsmedia/releases/?req=20240119b" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/newsmedia/releases/?req=20240119b</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease Detected at Kerr Wildlife Management Area Captive Deer Research Facility</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Dec. 1, 2023</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Media Contact: TPWD News, Business Hours, 512-389-8030</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">AUSTIN — Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) biologists have reported a suspect-positive case of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in a 14-month-old captive male white-tailed deer at the Kerr Wildlife Management Area (WMA) research facility. The detection resulted from ante-mortem testing conducted on all captive white-tailed deer as part of ongoing research. Samples from the buck were sent to the National Veterinary Service Laboratory in Iowa for confirmation.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Out of an abundance of caution, TPWD staff euthanized all deer in the research facility and collected post-mortem samples, which resulted in no additional detections. TPWD will continue monitoring for CWD throughout the research facility and the WMA.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">“TPWD staff are disappointed to abruptly end nearly 50 years of white-tailed deer research that has significantly influenced deer management in Texas and across the country” said John Silovsky, Wildlife Division Director. “Staff will continue to investigate opportunities to enhance the understanding of this insidious disease in both captive environments and free-ranging populations.”</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Built in 1974, the high-fenced research facility offers researchers facilities to study white-tailed deer in a controlled setting. The 23-acre facility now is double high fenced and consists of breeding and rearing enclosures, and a series of other structures that facilitate the safe handling of research animals.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The initial stock of deer in the research facility consisted of native Texas whitetails obtained from various locations throughout the state. TPWD did not routinely move deer into or out of the facility after that initial stocking.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The research herd has been maintained as a pedigreed herd investigating nutritional, age and genetic relationships in deer. Research programs in the facility have supported wild deer herd management activities, outreach programs, trainings and the development of antler regulations across the state.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The Kerr WMA has conducted CWD surveillance of its wild and captive deer herds since 2002. Surveillance efforts within the research facility totaled 242 regulatory tests since 2018. Wild deer harvested on the WMA through the public hunting program and field research since 2018 have provided an additional 259 regulatory tests with no detections.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">TPWD has intensified its investigations within the facility for the presence of CWD prions since May 8, when the agency received conflicting results —from a presumptive positive RT-QuIC amplification test and not-detected regulatory tests— on a female deer euthanized in January of this year. Assessments within the facility this summer included surveillance with swabs of equipment, water and feed sites paired with targeted euthanasia and tissue testing. Subsequent amplification and regulatory tests confirmed not-detected results on the 66 deer postmortem tested, as part of the investigation. Remaining individuals in the facility were screened with ante-mortem tonsil and rectal biopsies in October resulting in the positive detection from a tonsil biopsy on the 14-month-old male.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">CWD is a fatal neurological disease found in certain cervids including deer, elk, moose and other members of the deer family. This slow, progressive disease may not produce visible signs in susceptible species for several years after infection. As the disease process continues, animals with CWD may show changes in behavior and appearance. Clinical signs may include progressive weight loss, stumbling or tremors with a lack of coordination, loss of appetite, teeth grinding, abnormal head posture and/or drooping ears, and excessive thirst, salivation or urination.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">CWD has an incubation period that can span years, so the first indication of the disease in a herd is often found through surveillance testing rather than observed clinical signs. Early detection and proactive monitoring improve the state’s response time to the detection of CWD and can greatly reduce the risk of further disease spread. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">In Texas, the disease was first discovered in 2012 in free-ranging mule deer along a remote area of the Hueco Mountains near the Texas-New Mexico border. CWD has since been detected in Texas captive and free-ranging cervids, including white-tailed deer, mule deer, red deer and elk.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">For more information on previous detections in Texas and CWD best management practices for hunters and landowners, visit TPWD’s CWD page. For more information about the Kerr WMA and research projects visit Kerr WMA web page.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/newsmedia/releases/?req=20231201a&utm_campaign=govdelivery-email&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/newsmedia/releases/?req=20231201a&utm_campaign=govdelivery-email&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">very sad TPWD et al, but keep up the good work trying to detect and contain CWD...terry</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">HERE IS some previous suspect deer there i ask about in August 2023;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***>I recommend you send questions to WL.Health@tpwd.texas.gov and our knowledge experts can respond to you. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Greetings TPWD et al, I have followed Cwd, BSE, Scrapie, Camel Prion Disease, CJD, closely since 1997, and every deer in Texas that had CWD since 2012, Mule deer. The travesty of the junk science the breeders are throwing out on cwd is almost comical, if not for the seriousness of Cwd. I keep hearing about a Deer at Kerr WMA, all these breeders keep asking about. Now I read a while back about Kerr WMA, that there was a false positive cwd, that was followed by two negative tests, so this deer was negative, but I have no confirmation on this. Could you please confirm or deny this please, and give me a bit of background on this? </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Thank you kindly for all the hard work you are doing trying to contain this monster… </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Kindest regards, terry Terry S. Singeltary Sr. flounder9@verizon.com</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">On Aug 1, 2023, at 12:19 PM, WL Health <WL.Health@tpwd.texas.gov> wrote: </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Hello sir, please see below for the background you are looking for. In the case of the Kerr WMA, included are 2 statements written by TPWD as the situation unfolded and the course of action taken by test type and subsequent results. These include the dates they were prepared as well. Currently the facility, as stated below, is conducting further testing out of an abundance of caution. June 8, 2023</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">TPWD is continuing to investigate a test result on a white-tailed deer at the Kerr Wildlife Management Area. Researchers working with TPWD have reported a CWD-positive test result on the deer, produced by an experimental test not yet validated by USDA. However, this result conflicts with a “not-detected” test result from the same animal using a USDA-validated test. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">TPWD has now received additional test results, using immunohistochemistry (IHC) testing, from Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory (TVMDL). The results came back “Not Detected.” </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Additional analysis is still being conducted to compare results.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">TPWD is investigating this case, which involves one deer. The suspect and unofficial CWD-positive detection resulted from an RT-QuIC test, an experimental assay that shows some promise as a more sensitive CWD detection technique that can be used on a wider range of tissues than other available methods of detection. The “not-detected” test result was produced using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). ELISA is a USDA-validated immunological test administered by Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory. Out of an abundance of caution and to reconcile the different test results, TPWD is seeking further tissue testing and in the meantime is treating the facility with a high standard of precautionary measures. All deer from this CWD research project were euthanized at the end of the project and tested for CWD as part of established research protocol. All other deer tested “not detected” for CWD.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Since 1974, TPWD has maintained the closed, pedigreed white-tailed deer herd at Kerr WMA for controlled studies on age, nutrition and genetics, providing results to stakeholders for management of wild deer herds. TPWD continues to operate the facility to share results with stakeholders for research and demonstration purposes and does not routinely move deer into or out of the facility. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">6-28-2023 Update The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) has received additional test results on a suspect CWD-positive white-tailed deer at the Kerr Wildlife Management Area (WMA). Researchers working with TPWD originally reported a suspect CWD-positive test result on the deer, produced by an RT-QuIC test, an experimental test not yet validated by USDA. However, this result conflicted with two “Not-Detected” test results from the same animal using USDA-validated tests, from Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory. Further testing on lymph nodes and brain tissue from the suspect animal utilizing protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) testing, a technique similar to RT-QuIC, have been performed and reported with “Not Detected” results. Out of an abundance of caution, TPWD is pursuing further testing in the facility and maintaining biosecurity measures. All deer from this CWD research project were euthanized at the end of the project and tested for CWD as part of established research protocol. All other deer tested “Not Detected” for CWD. The facility performs CWD testing on mortalities and euthanized individuals as part of routine protocols. Since 1974, TPWD has maintained the closed, pedigreed white-tailed deer herd at Kerr WMA for controlled studies on age, nutrition, and genetics, providing results to stakeholders for management of wild deer herds. TPWD does not routinely move deer into or out of the facility. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">end...personal communication...terry</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">This is a good news, bad news, scenario. but for two false positives to come out of KERR, that's unusual for sure. I feel bad for TPWD et al, there doing everything they can to try and contain CWD. the captive deer pen owners will have a field day with this, but they will have no solutions. i can say this, from day one, TSE Prion disease is not back then, nor today, an exact science. one thing we do know;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Texas CWD Surveillance Positives (please note, TPWD CWD POSITIVE Tracking page is outdated again, i figure were pushing 700 cwd positive cases to date, that's a guess. i think that's why the cwd tracker page is not getting updated promptly, too many cases showing up from the breeders...terry</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/positive-cases/listing-cwd-cases-texas.phtml#texasCWD" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/positive-cases/listing-cwd-cases-texas.phtml#texasCWD</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Counties where CWD Exposed Deer were Released</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/257/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/257/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Number of CWD Exposed Deer Released by County</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/258/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites-NbrDeer.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/258/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites-NbrDeer.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD Captive Herds updated April 2023</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/cervid/cervids-cwd/cervids-voluntary-hcp" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/cervid/cervids-cwd/cervids-voluntary-hcp</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD Captive Herds updated April 2023</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE PrP in Texas</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/b93f528938ac48e9b56dcc79953cbec0" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/b93f528938ac48e9b56dcc79953cbec0</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 17, 2023 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">TAHC Chronic Wasting Disease Detected in Cherokee County Deer Breeding Facility</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/11/tahc-chronic-wasting-disease-detected.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/11/tahc-chronic-wasting-disease-detected.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 01, 2023 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">TEXAS CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE RISES SUBSTANTIALLY TO 575 CONFIRMED CWD CASES TO DATE</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/11/texas-chronic-wasting-disease-rises.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/11/texas-chronic-wasting-disease-rises.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, DECEMBER 08, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">TEXAS CWD TSE PRION DIRE CONSEQUENCES ARE HERE! </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/texas-cwd-tse-prion-dire-consequences.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/texas-cwd-tse-prion-dire-consequences.html</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a></div></div></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, JANUARY 05, 2024 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Texas CWD Cases Mount, 624 documented cases statewide, with 181 cases reported in 2023 alone<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2024/01/texas-cwd-cases-mount-624-documented.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2024/01/texas-cwd-cases-mount-624-documented.html</a></div></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 17, 2024 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">TPWD Action CWD Detection and Response Rules Containment and Surveillance Zone Boundaries Recommended Adoption of Proposed Changes January 25, 2024 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2024/01/tpwd-action-cwd-detection-and-response.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2024/01/tpwd-action-cwd-detection-and-response.html</a></div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">CWD TSE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;">CWD TSE PRION CERVID ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS 2023</div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;">So, this is what we leave our children and grandchildren?..</div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;">"Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation."</div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Detection of prions in soils contaminated by multiple routes</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stuart Siegfried Lichtenberg1,2 , Heather Inzalaco3 , Sam Thomas4 , Dan Storm5 , Dan Walsh6</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3 Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">4Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">5Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, U.S.A.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">6U.S. Geological Survey, Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, U.S.A.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Free-ranging animals afflicted with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies frequently shed infectious prions into the broader environment. The quintessential example is chronic wasting disease, the TSE of cervids. Over the course of the disease, an infected animal will shed infectious prions in blood, urine, saliva, and feces. Upon death, the total prion load interred in the animal’s tissues will be deposited wherever the animal falls. This contamination creates substantial risk to naïve animals, and likely contributes to disease spread. Identification and quantification of prions at contamination hotspots is essential for any attempt at mitigation of environmental transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: Surfactant extraction of soils followed by precipitation yields a sample that is amenable to analysis by real-time quaking induced conversion. However, differences in extraction yield are apparent depending on the properties of the matrix from which the prions are being extracted, principally soil clay content.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: We are able to detect prion seeding activity at multiple types of environmental hotspots, including carcass sites, contaminated captive facilities, and scrapes (i.e. urine and saliva). Differences in relative prion concentration vary depending on the nature and source of the contamination. Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Detection of prions in the environment is of the utmost importance for controlling chronic wasting disease spread. Here, we have demonstrated a viable method for detection of prions in complex environmental matrices. However, it is quite likely that this method underestimates the total infectious prion load in a contaminated sample, due to incomplete recovery of infectious prions. Further refinements are necessary for accurate quantification of prions in such samples, and to account for the intrinsic heterogeneities found in the broader environment.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources </div></div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;">Prion 2023 Abstracts</div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Nine of these recurrences occurred 14–21 years after culling, apparently as the result of environmental contamination, but outside entry could not always be absolutely excluded. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY Volume 87, Issue 12 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years Free </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82011-0" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82011-0</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rapid recontamination of a farm building occurs after attempted prion removal </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">First published: 19 January 2019 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The data illustrates the difficulty in decontaminating farm buildings from scrapie, and demonstrates the likely contribution of farm dust to the recontamination of these environments to levels that are capable of causing disease. snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This study clearly demonstrates the difficulty in removing scrapie infectivity from the farm environment. Practical and effective prion decontamination methods are still urgently required for decontamination of scrapie infectivity from farms that have had cases of scrapie and this is particularly relevant for scrapie positive goatherds, which currently have limited genetic resistance to scrapie within commercial breeds.24 This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***>This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Front. Vet. Sci., 14 September 2015 | <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Objects in contact with classical scrapie sheep act as a reservoir for scrapie transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In conclusion, the results in the current study indicate that removal of furniture that had been in contact with scrapie-infected animals should be recommended, particularly since cleaning and decontamination may not effectively remove scrapie infectivity (31), even though infectivity declines considerably if the pasture and the field furniture have not been in contact with scrapie-infected sheep for several months. As sPMCA failed to detect PrPSc in furniture that was subjected to weathering, even though exposure led to infection in sheep, this method may not always be reliable in predicting the risk of scrapie infection through environmental contamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">172. Establishment of PrPCWD extraction and detection methods in the farm soil</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our studies showed that PrPCWD persist in 0.001% CWD contaminated soil for at least 4 year and natural CWD-affected farm soil. When cervid reintroduced into CWD outbreak farm, the strict decontamination procedures of the infectious agent should be performed in the environment of CWD-affected cervid habitat.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Plants as vectors for environmental prion transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">November 09</span>, 2023DOI:<span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.108428</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Advertisement Highlights</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• Abnormal prion protein can enter the roots of plants</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• Plants can translocate detectable levels of prions to aerial tissues</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">•Animals exposed to prion-contaminated plant tissues can acquire disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">•Contaminated plants may represent a route of prion exposure</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Nonetheless, our finding of accumulation of two prion strains by a variety of plants grown hydroponically, in agar, or on soil supports the potential for plants to acquire CWD, scrapie, or other prions from the environment and transmit prion disease to susceptible hosts, making plants a plausible vector for prion diseases in wildlife, livestock, and humans. The potential for plants to serve as vectors for prion disease has implications for the disposal of infected carcasses, grazing practices, and the use and transport of potentially contaminated crop materials.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.cell.com/iscience/pdf/S2589-0042(23)02505-1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.cell.com/iscience/pdf/S2589-0042(23)02505-1.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(23)02505-1?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2589004223025051%3Fshowall%3Dtrue" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(23)02505-1?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2589004223025051%3Fshowall%3Dtrue</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Carrot plants as potential vectors for CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The PMCA analysis demonstrated CWD seeding activity in soils contaminated with CWD prions and in carrot plants (leaves and roots) grown on them. Bioassays showed that both plants and roots contained CWD prions sufficiently to induce disease. As expected, animals treated with prion-infected soils developed prion disease at shorter incubation periods (and complete attack rates) compared to plant components. We show that edible plant components can absorb prions from CWD-contaminated soils and transport them to their aerial parts. Our results indicate that edible plants could participate as vectors of CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“In addition, hay and straw from the United States and Canada must be accompanied by a certificate from a public veterinarian that the product has been harvested in states or provinces where Chronic Wasting Disease has not been detected on deer.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Regulation No. 1599 of 2018 on additional requirements for the import of hay and straw for used for animal feed.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Country Norway</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Type of law Regulation</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Source</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FAO , FAOLEX</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In addition, hay and straw from the United States and Canada must be accompanied by a certificate from a public veterinarian that the product has been harvested in states or provinces where Chronic Wasting Disease has not been detected on deer.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/nor189761.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/nor189761.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">THE tse prion aka mad cow type disease is not your normal pathogen. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">The TSE prion disease survives ashing to 600 degrees celsius, that’s around 1112 degrees farenheit. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">you cannot cook the TSE prion disease out of meat. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">you can take the ash and mix it with saline and inject that ash into a mouse, and the mouse will go down with TSE. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production as well. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">the TSE prion agent also survives Simulated Wastewater Treatment Processes. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">IN fact, you should also know that the TSE Prion agent will survive in the environment for years, if not decades. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">you can bury it and it will not go away. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">The TSE agent is capable of infected your water table i.e. Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">it’s not your ordinary pathogen you can just cook it out and be done</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">New studies on the heat resistance of hamster-adapted scrapie agent: Threshold survival after ashing at 600°C suggests an inorganic template of replication </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">A Quantitative Assessment of the Amount of Prion Diverted to Category 1 Materials and Wastewater During Processing </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Rapid assessment of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion inactivation by heat treatment in yellow grease produced in the industrial manufacturing process of meat and bone meals </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 2019 </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">BSE infectivity survives burial for five years with only limited spread</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf</a></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">“Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) agents have strain variations that influence disease phenotype and may affect the potential for interspecies transmission. Since deer and sheep may use the same grazing land, it is important to understand the potential transmission of TSEs between these species. The US scrapie isolate (No.13-7) had a 100% attack rate in white-tailed deer after oronasal challenge.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=405929" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=405929</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''They often remove the internal organs and cover them up, close to the kill site. Lions frequently uncover their kill and feed, then drag the carcass to another area and cover it again.''</div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">BAD IDEA!!!</div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, JANUARY 16, 2024 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">CIDRAP launches international effort to prepare for possible chronic wasting disease spillover </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Spillover to other Species, What If? </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2024/01/cidrap-launches-international-effort-to.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2024/01/cidrap-launches-international-effort-to.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">CAMEL PRION DISEASE LIKELY FROM FEED;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Friday, May 12, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Camel prion disease, a new emerging disease in North Africa, Lymphoid Tropism, Neuropathological Characterization Update 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">11th Iberian Congress on Prions Barcelona 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://prioncongressbcn.ppmclab.com/book_abstracts_v4.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://prioncongressbcn.ppmclab.com/book_abstracts_v4.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2023/05/camel-prion-disease-new-emerging.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2023/05/camel-prion-disease-new-emerging.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A Camelid Anti-PrP Antibody Abrogates PrPSc Replication in Prion-Permissive Neuroblastoma Cell Lines</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Daryl Rhys Jones,William Alexander Taylor,Clive Bate,Monique David,Mourad Tayebi </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published: March 22, 2010</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009804" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009804</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0009804" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0009804</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15 Apr 2018 23:13 GMT MOST RECENT </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion Disease in Dromedary Camels, Algeria </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Posted by flounder on 15 Apr 2018 at 23:13 GMT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/fea97a95-2600-42a6-b289-0f490896a3aa" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/fea97a95-2600-42a6-b289-0f490896a3aa</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comments?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0009804" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comments?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0009804</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/6/17-2007_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/6/17-2007_article</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Humans and CWD TSE Prion, Zoonosis, Zoonotic, has it already happened?</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published: 22 August 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Volume 144, pages 767–784, (2022)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaoui, Irina Zemlyankina, Sheng Chun Chang, Maria Immaculata Arifin, Vincent Béringue, Debbie McKenzie, Hermann M. Schatzl & Sabine Gilch </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Here, we provide evidence for a zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and its probable signature using mice expressing human prion protein (PrP) as an infection model. Inoculation of these mice with deer CWD isolates resulted in atypical clinical manifestation with prion seeding activity and efficient transmissible infectivity in the brain and, remarkably, in feces, but without classical neuropathological or Western blot appearances of prion diseases. Intriguingly, the protease-resistant PrP in the brain resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon second passage.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In contrast, in cervids affected with CWD, infectivity has been found in the lymphatic system, salivary gland, intestinal tract, muscles, antler velvet, blood, urine, saliva, and feces [4], which have been demonstrated to be transmissible [57]. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD prions are shed into the environment via bodily fluids and excreta. They bind to soil and are taken up by plants, making the environment infectious for decades to come [4, 48]. The persistence of CWD prions in the environment amplifies the already effective transmission within and between cervid species. Therefore, CWD is considered to be the most contagious prion disease with fast spreading and efficient horizontal transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">These data demonstrate that humanized <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> mice inoculated with CWD prions shed prion infectivity in feces able to generate transmissible PrPSc in bank voles distinct from those generated by inoculation of the Wisc-1 deer isolate directly to bank voles.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our data also suggest that prions found in the periphery may hold higher zoonotic potential than prions found in neural tissues. In fact, upon second passage, 50% of the <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> mice inoculated with fecal homogenates from mouse #327 had succumbed with terminal disease compared to only 20% of brain/spinal cord homogenates inoculated-tg650 mice suggesting that hCWD prions found in feces transmit disease more efficiently. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our results also suggest that epidemiological studies [25] may have missed subclinical and atypical infections that are/might be transmissible, undetected by the gold standard tests, i.e., Western blot, ELISA, and IHC.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“If CWD in humans is found to be contagious and transmissible among humans, as it is in cervids [57], the spread of the disease within humans might become endemic.”</div></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Currently, there is scientific evidence to suggest that CWD has zoonotic potential; however, no confirmed cases of CWD have been found in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PART 2. TPWD CHAPTER 65. DIVISION 1. CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, 65.88</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission in a duly noticed meeting on May 25, 2023 adopted amendments to 31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, and §65.88, concerning Disease Detection and Response, without changes to the proposed text as published in the April 21, 2023, issue of the Texas Register (48 TexReg 2048). The rules will not be republished.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Currently, there is scientific evidence to suggest that CWD has zoonotic potential; however, no confirmed cases of CWD have been found in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57</a><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Zerui Wanga, Kefeng Qinb, Manuel V. Camachoa, Ignazio Cali a,c, Jue Yuana, Pingping Shena, Tricia Gillilanda, Syed Zahid Ali Shaha, Maria Gerasimenkoa, Michelle Tanga, Sarada Rajamanickama, Anika Yadatia, Lawrence B. Schonbergerd, Justin Greenleee, Qingzhong Konga,c, James A. Mastriannib, and Wen-Quan Zoua,c</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">aDepartment of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA; bDepartment of Neurology and Center for Comprehensive Care and Research on Memory Disorders, the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, USA; cNational Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; dDivision of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, USA</span>; eVirus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA, USA</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) results from the accumulation of an infectious misfolded conformer (PrPSc) of cellular prion protein (PrPC) in the brains of deer and elk. It has been spreading rapidly throughout many regions of North America, exported inadvertently to South Korea, and more recently identified in Europe. Mad cow disease has caused variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans and is currently the only known zoonotic prion disease. Whether CWD is transmissible to humans remains uncertain. The aims of our study were not only to confirm whether CWD prion isolates can convert human brain PrPC into PrPSc in vitro by serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) but also to determine whether the sPMCA-induced CWD-derived human PrPScis infectious.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Material and Methods: Eight CWD prion isolates from 7 elks and 1 deer were used as the seeds while normal human brain homogenates containing either PrP-129 MM (n = 2) or PrP-129 VV (n = 1) were used as the substrates for sPMCA assay. A normal elk brain tissue sample was used as a negative control seed. Two lines of humanized transgenic (Tg) mice expressing either human PrP-129VV or −129 MM polymorphism were included for transmission studies to determine the infectivity of PMCA-amplified PrPSc. Wester blotting and immunohistochemistry and hematoxylin & eosin staining were used for determining PrPSc and neuropathological changes of inoculated animals.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: We report here the generation of the first CWD-derived infectious human PrPSc using elk CWD PrPSc to initiate conversion of human PrPC from normal human brain homogenates with PMCA in vitro. Western blotting with a human PrP selective antibody confirmed that the PMCA-generated protease-resistant PrPSc was derived from the human brain PrPC substrate. Two lines of humanized transgenic mice expressing human PrPC with either Val or Met at the polymorphic codon 129 developed clinical prion disease following intracerebral inoculation with the PMCA-generated CWD-derived human PrPSc. Diseased mice exhibited distinct PrPSc patterns and neuropathological changes in the brain.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our study, using PMCA and animal bioassays, provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc has the potential to overcome the species barrier and directly convert human PrPC into infectious PrPSc that can produce bona fide prion disease when inoculated into humanized transgenic mice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: CJD Foundation and NIH</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9467582/" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9467582/</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Detection of chronic wasting disease prions in processed meats</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rebeca Benavente1 , Francisca Bravo1,2, J. Hunter Reed3 , Mitch Lockwood3 , Glenn Telling4 , Rodrigo Morales1,2 1 Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA; 2 Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins. Santiago, Chile; 3 Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Texas, USA. 4 Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: identify the presence of CWD prions in processed meats derived from elk. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: In this study, we analyzed different processed meats derived from a CWD-positive (pre-clinical) free-ranging elk. Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats. The presence of CWD-prions in these samples were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates. The same analyses were performed in grilled and boiled meats to evaluate the resistance of the infectious agent to these procedures. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Our results show positive prion detection in all the samples analyzed using deer and elk substrates. Surprisingly, cooked meats displayed increased seeding activities. This data suggests that CWD-prions are available to people even after meats are processed and cooked. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: These results suggest CWD prions are accessible to humans through meats, even after processing and cooking. Considering the fact that these samples were collected from already processed specimens, the availability of CWD prions to humans is probably underestimated. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH and USDA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Grant number: 1R01AI132695 and APP-20115 to RM </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We would like to thank TPWD personnel for providing us with valuable samples</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">"Our results show positive prion detection in all the samples analyzed using deer and elk substrates. Surprisingly, cooked meats displayed increased seeding activities."</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">end... <br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Fortuitous generation of a zoonotic cervid prion strain </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Manuel Camacho, Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Sydney Smith, Jieji Hu, Wanyun Tao, Ignazio Cali, Qingzhong Kong. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Whether CWD prions can infect humans remains unclear despite the very substantial scale and long history of human exposure of CWD in many states or provinces of USA and Canada. Multiple in vitro conversion experiments and in vivo animal studies indicate that the CWD-to-human transmission barrier is not unbreakable. A major long-term public health concern on CWD zoonosis is the emergence of highly zoonotic CWD strains. We aim to address the question of whether highly zoonotic CWD strains are possible. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: We inoculated several sCJD brain samples into cervidized transgenic mice (<span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Tg12</span>), which were intended as negative controls for bioassays of brain tissues from sCJD cases who had potentially been exposed to CWD. Some of the <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Tg12</span> mice became infected and their brain tissues were further examined by Western blot as well as serial passages in humanized or cervidized mice. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Passage of sCJDMM1 in transgenic mice expressing elk PrP (<span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Tg12</span>) resulted in a “cervidized” CJD strain that we termed CJDElkPrP. We observed 100% transmission of the original CJDElkPrP in transgenic mice expressing human PrP. We passaged CJDElkPrP two more times in the <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Tg12</span> mice. We found that such second and third passage CJDElkPrP prions retained 100% transmission rate in the humanized mice, despite that the natural elk CWD isolates and CJDElkPrP share the same elk PrP sequence. In contrast, we and others found zero or poor transmission of natural elk CWD isolates in humanized mice. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our data indicate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can retain zoonotic potential after serial passages in cervids, suggesting a very significant and serious long-term risk of CWD zoonosis given that the broad and continuing spread of CWD prions will provide fertile grounds for the emergence of zoonotic CWD strains over time. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O'Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples used in this study, respectively</div><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">"Our data indicate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can retain zoonotic potential after serial passages in cervids, suggesting a very significant and serious long-term risk of CWD zoonosis given that the broad and continuing spread of CWD prions will provide fertile grounds for the emergence of zoonotic CWD strains over time."<br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A probable diagnostic marker for CWD infection in humans </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Manuel Camacho, Ignazio Cali, Qingzhong Kong. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Multiple in vitro CWD-seeded human PrP conversion experiments and some animal model studies indicate that the species barrier for CWD to human transmission can be overcome, but whether CWD prion can infect humans in real life remains controversial. The very limited understanding on the likely features of CWD infection in humans and the lack of a reliable diagnostic marker for identification of acquired human CWD cases contribute to this uncertainty. We aim to stablish such a reliable diagnostic marker for CWD infections in humans should they occur. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: A couple of PrPSc-positive spleens were identified from humanized transgenic mice inoculated with either CWD or sCJDMM1. Prions in these spleens were compared by bioassays in cervidized or humanized transgenic mice. A couple of PrPSc-positive spleens from UK sCJDMM1 patients were also examined similarly as controls with no exposure to CWD. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: We have detected two prion-positive spleens in humanized transgenic mice inoculated with some CWD isolates. Such experimentally generated splenic “humanized” CWD prions (termed eHuCWDsp) appear indistinguishable from prions in the brain of sCJDMM1 patients on Western blot. We compared eHuCWDsp with prions in the spleen from humanized mice infected with sCJDMM1 (termed sCJDMM1sp) by bioassays in cervidized or humanized transgenic mice. Significantly, we found that eHuCWDsp can efficiently infect not only the humanized mice but also cervidized transgenic mice, and cervidized mice infected by eHuCWDsp produced PrPSc and brain pathology that are practically identical to those of CWD-infected cervidized mice. In contrast, sCJDMM1sp, similar to prions from sCJDMM1 patient brains, is poorly transmissible in the cervidized mice. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that high transmissibility with CWD features of splenic prions in cervidized transgenic mice is unique to acquired human CWD prions, and it may serve as a reliable marker to identify the first acquired human CWD cases. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O'Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples used in this study, respectively.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2023 Experimental Oronasal Inoculation of the Chronic Wasting Disease Agent into White Tailed Deer </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author list: Sarah Zurbuchena,b , S. Jo Moorea,b , Jifeng Biana , Eric D. Cassmanna , and Justin J. Greenleea . a. Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, US b. Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, United States </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether white-tailed deer (WTD) are susceptible to inoculation of chronic wasting disease (CWD) via oronasal exposure. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and methods: Six male, neutered WTD were oronasally inoculated with brainstem material (10% w/v) from a CWD-positive wild-type WTD. The genotypes of five inoculated deer were Q95/G96 (wild-type). One inoculated deer was homozygous S at codon 96 (96SS). Cervidized (<span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Tg12</span>; M132 elk PrP) mice were inoculated with 1% w/v brainstem homogenate from either a 96GG WTD (n=10) or the 96SS WTD (n=10). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: All deer developed characteristic clinical signs of CWD including weight loss, regurgitation, and ataxia. The 96SS individual had a prolonged disease course and incubation period compared to the other deer. Western blots of the brainstem on all deer yielded similar molecular profiles. All deer had widespread lymphoid distribution of PrPCWD and neuropathologic lesions associated with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Both groups of mice had a 100% attack rate and developed clinical signs, including loss of body condition, ataxia, and loss of righting reflex. Mice inoculated with material from the 96SS deer had a significantly shorter incubation period than mice inoculated with material from 96GG deer (Welch two sample T-test, P<0.05). Serial dilutions of each inocula suggests that differences in incubation period were not due to a greater concentration of PrPCWD in the 96SS inoculum. Molecular profiles from western blot of brain homogenates from mice appeared similar regardless of inoculum and appear similar to those of deer used for inoculum. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: This study characterizes the lesions and clinical course of CWD in WTD inoculated in a similar manner to natural conditions. It supports previous findings that 96SS deer have a prolonged disease course. Further, it describes a first pass of inoculum from a 96SS deer in cervidized mice which shortened the incubation period. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection, analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We thank Ami Frank and Kevin Hassall for their technical contributions to this project.</div><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">The detection and decontamination of chronic wasting disease prions during venison processing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Marissa S. Milstein1,2, Marc D. Schwabenlander1,2, Sarah C. Gresch1,2, Manci Li1,2, Stuart Lichtenberg1,2, Rachel Shoemaker1,2, Gage R. Rowden1,2, Jason C. Bartz2,3 , Tiffany M. Wolf2,4, Peter A. Larsen1,2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Presenting author: Tiffany M. Wolf 1 Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 2 Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 3 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA 4 Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: There is a growing concern that chronic wasting disease (CWD) prions in venison pose a risk to human health. CWD prions accumulate in infected deer tissues that commonly enter the human food chain through meat processing and consumption. The United States (US) Food and Drug Administration and US Department of Agriculture now formally consider CWD-positive venison unfit for human and animal consumption. Yet, the degree to which prion contamination occurs during routine venison processing is unknown. Here, we use environmental surface swab methods to: a) experimentally test meat processing equipment (i.e., stainless steel knives and polyethylene cutting boards) before and after processing CWD-positive venison and b) test the efficacy of five different disinfectant types (i.e., Dawn dish soap, Virkon-S, Briotech, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach) to determine prion decontamination efficacy.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: We used a real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay to determine CWD infection status of venison and to detect CWD prions in the swabs. We collected three swabs per surface and ran eight technical replicates on RT-QuIC.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: CWD prions were detected on all cutting boards (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8 and knives (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) used in processing CWD-positive venison, but not on those used for CWD-negative venison. After processing CWD-positive venison, allowing the surfaces to dry, and washing the cutting board with Dawn dish soap, we detected CWD prions on the cutting board surface (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) but not on the knife (n= 3, replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). Similar patterns were observed with Briotech (cutting board: n= 3; replicates= 7/8, 1/8, 0/8; knife: n= 3; replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). We did not detect CWD prions on the knives or cutting boards after disinfecting with Virkon-S, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: These preliminary results suggest that Dawn dish soap and Briotech do not reliably decontaminate CWD prions from these surfaces. Our data suggest that Virkon-S and various bleach concentrations are more effective in reducing prion contamination of meat processing surfaces; however, surface type may also influence the ability of prions to adsorb to surfaces, preventing complete decontamination. Our results will directly inform best practices to prevent the introduction of CWD prions into the human food chain during venison processing.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: Funding was provided by the Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund as recommended by the Legislative-Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources (LCCMR), the Rapid Agriculture Response Fund (#95385/RR257), and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Theme: Animal prion diseases</div></div><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2023 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div></div></div></div></div></div><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">17 DETECTION OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE PRIONS IN PROCESSED MEATS.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rebeca Benavente1, Francisca Bravo1,2, Paulina Soto1,2, J. Hunter Reed3, Mitch Lockwood3, Rodrigo Morales1,2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA. 2Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile. 3Texas Parks and Wildlife, Austin, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease (CWD) remains unknown. Currently, there are no known natural cases of CWD transmission to humans but increasing evidence suggests that the host range of CWD is not confined only to cervid species. Alarmingly, recent experimental evidence suggests that certain CWD isolates can induce disease in non-human primates. While the CDC strongly recommends determining CWD status in animals prior to consumption, this practice is voluntary. Consequently, it is plausible that a proportion of the cervid meat entering the human food chain may be contaminated with CWD. Of additional concern is that traditional diagnostic techniques used to detect CWD have relatively low sensitivity and are only approved for use in tissues other than those typically ingested by humans. In this study, we analyzed different processed meats derived from a pre-clinical, CWD-positive free-ranging elk. Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats. CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates. Our results show positive prion detection in all products. To confirm the resilience of CWD-prions to traditional cooking methods, we grilled and boiled the meat products and evaluated them for any remnant PMCA seeding activity. Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking. Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our results show positive prion detection in all products.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">9 Carrot plants as potential vectors for CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Paulina Soto1,2, Francisca Bravo-Risi1,2, Claudio Soto1, Rodrigo Morales1,2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA. 2Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> We show that edible plant components can absorb prions from CWD-contaminated soils and transport them to their aerial parts.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our results indicate that edible plants could participate as vectors of CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of prion infectivity from CWD-infected macaque tissues to rodent models demonstrates the zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaoui1,2, Ginny Cheng1,2, Wiebke Wemheuer3, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer3, Sabine Gilch1,2, Hermann Schatzl1,2 1University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. 2Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada. 3Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Further passage to cervidized mice revealed transmission with a 100% attack rate.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our findings demonstrate that macaques, considered the best model for the zoonotic potential of prions, were infected upon CWD challenge, including the oral one.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">****> The disease manifested as atypical in macaques and initial transgenic mouse transmissions, but with infectivity present at all times, as unveiled in the bank vole model with an unusual tissue tropism.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Epidemiologic surveillance of prion disease among cervid hunters and people likely to have consumed venison contaminated with chronic wasting disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of Cervid Prions to Humanized Mice Demonstrates the Zoonotic Potential of CWD </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaouia, Irina Zemlyankinaa, Sheng Chun Changa, Maria Immaculata Arifina, Vincent Béringueb, Debbie McKenziec, Hermann M. Schatzla, and Sabine Gilcha </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Results: Here, we provide the strongest evidence supporting the zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and their possible phenotype in humans. Inoculation of mice expressing human PrPCwith deer CWD isolates (strains Wisc-1 and 116AG) resulted in atypical clinical manifestations in > 75% of the mice, with myoclonus as leading clinical sign. Most of tg650brain homogenates were positive for seeding activity in RT-QuIC. Clinical disease and presentation was transmissible to <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> mice and bank voles. Intriguingly, protease-resistant PrP in the brain of <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> mice resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon passage. Abnormal PrP aggregates upon infection with Wisc-1 were detectable in thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain/pons regions. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Unprecedented in human prion disease, feces of CWD-inoculated <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> mice harbored prion seeding activity and infectious prions, as shown by inoculation of bank voles and <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> with fecal homogenates. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Conclusions: This is the first evidence that CWD can infect humans and cause disease with a distinctive clinical presentation, signature, and tropism, which might be transmissible between humans while current diagnostic assays might fail to detect it. These findings have major implications for public health and CWD-management. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a> </div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">The finding that infectious PrPSc was shed in fecal material of CWD-infected humanized mice and induced clinical disease, different tropism, and typical three banding pattern-PrPres in bank voles that is transmissible upon second passage is highly concerning for public health. The fact that this biochemical signature in bank voles resembles that of the Wisc-1 original deer isolate and is different from that of bvWisc-1, in the migration profile and the glyco-form-ratio, is valid evidence that these results are not a product of contamination in our study. If CWD in humans is found to be contagious and transmissible among humans, as it is in cervids [57], the spread of the disease within humans might become endemic.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acta Neuropathol 144, 767–784 (2022). <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 August 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaoui1 · Irina Zemlyankina1 · Sheng Chun Chang1 · Maria Immaculata Arifn1 · Vincent Béringue2 · Debbie McKenzie3 · Hermann M. Schatzl1 · Sabine Gilch1</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Received: 24 May 2022 / Revised: 5 August 2022 / Accepted: 7 August 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">© The Author(s) 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prions cause infectious and fatal neurodegenerative diseases in mammals. Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease of cervids, spreads efficiently among wild and farmed animals. Potential transmission to humans of CWD is a growing concern due to its increasing prevalence. Here, we provide evidence for a zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and its probable signature using mice expressing human prion protein (PrP) as an infection model. Inoculation of these mice with deer CWD isolates resulted in atypical clinical manifestation with prion seeding activity and efficient transmissible infectivity in the brain and, remarkably, in feces, but without classical neuropathological or Western blot appearances of prion diseases. Intriguingly, the protease-resistant PrP in the brain resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon second passage. Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Keywords Chronic wasting disease · CWD · Zoonotic potential · Prion strains · Zoonotic prions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">HIGHLIGHTS OF THIS STUDY</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">================================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In this study, we evaluated the zoonotic potential of CWD using a transgenic mouse model overexpressing human M129-PrPC (<span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> [12]). We inoculated <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> mice intracerebrally with two deer CWD isolates, Wisc-1 and 116AG [22, 23, 27, 29]. We demonstrate that this transgenic line was susceptible to infection with CWD prions and displayed a distinct leading clinical sign, an atypical PrPSc signature and unusual fecal shedding of infectious prions. Importantly, these prions generated by the human PrP transgenic mice were transmissible upon passage. Our results are the first evidence of a zoonotic risk of CWD when using one of the most common CWD strains, Wisc-1/CWD1 for infection. We demonstrated in a human transgenic mouse model that the species barrier for transmission of CWD to humans is not absolute. The fact that its signature was not typical raises the questions whether CWD would manifest in humans as a subclinical infection, whether it would arise through direct or indirect transmission including an intermediate host, or a silent to uncovered human-to-human transmission, and whether current detection techniques will be suffcient to unveil its presence.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our findings strongly suggest that CWD should be regarded as an actual public health risk. Here, we use humanized mice to show that CWD prions can cross the species barrier to humans, and remarkably, infectious prions can be excreted in feces.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our results indicate that if CWD crosses the species-barrier to humans, it is unlikely to resemble the most common forms of human prion diseases with respect to clinical signs, tissue tropism and PrPSc signature. For instance, PrPSc in variable protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr), a sporadic form of human prion disease, and in the genetic form Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS) is defined by an atypical PK-resistant PrPSc fragment that is non-glycosylated and truncated at both C- and N-termini, with a molecular weight between 6 and 8 kDa [24, 44–46]. These biochemical features are unique and distinctive from PrPSc (PrP27-30) found in most other human or animal prion disease. The atypical PrPSc signature detected in brain homogenate of <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> mice #321 (1st passage) and #3063 (2nd passage), and the 7–8 kDa fragment (Figs. 2, 4) are very similar to that of GSS, both in terms of migration profile and the N-terminal cleavage site.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD in humans might remain subclinical but with PrPSc deposits in the brain with an unusual morphology that does not resemble the patterns usually seen in different prion diseases (e.g., mouse #328; Fig. 3), clinical with untraceable abnormal PrP (e.g., mouse #327) but still transmissible and uncovered upon subsequent passage (e.g., mouse #3063; Fig. 4), or prions have other reservoirs than the usual ones, hence the presence of infectivity in feces (e.g., mouse #327) suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=================================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) Antonia Ricci Ana Allende Declan Bolton Marianne Chemaly Robert Davies Pablo Salvador Fernández Escámez ... See all authors </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">First published: 17 January 2018 <a href="https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">also, see; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers.. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Paper</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Cellular prion protein distribution in the vomeronasal organ, parotid, and scent glands of white-tailed deer and mule deer</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Anthony Ness, Aradhana Jacob, Kelsey Saboraki, Alicia Otero, Danielle Gushue, Diana Martinez Moreno, Melanie de Peña, Xinli Tang, Judd Aiken, Susan Lingle & Debbie McKenzieORCID Icon show less</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Pages 40-57 | Received 03 Feb 2022, Accepted 13 May 2022, Published online: 29 May 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Download citation</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ABSTRACT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting species of the cervidae family. CWD has an expanding geographic range and complex, poorly understood transmission mechanics. CWD is disproportionately prevalent in wild male mule deer and male white-tailed deer. Sex and species influences on CWD prevalence have been hypothesized to be related to animal behaviours that involve deer facial and body exocrine glands. Understanding CWD transmission potential requires a foundational knowledge of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) in glands associated with cervid behaviours. In this study, we characterized the presence and distribution of PrPC in six integumentary and two non-integumentary tissues of hunter-harvested mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (O. virginianus). We report that white-tailed deer expressed significantly more PrPC than their mule deer in the parotid, metatarsal, and interdigital glands. Females expressed more PrPC than males in the forehead and preorbital glands. The distribution of PrPC within the integumentary exocrine glands of the face and legs were localized to glandular cells, hair follicles, epidermis, and immune cell infiltrates. All tissues examined expressed sufficient quantities of PrPC to serve as possible sites of prion initial infection, propagation, and shedding.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ARS RESEARCH Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Publication Acceptance Date: 9/8/2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author item WANG, ZERUI - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item QIN, KEFENG - University Of Chicago item CAMACHO, MANUEL - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item SHEN, PINGPING - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item YUAN, JUE - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item Greenlee, Justin item CUI, LI - Jilin University item KONG, QINGZHONG - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item MASTRIANNI, JAMES - University Of Chicago item ZOU, WEN-QUAN - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Submitted to: Acta Neuropathologica Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 9/8/2021 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Interpretive Summary: Prion diseases are invariably fatal neurologic diseases for which there is no known prevention or cure. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease of deer and elk and is present in farmed and free ranging herds throughout North America. To date there is no clear evidence that the CWD agent could be transmitted to humans. This manuscript describes the use of an in vitro technique, cell-free serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA), to generate a CWD prion that is infectious to transgenic mice expressing the human prion protein. This study provides the first evidence that CWD prions may be able to cause misfolding in the human prion protein. This information will impact medical experts and those involved in making policy for farmed cervids and wildlife.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Technical Abstract: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a cervid spongiform encephalopathy or prion disease caused by the infectious prion or PrPSc, a misfolded conformer of cellular prion protein (PrPC). It has rapidly spread in North America and also has been found in Asia and Europe. In contrast to the zoonotic mad cow disease that is the first animal prion disease found transmissible to humans, the transmissibility of CWD to humans remains uncertain although most previous studies have suggested that humans may not be susceptible to CWD. Here we report the generation of an infectious human PrPSc by seeding CWD PrPSc in normal human brain PrPC through the in vitro cell-free serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA). Western blotting confirms that the sPMCA-induced proteinase K-resistant PrPSc is a human form, evidenced by a PrP-specific antibody that recognizes human but not cervid PrP. Remarkably, two lines of humanized transgenic (Tg) mice expressing human PrP-129Val/Val (VV) or -129Met/Met (MM) polymorphism develop prion disease at 233 ± 6 (mean ± SE) days post-inoculation (dpi) and 552 ± 27 dpi, respectively, upon intracerebral inoculation with the sPMCA-generated PrPSc. The brain of diseased Tg mice reveals the electrophoretic profile of PrPSc similar to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) MM1 or VV2 subtype but different neuropathological patterns. We believe that our study provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc is able to convert human PrPC into PrPSc in vitro and the CWD-derived human PrPSc mimics atypical sCJD subtypes in humanized Tg mice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''The brain of diseased Tg mice reveals the electrophoretic profile of PrPSc similar to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) MM1 or VV2 subtype but different neuropathological patterns.'' </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''We believe that our study provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc is able to convert human PrPC into PrPSc in vitro and the CWD-derived human PrPSc mimics atypical sCJD subtypes in humanized Tg mice.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published: 26 September 2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Zerui Wang, Kefeng Qin, Manuel V. Camacho, Ignazio Cali, Jue Yuan, Pingping Shen, Justin Greenlee, Qingzhong Kong, James A. Mastrianni & Wen-Quan Zou</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acta Neuropathologica Communications volume 9, Article number: 158 (2021)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a cervid prion disease caused by the accumulation of an infectious misfolded conformer (PrPSc) of cellular prion protein (PrPC). It has been spreading rapidly in North America and also found in Asia and Europe. Although bovine spongiform encephalopathy (i.e. mad cow disease) is the only animal prion disease known to be zoonotic, the transmissibility of CWD to humans remains uncertain. Here we report the generation of the first CWD-derived infectious human PrPSc by elk CWD PrPSc-seeded conversion of PrPC in normal human brain homogenates using in vitro protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA). Western blotting with human PrP selective antibody confirmed that the PMCA-generated protease-resistant PrPSc was derived from the human PrPC substrate. Two lines of humanized transgenic mice expressing human PrP with either Val or Met at the polymorphic codon 129 developed clinical prion disease following intracerebral inoculation with the PMCA-generated CWD-derived human PrPSc. Diseased mice exhibited distinct PrPSc patterns and neuropathological changes in the brain. Our study, using PMCA and animal bioassays, provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc can cross the species barrier to convert human PrPC into infectious PrPSc that can produce bona fide prion disease when inoculated into humanized transgenic mice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It is worth noting that the annual number of sporadic CJD (sCJD) cases in the USA has increased, with the total number of suspected and confirmed sCJD cases rising from 284 in 2003 to 511 in 2017 (<span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cjd/occurrence-transmission.html</span>). The greatly enhanced CJD surveillance and an aging population in the USA certainly contributed to the observed increase in annual sCJD case numbers in recent years, but the possibility cannot be excluded that some of the increased sCJD prevalence is linked to CWD exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the present study, using serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) assay we generate PrPSc by seeding CWD prions in normal human brain homogenates. Importantly, we reveal that two lines of humanized Tg mice expressing human PrP-129VV and 129MM develop prion diseases upon intracerebral inoculation of the abnormal PrP generated by sPMCA. We believe that our study provides the first opportunity to dissect the clinical, pathological and biochemical features of the CWD-derived human prion disease in two lines of humanized Tg mice expressing two major human PrP genotypes, respectively.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i thought i might share some news about cwd zoonosis that i got, that i cannot share or post to the public yet, i promised for various reasons, one that it will cause a shit storm for sure, but it was something i really already knew from previous studies, but, i was told that ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">==================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''As you can imagine, 2 and 5 (especially 5) may raise alarms. The evidence we have for 4 are not as strong or tight as I would like to have. At this point, please do not post any of the points publicly yet, but you can refer to points 1-3 in private discussions and all 5 points when discussing with relevant public officials to highlight the long-term risks of CWD zoonosis.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">====================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">so, i figure your as about as official as it gets, and i think this science is extremely important for you to know and to converse about with your officials. it's about to burn a whole in my pocket. this is about as close as it will ever get for cwd zoonosis to be proven in my time, this and what Canada Czub et al found with the Macaques, plus an old study from cjd surveillance unit back that showed cjd and a 9% increase in risk from folks that eat venison, i will post all this below for your files Sir. i remember back in the BSE nvCJD days, from when the first BSE case in bovine was confirmed around 1984 maybe 83, i forget the good vets named that screwed it up first, Carol something, but from 83ish to 95 96 when nvCJD was linked to humans from BSE in cattle, so that took 10 to 15 years. hell, at that rate, especially with Texas and cwd zoonsis, hell, i'll be dead before it's official, if ever, so here ya go Sir. there was a grant study on cwd zoonosis that had been going on for some time, i followed it over the years, then the grant date for said study had expired, so, i thought i would write the good Professor about said study i.e. Professor Kong, CWRU et al. i will post the grant study abstract first, and then after that, what reply i got back, about said study that i was told not to post/publish...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD ZOONOSIS GRANT FIRST;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Cervid to human prion transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Kong, Qingzhong </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Case Western Reserve University, <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Cleveland, OH, United States</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Abstract Prion disease is transmissible and invariably fatal. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease affecting deer, elk and moose, and it is a widespread and expanding epidemic affecting 22 US States and 2 Canadian provinces so far. CWD poses the most serious zoonotic prion transmission risks in North America because of huge venison consumption (>6 million deer/elk hunted and consumed annually in the USA alone), significant prion infectivity in muscles and other tissues/fluids from CWD-affected cervids, and usually high levels of individual exposure to CWD resulting from consumption of the affected animal among often just family and friends. However, we still do not know whether CWD prions can infect humans in the brain or peripheral tissues or whether clinical/asymptomatic CWD zoonosis has already occurred, and we have no essays to reliably detect CWD infection in humans. We hypothesize that: (1) The classic CWD prion strain can infect humans at low levels in the brain and peripheral lymphoid tissues; (2) The cervid-to-human transmission barrier is dependent on the cervid prion strain and influenced by the host (human) prion protein (PrP) primary sequence; (3) Reliable essays can be established to detect CWD infection in humans; and (4) CWD transmission to humans has already occurred. We will test these hypotheses in 4 Aims using transgenic (Tg) mouse models and complementary in vitro approaches. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 1 will prove that the classical CWD strain may infect humans in brain or peripheral lymphoid tissues at low levels by conducting systemic bioassays in a set of humanized Tg mouse lines expressing common human PrP variants using a number of CWD isolates at varying doses and routes. Experimental human CWD samples will also be generated for Aim 3. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 2 will test the hypothesis that the cervid-to-human prion transmission barrier is dependent on prion strain and influenced by the host (human) PrP sequence by examining and comparing the transmission efficiency and phenotypes of several atypical/unusual CWD isolates/strains as well as a few prion strains from other species that have adapted to cervid PrP sequence, utilizing the same panel of humanized Tg mouse lines as in Aim 1. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 3 will establish reliable essays for detection and surveillance of CWD infection in humans by examining in details the clinical, pathological, biochemical and in vitro seeding properties of existing and future experimental human CWD samples generated from Aims 1-2 and compare them with those of common sporadic human Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) prions. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 4 will attempt to detect clinical CWD-affected human cases by examining a significant number of brain samples from prion-affected human subjects in the USA and Canada who have consumed venison from CWD-endemic areas utilizing the criteria and essays established in Aim 3. The findings from this proposal will greatly advance our understandings on the potential and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for CWD zoonosis and potentially discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Public Health Relevance There are significant and increasing human exposure to cervid prions because chronic wasting disease (CWD, a widespread and highly infectious prion disease among deer and elk in North America) continues spreading and consumption of venison remains popular, but our understanding on cervid-to-human prion transmission is still very limited, raising public health concerns. This proposal aims to define the zoonotic risks of cervid prions and set up and apply essays to detect CWD zoonosis using mouse models and in vitro methods. The findings will greatly expand our knowledge on the potentials and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for such infections and may discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Funding Agency Agency National Institute of Health (NIH) Institute National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Type Research Project (R01) Project # 1R01NS088604-01A1 Application # <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">9037884</span> Study Section Cellular and Molecular Biology of Neurodegeneration Study Section (CMND) Program Officer Wong, May Project Start 2015-09-30 Project End 2019-07-31 Budget Start 2015-09-30 Budget End 2016-07-31 Support Year 1 Fiscal Year 2015 Total Cost $337,507 Indirect Cost $118,756</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1#panel-abstract" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1#panel-abstract</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Professor Kongs reply to me just this month about above grant study that has NOT been published in peer reveiw yet...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=================================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Here is a brief summary of our findings:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...can't post, made a promise...tss</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">On Sat, Apr 3, 2021 at 12:19 PM Terry Singeltary <<span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">flounder9@verizon.net</span>> wrote:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">end...tss</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">==============</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD ZOONOSIS THE FULL MONTY TO DATE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">International Conference on Emerging Diseases, Outbreaks & Case Studies & 16th Annual Meeting on Influenza March 28-29, 2018 | Orlando, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Qingzhong Kong</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease prions from cervids</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease in cervids (mule deer, white-tailed deer, American elk, moose, and reindeer). It has become an epidemic in North America, and it has been detected in the Europe (Norway) since 2016. The widespread CWD and popular hunting and consumption of cervid meat and other products raise serious public health concerns, but questions remain on human susceptibility to CWD prions, especially on the potential difference in zoonotic potential among the various CWD prion strains. We have been working to address this critical question for well over a decade. We used CWD samples from various cervid species to inoculate transgenic mice expressing human or elk prion protein (PrP). We found infectious prions in the spleen or brain in a small fraction of CWD-inoculated transgenic mice expressing human PrP, indicating that humans are not completely resistant to CWD prions; this finding has significant ramifications on the public health impact of CWD prions. The influence of cervid PrP polymorphisms, the prion strain dependence of CWD-to-human transmission barrier, and the characterization of experimental human CWD prions will be discussed.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Speaker Biography Qingzhong Kong has completed his PhD from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst and Post-doctoral studies at Yale University. He is currently an Associate Professor of Pathology, Neurology and Regenerative Medicine. He has published over 50 original research papers in reputable journals (including Science Translational Medicine, JCI, PNAS and Cell Reports) and has been serving as an Editorial Board Member on seven scientific journals. He has multiple research interests, including public health risks of animal prions (CWD of cervids and atypical BSE of cattle), animal modeling of human prion diseases, mechanisms of prion replication and pathogenesis, etiology of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD) in humans, normal cellular PrP in the biology and pathology of multiple brain and peripheral diseases, proteins responsible for the α-cleavage of cellular PrP, as well as gene therapy and DNA vaccination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">qxk2@case.edu</span> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SUNDAY, JULY 25, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">North American and Norwegian Chronic Wasting Disease prions exhibit different potential for interspecies transmission and zoonotic risk </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''Our data suggest that reindeer and red deer from Norway could be the most transmissible CWD prions to other mammals, whereas North American CWD prions were more prone to generate human prions in vitro.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/north-american-and-norwegian-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/north-american-and-norwegian-chronic.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, JULY 19, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> U Calgary researchers at work on a vaccine against a fatal infectious disease affecting deer and potentially people</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/u-calgary-researchers-at-work-on.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/u-calgary-researchers-at-work-on.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE aka MAD COW DISEASE, was first discovered in 1984, and it took until 1995 to finally admit that BSE was causing nvCJD, the rest there is history, but that science is still evolving i.e. science now shows that indeed atypical L-type BSE, atypical Nor-98 Scrapie, and typical Scrapie are all zoonosis, zoonotic for humans, there from. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">HOW long are we going to wait for Chronic Wasting Disease, CWD TSE Prion of Cervid, and zoonosis, zoonotic tranmission to humans there from?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Studies have shown since 1994 that humans are susceptible to CWD TSE Prion, so, what's the hold up with making CWD a zoonotic zoonosis disease, the iatrogenic transmissions there from is not waiting for someone to make a decision.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P190 Human prion disease mortality rates by occurrence of chronic wasting disease in freeranging cervids, United States</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abrams JY (1), Maddox RA (1), Schonberger LB (1), Person MK (1), Appleby BS (2), Belay ED (1)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease of deer and elk that has been identified in freeranging cervids in 23 US states. While there is currently no epidemiological evidence for zoonotic transmission through the consumption of contaminated venison, studies suggest the CWD agent can cross the species barrier in experimental models designed to closely mimic humans. We compared rates of human prion disease in states with and without CWD to examine the possibility of undetermined zoonotic transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Death records from the National Center for Health Statistics, case records from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, and additional state case reports were combined to create a database of human prion disease cases from 2003-2015. Identification of CWD in each state was determined through reports of positive CWD tests by state wildlife agencies. Age- and race-adjusted mortality rates for human prion disease, excluding cases with known etiology, were determined for four categories of states based on CWD occurrence: highly endemic (>16 counties with CWD identified in free-ranging cervids); moderately endemic (3-10 counties with CWD); low endemic (1-2 counties with CWD); and no CWD states. States were counted as having no CWD until the year CWD was first identified. Analyses stratified by age, sex, and time period were also conducted to focus on subgroups for which zoonotic transmission would be more likely to be detected: cases <55 years old, male sex, and the latter half of the study (2010-2015).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Highly endemic states had a higher rate of prion disease mortality compared to non-CWD states (rate ratio [RR]: 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] = <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">1.01 - 1.23</span>), as did low endemic states (RR: 1.15, 95% CI = <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">1.04 - 1.27</span>). Moderately endemic states did not have an elevated mortality rate (RR: 1.05, 95% CI = 0.93 - 1.17). In age-stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates among the <55 year old population were elevated for moderately endemic states (RR: 1.57, 95% CI = <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">1.10 – 2.24</span>) while mortality rates were elevated among those ≥55 for highly endemic states (RR: 1.13, 95% CI = <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">1.02 - 1.26</span>) and low endemic states (RR: 1.16, 95% CI = <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">1.04 - 1.29</span>). In other stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates for males were only elevated for low endemic states (RR: 1.27, 95% CI = <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">1.10 - 1.48</span>), and none of the categories of CWD-endemic states had elevated mortality rates for the latter time period (2010-2015).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">While higher prion disease mortality rates in certain categories of states with CWD in free-ranging cervids were noted, additional stratified analyses did not reveal markedly elevated rates for potentially sensitive subgroups that would be suggestive of zoonotic transmission. Unknown confounding factors or other biases may explain state-by-state differences in prion disease mortality.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P172 Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Prion Disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Wang H(1), Cohen M(1), Appleby BS(1,2)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio (2) National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Cleveland, Ohio.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion disease is a fatal progressive neurodegenerative disease due to deposition of an abnormal protease-resistant isoform of prion protein. Typical symptoms include rapidly progressive dementia, myoclonus, visual disturbance and hallucinations. Interestingly, in patients with prion disease, the abnormal protein canould also be found in the peripheral nervous system. Case reports of prion deposition in peripheral nerves have been reported. Peripheral nerve involvement is thought to be uncommon; however, little is known about the exact prevalence and features of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We reviewed autopsy-proven prion cases from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center that were diagnosed between September 2016 to March 2017. We collected information regarding prion protein diagnosis, demographics, comorbidities, clinical symptoms, physical exam, neuropathology, molecular subtype, genetics lab, brain MRI, image and EMG reports. Our study included 104 patients. Thirteen (12.5%) patients had either subjective symptoms or objective signs of peripheral neuropathy. Among these 13 patients, 3 had other known potential etiologies of peripheral neuropathy such as vitamin B12 deficiency or prior chemotherapy. Among 10 patients that had no other clear etiology, 3 (30%) had familial CJD. The most common sCJD subtype was MV1-2 (30%), followed by MM1-2 (20%). The Majority of cases wasere male (60%). Half of them had exposure to wild game. The most common subjective symptoms were tingling and/or numbness of distal extremities. The most common objective finding was diminished vibratory sensation in the feet. Half of them had an EMG with the findings ranging from fasciculations to axonal polyneuropathy or demyelinating polyneuropathy.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our study provides an overview of the pattern of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease. Among patients with peripheral neuropathy symptoms or signs, majority has polyneuropathy. It is important to document the baseline frequency of peripheral neuropathy in prion diseases as these symptoms may become important when conducting surveillance for potential novel zoonotic prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P177 PrP plaques in methionine homozygous Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abrams JY (1), Schonberger LB (1), Cali I (2), Cohen Y (2), Blevins JE (2), Maddox RA (1), Belay ED (1), Appleby BS (2), Cohen ML (2)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is widely believed to originate from de novo spontaneous conversion of normal prion protein (PrP) to its pathogenic form, but concern remains that some reported sporadic CJD cases may actually be caused by disease transmission via iatrogenic processes. For cases with methionine homozygosity (CJD-MM) at codon 129 of the PRNP gene, recent research has pointed to plaque-like PrP deposition as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission for a subset of cases. This phenotype is theorized to originate from specific iatrogenic source CJD types that comprise roughly a quarter of known CJD cases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We reviewed scientific literature for studies which described PrP plaques among CJD patients with known epidemiological links to iatrogenic transmission (receipt of cadaveric human grown hormone or dura mater), as well as in cases of reported sporadic CJD. The presence and description of plaques, along with CJD classification type and other contextual factors, were used to summarize the current evidence regarding plaques as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission. In addition, 523 cases of reported sporadic CJD cases in the US from January 2013 through September 2017 were assessed for presence of PrP plaques.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We identified four studies describing 52 total cases of CJD-MM among either dura mater recipients or growth hormone recipients, of which 30 were identified as having PrP plaques. While sporadic cases were not generally described as having plaques, we did identify case reports which described plaques among sporadic MM2 cases as well as case reports of plaques exclusively in white matter among sporadic MM1 cases. Among the 523 reported sporadic CJD cases, 0 of 366 MM1 cases had plaques, 2 of 48 MM2 cases had kuru plaques, and 4 of 109 MM1+2 cases had either kuru plaques or both kuru and florid plaques. Medical chart review of the six reported sporadic CJD cases with plaques did not reveal clinical histories suggestive of potential iatrogenic transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PrP plaques occur much more frequently for iatrogenic CJD-MM cases compared to sporadic CJDMM cases. Plaques may indicate iatrogenic transmission for CJD-MM cases without a type 2 Western blot fragment. The study results suggest the absence of significant misclassifications of iatrogenic CJD as sporadic. To our knowledge, this study is the first to describe grey matter kuru plaques in apparently sporadic CJD-MM patients with a type 2 Western blot fragment.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P180 Clinico-pathological analysis of human prion diseases in a brain bank series</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ximelis T (1), Aldecoa I (1,2), Molina-Porcel L (1,3), Grau-Rivera O (4), Ferrer I (5), Nos C (6), Gelpi E (1,7), Sánchez-Valle R (1,4)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobanc-Hospital ClÃnic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (2) Pathological Service of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (3) EAIA Trastorns Cognitius, Centre Emili Mira, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain (4) Department of Neurology of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (5) Institute of Neuropathology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona (6) General subdirectorate of Surveillance and Response to Emergencies in Public Health, Department of Public Health in Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain (7) Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background and objective:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Neurological Tissue Bank (NTB) of the Hospital Clínic-Institut d‘Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain is the reference center in Catalonia for the neuropathological study of prion diseases in the region since 2001. The aim of this study is to analyse the characteristics of the confirmed prion diseases registered at the NTB during the last 15 years.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We reviewed retrospectively all neuropathologically confirmed cases registered during the period January 2001 to December 2016.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">176 cases (54,3% female, mean age: 67,5 years and age range: 25-86 years) of neuropathological confirmed prion diseases have been studied at the NTB. 152 cases corresponded to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), 10 to genetic CJD, 10 to Fatal Familial Insomnia, 2 to GerstmannSträussler-Scheinker disease, and 2 cases to variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr). Within sCJD subtypes the MM1 subtype was the most frequent, followed by the VV2 histotype.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Clinical and neuropathological diagnoses agreed in 166 cases (94%). The clinical diagnosis was not accurate in 10 patients with definite prion disease: 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Fronto-temporal dementia (FTD), 1 Niemann-Pick‘s disease, 1 Lewy Body‘s Disease, 2 Alzheimer‘s disease, 1 Cortico-basal syndrome and 2 undetermined dementia. Among patients with VPSPr, 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and the other one with FTD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Concomitant pathologies are frequent in older age groups, mainly AD neuropathological changes were observed in these subjects.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Discussion:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A wide spectrum of human prion diseases have been identified in the NTB being the relative frequencies and main characteristics like other published series. There is a high rate of agreement between clinical and neuropathological diagnoses with prion diseases. These findings show the importance that public health has given to prion diseases during the past 15 years. Continuous surveillance of human prion disease allows identification of new emerging phenotypes. Brain tissue samples from these donors are available to the scientific community. For more information please visit:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P192 Prion amplification techniques for the rapid evaluation of surface decontamination procedures</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Bruyere-Ostells L (1), Mayran C (1), Belondrade M (1), Boublik Y (2), Haïk S (3), Fournier-Wirth C (1), Nicot S (1), Bougard D (1)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Pathogenesis and control of chronic infections, Etablissement Français du Sang, Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (2) Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (3) Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) or prion diseases are a group of incurable and always fatal neurodegenerative disorders including Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases (CJD) in humans. These pathologies include sporadic (sCJD), genetic and acquired (variant CJD) forms. By the past, sCJD and vCJD were transmitted by different prion contaminated biological materials to patients resulting in more than 400 iatrogenic cases (iCJD). The atypical nature and the biochemical properties of the infectious agent, formed by abnormal prion protein or PrPTSE, make it particularly resistant to conventional decontamination procedures. In addition, PrPTSE is widely distributed throughout the organism before clinical onset in vCJD and can also be detected in some peripheral tissues in sporadic CJD. Risk of iatrogenic transmission of CJD by contaminated medical device remains thus a concern for healthcare facilities. Bioassay is the gold standard method to evaluate the efficacy of prion decontamination procedures but is time-consuming and expensive. Here, we propose to compare in vitro prion amplification techniques: Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) and Real-Time Quaking Induced Conversion (RT-QuIC) for the detection of residual prions on surface after decontamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stainless steel wires, by mimicking the surface of surgical instruments, were proposed as a carrier model of prions for inactivation studies. To determine the sensitivity of the two amplification techniques on wires (Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC), steel wires were therefore contaminated with serial dilutions of brain homogenates (BH) from a 263k infected hamster and from a patient with sCJD (MM1 subtype). We then compared the different standard decontamination procedures including partially and fully efficient treatments by detecting the residual seeding activity on 263K and sCJD contaminated wires. We completed our study by the evaluation of marketed reagents endorsed for prion decontamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The two amplification techniques can detect minute quantities of PrPTSE adsorbed onto a single wire. 8/8 wires contaminated with a 10-6 dilution of 263k BH and 1/6 with the 10-8 dilution are positive with Surf-PMCA. Similar performances were obtained with Surf-QuIC on 263K: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">10/16</span> wires contaminated with 10-6 dilution and 1/8 wires contaminated with 10-8 dilution are positive. Regarding the human sCJD-MM1 prion, Surf-QuIC allows us to detect 16/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilutions and 14/16 with 10-7 . Results obtained after decontamination treatments are very similar between 263K and sCJD prions. Efficiency of marketed treatments to remove prions is lower than expected.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC are very sensitive methods for the detection of prions on wires and could be applied to prion decontamination studies for rapid evaluation of new treatments. Sodium hypochlorite is the only product to efficiently remove seeding activity of both 263K and sCJD prions.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WA2 Oral transmission of CWD into Cynomolgus macaques: signs of atypical disease, prion conversion and infectivity in macaques and bio-assayed transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Schatzl HM (1, 2), Hannaoui S (1, 2), Cheng Y-C (1, 2), Gilch S (1, 2), Beekes M (3), SchulzSchaeffer W (4), Stahl-Hennig C (5) and Czub S (2, 6)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) University of Calgary, Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada (2) University of Calgary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calgary, Canada, (3) Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany, (4) University of Homburg/Saar, Homburg, Germany, (5) German Primate Center, Goettingen, Germany, (6) Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), Lethbridge, Canada.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To date, BSE is the only example of interspecies transmission of an animal prion disease into humans. The potential zoonotic transmission of CWD is an alarming issue and was addressed by many groups using a variety of in vitro and in vivo experimental systems. Evidence from these studies indicated a substantial, if not absolute, species barrier, aligning with the absence of epidemiological evidence suggesting transmission into humans. Studies in non-human primates were not conclusive so far, with oral transmission into new-world monkeys and no transmission into old-world monkeys. Our consortium has challenged 18 Cynomolgus macaques with characterized CWD material, focusing on oral transmission with muscle tissue. Some macaques have orally received a total of 5 kg of muscle material over a period of 2 years. <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">After 5-7</span> years of incubation time some animals showed clinical symptoms indicative of prion disease, and prion neuropathology and PrPSc deposition were found in spinal cord and brain of euthanized animals. PrPSc in immunoblot was weakly detected in some spinal cord materials and various tissues tested positive in RT-QuIC, including lymph node and spleen homogenates. To prove prion infectivity in the macaque tissues, we have intracerebrally inoculated 2 lines of transgenic mice, expressing either elk or human PrP. At least 3 TgElk mice, receiving tissues from 2 different macaques, showed clinical signs of a progressive prion disease and brains were positive in immunoblot and RT-QuIC. Tissues (brain, spinal cord and spleen) from these and preclinical mice are currently tested using various read-outs and by second passage in mice. Transgenic mice expressing human PrP were so far negative for clear clinical prion disease (some mice >300 days p.i.). In parallel, the same macaque materials are inoculated into bank voles. Taken together, there is strong evidence of transmissibility of CWD orally into macaques and from macaque tissues into transgenic mouse models, although with an incomplete attack rate. The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology. Our ongoing studies will show whether the transmission of CWD into macaques and passage in transgenic mice represents a form of non-adaptive prion amplification, and whether macaque-adapted prions have the potential to infect mice expressing human PrP. The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">See also poster P103</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WA16 Monitoring Potential CWD Transmission to Humans</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Belay ED</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The spread of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in animals has raised concerns about increasing human exposure to the CWD agent via hunting and venison consumption, potentially facilitating CWD transmission to humans. Several studies have explored this possibility, including limited epidemiologic studies, in vitro experiments, and laboratory studies using various types of animal models. Most human exposures to the CWD agent in the United States would be expected to occur in association with deer and elk hunting in CWD-endemic areas. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) collaborated with state health departments in Colorado, Wisconsin, and Wyoming to identify persons at risk of CWD exposure and to monitor their vital status over time. Databases were established of persons who hunted in Colorado and Wyoming and those who reported consumption of venison from deer that later tested positive in Wisconsin. Information from the databases is periodically cross-checked with mortality data to determine the vital status and causes of death for deceased persons. Long-term follow-up of these hunters is needed to assess their risk of development of a prion disease linked to CWD exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P166 Characterization of CJD strain profiles in venison consumers and non-consumers from Alberta and Saskatchewan</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stephanie Booth (1,2), Lise Lamoureux (1), Debra Sorensen (1), Jennifer L. Myskiw (1,2), Megan Klassen (1,2), Michael Coulthart (3), Valerie Sim (4)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg (2) Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (3) Canadian CJD Surveillance System, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (4) Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is spreading rapidly through wild cervid populations in the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. While this has implications for tourism and hunting, there is also concern over possible zoonotic transmission to humans who eat venison from infected deer. Whilst there is no evidence of any human cases of CWD to date, the Canadian CJD Surveillance System (CJDSS) in Canada is staying vigilant. When variant CJD occurred following exposure to BSE, the unique biochemical fingerprint of the pathologic PrP enabled a causal link to be confirmed. However, we cannot be sure what phenotype human CWD prions would present with, or indeed, whether this would be distinct from that see in sporadic CJD. Therefore we are undertaking a systematic analysis of the molecular diversity of CJD cases of individuals who resided in Alberta and Saskatchewan at their time of death comparing venison consumers and non-consumers, using a variety of clinical, imaging, pathological and biochemical markers. Our initial objective is to develop novel biochemical methodologies that will extend the baseline glycoform and genetic polymorphism typing that is already completed by the CJDSS. Firstly, we are reviewing MRI, EEG and pathology information from over 40 cases of CJD to select clinically affected areas for further investigation. Biochemical analysis will include assessment of the levels of protease sensitive and resistant prion protein, glycoform typing using 2D gel electrophoresis, testing seeding capabilities and kinetics of aggregation by quaking-induced conversion, and determining prion oligomer size distributions with asymmetric flow field fractionation with in-line light scattering. Progress and preliminary data will be presented. Ultimately, we intend to further define the relationship between PrP structure and disease phenotype and establish a baseline for the identification of future atypical CJD cases that may arise as a result of exposure to CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Source Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/</a> </div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Volume 24, Number <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">8—August</span></span> 2018 </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-size: 30.2px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 3px; outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Research Susceptibility of Human Prion Protein to Conversion by Chronic Wasting Disease Prions</span></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Marcelo A. BarriaComments to Author , Adriana Libori, Gordon Mitchell, and Mark W. Head Author affiliations: National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (M.A. Barria, A. Libori, M.W. Head); National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Scrapie and CWD, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (G. Mitchell)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal neurodegenerative disease and a serious animal health issue for deer and elk in North America. The identification of the first cases of CWD among free-ranging reindeer and moose in Europe brings back into focus the unresolved issue of whether CWD can be zoonotic like bovine spongiform encephalopathy. We used a cell-free seeded protein misfolding assay to determine whether CWD prions from elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer in North America can convert the human prion protein to the disease-associated form. We found that prions can convert, but the efficiency of conversion is affected by polymorphic variation in the cervid and human prion protein genes. In view of the similarity of reindeer, elk, and white-tailed deer in North America to reindeer, red deer, and roe deer, respectively, in Europe, a more comprehensive and thorough assessment of the zoonotic potential of CWD might be warranted.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Discussion Characterization of the transmission properties of CWD and evaluation of their zoonotic potential are important for public health purposes. Given that CWD affects several members of the family Cervidae, it seems reasonable to consider whether the zoonotic potential of CWD prions could be affected by factors such as CWD strain, cervid species, geographic location, and Prnp–PRNP polymorphic variation. We have previously used an in vitro conversion assay (PMCA) to investigate the susceptibility of the human PrP to conversion to its disease-associated form by several animal prion diseases, including CWD (15,16,22). The sensitivity of our molecular model for the detection of zoonotic conversion depends on the combination of 1) the action of proteinase K to degrade the abundant human PrPC that constitutes the substrate while only N terminally truncating any human PrPres produced and 2) the presence of the 3F4 epitope on human but not cervid PrP. In effect, this degree of sensitivity means that any human PrPres formed during the PMCA reaction can be detected down to the limit of Western blot sensitivity. In contrast, if other antibodies that detect both cervid and human PrP are used, such as 6H4, then newly formed human PrPres must be detected as a measurable increase in PrPres over the amount remaining in the reaction product from the cervid seed. Although best known for the efficient amplification of prions in research and diagnostic contexts, the variation of the PMCA method employed in our study is optimized for the definitive detection of zoonotic reaction products of inherently inefficient conversion reactions conducted across species barriers. By using this system, we previously made and reported the novel observation that elk CWD prions could convert human PrPC from human brain and could also convert recombinant human PrPC expressed in transgenic mice and eukaryotic cell cultures (15).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A previous publication suggested that mule deer PrPSc was unable to convert humanized transgenic substrate in PMCA assays (23) and required a further step of in vitro conditioning in deer substrate PMCA before it was able to cross the deer–human molecular barrier (24). However, prions from other species, such as elk (15) and reindeer affected by CWD, appear to be compatible with the human protein in a single round of amplification (as shown in our study). These observations suggest that different deer species affected by CWD could present differing degrees of the olecular compatibility with the normal form of human PrP.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The contribution of the polymorphism at codon 129 of the human PrP gene has been extensively studied and is recognized as a risk factor for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (4). In cervids, the equivalent codon corresponds to the position 132 encoding methionine or leucine. This polymorphism in the elk gene has been shown to play an important role in CWD susceptibility (25,26). We have investigated the effect of this cervid Prnp polymorphism on the conversion of the humanized transgenic substrate according to the variation in the equivalent PRNP codon 129 polymorphism. Interestingly, only the homologs methionine homozygous seed–substrate reactions could readily convert the human PrP, whereas the heterozygous elk PrPSc was unable to do so, even though comparable amounts of PrPres were used to seed the reaction. In addition, we observed only low levels of human PrPres formation in the reactions seeded with the homozygous methionine (132 MM) and the heterozygous (132 ML) seeds incubated with the other 2 human polymorphic substrates (129 MV and 129 VV). The presence of the amino acid leucine at position 132 of the elk Prnp gene has been attributed to a lower degree of prion conversion compared with methionine on the basis of experiments in mice made transgenic for these polymorphic variants (26). Considering the differences observed for the amplification of the homozygous human methionine substrate by the 2 polymorphic elk seeds (MM and ML), reappraisal of the susceptibility of human PrPC by the full range of cervid polymorphic variants affected by CWD would be warranted.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In light of the recent identification of the first cases of CWD in Europe in a free-ranging reindeer (R. tarandus) in Norway (2), we also decided to evaluate the in vitro conversion potential of CWD in 2 experimentally infected reindeer (18). Formation of human PrPres was readily detectable after a single round of PMCA, and in all 3 humanized polymorphic substrates (MM, MV, and VV). This finding suggests that CWD prions from reindeer could be more compatible with human PrPC generally and might therefore present a greater risk for zoonosis than, for example, CWD prions from white-tailed deer. A more comprehensive comparison of CWD in the affected species, coupled with the polymorphic variations in the human and deer PRNP–Prnp genes, in vivo and in vitro, will be required before firm conclusions can be drawn. Analysis of the Prnp sequence of the CWD reindeer in Norway was reported to be identical to the specimens used in our study (2). This finding raises the possibility of a direct comparison of zoonotic potential between CWD acquired in the wild and that produced in a controlled laboratory setting. (Table).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The prion hypothesis proposes that direct molecular interaction between PrPSc and PrPC is necessary for conversion and prion replication. Accordingly, polymorphic variants of the PrP of host and agent might play a role in determining compatibility and potential zoonotic risk. In this study, we have examined the capacity of the human PrPC to support in vitro conversion by elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer CWD PrPSc. Our data confirm that elk CWD prions can convert the human PrPC, at least in vitro, and show that the homologous PRNP polymorphisms at codon 129 and 132 in humans and cervids affect conversion efficiency. Other species affected by CWD, particularly caribou or reindeer, also seem able to convert the human PrP. It will be important to determine whether other polymorphic variants found in other CWD-affected Cervidae or perhaps other factors (17) exert similar effects on the ability to convert human PrP and thus affect their zoonotic potential.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dr. Barria is a research scientist working at the National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh. His research has focused on understanding the molecular basis of a group of fatal neurologic disorders called prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgments We thank Aru Balachandran for originally providing cervid brain tissues, Abigail Diack and Jean Manson for providing mouse brain tissue, and James Ironside for his critical reading of the manuscript at an early stage.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This report is independent research commissioned and funded by the United Kingdom’s Department of Health Policy Research Programme and the Government of Scotland. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Department of Health or the Government of Scotland.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author contributions: The study was conceived and designed by M.A.B. and M.W.H. The experiments were conducted by M.A.B. and A.L. Chronic wasting disease brain specimens were provided by G.M. The manuscript was written by M.A.B. and M.W.H. All authors contributed to the editing and revision of the manuscript.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion</a></div></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Prion 2017 Conference Abstracts</span></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none !important;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">First evidence of intracranial and peroral transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) into Cynomolgus macaques: a work in progress </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Stefanie Czub1, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer2, Christiane Stahl-Hennig3, Michael Beekes4, Hermann Schaetzl5 and Dirk Motzkus6 1 </span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine/Canadian Food Inspection Agency; 2Universitatsklinikum des Saarlandes und Medizinische Fakultat der Universitat des Saarlandes; 3 Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen; 4 Robert-Koch-Institut Berlin; 5 University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; 6 presently: Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center; previously: Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">This is a progress report of a project which started in 2009. </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">21 cynomolgus macaques were challenged with characterized CWD material from white-tailed deer (WTD) or elk by intracerebral (ic), oral, and skin exposure routes. Additional blood transfusion experiments are supposed to assess the CWD contamination risk of human blood product. Challenge materials originated from symptomatic cervids for ic, skin scarification and partially per oral routes (WTD brain). Challenge material for feeding of muscle derived from preclinical WTD and from preclinical macaques for blood transfusion experiments. We have confirmed that the CWD challenge material contained at least two different CWD agents (brain material) as well as CWD prions in muscle-associated nerves. </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Here we present first data on a group of animals either challenged ic with steel wires or per orally and sacrificed with incubation times ranging <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">from 4.5 to 6.9</span></span> years at postmortem. Three animals displayed signs of mild clinical disease, including anxiety, apathy, ataxia and/or tremor. In four animals wasting was observed, two of those had confirmed diabetes. All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals. Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuiC) and PET-blot assays to further substantiate these findings are on the way, as well as bioassays in bank voles and transgenic mice. </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">At present, a total of 10 animals are sacrificed and read-outs are ongoing. Preclinical incubation of the remaining macaques covers a range <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">from 6.4 to 7.10</span></span></span> years. Based on the species barrier and an incubation time of > 5 years for BSE in macaques and about 10 years for scrapie in macaques, we expected an onset of clinical disease beyond 6 years post inoculation. </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">PRION 2017 DECIPHERING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS ABSTRACTS REFERENCE</span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://aabb.confex.com/aabb/2018/mediafile/Handout/Session2756/TU1-3.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://aabb.confex.com/aabb/2018/mediafile/Handout/Session2756/TU1-3.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 23, 2019 </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion and THE FEAST 2003 CDC an updated review of the science 2019 </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 04, 2014 </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Six-year follow-up of a point-source exposure to CWD contaminated venison in an Upstate New York community: risk behaviours and health outcomes 2005–2011 Authors, though, acknowledged the study was limited in geography and sample size and so it couldn't draw a conclusion about the risk to humans. They recommended more study. Dr. Ermias Belay was the report's principal author but he said New York and Oneida County officials are following the proper course by not launching a study. "There's really nothing to monitor presently. No one's sick," Belay said, noting the disease's incubation period in deer and elk is measured in years. " </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Transmission Studies Mule deer transmissions of CWD were by intracerebral inoculation and compared with natural cases {the following was written but with a single line marked through it ''first passage (by this route)}....TSS resulted in a more rapidly progressive clinical disease with repeated episodes of synocopy ending in coma. One control animal became affected, it is believed through contamination of inoculum (?saline). Further CWD transmissions were carried out by Dick Marsh into ferret, mink and squirrel monkey. Transmission occurred in ALL of these species with the shortest incubation period in the ferret. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip.... </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Prion Infectivity in Fat of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease▿ </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Brent Race#, Kimberly Meade-White#, Richard Race and Bruce Chesebro* + Author Affiliations In mice, prion infectivity was recently detected in fat. Since ruminant fat is consumed by humans and fed to animals, we determined infectivity titers in fat from two CWD-infected deer. Deer fat devoid of muscle contained low levels of CWD infectivity and might be a risk factor for prion infection of other species. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Prions in Skeletal Muscles of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease Here bioassays in transgenic mice expressing cervid prion protein revealed the presence of infectious prions in skeletal muscles of CWD-infected deer, demonstrating that humans consuming or handling meat from CWD-infected deer are at risk to prion exposure. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> *** now, let’s see what the authors said about this casual link, personal communications years ago, and then the latest on the zoonotic potential from CWD to humans from the TOKYO PRION 2016 CONFERENCE. see where it is stated NO STRONG evidence. so, does this mean there IS casual evidence ???? “Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans” </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">From: TSS Subject: CWD aka MAD DEER/ELK TO HUMANS ??? </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Date: September 30, 2002 at 7:06 am PST </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">From: "Belay, Ermias" </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">To: Cc: "Race, Richard (NIH)" ; ; "Belay, Ermias" </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Sent: Monday, September 30, 2002 9:22 AM Subject: RE: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Dear Sir/Madam, In the Archives of Neurology you quoted (the abstract of which was attached to your email), we did not say CWD in humans will present like variant CJD.. That assumption would be wrong. I encourage you to read the whole article and call me if you have questions or need more clarification (phone: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">404-639-3091</span></span></span></span>). </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Also, we do not claim that "no-one has ever been infected with prion disease from eating venison." Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans in the article you quoted or in any other forum is limited to the patients we investigated. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Ermias Belay, M.D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">-----Original Message----- From: </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Sent: Sunday, September 29, 2002 10:15 AM To: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">rr26k@nih.gov</span></span></span></span>; <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">rrace@niaid.nih.gov</span></span></span></span>; <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">ebb8@CDC.GOV</span></span></span></span> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Subject: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Sunday, November 10, 2002 6:26 PM .......snip........end..............TSS </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Thursday, April 03, 2008 </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease 2008 1: Vet Res. 2008 Apr 3;39(4):41 A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease Sigurdson CJ. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip... *** twenty-seven CJD patients who regularly consumed venison were reported to the Surveillance Center***, </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip... full text ; </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">sporadic, spontaneous CJD, 85%+ of all human TSE, did not just happen. never in scientific literature has this been proven. if one looks up the word sporadic or spontaneous at pubmed, you will get a laundry list of disease that are classified in such a way; </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">sporadic = 54,983 hits </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic</a><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">spontaneous = 325,650 hits </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous</a><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">key word here is 'reported'. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can't, and it's as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it's being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. ...terry </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people.<br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;">key word here is ‘reported’. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can’t, and it’s as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it’s being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. …terry</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;">*** These results would seem to suggest that CWD does indeed have zoonotic potential, at least as judged by the compatibility of CWD prions and their human PrPC target. Furthermore, extrapolation from this simple in vitro assay suggests that if zoonotic CWD occurred, it would most likely effect those of the PRNP codon 129-MM genotype and that the PrPres type would be similar to that found in the most common subtype of sCJD (MM1).***</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys</a></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true</a></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background-color: white; color: #196ad4; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD TSE PRION AND ZOONOTIC, ZOONOSIS, POTENTIAL</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: Re: DEER SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY SURVEY & HOUND STUDY </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: Fri, 18 Oct 2002 23:12:22 +0100 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: Steve Dealler </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Organization: Netscape Online member </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: BSE-L@ References: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dear Terry,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">An excellent piece of review as this literature is desperately difficult to get back from Government sites.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">What happened with the deer was that an association between deer meat eating and sporadic CJD was found in about 1993. The evidence was not great but did not disappear after several years of asking CJD cases what they had eaten. I think that the work into deer disease largely stopped because it was not helpful to the UK industry...and no specific cases were reported. Well, if you dont look adequately like they are in USA currenly then you wont find any!</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Steve Dealler </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html</a><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM THIRD ANNUAL REPORT AUGUST 1994</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Consumption of venison and veal was much less widespread among both cases and controls. For both of these meats there was evidence of a trend with increasing frequency of consumption being associated with increasing risk of CJD. (not nvCJD, but sporadic CJD...tss) These associations were largely unchanged when attention was restricted to pairs with data obtained from relatives. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Table 9 presents the results of an analysis of these data.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is STRONG evidence of an association between ‘’regular’’ veal eating and risk of CJD (p = .0.01).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Individuals reported to eat veal on average at least once a year appear to be at 13 TIMES THE RISK of individuals who have never eaten veal.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is, however, a very wide confidence interval around this estimate. There is no strong evidence that eating veal less than once per year is associated with increased risk of CJD (p = 0.51).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is some evidence that risk of CJD INCREASES WITH INCREASING FREQUENCY OF LAMB EATING (p = 0.02).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The evidence for such an association between beef eating and CJD is weaker (p = 0.14). When only controls for whom a relative was interviewed are included, this evidence becomes a little STRONGER (p = 0.08).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It was found that when veal was included in the model with another exposure, the association between veal and CJD remained statistically significant (p = < 0.05 for all exposures), while the other exposures ceased to be statistically significant (p = > 0.05).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In conclusion, an analysis of dietary histories revealed statistical associations between various meats/animal products and INCREASED RISK OF CJD. When some account was taken of possible confounding, the association between VEAL EATING AND RISK OF CJD EMERGED AS THE STRONGEST OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS STATISTICALLY. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the study in the USA, a range of foodstuffs were associated with an increased risk of CJD, including liver consumption which was associated with an apparent SIX-FOLD INCREASE IN THE RISK OF CJD. By comparing the data from 3 studies in relation to this particular dietary factor, the risk of liver consumption became non-significant with an odds ratio of 1.2 (PERSONAL COMMUNICATION, PROFESSOR A. HOFMAN. ERASMUS UNIVERSITY, ROTTERDAM). (???...TSS)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full report ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stephen Dealler is a consultant medical microbiologist <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">deal@airtime.co.uk</span> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE Inquiry Steve Dealler</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Management In Confidence</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE: Private Submission of Bovine Brain Dealler</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> MAD DOGS AND ENGLISHMEN BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, CJD, TSE PRION A REVIEW 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> ''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> In conclusion, sensory symptoms and loss of reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome can be explained by neuropathological changes in the spinal cord. We conclude that the sensory symptoms and loss of lower limb reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome is due to pathology in the caudal spinal cord. <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology.<*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD. <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals.<*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids.'' Scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease (II) <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, DECEMBER 08, 2023 </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;">TEXAS CWD TSE PRION DIRE CONSEQUENCES ARE HERE! </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/texas-cwd-tse-prion-dire-consequences.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/texas-cwd-tse-prion-dire-consequences.html</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, MAY 11, 2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">> A Unique Presentation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in a Patient Consuming Deer Antler Velvet <</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusion</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We believe that our patient’s case of CJD is highly suspicious for cervid etiology given the circumstances of the case as well as the strong evidence of plausibility reported in published literature. This is the first known case of CJD in a patient who had consumed deer antler velvet. Despite the confirmed diagnosis of CJD, a causal relationship between the patient’s disease and his consumption of deer antler velvet cannot be definitively concluded.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Supplemental data including molecular tissue sample analysis and autopsy findings could yield further supporting evidence. Given this patient’s clinical resemblance to CBD and the known histological similarities of CBD with CJD, clinicians should consider both diseases in the differential diagnosis of patients with a similarly esoteric presentation. Regardless of the origin of this patient’s disease, it is clear that the potential for prion transmission from cervids to humans should be further investigated by the academic community with considerable urgency.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''We believe that our patient’s case of CJD is highly suspicious for cervid etiology given the circumstances of the case as well as the strong evidence of plausibility reported in published literature. This is the first known case of CJD in a patient who had consumed deer antler velvet. Despite the confirmed diagnosis of CJD, a causal relationship between the patient’s disease and his consumption of deer antler velvet cannot be definitively concluded.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE: A Unique Presentation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in a Patient Consuming Deer Antler Velvet</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i was warning England and the BSE Inquiry about just this, way back in 1998, and was ask to supply information to the BSE Inquiry. for anyone that might be interested, see;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary submission to the BSE Inquiry on CJD and Nutritional Supplements 1998</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ABOUT that deer antler spray and CWD TSE PRION... I have been screaming this since my neighbors mom died from cjd, and she had been taking a supplement that contained bovine brain, bovine eyeball, and other SRMs specified risk materials, the most high risk for mad cow disease. just saying...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I made a submission to the BSE Inquiry long ago during the BSE Inquiry days, and they seemed pretty interested.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sender: "Patricia Cantos"</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: "Terry S Singeltary Sr. (E-mail)"</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: Your submission to the Inquiry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: Fri, 3 Jul 1998 10:10:05 +0100 3 July 1998</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Mr Terry S Singeltary Sr. E-Mail: Flounder at <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">wt.net</span> Ref: E2979</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dear Mr Singeltary, Thank you for your E-mail message of the 30th of June 1998 providing the Inquiry with your further comments. Thank you for offering to provide the Inquiry with any test results on the nutritional supplements your mother was taking before she died. As requested I am sending you our general Information Pack and a copy of the Chairman's letter. Please contact me if your system cannot read the attachments. Regarding your question, the Inquiry is looking into many aspects of the scientific evidence on BSE and nvCJD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I would refer you to the transcripts of evidence we have already heard which are found on our internet site at ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">http://www.bse.org.uk</span>.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Could you please provide the Inquiry with a copy of the press article you refer to in your e-mail? If not an approximate date for the article so that we can locate it? In the meantime, thank you for you comments. Please do not hesitate to contact me on... snip...end...tss</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">everyone I tell this too gets it screwed up...MY MOTHER WAS NOT TAKING THOSE SUPPLEMENTS IPLEX (that I ever knew of). this was my neighbors mother that died exactly one year previously and to the day of sporadic CJD that was diagnosed as Alzheimer’s at first. my mother died exactly a year later from the Heidenhain Variant of Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease hvCJD, and exceedingly rare strains of the ever growing sporadic CJD’s. both cases confirmed. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">kind regards, terry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TSEs i.e. mad cow disease's BSE/BASE and NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS IPLEX, mad by standard process; vacuum dried bovine BRAIN, bone meal, bovine EYE, veal Bone, bovine liver powder, bovine adrenal, vacuum dried bovine kidney, and vacuum dried porcine stomach. also; what about potential mad cow candy bars ? see their potential mad cow candy bar list too... THESE are just a few of MANY of just this ONE COMPANY...TSS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''So, in sum, dietary supplements sold in the United States often contain ruminant tissues from undisclosed sources. Personally, I am rather squeamish and I don't think I would be eating prostate or testicle or pituitary, but I am also a little bit wary of consuming products with those glands, not just out of personal repugnance but simply out of a health concern.'' DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION CENTER FOR BIOLOGICS EVALUATION AND RESEARCH TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES ADVISORY COMMITTEE Friday, January 19, 2001</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15 Open Public Hearing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">16 DR. FREAS: We are opening the open public hearing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 now. We have received one response to speak in this</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">18 afternoon's open public hearing. That is from Dr. Scott</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">19 Norton. If Dr. Norton is here, would you please come</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">20 forward. You can either use the podium or the microphone,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">21 whichever is your choice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 DR. NORTON: I am Scott Norton and I am a</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23 physician in the Washington D.C. area. I am here speaking</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">24 as a private citizen today.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">25 I first became concerned about the presence of 231</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1 tissues from ruminant animals in dietary supplements about</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2 six months ago and expressed my concern in a letter that was 3 published in New England Journal of Medicine in July of Year 4 2000. 5 A couple of the products that I had looked at, and 6 examined their labels, that raised these concerns I brought 7 in right here. I will just read some of the organs that are 8 found in one that is called Male Power. Deer antler, 9 pancreas, orchic--despite what we just heard that the FDA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">10 prefers the term "testicular tissue" to be written on the</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">11 labels, I have never seen a dietary supplement say</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">12 "testicle." They always say "orchis" or "orchic" which may</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">13 sound rather flowery to the etymologically impaired--thymus,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">14 adrenal, heart, lymph node, prostate, spleen and pituitary.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15 There are actually seventeen organs in that particular</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">16 product.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 There is another product that is called Brain</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">18 Nutrition that tells us that it is vitamins and minerals</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">19 essential for important brain function. It does not mention</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">20 that there is any glandulars on at least the bold print. 21 But if you look at the small print on the back, we learn</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 that it has brain extract and pituitary extract, raw, in</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23 there.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">24 We know that many of the organs that can be found</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">25 in the dietary supplements do fall in that list of organs</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">232</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1 that are suspect for contamination with TSEs, the labels, in 2 nearly all cases, identify neither the animal source nor the 3 geographic location from which the organs were derived. I 4 have seen one line that did specify from New Zealand cattle 5 but no other manufacturer will list either the species or 6 the geographic location. 7 The FDA's and the USDA's import alerts that we 8 just learned about prohibit the use of these organs in 9 foods, medicines and medical devices. But my reading of the</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">10 alert, 17-04, suggests that DSHEA does allow some loopholes</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">11 for these tissues to possible slip in.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">12 I will just read <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">from 17-04</span> that we heard. On the</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">13 first page, it says that, "This alert does not establish any</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">14 obligations on regulated entities." I love seeing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15 legislation that starts out with that caveat.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">16 Then it says, further, "The USDA regulations do</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 not apply to bovine-derived materials intended for human</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">18 consumption as finished dietary supplements." We also learn</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">19 that the prohibition, or the import alert, is limited to</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">20 bulk lots of these tissues, completed tissues, from BSE-</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">21 derived countries. It does not mention if it is not a bulk</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 import or if it is raw materials rather than finished</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23 materials.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">24 Further, we know that it is strongly recommended</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">25 but not actually prohibited in the language here. So I have</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">233</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1 not taken the assurances from that import alert that Dr. 2 Moore was trying to convey to us. 3 So, in sum, dietary supplements sold in the United 4 States often contain ruminant tissues from undisclosed 5 sources. Personally, I am rather squeamish and I don't 6 think I would be eating prostate or testicle or pituitary, 7 but I am also a little bit wary of consuming products with 8 those glands, not just out of personal repugnance but simply 9 out of a health concern.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">10 So my question to the advisory committee is this;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">11 is my caution reasonable and, if it is, should we take</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">12 further efforts to inform, or even protect, the American</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">13 public from such exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">14 I was curious about Dr.</span> Moore's remarks. I sensed</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15 two messages. One was the initial reassurance that FDA has</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">16 the regulatory authority but then I also learned that it is</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 the manufacturer's responsibility to provide those 18 assurances, that the FDA doesn't actually inspect.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">19 I think that the FDA commissioners from Harvey</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">20 Wylie to David Kessler would say that that track record has</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">21 proven itself.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 Thank you very much.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23 [Applause.]</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">24 DR. BROWN: Thanks, Dr. Norton. 25 Committee Discussion snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 But I think that we could exhibit some quite 18 reasonable concern about blood donors who are taking dietary 19 supplements that contain a certain amount of unspecified- 20 origin brain, brain-related, brain and pituitary material. 21 If they have done this for more than a sniff or something 22 like that, then, perhaps, they should be deferred as blood 23 donors. 24 That is probably worse than spending six months in 25 the U.K. 1/19/01 3681t2.rtf(845) page 501 <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/cber01.htm</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Advisory Committees: CBER 2001 Meeting Documents</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see actual paper;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20110616...ov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t2.rtf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20110616...ov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t2.rtf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Mar03/031403/96N-0417-EC-2.htm" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Mar03/031403/96N-0417-EC-2.htm</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_07.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_07.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">-------- Original Message --------</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: METABOLIFE AND TSEs GAO-03-494 ''URGENT DATA''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: Thu, 01 May 2003 11:23:01 -0500</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: NelliganJ at <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">gao.gov</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The General Accounting Office (GAO) today released the following reports and testimonies:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">REPORTS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1. Dietary Supplements: Review of Health-Related Call Records for Users of Metabolife 356. GAO-03-494, <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">March 31.</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-03-494" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-03-494</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see updated url link;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050205084229/http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20050205084229/http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">GREETINGS GAO:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i was surprised that i did not see any listing of bovine tissue in metabolife on it's label. have they ceased using these desiccated tissues???</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i see that the lable on this product METABOLIFE 356, does not state that it has any tissues of desiccated bovine organs? i no the product use to, so i am curious if they have ceased the use of the tissues of cattle they use to use (see below)???</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">METABOLIFE 356 BOVINE COMPLEX/GLANDULAR SYSTEM OVARIES, PROSTATE, SCROTUM AND ADRENAL USDA SOURCE CATTLE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i tried warning them years ago of this potential threat of CJD/TSEs;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: Randy Smith To: "'flounder at <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">wt.net</span>'" Subject: Metabolife Date: Mon, 7 Dec 1998 14:21:35 -0800</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dear Sir,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We are looking at reformulation. I agree that slow virus diseases present a problem in some areas of the world.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our product uses healthy USDA inspected cattle for the glandular extract.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">If you have any links to more information on this subject I would like to examine them.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Thank you for your interest and concern,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dr. Smith ============</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see full text links of this archived information ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/03/chronic-wasting-disease-prions-in-elk.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/03/chronic-wasting-disease-prions-in-elk.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/ohio-division-of-wildlife-confirms.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/ohio-division-of-wildlife-confirms.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/124/additional-cases-marion-wyandot-counties" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/124/additional-cases-marion-wyandot-counties</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">spontaneous/sporadic CJD in 85%+ of all human TSE, or spontaneous BSE in cattle, is a pipe dream, dreamed up by USDA/OIE et al, that has never been proven. let me repeat, NEVER BEEN PROVEN FOR ALL HUMAN OR ANIMAL TSE I.E. ATYPICAL BSE OR SPORADIC CJD! please see;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, DECEMBER 12, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE TSE PRION DISEASE UPDATE USA DECEMBER 2023 <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-tse-prion.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> 2023 Professor John Collinge on tackling prion diseases <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“The best-known human prion disease is sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), a rapidly progressive dementia which accounts for around 1 in 5000 deaths worldwide.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is accumulating evidence also for iatrogenic AD. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Understanding prion biology, and in particular how propagation of prions leads to neurodegeneration, is therefore of central research importance in medicine.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Terry</div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37946824.post-70547717466005806642024-01-17T15:15:00.000-06:002024-01-17T15:15:12.969-06:00TPWD Action CWD Detection and Response Rules Containment and Surveillance Zone Boundaries Recommended Adoption of Proposed Changes January 25, 2024<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">TPWD Action CWD Detection and Response Rules Containment and Surveillance Zone Boundaries Recommended Adoption of Proposed Changes January 25, 2024</span></p><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Commission Meeting Agenda Item No. 2 Presenter: Alan Cain</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Action Chronic Wasting Disease Detection and Response Rules Containment and Surveillance Zone Boundaries Recommended Adoption of Proposed Changes January 25, 2024</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I. Executive Summary: Staff seeks adoption of proposed amendments to rules governing chronic wasting disease (CWD) detection, response, and management. The proposed amendments would create a new CWD Containment Zone (CZ) in Coleman County and new CWD Surveillance Zones (SZ) in Cherokee, Coleman, Kerr, and Kimble counties. The proposed amendments would also expand an existing CZ in Medina County, all in response to the continuing detection of CWD in deer breeding facilities and free-ranging deer. The proposed amendments would establish SZs for portions of Cherokee, Coleman, Kimble, and Medina counties to include all properties that are located partially or entirely within two miles of the premises where CWD has been detected in a permitted deer breeding facility. If Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) receives confirmation prior to January 25, 2024, for a suspect CWD-positive sample submitted from Kerr County, the proposed amendments would also establish a new SZ for portions of Kerr County.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">II. Discussion: On September 7, 2023, TPWD received notification that a six-year-old female white-tailed deer in a deer breeding facility located in Kimble County had been confirmed positive for CWD. On October 19, 2023, TPWD received notification that a 14-month-old male white-tailed deer in a deer breeding facility located in Medina County was confirmed positive for CWD. On November 14, 2023, TPWD received notification that a 4.4-year-old male white-tailed deer in a deer breeding facility located in Cherokee County was confirmed positive for CWD. On December 6, 2023, TPWD received notification that CWD was confirmed in a free-range 2.5-year-old male white-tailed deer taken by a hunter in Coleman County.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">At the time that the proposed rules were submitted to the Texas Register for publication and public comment, TPWD was also awaiting confirmation of test results indicating that a 14-month-old male white-tailed deer in the department’s research facility at the Kerr Wildlife Management Area (WMA) in Kerr County was infected with CWD. TPWD promptly depopulated the Kerr WMA research facility as a precautionary measure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The proposed rules would establish a new CZ, expand an existing CZ, and establish new SZs in response to these discoveries.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">III. Recommendation: Staff recommends that the Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission adopt the following motion:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“The Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission adopts amendments to 31 Texas Administrative Code §65.81 and §65.82, concerning Disease Detection and Response, as listed in Exhibit A, with changes as necessary to the proposed text as published in the December 22, 2023, issue of the Texas Register (48 TexReg 7868).”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Attachment – 1</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Exhibit A – Disease Detection and Response Rules Commission Agenda Item No. 2 Exhibit A</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DISEASE DETECTION AND RESPONSE RULES</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PROPOSAL PREAMBLE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1. Introduction.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department proposes amendments to 31 TAC §65.81, concerning Containment Zones; Restrictions, and §65.82, concerning Surveillance Zones; Restrictions.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> The proposed amendments would establish a chronic wasting disease (CWD) containment zone (CZ) in Coleman County and surveillance zones (SZs) in Kimble, Medina, Cherokee, Coleman, and Kerr counties in response to the continuing detection of CWD in deer breeding facilities, free-ranging populations, and a department research facility, and would heighten the department’s surveillance efforts in those areas.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder that affects some cervid species, including white-tailed deer, mule deer, elk, red deer, sika, and their hybrids (referred to collectively as susceptible species). It is classified as a TSE (transmissible spongiform encephalopathy), a family of diseases that includes scrapie (found in sheep), bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, found in cattle and commonly known as “Mad Cow Disease”), and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Much remains unknown about CWD, although robust efforts to increase knowledge are underway in many states and countries. The peculiarities of its transmission (how it is passed from animal to animal), infection rate (the frequency of occurrence through time or other comparative standard), incubation period (the time from exposure to clinical manifestation), and potential for transmission to other species are still being investigated. Currently there is scientific evidence to suggest that CWD has zoonotic potential; however, no confirmed cases of CWD have been found in humans. Consequently, both the Center for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization strongly recommend testing animals taken in areas where CWD exists, and recommend not consuming the meat of infected animals. What is known is that CWD is invariably fatal to certain species of cervids and is transmitted both directly (through animal-to-animal contact) and indirectly (through environmental contamination). If CWD is not contained and controlled, the implications of the disease for Texas and its multi-billion-dollar ranching, hunting, wildlife management, and real estate economies could be significant.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> The department has engaged in several rulemakings over the years to address the threat posed by CWD, including rules to designate a system of management zones in areas where CWD has been confirmed. The purpose of those CWD zones is to better determine the geographic extent and prevalence of the disease while containing it by limiting the unnatural movement of live CWD-susceptible species as well as the movement of carcass parts.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> The department’s response to the emergence of CWD in captive and free-ranging populations is guided by the department’s CWD Management Plan (Plan) https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/plan.phtml. Developed in 2012 in consultation with the Texas Animal Health Commission (TAHC), other governmental entities and conservation organizations, and various advisory groups consisting of landowners, hunters, deer managers, veterinarians, and epidemiologists, the Plan sets forth the department’s CWD management strategies and informs regulatory responses to the detection of the disease in captive and free-ranging cervid populations in the state of Texas. The Plan is intended to be dynamic; in fact, it must be so in order to accommodate the growing understanding of the etiology, pathology, and epidemiology of the disease and the potential management pathways that emerge as it becomes better understood through time. The Plan proceeds from the premise that disease surveillance and active management of CWD once it is detected are absolutely critical to containing it on the landscape. Accordingly, the first step in the department’s response to CWD detections is the timely establishment of management zones around locations where detection occurs. A CZ is “a department-defined geographic area in which CWD has been detected or the department has determined, using the best available science and data, that CWD detection is probable.” Designation of a CZ imposes mandatory carcass movement restrictions, and if the department imposes mandatory check stations, all deer harvested within a CZ must be presented at a check station unless otherwise authorized by the department in writing. A SZ is “a department-defined geographic area in this state within which the department has determined, using the best available science and data, that the presence of CWD could reasonably be expected.” Within a SZ, the movement of live deer is subject to restrictions and the presentation of harvested deer at a department check station is required. In addition, deer carcass movement restrictions set forth in §65.88 of Subchapter B, Division 1 apply.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Historically, when CWD has been detected in a deer breeding facility but not on any associated release sites, the department has considered the property on which the breeding facility is located to be a de facto CZ because it is surrounded by a fence capable of retaining deer at all times and is immediately subject to a quarantine and a herd plan administered by TAHC. In such cases, the department has designated only a SZ around the index facility. In cases where CWD is detected in a free-ranging deer or a release site associated with a positive facility, the department imposes a CZ.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> The Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission has directed staff to develop guidelines or a standard operating procedure (SOP) with respect to the establishment and duration of SZs. The SOP distinguishes two scenarios: 1) the detection of CWD has been in a deer breeding facility but not at any release site associated with a breeding facility and 2) detection of CWD on a release site associated with a deer breeding facility where CWD has been detected. In the first scenario, the department will not establish a SZ if the following can be verified: 1) the disease was detected early (i.e., it has not been in the facility long); 2) the transmission mechanism and pathway are known; 3) the facility was promptly depopulated following detection; and 4) there is no evidence that free-ranging deer populations have been compromised. If any of these criteria is not satisfied, a SZ will be established, to consist of all properties that are wholly or partially located within two miles of the property containing the positive deer breeding facility. None of the discoveries necessitating this rulemaking satisfy all four criteria; thus, the department proposes the new surveillance zones described in this rulemaking.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> On September 7, 2023, the department received confirmation that a six-year-old female white-tailed deer in a deer breeding facility located in Kimble County had been confirmed positive for CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> On October 19, 2023, the department received notification that a 14-month-old male white-tailed deer in a deer breeding facility located in Medina County was confirmed positive for CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> On November 14, 2023, the department received notification that a 4.4-year-old male white-tailed deer in a deer breeding facility located in Cherokee County was confirmed positive for CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> On December 6, 2023, department received notification that CWD was confirmed in a free-range 2.5-year-old male white-tailed deer taken by a hunter in Coleman County.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> At the time this proposal was submitted to the Texas Register the department was awaiting confirmation of test results indicating that a 14-month-old male white-tailed deer in the department’s research facility at the Kerr Wildlife Management Area in Kerr County was infected with CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> The proposed amendment to §65.81, concerning Containment Zones; Restrictions, would create a new CZ in Coleman County.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> The proposed amendment to §65.82, concerning Surveillance Zones; Restrictions, would establish new surveillance zones in Kimble, Medina, Coleman, Cherokee, and Kerr counties. The department notes that the SZs will be removed when the department is satisfied that CWD has been contained and the risk of further spread is minimal. In the case of the confirmed positive at the Kerr WMA, the department immediately euthanized and tested every deer at the facility, with no additional detections. The department believes that imposition of a SZ is necessary because the transmission pathway and agent are unknown.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2. Fiscal Note.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Robert Macdonald, Regulations Coordinator, has determined that for each of the first five years that the rules as proposed is in effect, there will be no fiscal implications to state and local governments as a result of enforcing or administering the rules as proposed, as department personnel currently allocated to the administration and enforcement of disease management activities will administer and enforce the rules as part of their current job duties and resources.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3. Public Benefit/Cost Note.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Mr. Macdonald also has determined that for each of the first five years the amendments as proposed are in effect:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> (A) The public benefit anticipated as a result of enforcing or administering the rules as proposed will be a reduction of the probability of CWD being spread from locations where it might exist and an increase in the probability of detecting CWD if it does exist, thus ensuring the public of continued enjoyment of the resource and also ensuring the continued beneficial economic impacts of hunting in Texas.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> (B) There could be adverse economic impact on persons required to comply with the rules as proposed. Such impacts would include any monetary and time costs incurred by persons transporting harvested deer to a department check station as required, which the department has estimated will be minimal.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(C) Under the provisions of Government Code, Chapter 2006, a state agency must prepare an economic impact statement and a regulatory flexibility analysis for a rule that may have an adverse economic effect on small businesses, micro-businesses, and rural communities. As required by Government Code, §2006.002(g), in April 2008, the Office of the Attorney General issued guidelines to assist state agencies in determining a proposed rule’s potential adverse economic impact on small businesses. These guidelines state that “[g]enerally, there is no need to examine the indirect effects of a proposed rule on entities outside of an agency’s regulatory jurisdiction.” The guidelines state that an agency need only consider a proposed rule’s “direct adverse economic impacts” to small businesses and micro-businesses to determine if any further analysis is required. The guidelines also list examples of the types of costs that may result in a “direct economic impact.” Such costs may include costs associated with additional recordkeeping or reporting requirements; new taxes or fees; lost sales or profits; changes in market competition; or the need to purchase or modify equipment or services.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">For the purposes of this analysis, the department considers all deer breeders to be small or microbusinesses, which ensures that the analysis captures all deer breeders possibly affected by the proposed rulemaking.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> The department has determined that there are no deer breeding facilities located within the proposed new CZ in Coleman County; therefore, there would be no direct adverse economic impacts to the regulated community (i.e., permitted deer breeders) as a result of the creation of the proposed CZ in Coleman County.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> The department has determined that there will be no adverse economic impacts to deer breeding facilities located within the proposed SZs. Under current rule, a deer breeding facility that is both within a SZ and MQ (Movement Qualified, which is the authorization to transfer deer) may transfer to or receive breeder deer from any other MQ deer breeding facility in this state and deer from a MQ deer breeding facility located outside a SZ may be released within a SZ if authorized by Division 2 of this subchapter. Thus, the zone designations will not result in adverse economic impacts to any deer breeders in the new SZs, provided the breeding facility enjoys MQ designation by the department. The proposed amendments will not affect deer breeding facilities designated NMQ (Non-Movement Qualified) as they cannot transfer deer under the provisions of other rules currently in effect.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> To the extent that rules affect licensed hunters (by imposing check station and carcass movement restrictions), the department has determined that those components of the proposed rules involve regulation of various aspects of recreational license privileges that allow individual persons to pursue and harvest wildlife resources in this state and therefore do not directly affect small businesses, micro-businesses, or rural communities. Therefore, neither the economic impact statement nor the regulatory flexibility analysis described in Government Code, Chapter 2006, is required.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> The department has determined that the proposed rule will not affect rural communities because the rule does not directly regulate any rural community.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> (D) The department has not drafted a local employment impact statement under the Administrative Procedure Act, §2001.022, as the agency has determined that the rule as proposed will not result in direct impacts to local economies.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> (E) The department has determined that Government Code, §2001.0225 (Regulatory Analysis of Major Environmental Rules), does not apply to the proposed rule.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> (F) The department has determined that there will not be a taking of private real property, as defined by Government Code, Chapter 2007, as a result of the proposed new rule. Any impacts resulting from the discovery of CWD in or near private real property would be the result of the discovery of CWD and not the proposed rule.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> (G) In compliance with the requirements of Government Code, §2001.0221, the department has prepared the following Government Growth Impact Statement (GGIS). The rule as proposed, if adopted, will:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> (1) neither create nor eliminate a government program;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> (2) not result in an increase or decrease in the number of full-time equivalent employee needs;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> (3) not result in a need for additional General Revenue funding;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> (4) not affect the amount of any fee;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> (5) not create a new regulation;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> (6) expand an existing regulation (by creating new areas subject to the rules governing CZs and SZs), but will otherwise not limit or repeal an existing regulation;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> (7) neither increase nor decrease the number of individuals subject to regulation; and</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> (8) not positively or adversely affect the state’s economy.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">4. Request for Public Comment.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Comments on the proposed rule may be submitted to Alan Cain, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, 4200 Smith School Road, Austin, Texas, 78744; (830) 480-4038 (e-mail: alan.cain@tpwd.texas.gov); or via the department’s website at www.tpwd.texas.gov.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">5. Statutory Authority.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> The amendments are proposed under the authority of Parks and Wildlife Code, Chapter 43, Subchapter C, which requires the commission to adopt rules to govern the collecting, holding, possession, propagation, release, display, or transport of protected wildlife for scientific research, educational display, zoological collection, or rehabilitation; Subchapter E, which requires the commission to adopt rules for the trapping, transporting, and transplanting of game animals and game birds, urban white-tailed deer removal, and trapping and transporting surplus white-tailed deer; Subchapter L, which authorizes the commission to make regulations governing the possession, transfer, purchase, sale, of breeder deer held under the authority of the subchapter; Subchapters R and R-1, which authorize the commission to establish the conditions of a deer management permit for white-tailed and mule deer, respectively; and §61.021, which provides that no person may possess a game animal at any time or in any place except as permitted under a proclamation of the commission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> The proposed amendments affect Parks and Wildlife Code, Chapter 43, Subchapters C, E, L, R, R-1, and Chapter 61.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">6. Rule Text.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> §65.81. Containment Zones; Restrictions. The areas described in paragraph (1) of this section are CZs and the provisions of this subchapter applicable to CZs apply on all properties lying wholly or partially within the described areas.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> (1) Containment Zones.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> (A) – (H) (No change.)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> (I) Containment Zone 9. Containment Zone 9 is that portion of Coleman County lying within the area described by the following latitude-longitude coordinate pairs: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/business/feedback/meetings/2024/0125/agenda/item.phtml?item=2" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/business/feedback/meetings/2024/0125/agenda/item.phtml?item=2</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Attachment – 1</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Exhibit A – Disease Detection and Response Rules</div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/business/feedback/meetings/2024/0125/agenda/item.phtml?item=2#02_exa" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/business/feedback/meetings/2024/0125/agenda/item.phtml?item=2#02_exa</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">TEXAS CWD LAND OWNERS</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/landowners/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/landowners/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">TEXAS CWD LAND OWNERS</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/landowners/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/landowners/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">For more information on CWD, CWD zones, and requirements:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD Zones: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/maps/cwd-zones-check-stations.phtml" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/maps/cwd-zones-check-stations.phtml</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TAHC Exotic CWD Susceptible Species Page: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tahc.texas.gov/animal_health/elk-deer/#cwdexotic" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tahc.texas.gov/animal_health/elk-deer/#cwdexotic</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TPWD CWD Page: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Official movement requirements are always available in the Texas Administrative Code, Title 4, Part 2. Official TAHC exotic CWD susceptible species movement requirements: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://texreg.sos.state.tx.us/public/readtac%24ext.TacPage?sl=R&app=9&p_dir=&p_rloc=&p_tloc=&p_ploc=&pg=1&p_tac=&ti=4&pt=2&ch=40&rl=5" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://texreg.sos.state.tx.us/public/readtac%24ext.TacPage?sl=R&app=9&p_dir=&p_rloc=&p_tloc=&p_ploc=&pg=1&p_tac=&ti=4&pt=2&ch=40&rl=5</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Unofficial summary of TAHC exotic Chronic Wasting Disease susceptible species requirements: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tahc.texas.gov/regs/pdf/MovementRequirements_Exotics-Ratites.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tahc.texas.gov/regs/pdf/MovementRequirements_Exotics-Ratites.pdf</a></div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">TPWD CWD TRACKING PAGE IS TERRIBLY OUTDATED AGAIN, I'M GUESS PUSHING 700 CWD POSITIVES TO DATE, BUT THAT'S A GUESS FROM LAST UPDATE OF 575 OFFICIALLY, BUT THERE HAS BEEN MORE CASES SINCE...terry</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/positive-cases/listing-cwd-cases-texas.phtml#texasCWD" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/positive-cases/listing-cwd-cases-texas.phtml#texasCWD</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Texas TPWD CWD Update</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TITLE 31. NATURAL RESOURCES AND CONSERVATION PART 2. TEXAS PARKS AND WILDLIFE DEPARTMENT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CHAPTER 65. WILDLIFE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SUBCHAPTER B. DISEASE DETECTION AND RESPONSE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DIVISION 2. CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE - COMPREHENSIVE RULES</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">31 TAC §65.95 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/December82023/Emergency%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/December82023/Emergency%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#9</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">LAST OFFICIAL COUNT ON CWD STILL STUCK ON 575 CWD CASES CONFIRMED IN TEXAS BACK ON NOVEMBER 1, 2023;</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 01, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">TEXAS CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE RISES SUBSTANTIALLY TO 575 CONFIRMED CWD CASES TO DATE<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/11/texas-chronic-wasting-disease-rises.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/11/texas-chronic-wasting-disease-rises.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">LAST NEWSPAPER REPORT I KNOW OF WAS AT 624 CASES CWD TO DATE;</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, JANUARY 05, 2024 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Texas CWD Cases Mount, 624 documented cases statewide, with 181 cases reported in 2023 alone<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2024/01/texas-cwd-cases-mount-624-documented.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2024/01/texas-cwd-cases-mount-624-documented.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, DECEMBER 08, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">TEXAS CWD TSE PRION DIRE CONSEQUENCES ARE HERE! </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/texas-cwd-tse-prion-dire-consequences.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/texas-cwd-tse-prion-dire-consequences.html</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a></div></div></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">***> the tse prion worm turns, the strain changes on inter species transmission, oh my! <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Detection of classical BSE prions in asymptomatic cows after inoculation with atypical/Nor98 scrapie</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Marina Betancor, Belén Marín, Alicia Otero, Carlos Hedman, Antonio Romero, Tomás Barrio, Eloisa Sevilla, Jean-Yves Douet, Alvina Huor, Juan José Badiola, Olivier Andréoletti & Rosa Bolea Veterinary Research</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">volume 54, Article number: 89 (2023) </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The emergence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) prions from atypical scrapie has been recently observed upon experimental transmission to rodent and swine models. This study aimed to assess whether the inoculation of atypical scrapie could induce BSE-like disease in cattle. Four calves were intracerebrally challenged with atypical scrapie. Animals were euthanized without clinical signs of prion disease and tested negative for PrPSc accumulation by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. However, an emergence of BSE-like prion seeding activity was detected during in vitro propagation of brain samples from the inoculated animals. These findings suggest that atypical scrapie may represent a potential source of BSE infection in cattle.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Further in vivo experiments challenging different mouse lines have been started in order to confirm the infectivity of the PMCA products obtained in this study. However, in conclusion, our findings show that the propagation of atypical scrapie in cattle leads to the emergence of BSE-like seeding activity. This is a concerning issue with far-reaching implications for public health and food safety. The possibility of interspecies transmission of prion diseases and the emergence of new prion strains highlight the critical need for continued surveillance and monitoring of these diseases in both animal and human populations. Early detection of prion diseases is crucial, and highly sensitive detection techniques such as PMCA can play an important role in this regard.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-023-01225-2" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-023-01225-2</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD TSE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD TSE PRION CERVID ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">So, this is what we leave our children and grandchildren?..</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Detection of prions in soils contaminated by multiple routes</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stuart Siegfried Lichtenberg1,2 , Heather Inzalaco3 , Sam Thomas4 , Dan Storm5 , Dan Walsh6</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3 Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">4Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">5Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, U.S.A.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">6U.S. Geological Survey, Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, U.S.A.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Free-ranging animals afflicted with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies frequently shed infectious prions into the broader environment. The quintessential example is chronic wasting disease, the TSE of cervids. Over the course of the disease, an infected animal will shed infectious prions in blood, urine, saliva, and feces. Upon death, the total prion load interred in the animal’s tissues will be deposited wherever the animal falls. This contamination creates substantial risk to naïve animals, and likely contributes to disease spread. Identification and quantification of prions at contamination hotspots is essential for any attempt at mitigation of environmental transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: Surfactant extraction of soils followed by precipitation yields a sample that is amenable to analysis by real-time quaking induced conversion. However, differences in extraction yield are apparent depending on the properties of the matrix from which the prions are being extracted, principally soil clay content.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: We are able to detect prion seeding activity at multiple types of environmental hotspots, including carcass sites, contaminated captive facilities, and scrapes (i.e. urine and saliva). Differences in relative prion concentration vary depending on the nature and source of the contamination. Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Detection of prions in the environment is of the utmost importance for controlling chronic wasting disease spread. Here, we have demonstrated a viable method for detection of prions in complex environmental matrices. However, it is quite likely that this method underestimates the total infectious prion load in a contaminated sample, due to incomplete recovery of infectious prions. Further refinements are necessary for accurate quantification of prions in such samples, and to account for the intrinsic heterogeneities found in the broader environment.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2023 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Nine of these recurrences occurred 14–21 years after culling, apparently as the result of environmental contamination, but outside entry could not always be absolutely excluded. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY Volume 87, Issue 12 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years Free </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82011-0" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82011-0</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rapid recontamination of a farm building occurs after attempted prion removal </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">First published: 19 January 2019 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The data illustrates the difficulty in decontaminating farm buildings from scrapie, and demonstrates the likely contribution of farm dust to the recontamination of these environments to levels that are capable of causing disease. snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This study clearly demonstrates the difficulty in removing scrapie infectivity from the farm environment. Practical and effective prion decontamination methods are still urgently required for decontamination of scrapie infectivity from farms that have had cases of scrapie and this is particularly relevant for scrapie positive goatherds, which currently have limited genetic resistance to scrapie within commercial breeds.24 This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***>This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Front. Vet. Sci., 14 September 2015 | <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Objects in contact with classical scrapie sheep act as a reservoir for scrapie transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In conclusion, the results in the current study indicate that removal of furniture that had been in contact with scrapie-infected animals should be recommended, particularly since cleaning and decontamination may not effectively remove scrapie infectivity (31), even though infectivity declines considerably if the pasture and the field furniture have not been in contact with scrapie-infected sheep for several months. As sPMCA failed to detect PrPSc in furniture that was subjected to weathering, even though exposure led to infection in sheep, this method may not always be reliable in predicting the risk of scrapie infection through environmental contamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">172. Establishment of PrPCWD extraction and detection methods in the farm soil</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our studies showed that PrPCWD persist in 0.001% CWD contaminated soil for at least 4 year and natural CWD-affected farm soil. When cervid reintroduced into CWD outbreak farm, the strict decontamination procedures of the infectious agent should be performed in the environment of CWD-affected cervid habitat.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Plants as vectors for environmental prion transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published: November 09, 2023DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.108428" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.108428</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Advertisement Highlights</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• Abnormal prion protein can enter the roots of plants</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• Plants can translocate detectable levels of prions to aerial tissues</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">•Animals exposed to prion-contaminated plant tissues can acquire disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">•Contaminated plants may represent a route of prion exposure</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Nonetheless, our finding of accumulation of two prion strains by a variety of plants grown hydroponically, in agar, or on soil supports the potential for plants to acquire CWD, scrapie, or other prions from the environment and transmit prion disease to susceptible hosts, making plants a plausible vector for prion diseases in wildlife, livestock, and humans. The potential for plants to serve as vectors for prion disease has implications for the disposal of infected carcasses, grazing practices, and the use and transport of potentially contaminated crop materials.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.cell.com/iscience/pdf/S2589-0042(23)02505-1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.cell.com/iscience/pdf/S2589-0042(23)02505-1.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(23)02505-1?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2589004223025051%3Fshowall%3Dtrue" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(23)02505-1?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2589004223025051%3Fshowall%3Dtrue</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Carrot plants as potential vectors for CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The PMCA analysis demonstrated CWD seeding activity in soils contaminated with CWD prions and in carrot plants (leaves and roots) grown on them. Bioassays showed that both plants and roots contained CWD prions sufficiently to induce disease. As expected, animals treated with prion-infected soils developed prion disease at shorter incubation periods (and complete attack rates) compared to plant components. We show that edible plant components can absorb prions from CWD-contaminated soils and transport them to their aerial parts. Our results indicate that edible plants could participate as vectors of CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“In addition, hay and straw from the United States and Canada must be accompanied by a certificate from a public veterinarian that the product has been harvested in states or provinces where Chronic Wasting Disease has not been detected on deer.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Regulation No. 1599 of 2018 on additional requirements for the import of hay and straw for used for animal feed.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Country Norway</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Type of law Regulation</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Source</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FAO , FAOLEX</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In addition, hay and straw from the United States and Canada must be accompanied by a certificate from a public veterinarian that the product has been harvested in states or provinces where Chronic Wasting Disease has not been detected on deer.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/nor189761.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/nor189761.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">THE tse prion aka mad cow type disease is not your normal pathogen. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The TSE prion disease survives ashing to 600 degrees celsius, that’s around 1112 degrees farenheit. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">you cannot cook the TSE prion disease out of meat. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">you can take the ash and mix it with saline and inject that ash into a mouse, and the mouse will go down with TSE. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production as well. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">the TSE prion agent also survives Simulated Wastewater Treatment Processes. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">IN fact, you should also know that the TSE Prion agent will survive in the environment for years, if not decades. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">you can bury it and it will not go away. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The TSE agent is capable of infected your water table i.e. Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">it’s not your ordinary pathogen you can just cook it out and be done</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">New studies on the heat resistance of hamster-adapted scrapie agent: Threshold survival after ashing at 600°C suggests an inorganic template of replication </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A Quantitative Assessment of the Amount of Prion Diverted to Category 1 Materials and Wastewater During Processing </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rapid assessment of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion inactivation by heat treatment in yellow grease produced in the industrial manufacturing process of meat and bone meals </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 2019 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE infectivity survives burial for five years with only limited spread</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) agents have strain variations that influence disease phenotype and may affect the potential for interspecies transmission. Since deer and sheep may use the same grazing land, it is important to understand the potential transmission of TSEs between these species. The US scrapie isolate (No.13-7) had a 100% attack rate in white-tailed deer after oronasal challenge.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=405929" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=405929</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Experimental Oronasal Inoculation of the Chronic Wasting Disease Agent into White Tailed Deer</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author list: Sarah Zurbuchena,b , S. Jo Moorea,b , Jifeng Biana , Eric D. Cassmanna , and Justin J. Greenleea .</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">a. Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, US</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">b. Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, United States</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether white-tailed deer (WTD) are susceptible to inoculation of chronic wasting disease (CWD) via oronasal exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and methods: Six male, neutered WTD were oronasally inoculated with brainstem material (10% w/v) from a CWD-positive wild-type WTD. The genotypes of five inoculated deer were Q95/G96 (wild-type). One inoculated deer was homozygous S at codon 96 (96SS). Cervidized (Tg12; M132 elk PrP) mice were inoculated with 1% w/v brainstem homogenate from either a 96GG WTD (n=10) or the 96SS WTD (n=10).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: All deer developed characteristic clinical signs of CWD including weight loss, regurgitation, and ataxia. The 96SS individual had a prolonged disease course and incubation period compared to the other deer. Western blots of the brainstem on all deer yielded similar molecular profiles. All deer had widespread lymphoid distribution of PrPCWD and neuropathologic lesions associated with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Both groups of mice had a 100% attack rate and developed clinical signs, including loss of body condition, ataxia, and loss of righting reflex. Mice inoculated with material from the 96SS deer had a significantly shorter incubation period than mice inoculated with material from 96GG deer (Welch two sample T-test, P<0.05). Serial dilutions of each inocula suggests that differences in incubation period were not due to a greater concentration of PrPCWD in the 96SS inoculum. Molecular profiles from western blot of brain homogenates from mice appeared similar regardless of inoculum and appear similar to those of deer used for inoculum.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: This study characterizes the lesions and clinical course of CWD in WTD inoculated in a similar manner to natural conditions. It supports previous findings that 96SS deer have a prolonged disease course. Further, it describes a first pass of inoculum from a 96SS deer in cervidized mice which shortened the incubation period.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection, analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We thank Ami Frank and Kevin Hassall for their technical contributions to this project.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD TRANSMITS BY ORAL ROUTES TO MACAQUES, CATTLE, SHEEP, PIGS, AND CERVID...BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) mad cow feed ban does not stop all that! </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD transmits to cervid by oral routes with as little as 300NG! </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PLoS One. 2020; 15(8): e0237410.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published online 2020 Aug 20. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237410</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PMCID: PMC7446902</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PMID: 32817706</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Very low oral exposure to prions of brain or saliva origin can transmit chronic wasting disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We orally inoculated white-tailed deer with either single or multiple divided doses of prions of brain or saliva origin and monitored infection by serial longitudinal tissue biopsies spanning over two years. We report that oral exposure to as little as 300 nanograms (ng) of CWD-positive brain or to saliva containing seeding activity equivalent to 300 ng of CWD-positive brain, were sufficient to transmit CWD disease. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">These studies suggest that the CWD minimum infectious dose approximates 100 to 300 ng CWD-positive brain (or saliva equivalent), and that CWD infection appears to conform more with a threshold than a cumulative dose dynamic.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7446902/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7446902/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ALABAMA MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">e) "Big Jim's" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Product manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Alabama Farmers Cooperative, Inc., Decatur, AL, by telephone, fax, email and visit on June 9, 2006. FDA initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">REASON Animal and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein not labeled as </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Do not feed to ruminants".</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 tons</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DISTRIBUTION AL and FL</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060821195949/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20060821195949/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Price of TSE Prion Poker goes up substantially, all you cattle ranchers and such, better pay close attention here...terry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of the chronic wasting disease agent from elk to cattle after oronasal exposure</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Justin Greenlee, Jifeng Bian, Zoe Lambert, Alexis Frese, and Eric Cassmann Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the susceptibility of cattle to chronic wasting disease agent from elk. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: Initial studies were conducted in bovinized mice using inoculum derived from elk with various genotypes at codon 132 (MM, LM, LL). Based upon attack rates, inoculum (10% w/v brain homogenate) from an LM132 elk was selected for transmission studies in cattle. At approximately 2 weeks of age, one wild type steer (EE211) and one steer with the E211K polymorphism (EK211) were fed 1 mL of brain homogenate in a quart of milk replacer while another 1 mL was instilled intranasally. The cattle were examined daily for clinical signs for the duration of the experiment. One steer is still under observation at 71 months post-inoculation (mpi). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Inoculum derived from MM132 elk resulted in similar attack rates and incubation periods in mice expressing wild type or K211 bovine PRNP, 35% at 531 days post inoculation (dpi) and 27% at 448 dpi, respectively. Inoculum from LM132 elk had a slightly higher attack rates in mice: 45% (693 dpi) in wild type cattle PRNP and 33% (468) in K211 mice. Inoculum from LL132 elk resulted in the highest attack rate in wild type bovinized mice (53% at 625 dpi), but no K211 mice were affected at >700 days. At approximately 70 mpi, the EK211 genotype steer developed clinical signs suggestive of prion disease, depression, low head carriage, hypersalivation, and ataxia, and was necropsied. Enzyme immunoassay (IDEXX) was positive in brainstem (OD=4.00, but non-detect in retropharyngeal lymph nodes and palatine tonsil. Immunoreactivity was largely limited to the brainstem, midbrain, and cervical spinal cord with a pattern that was primarily glia-associated. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Cattle with the E211K polymorphism are susceptible to the CWD agent after oronasal exposure of 0.2 g of infectious material. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Cattle with the E211K polymorphism are susceptible to the CWD agent after oronasal exposure of 0.2 g of infectious material."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Strain characterization of chronic wasting disease in bovine-PrP transgenic mice </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Altogether, these results exhibit the diversity of CWD strains present in the panel of CWD isolates and the ability of at least some CWD isolates to infect bovine species. Cattle being one of the most important farming species, this ability represents a potential threat to both animal and human health, and consequently deserves further study. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Altogether, these results exhibit the diversity of CWD strains present in the panel of CWD isolates and the ability of at least some CWD isolates to infect bovine species. Cattle being one of the most important farming species, this ability represents a potential threat to both animal and human health, and consequently deserves further study."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) Singeltary Another Request for Update 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The infamous 1997 mad cow feed ban i.e. Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin) from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***>However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WITH GREAT URGENCY, THE Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) MUST BE ENHANCED AND UPDATED TO INCLUDE CERVID, PIGS, AND SHEEP, SINCE RECENT SCIENCE AND TRANSMISSION STUDIES ALL, INCLUDING CATTLE, HAVE SHOWN ORAL TSE PrP TRANSMISSIONS BETWEEN THE SPECIES, AND THIS SHOULD BE DONE WITH THE UTMOST URGENCY, REASONS AS FOLLOW.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">First off I will start with a single BSE feed breach 10 years after 1997 partial ban. If you got to the archived link, all the way down to bottom…THE NEXT YEAR I RECALL ONE WITH 10,000,000+ banned products recall…see this records at the bottom…terry </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">REASON The feed was manufactured from materials that may have been contaminated with mammalian protein. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 27,694,240 lbs DISTRIBUTION MI </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip..... end</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***>However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">THIS MUST CHANGE ASAP!</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law.”…</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip…please see my full submission with reference materials…</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Monday, November 13, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) Singeltary Another Request for Update 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://fdabse589.blogspot.com/2023/11/food-and-drug-administrations-bse-feed.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://fdabse589.blogspot.com/2023/11/food-and-drug-administrations-bse-feed.html</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, JULY 07, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> TME, 589.2000 (21 C.F.R. 589.2000), atypical L-BSE, who’s testing MINK for TSE? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/07/tme-5892000-21-cfr-5892000-atypical-l.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/07/tme-5892000-21-cfr-5892000-atypical-l.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE--U.S. 50 STATE CONFERENCE CALL Jan. 9, 2001</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: Tue, 9 Jan 2001 16:49:00 -0800</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tseac.blogspot.com/2011/02/usa-50-state-bse-mad-cow-conference.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tseac.blogspot.com/2011/02/usa-50-state-bse-mad-cow-conference.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;">Humans and CWD TSE Prion, Zoonosis, Zoonotic, has it already happened?</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published: 22 August 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Volume 144, pages 767–784, (2022)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaoui, Irina Zemlyankina, Sheng Chun Chang, Maria Immaculata Arifin, Vincent Béringue, Debbie McKenzie, Hermann M. Schatzl & Sabine Gilch </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Here, we provide evidence for a zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and its probable signature using mice expressing human prion protein (PrP) as an infection model. Inoculation of these mice with deer CWD isolates resulted in atypical clinical manifestation with prion seeding activity and efficient transmissible infectivity in the brain and, remarkably, in feces, but without classical neuropathological or Western blot appearances of prion diseases. Intriguingly, the protease-resistant PrP in the brain resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon second passage.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In contrast, in cervids affected with CWD, infectivity has been found in the lymphatic system, salivary gland, intestinal tract, muscles, antler velvet, blood, urine, saliva, and feces [4], which have been demonstrated to be transmissible [57]. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD prions are shed into the environment via bodily fluids and excreta. They bind to soil and are taken up by plants, making the environment infectious for decades to come [4, 48]. The persistence of CWD prions in the environment amplifies the already effective transmission within and between cervid species. Therefore, CWD is considered to be the most contagious prion disease with fast spreading and efficient horizontal transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">These data demonstrate that humanized <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> mice inoculated with CWD prions shed prion infectivity in feces able to generate transmissible PrPSc in bank voles distinct from those generated by inoculation of the Wisc-1 deer isolate directly to bank voles.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our data also suggest that prions found in the periphery may hold higher zoonotic potential than prions found in neural tissues. In fact, upon second passage, 50% of the <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> mice inoculated with fecal homogenates from mouse #327 had succumbed with terminal disease compared to only 20% of brain/spinal cord homogenates inoculated-tg650 mice suggesting that hCWD prions found in feces transmit disease more efficiently. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our results also suggest that epidemiological studies [25] may have missed subclinical and atypical infections that are/might be transmissible, undetected by the gold standard tests, i.e., Western blot, ELISA, and IHC.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“If CWD in humans is found to be contagious and transmissible among humans, as it is in cervids [57], the spread of the disease within humans might become endemic.”</div></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: #26282a; font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Currently, there is scientific evidence to suggest that CWD has zoonotic potential; however, no confirmed cases of CWD have been found in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PART 2. TPWD CHAPTER 65. DIVISION 1. CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, 65.88</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission in a duly noticed meeting on May 25, 2023 adopted amendments to 31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, and §65.88, concerning Disease Detection and Response, without changes to the proposed text as published in the April 21, 2023, issue of the Texas Register (48 TexReg 2048). The rules will not be republished.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Currently, there is scientific evidence to suggest that CWD has zoonotic potential; however, no confirmed cases of CWD have been found in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57</a><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Zerui Wanga, Kefeng Qinb, Manuel V. Camachoa, Ignazio Cali a,c, Jue Yuana, Pingping Shena, Tricia Gillilanda, Syed Zahid Ali Shaha, Maria Gerasimenkoa, Michelle Tanga, Sarada Rajamanickama, Anika Yadatia, Lawrence B. Schonbergerd, Justin Greenleee, Qingzhong Konga,c, James A. Mastriannib, and Wen-Quan Zoua,c</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">aDepartment of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA; bDepartment of Neurology and Center for Comprehensive Care and Research on Memory Disorders, the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, USA; cNational Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; dDivision of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, USA</span>; eVirus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA, USA</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) results from the accumulation of an infectious misfolded conformer (PrPSc) of cellular prion protein (PrPC) in the brains of deer and elk. It has been spreading rapidly throughout many regions of North America, exported inadvertently to South Korea, and more recently identified in Europe. Mad cow disease has caused variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans and is currently the only known zoonotic prion disease. Whether CWD is transmissible to humans remains uncertain. The aims of our study were not only to confirm whether CWD prion isolates can convert human brain PrPC into PrPSc in vitro by serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) but also to determine whether the sPMCA-induced CWD-derived human PrPScis infectious.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Material and Methods: Eight CWD prion isolates from 7 elks and 1 deer were used as the seeds while normal human brain homogenates containing either PrP-129 MM (n = 2) or PrP-129 VV (n = 1) were used as the substrates for sPMCA assay. A normal elk brain tissue sample was used as a negative control seed. Two lines of humanized transgenic (Tg) mice expressing either human PrP-129VV or −129 MM polymorphism were included for transmission studies to determine the infectivity of PMCA-amplified PrPSc. Wester blotting and immunohistochemistry and hematoxylin & eosin staining were used for determining PrPSc and neuropathological changes of inoculated animals.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: We report here the generation of the first CWD-derived infectious human PrPSc using elk CWD PrPSc to initiate conversion of human PrPC from normal human brain homogenates with PMCA in vitro. Western blotting with a human PrP selective antibody confirmed that the PMCA-generated protease-resistant PrPSc was derived from the human brain PrPC substrate. Two lines of humanized transgenic mice expressing human PrPC with either Val or Met at the polymorphic codon 129 developed clinical prion disease following intracerebral inoculation with the PMCA-generated CWD-derived human PrPSc. Diseased mice exhibited distinct PrPSc patterns and neuropathological changes in the brain.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our study, using PMCA and animal bioassays, provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc has the potential to overcome the species barrier and directly convert human PrPC into infectious PrPSc that can produce bona fide prion disease when inoculated into humanized transgenic mice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: CJD Foundation and NIH</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9467582/" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9467582/</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #26282a; font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Detection of chronic wasting disease prions in processed meats</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rebeca Benavente1 , Francisca Bravo1,2, J. Hunter Reed3 , Mitch Lockwood3 , Glenn Telling4 , Rodrigo Morales1,2 1 Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA; 2 Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins. Santiago, Chile; 3 Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Texas, USA. 4 Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: identify the presence of CWD prions in processed meats derived from elk. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: In this study, we analyzed different processed meats derived from a CWD-positive (pre-clinical) free-ranging elk. Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats. The presence of CWD-prions in these samples were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates. The same analyses were performed in grilled and boiled meats to evaluate the resistance of the infectious agent to these procedures. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Our results show positive prion detection in all the samples analyzed using deer and elk substrates. Surprisingly, cooked meats displayed increased seeding activities. This data suggests that CWD-prions are available to people even after meats are processed and cooked. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: These results suggest CWD prions are accessible to humans through meats, even after processing and cooking. Considering the fact that these samples were collected from already processed specimens, the availability of CWD prions to humans is probably underestimated. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH and USDA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Grant number: 1R01AI132695 and APP-20115 to RM </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We would like to thank TPWD personnel for providing us with valuable samples</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">"Our results show positive prion detection in all the samples analyzed using deer and elk substrates. Surprisingly, cooked meats displayed increased seeding activities."</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">end... <br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Fortuitous generation of a zoonotic cervid prion strain </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Manuel Camacho, Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Sydney Smith, Jieji Hu, Wanyun Tao, Ignazio Cali, Qingzhong Kong. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Whether CWD prions can infect humans remains unclear despite the very substantial scale and long history of human exposure of CWD in many states or provinces of USA and Canada. Multiple in vitro conversion experiments and in vivo animal studies indicate that the CWD-to-human transmission barrier is not unbreakable. A major long-term public health concern on CWD zoonosis is the emergence of highly zoonotic CWD strains. We aim to address the question of whether highly zoonotic CWD strains are possible. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: We inoculated several sCJD brain samples into cervidized transgenic mice (<span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Tg12</span>), which were intended as negative controls for bioassays of brain tissues from sCJD cases who had potentially been exposed to CWD. Some of the <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Tg12</span> mice became infected and their brain tissues were further examined by Western blot as well as serial passages in humanized or cervidized mice. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Passage of sCJDMM1 in transgenic mice expressing elk PrP (<span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Tg12</span>) resulted in a “cervidized” CJD strain that we termed CJDElkPrP. We observed 100% transmission of the original CJDElkPrP in transgenic mice expressing human PrP. We passaged CJDElkPrP two more times in the <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Tg12</span> mice. We found that such second and third passage CJDElkPrP prions retained 100% transmission rate in the humanized mice, despite that the natural elk CWD isolates and CJDElkPrP share the same elk PrP sequence. In contrast, we and others found zero or poor transmission of natural elk CWD isolates in humanized mice. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our data indicate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can retain zoonotic potential after serial passages in cervids, suggesting a very significant and serious long-term risk of CWD zoonosis given that the broad and continuing spread of CWD prions will provide fertile grounds for the emergence of zoonotic CWD strains over time. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O'Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples used in this study, respectively</div><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">"Our data indicate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can retain zoonotic potential after serial passages in cervids, suggesting a very significant and serious long-term risk of CWD zoonosis given that the broad and continuing spread of CWD prions will provide fertile grounds for the emergence of zoonotic CWD strains over time."<br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A probable diagnostic marker for CWD infection in humans </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Manuel Camacho, Ignazio Cali, Qingzhong Kong. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Multiple in vitro CWD-seeded human PrP conversion experiments and some animal model studies indicate that the species barrier for CWD to human transmission can be overcome, but whether CWD prion can infect humans in real life remains controversial. The very limited understanding on the likely features of CWD infection in humans and the lack of a reliable diagnostic marker for identification of acquired human CWD cases contribute to this uncertainty. We aim to stablish such a reliable diagnostic marker for CWD infections in humans should they occur. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: A couple of PrPSc-positive spleens were identified from humanized transgenic mice inoculated with either CWD or sCJDMM1. Prions in these spleens were compared by bioassays in cervidized or humanized transgenic mice. A couple of PrPSc-positive spleens from UK sCJDMM1 patients were also examined similarly as controls with no exposure to CWD. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: We have detected two prion-positive spleens in humanized transgenic mice inoculated with some CWD isolates. Such experimentally generated splenic “humanized” CWD prions (termed eHuCWDsp) appear indistinguishable from prions in the brain of sCJDMM1 patients on Western blot. We compared eHuCWDsp with prions in the spleen from humanized mice infected with sCJDMM1 (termed sCJDMM1sp) by bioassays in cervidized or humanized transgenic mice. Significantly, we found that eHuCWDsp can efficiently infect not only the humanized mice but also cervidized transgenic mice, and cervidized mice infected by eHuCWDsp produced PrPSc and brain pathology that are practically identical to those of CWD-infected cervidized mice. In contrast, sCJDMM1sp, similar to prions from sCJDMM1 patient brains, is poorly transmissible in the cervidized mice. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that high transmissibility with CWD features of splenic prions in cervidized transgenic mice is unique to acquired human CWD prions, and it may serve as a reliable marker to identify the first acquired human CWD cases. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O'Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples used in this study, respectively.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2023 Experimental Oronasal Inoculation of the Chronic Wasting Disease Agent into White Tailed Deer </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author list: Sarah Zurbuchena,b , S. Jo Moorea,b , Jifeng Biana , Eric D. Cassmanna , and Justin J. Greenleea . a. Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, US b. Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, United States </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether white-tailed deer (WTD) are susceptible to inoculation of chronic wasting disease (CWD) via oronasal exposure. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and methods: Six male, neutered WTD were oronasally inoculated with brainstem material (10% w/v) from a CWD-positive wild-type WTD. The genotypes of five inoculated deer were Q95/G96 (wild-type). One inoculated deer was homozygous S at codon 96 (96SS). Cervidized (<span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Tg12</span>; M132 elk PrP) mice were inoculated with 1% w/v brainstem homogenate from either a 96GG WTD (n=10) or the 96SS WTD (n=10). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: All deer developed characteristic clinical signs of CWD including weight loss, regurgitation, and ataxia. The 96SS individual had a prolonged disease course and incubation period compared to the other deer. Western blots of the brainstem on all deer yielded similar molecular profiles. All deer had widespread lymphoid distribution of PrPCWD and neuropathologic lesions associated with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Both groups of mice had a 100% attack rate and developed clinical signs, including loss of body condition, ataxia, and loss of righting reflex. Mice inoculated with material from the 96SS deer had a significantly shorter incubation period than mice inoculated with material from 96GG deer (Welch two sample T-test, P<0.05). Serial dilutions of each inocula suggests that differences in incubation period were not due to a greater concentration of PrPCWD in the 96SS inoculum. Molecular profiles from western blot of brain homogenates from mice appeared similar regardless of inoculum and appear similar to those of deer used for inoculum. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: This study characterizes the lesions and clinical course of CWD in WTD inoculated in a similar manner to natural conditions. It supports previous findings that 96SS deer have a prolonged disease course. Further, it describes a first pass of inoculum from a 96SS deer in cervidized mice which shortened the incubation period. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection, analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We thank Ami Frank and Kevin Hassall for their technical contributions to this project.</div><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">The detection and decontamination of chronic wasting disease prions during venison processing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Marissa S. Milstein1,2, Marc D. Schwabenlander1,2, Sarah C. Gresch1,2, Manci Li1,2, Stuart Lichtenberg1,2, Rachel Shoemaker1,2, Gage R. Rowden1,2, Jason C. Bartz2,3 , Tiffany M. Wolf2,4, Peter A. Larsen1,2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Presenting author: Tiffany M. Wolf 1 Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 2 Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 3 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA 4 Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: There is a growing concern that chronic wasting disease (CWD) prions in venison pose a risk to human health. CWD prions accumulate in infected deer tissues that commonly enter the human food chain through meat processing and consumption. The United States (US) Food and Drug Administration and US Department of Agriculture now formally consider CWD-positive venison unfit for human and animal consumption. Yet, the degree to which prion contamination occurs during routine venison processing is unknown. Here, we use environmental surface swab methods to: a) experimentally test meat processing equipment (i.e., stainless steel knives and polyethylene cutting boards) before and after processing CWD-positive venison and b) test the efficacy of five different disinfectant types (i.e., Dawn dish soap, Virkon-S, Briotech, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach) to determine prion decontamination efficacy.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: We used a real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay to determine CWD infection status of venison and to detect CWD prions in the swabs. We collected three swabs per surface and ran eight technical replicates on RT-QuIC.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: CWD prions were detected on all cutting boards (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8 and knives (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) used in processing CWD-positive venison, but not on those used for CWD-negative venison. After processing CWD-positive venison, allowing the surfaces to dry, and washing the cutting board with Dawn dish soap, we detected CWD prions on the cutting board surface (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) but not on the knife (n= 3, replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). Similar patterns were observed with Briotech (cutting board: n= 3; replicates= 7/8, 1/8, 0/8; knife: n= 3; replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). We did not detect CWD prions on the knives or cutting boards after disinfecting with Virkon-S, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: These preliminary results suggest that Dawn dish soap and Briotech do not reliably decontaminate CWD prions from these surfaces. Our data suggest that Virkon-S and various bleach concentrations are more effective in reducing prion contamination of meat processing surfaces; however, surface type may also influence the ability of prions to adsorb to surfaces, preventing complete decontamination. Our results will directly inform best practices to prevent the introduction of CWD prions into the human food chain during venison processing.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: Funding was provided by the Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund as recommended by the Legislative-Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources (LCCMR), the Rapid Agriculture Response Fund (#95385/RR257), and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Theme: Animal prion diseases</div></div><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2023 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div></div></div></div></div></div><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #26282a; font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">17 DETECTION OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE PRIONS IN PROCESSED MEATS.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rebeca Benavente1, Francisca Bravo1,2, Paulina Soto1,2, J. Hunter Reed3, Mitch Lockwood3, Rodrigo Morales1,2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA. 2Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile. 3Texas Parks and Wildlife, Austin, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease (CWD) remains unknown. Currently, there are no known natural cases of CWD transmission to humans but increasing evidence suggests that the host range of CWD is not confined only to cervid species. Alarmingly, recent experimental evidence suggests that certain CWD isolates can induce disease in non-human primates. While the CDC strongly recommends determining CWD status in animals prior to consumption, this practice is voluntary. Consequently, it is plausible that a proportion of the cervid meat entering the human food chain may be contaminated with CWD. Of additional concern is that traditional diagnostic techniques used to detect CWD have relatively low sensitivity and are only approved for use in tissues other than those typically ingested by humans. In this study, we analyzed different processed meats derived from a pre-clinical, CWD-positive free-ranging elk. Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats. CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates. Our results show positive prion detection in all products. To confirm the resilience of CWD-prions to traditional cooking methods, we grilled and boiled the meat products and evaluated them for any remnant PMCA seeding activity. Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking. Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our results show positive prion detection in all products.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">9 Carrot plants as potential vectors for CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Paulina Soto1,2, Francisca Bravo-Risi1,2, Claudio Soto1, Rodrigo Morales1,2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA. 2Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> We show that edible plant components can absorb prions from CWD-contaminated soils and transport them to their aerial parts.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our results indicate that edible plants could participate as vectors of CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of prion infectivity from CWD-infected macaque tissues to rodent models demonstrates the zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaoui1,2, Ginny Cheng1,2, Wiebke Wemheuer3, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer3, Sabine Gilch1,2, Hermann Schatzl1,2 1University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. 2Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada. 3Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Further passage to cervidized mice revealed transmission with a 100% attack rate.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our findings demonstrate that macaques, considered the best model for the zoonotic potential of prions, were infected upon CWD challenge, including the oral one.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">****> The disease manifested as atypical in macaques and initial transgenic mouse transmissions, but with infectivity present at all times, as unveiled in the bank vole model with an unusual tissue tropism.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Epidemiologic surveillance of prion disease among cervid hunters and people likely to have consumed venison contaminated with chronic wasting disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of Cervid Prions to Humanized Mice Demonstrates the Zoonotic Potential of CWD </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaouia, Irina Zemlyankinaa, Sheng Chun Changa, Maria Immaculata Arifina, Vincent Béringueb, Debbie McKenziec, Hermann M. Schatzla, and Sabine Gilcha </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Results: Here, we provide the strongest evidence supporting the zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and their possible phenotype in humans. Inoculation of mice expressing human PrPCwith deer CWD isolates (strains Wisc-1 and 116AG) resulted in atypical clinical manifestations in > 75% of the mice, with myoclonus as leading clinical sign. Most of tg650brain homogenates were positive for seeding activity in RT-QuIC. Clinical disease and presentation was transmissible to <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> mice and bank voles. Intriguingly, protease-resistant PrP in the brain of <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> mice resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon passage. Abnormal PrP aggregates upon infection with Wisc-1 were detectable in thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain/pons regions. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Unprecedented in human prion disease, feces of CWD-inoculated <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> mice harbored prion seeding activity and infectious prions, as shown by inoculation of bank voles and <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> with fecal homogenates. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Conclusions: This is the first evidence that CWD can infect humans and cause disease with a distinctive clinical presentation, signature, and tropism, which might be transmissible between humans while current diagnostic assays might fail to detect it. These findings have major implications for public health and CWD-management. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a> </div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">The finding that infectious PrPSc was shed in fecal material of CWD-infected humanized mice and induced clinical disease, different tropism, and typical three banding pattern-PrPres in bank voles that is transmissible upon second passage is highly concerning for public health. The fact that this biochemical signature in bank voles resembles that of the Wisc-1 original deer isolate and is different from that of bvWisc-1, in the migration profile and the glyco-form-ratio, is valid evidence that these results are not a product of contamination in our study. If CWD in humans is found to be contagious and transmissible among humans, as it is in cervids [57], the spread of the disease within humans might become endemic.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acta Neuropathol 144, 767–784 (2022). <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 August 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaoui1 · Irina Zemlyankina1 · Sheng Chun Chang1 · Maria Immaculata Arifn1 · Vincent Béringue2 · Debbie McKenzie3 · Hermann M. Schatzl1 · Sabine Gilch1</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Received: 24 May 2022 / Revised: 5 August 2022 / Accepted: 7 August 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">© The Author(s) 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prions cause infectious and fatal neurodegenerative diseases in mammals. Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease of cervids, spreads efficiently among wild and farmed animals. Potential transmission to humans of CWD is a growing concern due to its increasing prevalence. Here, we provide evidence for a zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and its probable signature using mice expressing human prion protein (PrP) as an infection model. Inoculation of these mice with deer CWD isolates resulted in atypical clinical manifestation with prion seeding activity and efficient transmissible infectivity in the brain and, remarkably, in feces, but without classical neuropathological or Western blot appearances of prion diseases. Intriguingly, the protease-resistant PrP in the brain resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon second passage. Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Keywords Chronic wasting disease · CWD · Zoonotic potential · Prion strains · Zoonotic prions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">HIGHLIGHTS OF THIS STUDY</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">================================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In this study, we evaluated the zoonotic potential of CWD using a transgenic mouse model overexpressing human M129-PrPC (<span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> [12]). We inoculated <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> mice intracerebrally with two deer CWD isolates, Wisc-1 and 116AG [22, 23, 27, 29]. We demonstrate that this transgenic line was susceptible to infection with CWD prions and displayed a distinct leading clinical sign, an atypical PrPSc signature and unusual fecal shedding of infectious prions. Importantly, these prions generated by the human PrP transgenic mice were transmissible upon passage. Our results are the first evidence of a zoonotic risk of CWD when using one of the most common CWD strains, Wisc-1/CWD1 for infection. We demonstrated in a human transgenic mouse model that the species barrier for transmission of CWD to humans is not absolute. The fact that its signature was not typical raises the questions whether CWD would manifest in humans as a subclinical infection, whether it would arise through direct or indirect transmission including an intermediate host, or a silent to uncovered human-to-human transmission, and whether current detection techniques will be suffcient to unveil its presence.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our findings strongly suggest that CWD should be regarded as an actual public health risk. Here, we use humanized mice to show that CWD prions can cross the species barrier to humans, and remarkably, infectious prions can be excreted in feces.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our results indicate that if CWD crosses the species-barrier to humans, it is unlikely to resemble the most common forms of human prion diseases with respect to clinical signs, tissue tropism and PrPSc signature. For instance, PrPSc in variable protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr), a sporadic form of human prion disease, and in the genetic form Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS) is defined by an atypical PK-resistant PrPSc fragment that is non-glycosylated and truncated at both C- and N-termini, with a molecular weight between 6 and 8 kDa [24, 44–46]. These biochemical features are unique and distinctive from PrPSc (PrP27-30) found in most other human or animal prion disease. The atypical PrPSc signature detected in brain homogenate of <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> mice #321 (1st passage) and #3063 (2nd passage), and the 7–8 kDa fragment (Figs. 2, 4) are very similar to that of GSS, both in terms of migration profile and the N-terminal cleavage site.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD in humans might remain subclinical but with PrPSc deposits in the brain with an unusual morphology that does not resemble the patterns usually seen in different prion diseases (e.g., mouse #328; Fig. 3), clinical with untraceable abnormal PrP (e.g., mouse #327) but still transmissible and uncovered upon subsequent passage (e.g., mouse #3063; Fig. 4), or prions have other reservoirs than the usual ones, hence the presence of infectivity in feces (e.g., mouse #327) suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=================================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) Antonia Ricci Ana Allende Declan Bolton Marianne Chemaly Robert Davies Pablo Salvador Fernández Escámez ... See all authors </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">First published: 17 January 2018 <a href="https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">also, see; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers.. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Paper</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Cellular prion protein distribution in the vomeronasal organ, parotid, and scent glands of white-tailed deer and mule deer</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Anthony Ness, Aradhana Jacob, Kelsey Saboraki, Alicia Otero, Danielle Gushue, Diana Martinez Moreno, Melanie de Peña, Xinli Tang, Judd Aiken, Susan Lingle & Debbie McKenzieORCID Icon show less</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Pages 40-57 | Received 03 Feb 2022, Accepted 13 May 2022, Published online: 29 May 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Download citation</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ABSTRACT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting species of the cervidae family. CWD has an expanding geographic range and complex, poorly understood transmission mechanics. CWD is disproportionately prevalent in wild male mule deer and male white-tailed deer. Sex and species influences on CWD prevalence have been hypothesized to be related to animal behaviours that involve deer facial and body exocrine glands. Understanding CWD transmission potential requires a foundational knowledge of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) in glands associated with cervid behaviours. In this study, we characterized the presence and distribution of PrPC in six integumentary and two non-integumentary tissues of hunter-harvested mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (O. virginianus). We report that white-tailed deer expressed significantly more PrPC than their mule deer in the parotid, metatarsal, and interdigital glands. Females expressed more PrPC than males in the forehead and preorbital glands. The distribution of PrPC within the integumentary exocrine glands of the face and legs were localized to glandular cells, hair follicles, epidermis, and immune cell infiltrates. All tissues examined expressed sufficient quantities of PrPC to serve as possible sites of prion initial infection, propagation, and shedding.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ARS RESEARCH Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Publication Acceptance Date: 9/8/2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author item WANG, ZERUI - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item QIN, KEFENG - University Of Chicago item CAMACHO, MANUEL - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item SHEN, PINGPING - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item YUAN, JUE - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item Greenlee, Justin item CUI, LI - Jilin University item KONG, QINGZHONG - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item MASTRIANNI, JAMES - University Of Chicago item ZOU, WEN-QUAN - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Submitted to: Acta Neuropathologica Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 9/8/2021 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Interpretive Summary: Prion diseases are invariably fatal neurologic diseases for which there is no known prevention or cure. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease of deer and elk and is present in farmed and free ranging herds throughout North America. To date there is no clear evidence that the CWD agent could be transmitted to humans. This manuscript describes the use of an in vitro technique, cell-free serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA), to generate a CWD prion that is infectious to transgenic mice expressing the human prion protein. This study provides the first evidence that CWD prions may be able to cause misfolding in the human prion protein. This information will impact medical experts and those involved in making policy for farmed cervids and wildlife.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Technical Abstract: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a cervid spongiform encephalopathy or prion disease caused by the infectious prion or PrPSc, a misfolded conformer of cellular prion protein (PrPC). It has rapidly spread in North America and also has been found in Asia and Europe. In contrast to the zoonotic mad cow disease that is the first animal prion disease found transmissible to humans, the transmissibility of CWD to humans remains uncertain although most previous studies have suggested that humans may not be susceptible to CWD. Here we report the generation of an infectious human PrPSc by seeding CWD PrPSc in normal human brain PrPC through the in vitro cell-free serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA). Western blotting confirms that the sPMCA-induced proteinase K-resistant PrPSc is a human form, evidenced by a PrP-specific antibody that recognizes human but not cervid PrP. Remarkably, two lines of humanized transgenic (Tg) mice expressing human PrP-129Val/Val (VV) or -129Met/Met (MM) polymorphism develop prion disease at 233 ± 6 (mean ± SE) days post-inoculation (dpi) and 552 ± 27 dpi, respectively, upon intracerebral inoculation with the sPMCA-generated PrPSc. The brain of diseased Tg mice reveals the electrophoretic profile of PrPSc similar to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) MM1 or VV2 subtype but different neuropathological patterns. We believe that our study provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc is able to convert human PrPC into PrPSc in vitro and the CWD-derived human PrPSc mimics atypical sCJD subtypes in humanized Tg mice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''The brain of diseased Tg mice reveals the electrophoretic profile of PrPSc similar to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) MM1 or VV2 subtype but different neuropathological patterns.'' </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''We believe that our study provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc is able to convert human PrPC into PrPSc in vitro and the CWD-derived human PrPSc mimics atypical sCJD subtypes in humanized Tg mice.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published: 26 September 2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Zerui Wang, Kefeng Qin, Manuel V. Camacho, Ignazio Cali, Jue Yuan, Pingping Shen, Justin Greenlee, Qingzhong Kong, James A. Mastrianni & Wen-Quan Zou</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acta Neuropathologica Communications volume 9, Article number: 158 (2021)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a cervid prion disease caused by the accumulation of an infectious misfolded conformer (PrPSc) of cellular prion protein (PrPC). It has been spreading rapidly in North America and also found in Asia and Europe. Although bovine spongiform encephalopathy (i.e. mad cow disease) is the only animal prion disease known to be zoonotic, the transmissibility of CWD to humans remains uncertain. Here we report the generation of the first CWD-derived infectious human PrPSc by elk CWD PrPSc-seeded conversion of PrPC in normal human brain homogenates using in vitro protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA). Western blotting with human PrP selective antibody confirmed that the PMCA-generated protease-resistant PrPSc was derived from the human PrPC substrate. Two lines of humanized transgenic mice expressing human PrP with either Val or Met at the polymorphic codon 129 developed clinical prion disease following intracerebral inoculation with the PMCA-generated CWD-derived human PrPSc. Diseased mice exhibited distinct PrPSc patterns and neuropathological changes in the brain. Our study, using PMCA and animal bioassays, provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc can cross the species barrier to convert human PrPC into infectious PrPSc that can produce bona fide prion disease when inoculated into humanized transgenic mice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It is worth noting that the annual number of sporadic CJD (sCJD) cases in the USA has increased, with the total number of suspected and confirmed sCJD cases rising from 284 in 2003 to 511 in 2017 (<span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cjd/occurrence-transmission.html</span>). The greatly enhanced CJD surveillance and an aging population in the USA certainly contributed to the observed increase in annual sCJD case numbers in recent years, but the possibility cannot be excluded that some of the increased sCJD prevalence is linked to CWD exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the present study, using serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) assay we generate PrPSc by seeding CWD prions in normal human brain homogenates. Importantly, we reveal that two lines of humanized Tg mice expressing human PrP-129VV and 129MM develop prion diseases upon intracerebral inoculation of the abnormal PrP generated by sPMCA. We believe that our study provides the first opportunity to dissect the clinical, pathological and biochemical features of the CWD-derived human prion disease in two lines of humanized Tg mice expressing two major human PrP genotypes, respectively.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i thought i might share some news about cwd zoonosis that i got, that i cannot share or post to the public yet, i promised for various reasons, one that it will cause a shit storm for sure, but it was something i really already knew from previous studies, but, i was told that ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">==================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''As you can imagine, 2 and 5 (especially 5) may raise alarms. The evidence we have for 4 are not as strong or tight as I would like to have. At this point, please do not post any of the points publicly yet, but you can refer to points 1-3 in private discussions and all 5 points when discussing with relevant public officials to highlight the long-term risks of CWD zoonosis.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">====================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">so, i figure your as about as official as it gets, and i think this science is extremely important for you to know and to converse about with your officials. it's about to burn a whole in my pocket. this is about as close as it will ever get for cwd zoonosis to be proven in my time, this and what Canada Czub et al found with the Macaques, plus an old study from cjd surveillance unit back that showed cjd and a 9% increase in risk from folks that eat venison, i will post all this below for your files Sir. i remember back in the BSE nvCJD days, from when the first BSE case in bovine was confirmed around 1984 maybe 83, i forget the good vets named that screwed it up first, Carol something, but from 83ish to 95 96 when nvCJD was linked to humans from BSE in cattle, so that took 10 to 15 years. hell, at that rate, especially with Texas and cwd zoonsis, hell, i'll be dead before it's official, if ever, so here ya go Sir. there was a grant study on cwd zoonosis that had been going on for some time, i followed it over the years, then the grant date for said study had expired, so, i thought i would write the good Professor about said study i.e. Professor Kong, CWRU et al. i will post the grant study abstract first, and then after that, what reply i got back, about said study that i was told not to post/publish...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD ZOONOSIS GRANT FIRST;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Cervid to human prion transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Kong, Qingzhong </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Case Western Reserve University, <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Cleveland, OH, United States</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Abstract Prion disease is transmissible and invariably fatal. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease affecting deer, elk and moose, and it is a widespread and expanding epidemic affecting 22 US States and 2 Canadian provinces so far. CWD poses the most serious zoonotic prion transmission risks in North America because of huge venison consumption (>6 million deer/elk hunted and consumed annually in the USA alone), significant prion infectivity in muscles and other tissues/fluids from CWD-affected cervids, and usually high levels of individual exposure to CWD resulting from consumption of the affected animal among often just family and friends. However, we still do not know whether CWD prions can infect humans in the brain or peripheral tissues or whether clinical/asymptomatic CWD zoonosis has already occurred, and we have no essays to reliably detect CWD infection in humans. We hypothesize that: (1) The classic CWD prion strain can infect humans at low levels in the brain and peripheral lymphoid tissues; (2) The cervid-to-human transmission barrier is dependent on the cervid prion strain and influenced by the host (human) prion protein (PrP) primary sequence; (3) Reliable essays can be established to detect CWD infection in humans; and (4) CWD transmission to humans has already occurred. We will test these hypotheses in 4 Aims using transgenic (Tg) mouse models and complementary in vitro approaches. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 1 will prove that the classical CWD strain may infect humans in brain or peripheral lymphoid tissues at low levels by conducting systemic bioassays in a set of humanized Tg mouse lines expressing common human PrP variants using a number of CWD isolates at varying doses and routes. Experimental human CWD samples will also be generated for Aim 3. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 2 will test the hypothesis that the cervid-to-human prion transmission barrier is dependent on prion strain and influenced by the host (human) PrP sequence by examining and comparing the transmission efficiency and phenotypes of several atypical/unusual CWD isolates/strains as well as a few prion strains from other species that have adapted to cervid PrP sequence, utilizing the same panel of humanized Tg mouse lines as in Aim 1. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 3 will establish reliable essays for detection and surveillance of CWD infection in humans by examining in details the clinical, pathological, biochemical and in vitro seeding properties of existing and future experimental human CWD samples generated from Aims 1-2 and compare them with those of common sporadic human Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) prions. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 4 will attempt to detect clinical CWD-affected human cases by examining a significant number of brain samples from prion-affected human subjects in the USA and Canada who have consumed venison from CWD-endemic areas utilizing the criteria and essays established in Aim 3. The findings from this proposal will greatly advance our understandings on the potential and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for CWD zoonosis and potentially discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Public Health Relevance There are significant and increasing human exposure to cervid prions because chronic wasting disease (CWD, a widespread and highly infectious prion disease among deer and elk in North America) continues spreading and consumption of venison remains popular, but our understanding on cervid-to-human prion transmission is still very limited, raising public health concerns. This proposal aims to define the zoonotic risks of cervid prions and set up and apply essays to detect CWD zoonosis using mouse models and in vitro methods. The findings will greatly expand our knowledge on the potentials and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for such infections and may discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Funding Agency Agency National Institute of Health (NIH) Institute National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Type Research Project (R01) Project # 1R01NS088604-01A1 Application # <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">9037884</span> Study Section Cellular and Molecular Biology of Neurodegeneration Study Section (CMND) Program Officer Wong, May Project Start 2015-09-30 Project End 2019-07-31 Budget Start 2015-09-30 Budget End 2016-07-31 Support Year 1 Fiscal Year 2015 Total Cost $337,507 Indirect Cost $118,756</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1#panel-abstract" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1#panel-abstract</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Professor Kongs reply to me just this month about above grant study that has NOT been published in peer reveiw yet...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=================================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Here is a brief summary of our findings:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...can't post, made a promise...tss</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">On Sat, Apr 3, 2021 at 12:19 PM Terry Singeltary <<span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">flounder9@verizon.net</span>> wrote:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">end...tss</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">==============</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD ZOONOSIS THE FULL MONTY TO DATE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">International Conference on Emerging Diseases, Outbreaks & Case Studies & 16th Annual Meeting on Influenza March 28-29, 2018 | Orlando, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Qingzhong Kong</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease prions from cervids</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease in cervids (mule deer, white-tailed deer, American elk, moose, and reindeer). It has become an epidemic in North America, and it has been detected in the Europe (Norway) since 2016. The widespread CWD and popular hunting and consumption of cervid meat and other products raise serious public health concerns, but questions remain on human susceptibility to CWD prions, especially on the potential difference in zoonotic potential among the various CWD prion strains. We have been working to address this critical question for well over a decade. We used CWD samples from various cervid species to inoculate transgenic mice expressing human or elk prion protein (PrP). We found infectious prions in the spleen or brain in a small fraction of CWD-inoculated transgenic mice expressing human PrP, indicating that humans are not completely resistant to CWD prions; this finding has significant ramifications on the public health impact of CWD prions. The influence of cervid PrP polymorphisms, the prion strain dependence of CWD-to-human transmission barrier, and the characterization of experimental human CWD prions will be discussed.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Speaker Biography Qingzhong Kong has completed his PhD from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst and Post-doctoral studies at Yale University. He is currently an Associate Professor of Pathology, Neurology and Regenerative Medicine. He has published over 50 original research papers in reputable journals (including Science Translational Medicine, JCI, PNAS and Cell Reports) and has been serving as an Editorial Board Member on seven scientific journals. He has multiple research interests, including public health risks of animal prions (CWD of cervids and atypical BSE of cattle), animal modeling of human prion diseases, mechanisms of prion replication and pathogenesis, etiology of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD) in humans, normal cellular PrP in the biology and pathology of multiple brain and peripheral diseases, proteins responsible for the α-cleavage of cellular PrP, as well as gene therapy and DNA vaccination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">qxk2@case.edu</span> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/</a></div></div></div></div></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE aka MAD COW DISEASE, was first discovered in 1984, and it took until 1995 to finally admit that BSE was causing nvCJD, the rest there is history, but that science is still evolving i.e. science now shows that indeed atypical L-type BSE, atypical Nor-98 Scrapie, and typical Scrapie are all zoonosis, zoonotic for humans, there from. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">HOW long are we going to wait for Chronic Wasting Disease, CWD TSE Prion of Cervid, and zoonosis, zoonotic tranmission to humans there from?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Studies have shown since 1994 that humans are susceptible to CWD TSE Prion, so, what's the hold up with making CWD a zoonotic zoonosis disease, the iatrogenic transmissions there from is not waiting for someone to make a decision.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P190 Human prion disease mortality rates by occurrence of chronic wasting disease in freeranging cervids, United States</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abrams JY (1), Maddox RA (1), Schonberger LB (1), Person MK (1), Appleby BS (2), Belay ED (1)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease of deer and elk that has been identified in freeranging cervids in 23 US states. While there is currently no epidemiological evidence for zoonotic transmission through the consumption of contaminated venison, studies suggest the CWD agent can cross the species barrier in experimental models designed to closely mimic humans. We compared rates of human prion disease in states with and without CWD to examine the possibility of undetermined zoonotic transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Death records from the National Center for Health Statistics, case records from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, and additional state case reports were combined to create a database of human prion disease cases from 2003-2015. Identification of CWD in each state was determined through reports of positive CWD tests by state wildlife agencies. Age- and race-adjusted mortality rates for human prion disease, excluding cases with known etiology, were determined for four categories of states based on CWD occurrence: highly endemic (>16 counties with CWD identified in free-ranging cervids); moderately endemic (3-10 counties with CWD); low endemic (1-2 counties with CWD); and no CWD states. States were counted as having no CWD until the year CWD was first identified. Analyses stratified by age, sex, and time period were also conducted to focus on subgroups for which zoonotic transmission would be more likely to be detected: cases <55 years old, male sex, and the latter half of the study (2010-2015).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Highly endemic states had a higher rate of prion disease mortality compared to non-CWD states (rate ratio [RR]: 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01 - 1.23), as did low endemic states (RR: 1.15, 95% CI = 1.04 - 1.27). Moderately endemic states did not have an elevated mortality rate (RR: 1.05, 95% CI = 0.93 - 1.17). In age-stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates among the <55 year old population were elevated for moderately endemic states (RR: 1.57, 95% CI = 1.10 – 2.24) while mortality rates were elevated among those ≥55 for highly endemic states (RR: 1.13, 95% CI = 1.02 - 1.26) and low endemic states (RR: 1.16, 95% CI = 1.04 - 1.29). In other stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates for males were only elevated for low endemic states (RR: 1.27, 95% CI = 1.10 - 1.48), and none of the categories of CWD-endemic states had elevated mortality rates for the latter time period (2010-2015).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">While higher prion disease mortality rates in certain categories of states with CWD in free-ranging cervids were noted, additional stratified analyses did not reveal markedly elevated rates for potentially sensitive subgroups that would be suggestive of zoonotic transmission. Unknown confounding factors or other biases may explain state-by-state differences in prion disease mortality.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P172 Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Prion Disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Wang H(1), Cohen M(1), Appleby BS(1,2)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio (2) National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Cleveland, Ohio.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion disease is a fatal progressive neurodegenerative disease due to deposition of an abnormal protease-resistant isoform of prion protein. Typical symptoms include rapidly progressive dementia, myoclonus, visual disturbance and hallucinations. Interestingly, in patients with prion disease, the abnormal protein canould also be found in the peripheral nervous system. Case reports of prion deposition in peripheral nerves have been reported. Peripheral nerve involvement is thought to be uncommon; however, little is known about the exact prevalence and features of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We reviewed autopsy-proven prion cases from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center that were diagnosed between September 2016 to March 2017. We collected information regarding prion protein diagnosis, demographics, comorbidities, clinical symptoms, physical exam, neuropathology, molecular subtype, genetics lab, brain MRI, image and EMG reports. Our study included 104 patients. Thirteen (12.5%) patients had either subjective symptoms or objective signs of peripheral neuropathy. Among these 13 patients, 3 had other known potential etiologies of peripheral neuropathy such as vitamin B12 deficiency or prior chemotherapy. Among 10 patients that had no other clear etiology, 3 (30%) had familial CJD. The most common sCJD subtype was MV1-2 (30%), followed by MM1-2 (20%). The Majority of cases wasere male (60%). Half of them had exposure to wild game. The most common subjective symptoms were tingling and/or numbness of distal extremities. The most common objective finding was diminished vibratory sensation in the feet. Half of them had an EMG with the findings ranging from fasciculations to axonal polyneuropathy or demyelinating polyneuropathy.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our study provides an overview of the pattern of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease. Among patients with peripheral neuropathy symptoms or signs, majority has polyneuropathy. It is important to document the baseline frequency of peripheral neuropathy in prion diseases as these symptoms may become important when conducting surveillance for potential novel zoonotic prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P177 PrP plaques in methionine homozygous Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abrams JY (1), Schonberger LB (1), Cali I (2), Cohen Y (2), Blevins JE (2), Maddox RA (1), Belay ED (1), Appleby BS (2), Cohen ML (2)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is widely believed to originate from de novo spontaneous conversion of normal prion protein (PrP) to its pathogenic form, but concern remains that some reported sporadic CJD cases may actually be caused by disease transmission via iatrogenic processes. For cases with methionine homozygosity (CJD-MM) at codon 129 of the PRNP gene, recent research has pointed to plaque-like PrP deposition as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission for a subset of cases. This phenotype is theorized to originate from specific iatrogenic source CJD types that comprise roughly a quarter of known CJD cases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We reviewed scientific literature for studies which described PrP plaques among CJD patients with known epidemiological links to iatrogenic transmission (receipt of cadaveric human grown hormone or dura mater), as well as in cases of reported sporadic CJD. The presence and description of plaques, along with CJD classification type and other contextual factors, were used to summarize the current evidence regarding plaques as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission. In addition, 523 cases of reported sporadic CJD cases in the US from January 2013 through September 2017 were assessed for presence of PrP plaques.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We identified four studies describing 52 total cases of CJD-MM among either dura mater recipients or growth hormone recipients, of which 30 were identified as having PrP plaques. While sporadic cases were not generally described as having plaques, we did identify case reports which described plaques among sporadic MM2 cases as well as case reports of plaques exclusively in white matter among sporadic MM1 cases. Among the 523 reported sporadic CJD cases, 0 of 366 MM1 cases had plaques, 2 of 48 MM2 cases had kuru plaques, and 4 of 109 MM1+2 cases had either kuru plaques or both kuru and florid plaques. Medical chart review of the six reported sporadic CJD cases with plaques did not reveal clinical histories suggestive of potential iatrogenic transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PrP plaques occur much more frequently for iatrogenic CJD-MM cases compared to sporadic CJDMM cases. Plaques may indicate iatrogenic transmission for CJD-MM cases without a type 2 Western blot fragment. The study results suggest the absence of significant misclassifications of iatrogenic CJD as sporadic. To our knowledge, this study is the first to describe grey matter kuru plaques in apparently sporadic CJD-MM patients with a type 2 Western blot fragment.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P180 Clinico-pathological analysis of human prion diseases in a brain bank series</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ximelis T (1), Aldecoa I (1,2), Molina-Porcel L (1,3), Grau-Rivera O (4), Ferrer I (5), Nos C (6), Gelpi E (1,7), Sánchez-Valle R (1,4)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobanc-Hospital ClÃnic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (2) Pathological Service of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (3) EAIA Trastorns Cognitius, Centre Emili Mira, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain (4) Department of Neurology of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (5) Institute of Neuropathology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona (6) General subdirectorate of Surveillance and Response to Emergencies in Public Health, Department of Public Health in Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain (7) Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background and objective:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Neurological Tissue Bank (NTB) of the Hospital Clínic-Institut d‘Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain is the reference center in Catalonia for the neuropathological study of prion diseases in the region since 2001. The aim of this study is to analyse the characteristics of the confirmed prion diseases registered at the NTB during the last 15 years.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We reviewed retrospectively all neuropathologically confirmed cases registered during the period January 2001 to December 2016.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">176 cases (54,3% female, mean age: 67,5 years and age range: 25-86 years) of neuropathological confirmed prion diseases have been studied at the NTB. 152 cases corresponded to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), 10 to genetic CJD, 10 to Fatal Familial Insomnia, 2 to GerstmannSträussler-Scheinker disease, and 2 cases to variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr). Within sCJD subtypes the MM1 subtype was the most frequent, followed by the VV2 histotype.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Clinical and neuropathological diagnoses agreed in 166 cases (94%). The clinical diagnosis was not accurate in 10 patients with definite prion disease: 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Fronto-temporal dementia (FTD), 1 Niemann-Pick‘s disease, 1 Lewy Body‘s Disease, 2 Alzheimer‘s disease, 1 Cortico-basal syndrome and 2 undetermined dementia. Among patients with VPSPr, 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and the other one with FTD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Concomitant pathologies are frequent in older age groups, mainly AD neuropathological changes were observed in these subjects.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Discussion:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A wide spectrum of human prion diseases have been identified in the NTB being the relative frequencies and main characteristics like other published series. There is a high rate of agreement between clinical and neuropathological diagnoses with prion diseases. These findings show the importance that public health has given to prion diseases during the past 15 years. Continuous surveillance of human prion disease allows identification of new emerging phenotypes. Brain tissue samples from these donors are available to the scientific community. For more information please visit:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P192 Prion amplification techniques for the rapid evaluation of surface decontamination procedures</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Bruyere-Ostells L (1), Mayran C (1), Belondrade M (1), Boublik Y (2), Haïk S (3), Fournier-Wirth C (1), Nicot S (1), Bougard D (1)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Pathogenesis and control of chronic infections, Etablissement Français du Sang, Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (2) Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (3) Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) or prion diseases are a group of incurable and always fatal neurodegenerative disorders including Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases (CJD) in humans. These pathologies include sporadic (sCJD), genetic and acquired (variant CJD) forms. By the past, sCJD and vCJD were transmitted by different prion contaminated biological materials to patients resulting in more than 400 iatrogenic cases (iCJD). The atypical nature and the biochemical properties of the infectious agent, formed by abnormal prion protein or PrPTSE, make it particularly resistant to conventional decontamination procedures. In addition, PrPTSE is widely distributed throughout the organism before clinical onset in vCJD and can also be detected in some peripheral tissues in sporadic CJD. Risk of iatrogenic transmission of CJD by contaminated medical device remains thus a concern for healthcare facilities. Bioassay is the gold standard method to evaluate the efficacy of prion decontamination procedures but is time-consuming and expensive. Here, we propose to compare in vitro prion amplification techniques: Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) and Real-Time Quaking Induced Conversion (RT-QuIC) for the detection of residual prions on surface after decontamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stainless steel wires, by mimicking the surface of surgical instruments, were proposed as a carrier model of prions for inactivation studies. To determine the sensitivity of the two amplification techniques on wires (Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC), steel wires were therefore contaminated with serial dilutions of brain homogenates (BH) from a 263k infected hamster and from a patient with sCJD (MM1 subtype). We then compared the different standard decontamination procedures including partially and fully efficient treatments by detecting the residual seeding activity on 263K and sCJD contaminated wires. We completed our study by the evaluation of marketed reagents endorsed for prion decontamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The two amplification techniques can detect minute quantities of PrPTSE adsorbed onto a single wire. 8/8 wires contaminated with a 10-6 dilution of 263k BH and 1/6 with the 10-8 dilution are positive with Surf-PMCA. Similar performances were obtained with Surf-QuIC on 263K: 10/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilution and 1/8 wires contaminated with 10-8 dilution are positive. Regarding the human sCJD-MM1 prion, Surf-QuIC allows us to detect 16/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilutions and 14/16 with 10-7 . Results obtained after decontamination treatments are very similar between 263K and sCJD prions. Efficiency of marketed treatments to remove prions is lower than expected.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC are very sensitive methods for the detection of prions on wires and could be applied to prion decontamination studies for rapid evaluation of new treatments. Sodium hypochlorite is the only product to efficiently remove seeding activity of both 263K and sCJD prions.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WA2 Oral transmission of CWD into Cynomolgus macaques: signs of atypical disease, prion conversion and infectivity in macaques and bio-assayed transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Schatzl HM (1, 2), Hannaoui S (1, 2), Cheng Y-C (1, 2), Gilch S (1, 2), Beekes M (3), SchulzSchaeffer W (4), Stahl-Hennig C (5) and Czub S (2, 6)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) University of Calgary, Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada (2) University of Calgary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calgary, Canada, (3) Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany, (4) University of Homburg/Saar, Homburg, Germany, (5) German Primate Center, Goettingen, Germany, (6) Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), Lethbridge, Canada.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To date, BSE is the only example of interspecies transmission of an animal prion disease into humans. The potential zoonotic transmission of CWD is an alarming issue and was addressed by many groups using a variety of in vitro and in vivo experimental systems. Evidence from these studies indicated a substantial, if not absolute, species barrier, aligning with the absence of epidemiological evidence suggesting transmission into humans. Studies in non-human primates were not conclusive so far, with oral transmission into new-world monkeys and no transmission into old-world monkeys. Our consortium has challenged 18 Cynomolgus macaques with characterized CWD material, focusing on oral transmission with muscle tissue. Some macaques have orally received a total of 5 kg of muscle material over a period of 2 years. After 5-7 years of incubation time some animals showed clinical symptoms indicative of prion disease, and prion neuropathology and PrPSc deposition were found in spinal cord and brain of euthanized animals. PrPSc in immunoblot was weakly detected in some spinal cord materials and various tissues tested positive in RT-QuIC, including lymph node and spleen homogenates. To prove prion infectivity in the macaque tissues, we have intracerebrally inoculated 2 lines of transgenic mice, expressing either elk or human PrP. At least 3 TgElk mice, receiving tissues from 2 different macaques, showed clinical signs of a progressive prion disease and brains were positive in immunoblot and RT-QuIC. Tissues (brain, spinal cord and spleen) from these and preclinical mice are currently tested using various read-outs and by second passage in mice. Transgenic mice expressing human PrP were so far negative for clear clinical prion disease (some mice >300 days p.i.). In parallel, the same macaque materials are inoculated into bank voles. Taken together, there is strong evidence of transmissibility of CWD orally into macaques and from macaque tissues into transgenic mouse models, although with an incomplete attack rate. The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology. Our ongoing studies will show whether the transmission of CWD into macaques and passage in transgenic mice represents a form of non-adaptive prion amplification, and whether macaque-adapted prions have the potential to infect mice expressing human PrP. The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">See also poster P103</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WA16 Monitoring Potential CWD Transmission to Humans</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Belay ED</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The spread of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in animals has raised concerns about increasing human exposure to the CWD agent via hunting and venison consumption, potentially facilitating CWD transmission to humans. Several studies have explored this possibility, including limited epidemiologic studies, in vitro experiments, and laboratory studies using various types of animal models. Most human exposures to the CWD agent in the United States would be expected to occur in association with deer and elk hunting in CWD-endemic areas. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) collaborated with state health departments in Colorado, Wisconsin, and Wyoming to identify persons at risk of CWD exposure and to monitor their vital status over time. Databases were established of persons who hunted in Colorado and Wyoming and those who reported consumption of venison from deer that later tested positive in Wisconsin. Information from the databases is periodically cross-checked with mortality data to determine the vital status and causes of death for deceased persons. Long-term follow-up of these hunters is needed to assess their risk of development of a prion disease linked to CWD exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P166 Characterization of CJD strain profiles in venison consumers and non-consumers from Alberta and Saskatchewan</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stephanie Booth (1,2), Lise Lamoureux (1), Debra Sorensen (1), Jennifer L. Myskiw (1,2), Megan Klassen (1,2), Michael Coulthart (3), Valerie Sim (4)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg (2) Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (3) Canadian CJD Surveillance System, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (4) Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is spreading rapidly through wild cervid populations in the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. While this has implications for tourism and hunting, there is also concern over possible zoonotic transmission to humans who eat venison from infected deer. Whilst there is no evidence of any human cases of CWD to date, the Canadian CJD Surveillance System (CJDSS) in Canada is staying vigilant. When variant CJD occurred following exposure to BSE, the unique biochemical fingerprint of the pathologic PrP enabled a causal link to be confirmed. However, we cannot be sure what phenotype human CWD prions would present with, or indeed, whether this would be distinct from that see in sporadic CJD. Therefore we are undertaking a systematic analysis of the molecular diversity of CJD cases of individuals who resided in Alberta and Saskatchewan at their time of death comparing venison consumers and non-consumers, using a variety of clinical, imaging, pathological and biochemical markers. Our initial objective is to develop novel biochemical methodologies that will extend the baseline glycoform and genetic polymorphism typing that is already completed by the CJDSS. Firstly, we are reviewing MRI, EEG and pathology information from over 40 cases of CJD to select clinically affected areas for further investigation. Biochemical analysis will include assessment of the levels of protease sensitive and resistant prion protein, glycoform typing using 2D gel electrophoresis, testing seeding capabilities and kinetics of aggregation by quaking-induced conversion, and determining prion oligomer size distributions with asymmetric flow field fractionation with in-line light scattering. Progress and preliminary data will be presented. Ultimately, we intend to further define the relationship between PrP structure and disease phenotype and establish a baseline for the identification of future atypical CJD cases that may arise as a result of exposure to CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Source Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Volume 24, Number 8—August 2018 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Susceptibility of Human Prion Protein to Conversion by Chronic Wasting Disease Prions </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Marcelo A. BarriaComments to Author , Adriana Libori, Gordon Mitchell, and Mark W. Head Author affiliations: National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (M.A. Barria, A. Libori, M.W. Head); National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Scrapie and CWD, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (G. Mitchell)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal neurodegenerative disease and a serious animal health issue for deer and elk in North America. The identification of the first cases of CWD among free-ranging reindeer and moose in Europe brings back into focus the unresolved issue of whether CWD can be zoonotic like bovine spongiform encephalopathy. We used a cell-free seeded protein misfolding assay to determine whether CWD prions from elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer in North America can convert the human prion protein to the disease-associated form. We found that prions can convert, but the efficiency of conversion is affected by polymorphic variation in the cervid and human prion protein genes. In view of the similarity of reindeer, elk, and white-tailed deer in North America to reindeer, red deer, and roe deer, respectively, in Europe, a more comprehensive and thorough assessment of the zoonotic potential of CWD might be warranted.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Discussion Characterization of the transmission properties of CWD and evaluation of their zoonotic potential are important for public health purposes. Given that CWD affects several members of the family Cervidae, it seems reasonable to consider whether the zoonotic potential of CWD prions could be affected by factors such as CWD strain, cervid species, geographic location, and Prnp–PRNP polymorphic variation. We have previously used an in vitro conversion assay (PMCA) to investigate the susceptibility of the human PrP to conversion to its disease-associated form by several animal prion diseases, including CWD (15,16,22). The sensitivity of our molecular model for the detection of zoonotic conversion depends on the combination of 1) the action of proteinase K to degrade the abundant human PrPC that constitutes the substrate while only N terminally truncating any human PrPres produced and 2) the presence of the 3F4 epitope on human but not cervid PrP. In effect, this degree of sensitivity means that any human PrPres formed during the PMCA reaction can be detected down to the limit of Western blot sensitivity. In contrast, if other antibodies that detect both cervid and human PrP are used, such as 6H4, then newly formed human PrPres must be detected as a measurable increase in PrPres over the amount remaining in the reaction product from the cervid seed. Although best known for the efficient amplification of prions in research and diagnostic contexts, the variation of the PMCA method employed in our study is optimized for the definitive detection of zoonotic reaction products of inherently inefficient conversion reactions conducted across species barriers. By using this system, we previously made and reported the novel observation that elk CWD prions could convert human PrPC from human brain and could also convert recombinant human PrPC expressed in transgenic mice and eukaryotic cell cultures (15).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A previous publication suggested that mule deer PrPSc was unable to convert humanized transgenic substrate in PMCA assays (23) and required a further step of in vitro conditioning in deer substrate PMCA before it was able to cross the deer–human molecular barrier (24). However, prions from other species, such as elk (15) and reindeer affected by CWD, appear to be compatible with the human protein in a single round of amplification (as shown in our study). These observations suggest that different deer species affected by CWD could present differing degrees of the olecular compatibility with the normal form of human PrP.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The contribution of the polymorphism at codon 129 of the human PrP gene has been extensively studied and is recognized as a risk factor for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (4). In cervids, the equivalent codon corresponds to the position 132 encoding methionine or leucine. This polymorphism in the elk gene has been shown to play an important role in CWD susceptibility (25,26). We have investigated the effect of this cervid Prnp polymorphism on the conversion of the humanized transgenic substrate according to the variation in the equivalent PRNP codon 129 polymorphism. Interestingly, only the homologs methionine homozygous seed–substrate reactions could readily convert the human PrP, whereas the heterozygous elk PrPSc was unable to do so, even though comparable amounts of PrPres were used to seed the reaction. In addition, we observed only low levels of human PrPres formation in the reactions seeded with the homozygous methionine (132 MM) and the heterozygous (132 ML) seeds incubated with the other 2 human polymorphic substrates (129 MV and 129 VV). The presence of the amino acid leucine at position 132 of the elk Prnp gene has been attributed to a lower degree of prion conversion compared with methionine on the basis of experiments in mice made transgenic for these polymorphic variants (26). Considering the differences observed for the amplification of the homozygous human methionine substrate by the 2 polymorphic elk seeds (MM and ML), reappraisal of the susceptibility of human PrPC by the full range of cervid polymorphic variants affected by CWD would be warranted.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In light of the recent identification of the first cases of CWD in Europe in a free-ranging reindeer (R. tarandus) in Norway (2), we also decided to evaluate the in vitro conversion potential of CWD in 2 experimentally infected reindeer (18). Formation of human PrPres was readily detectable after a single round of PMCA, and in all 3 humanized polymorphic substrates (MM, MV, and VV). This finding suggests that CWD prions from reindeer could be more compatible with human PrPC generally and might therefore present a greater risk for zoonosis than, for example, CWD prions from white-tailed deer. A more comprehensive comparison of CWD in the affected species, coupled with the polymorphic variations in the human and deer PRNP–Prnp genes, in vivo and in vitro, will be required before firm conclusions can be drawn. Analysis of the Prnp sequence of the CWD reindeer in Norway was reported to be identical to the specimens used in our study (2). This finding raises the possibility of a direct comparison of zoonotic potential between CWD acquired in the wild and that produced in a controlled laboratory setting. (Table).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The prion hypothesis proposes that direct molecular interaction between PrPSc and PrPC is necessary for conversion and prion replication. Accordingly, polymorphic variants of the PrP of host and agent might play a role in determining compatibility and potential zoonotic risk. In this study, we have examined the capacity of the human PrPC to support in vitro conversion by elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer CWD PrPSc. Our data confirm that elk CWD prions can convert the human PrPC, at least in vitro, and show that the homologous PRNP polymorphisms at codon 129 and 132 in humans and cervids affect conversion efficiency. Other species affected by CWD, particularly caribou or reindeer, also seem able to convert the human PrP. It will be important to determine whether other polymorphic variants found in other CWD-affected Cervidae or perhaps other factors (17) exert similar effects on the ability to convert human PrP and thus affect their zoonotic potential.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dr. Barria is a research scientist working at the National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh. His research has focused on understanding the molecular basis of a group of fatal neurologic disorders called prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgments We thank Aru Balachandran for originally providing cervid brain tissues, Abigail Diack and Jean Manson for providing mouse brain tissue, and James Ironside for his critical reading of the manuscript at an early stage.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This report is independent research commissioned and funded by the United Kingdom’s Department of Health Policy Research Programme and the Government of Scotland. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Department of Health or the Government of Scotland.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author contributions: The study was conceived and designed by M.A.B. and M.W.H. The experiments were conducted by M.A.B. and A.L. Chronic wasting disease brain specimens were provided by G.M. The manuscript was written by M.A.B. and M.W.H. All authors contributed to the editing and revision of the manuscript.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2017 Conference Abstracts </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">First evidence of intracranial and peroral transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) into Cynomolgus macaques: a work in progress </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stefanie Czub1, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer2, Christiane Stahl-Hennig3, Michael Beekes4, Hermann Schaetzl5 and Dirk Motzkus6 1 University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine/Canadian Food Inspection Agency; 2Universitatsklinikum des Saarlandes und Medizinische Fakultat der Universitat des Saarlandes; 3 Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen; 4 Robert-Koch-Institut Berlin; 5 University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; 6 presently: Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center; previously: Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This is a progress report of a project which started in 2009. 21 cynomolgus macaques were challenged with characterized CWD material from white-tailed deer (WTD) or elk by intracerebral (ic), oral, and skin exposure routes. Additional blood transfusion experiments are supposed to assess the CWD contamination risk of human blood product. Challenge materials originated from symptomatic cervids for ic, skin scarification and partially per oral routes (WTD brain). Challenge material for feeding of muscle derived from preclinical WTD and from preclinical macaques for blood transfusion experiments. We have confirmed that the CWD challenge material contained at least two different CWD agents (brain material) as well as CWD prions in muscle-associated nerves. Here we present first data on a group of animals either challenged ic with steel wires or per orally and sacrificed with incubation times ranging from 4.5 to 6.9 years at postmortem. Three animals displayed signs of mild clinical disease, including anxiety, apathy, ataxia and/or tremor. In four animals wasting was observed, two of those had confirmed diabetes. All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals. Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuiC) and PET-blot assays to further substantiate these findings are on the way, as well as bioassays in bank voles and transgenic mice. At present, a total of 10 animals are sacrificed and read-outs are ongoing. Preclinical incubation of the remaining macaques covers a range from 6.4 to 7.10 years. Based on the species barrier and an incubation time of > 5 years for BSE in macaques and about 10 years for scrapie in macaques, we expected an onset of clinical disease beyond 6 years post inoculation. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2017 DECIPHERING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS ABSTRACTS REFERENCE </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 23, 2019 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion and THE FEAST 2003 CDC an updated review of the science 2019 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 04, 2014 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Six-year follow-up of a point-source exposure to CWD contaminated venison in an Upstate New York community:</div><div style="outline: none !important;">risk behaviours and health outcomes 2005–2011 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Authors, though, acknowledged the study was limited in geography and sample size and so it couldn't draw a conclusion about the risk to humans. They recommended more study. Dr. Ermias Belay was the report's principal author but he said New York and Oneida County officials are following the proper course by not launching a study. "There's really nothing to monitor presently. No one's sick," Belay said, noting the disease's incubation period in deer and elk is measured in years. " <br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission Studies Mule deer transmissions of CWD were by intracerebral inoculation and compared with natural cases {the following was written but with a single line marked through it ''first passage (by this route)}....TSS </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">resulted in a more rapidly progressive clinical disease with repeated episodes of synocopy ending in coma. One control animal became affected, it is believed through contamination of inoculum (?saline). Further CWD transmissions were carried out by Dick Marsh into ferret, mink and squirrel monkey. Transmission occurred in ALL of these species with the shortest incubation period in the ferret. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip.... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion Infectivity in Fat of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease▿ </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Brent Race#, Kimberly Meade-White#, Richard Race and Bruce Chesebro* + Author Affiliations In mice, prion infectivity was recently detected in fat. Since ruminant fat is consumed by humans and fed to animals, we determined infectivity titers in fat from two CWD-infected deer. Deer fat devoid of muscle contained low levels of CWD infectivity and might be a risk factor for prion infection of other species. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prions in Skeletal Muscles of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Here bioassays in transgenic mice expressing cervid prion protein revealed the presence of infectious prions in skeletal muscles of CWD-infected deer, demonstrating that humans consuming or handling meat from CWD-infected deer are at risk to prion exposure. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> *** now, let’s see what the authors said about this casual link, personal communications years ago, and then the latest on the zoonotic potential from CWD to humans from the TOKYO PRION 2016 CONFERENCE. see where it is stated NO STRONG evidence. so, does this mean there IS casual evidence ???? “Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans” </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: TSS Subject: CWD aka MAD DEER/ELK TO HUMANS ??? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: September 30, 2002 at 7:06 am PST </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: "Belay, Ermias" </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: Cc: "Race, Richard (NIH)" ; ; "Belay, Ermias" </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sent: Monday, September 30, 2002 9:22 AM </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: RE: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dear Sir/Madam, In the Archives of Neurology you quoted (the abstract of which was attached to your email), we did not say CWD in humans will present like variant CJD.. That assumption would be wrong. I encourage you to read the whole article and call me if you have questions or need more clarification (phone: 404-639-3091). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Also, we do not claim that "no-one has ever been infected with prion disease from eating venison." Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans in the article you quoted or in any other forum is limited to the patients we investigated. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ermias Belay, M.D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">-----Original Message----- From: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sent: Sunday, September 29, 2002 10:15 AM </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: rr26k@nih.gov; rrace@niaid.nih.gov; ebb8@CDC.GOV </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sunday, November 10, 2002 6:26 PM .......snip........end..............TSS </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Thursday, April 03, 2008 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease 2008 1: Vet Res. 2008 Apr 3;39(4):41 A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease Sigurdson CJ. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... *** twenty-seven CJD patients who regularly consumed venison were reported to the Surveillance Center***, </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... full text ; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">sporadic, spontaneous CJD, 85%+ of all human TSE, did not just happen. never in scientific literature has this been proven. if one looks up the word sporadic or spontaneous at pubmed, you will get a laundry list of disease that are classified in such a way; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">sporadic = 54,983 hits </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">spontaneous = 325,650 hits </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">key word here is 'reported'. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can't, and it's as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it's being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. ...terry </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people. key word here is ‘reported’. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can’t, and it’s as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it’s being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. …terry </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ *** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** These results would seem to suggest that CWD does indeed have zoonotic potential, at least as judged by the compatibility of CWD prions and their human PrPC target. Furthermore, extrapolation from this simple in vitro assay suggests that if zoonotic CWD occurred, it would most likely effect those of the PRNP codon 129-MM genotype and that the PrPres type would be similar to that found in the most common subtype of sCJD (MM1).*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD TSE PRION AND ZOONOTIC, ZOONOSIS, POTENTIAL</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: Re: DEER SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY SURVEY & HOUND STUDY </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: Fri, 18 Oct 2002 23:12:22 +0100 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: Steve Dealler </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Organization: Netscape Online member </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: BSE-L@ References: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dear Terry,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">An excellent piece of review as this literature is desperately difficult to get back from Government sites.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">What happened with the deer was that an association between deer meat eating and sporadic CJD was found in about 1993. The evidence was not great but did not disappear after several years of asking CJD cases what they had eaten. I think that the work into deer disease largely stopped because it was not helpful to the UK industry...and no specific cases were reported. Well, if you dont look adequately like they are in USA currently then you wont find any!</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Steve Dealler </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM THIRD ANNUAL REPORT AUGUST 1994</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Consumption of venison and veal was much less widespread among both cases and controls. For both of these meats there was evidence of a trend with increasing frequency of consumption being associated with increasing risk of CJD. (not nvCJD, but sporadic CJD...tss) These associations were largely unchanged when attention was restricted to pairs with data obtained from relatives. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Table 9 presents the results of an analysis of these data.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is STRONG evidence of an association between ‘’regular’’ veal eating and risk of CJD (p = .0.01).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Individuals reported to eat veal on average at least once a year appear to be at 13 TIMES THE RISK of individuals who have never eaten veal.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is, however, a very wide confidence interval around this estimate. There is no strong evidence that eating veal less than once per year is associated with increased risk of CJD (p = 0.51).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is some evidence that risk of CJD INCREASES WITH INCREASING FREQUENCY OF LAMB EATING (p = 0.02).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The evidence for such an association between beef eating and CJD is weaker (p = 0.14). When only controls for whom a relative was interviewed are included, this evidence becomes a little STRONGER (p = 0.08).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It was found that when veal was included in the model with another exposure, the association between veal and CJD remained statistically significant (p = < 0.05 for all exposures), while the other exposures ceased to be statistically significant (p = > 0.05).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In conclusion, an analysis of dietary histories revealed statistical associations between various meats/animal products and INCREASED RISK OF CJD. When some account was taken of possible confounding, the association between VEAL EATING AND RISK OF CJD EMERGED AS THE STRONGEST OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS STATISTICALLY. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the study in the USA, a range of foodstuffs were associated with an increased risk of CJD, including liver consumption which was associated with an apparent SIX-FOLD INCREASE IN THE RISK OF CJD. By comparing the data from 3 studies in relation to this particular dietary factor, the risk of liver consumption became non-significant with an odds ratio of 1.2 (PERSONAL COMMUNICATION, PROFESSOR A. HOFMAN. ERASMUS UNIVERSITY, ROTTERDAM). (???...TSS)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full report ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stephen Dealler is a consultant medical microbiologist deal@airtime.co.uk </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE Inquiry Steve Dealler</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Management In Confidence</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE: Private Submission of Bovine Brain Dealler</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> MAD DOGS AND ENGLISHMEN BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, CJD, TSE PRION A REVIEW 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> ''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> In conclusion, sensory symptoms and loss of reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome can be explained by neuropathological changes in the spinal cord. We conclude that the sensory symptoms and loss of lower limb reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome is due to pathology in the caudal spinal cord. <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology.<*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD. <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals.<*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids.'' Scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease (II) <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, MAY 11, 2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">> A Unique Presentation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in a Patient Consuming Deer Antler Velvet <</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusion</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We believe that our patient’s case of CJD is highly suspicious for cervid etiology given the circumstances of the case as well as the strong evidence of plausibility reported in published literature. This is the first known case of CJD in a patient who had consumed deer antler velvet. Despite the confirmed diagnosis of CJD, a causal relationship between the patient’s disease and his consumption of deer antler velvet cannot be definitively concluded.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Supplemental data including molecular tissue sample analysis and autopsy findings could yield further supporting evidence. Given this patient’s clinical resemblance to CBD and the known histological similarities of CBD with CJD, clinicians should consider both diseases in the differential diagnosis of patients with a similarly esoteric presentation. Regardless of the origin of this patient’s disease, it is clear that the potential for prion transmission from cervids to humans should be further investigated by the academic community with considerable urgency.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''We believe that our patient’s case of CJD is highly suspicious for cervid etiology given the circumstances of the case as well as the strong evidence of plausibility reported in published literature. This is the first known case of CJD in a patient who had consumed deer antler velvet. Despite the confirmed diagnosis of CJD, a causal relationship between the patient’s disease and his consumption of deer antler velvet cannot be definitively concluded.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE: A Unique Presentation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in a Patient Consuming Deer Antler Velvet</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i was warning England and the BSE Inquiry about just this, way back in 1998, and was ask to supply information to the BSE Inquiry. for anyone that might be interested, see;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary submission to the BSE Inquiry on CJD and Nutritional Supplements 1998</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ABOUT that deer antler spray and CWD TSE PRION... I have been screaming this since my neighbors mom died from cjd, and she had been taking a supplement that contained bovine brain, bovine eyeball, and other SRMs specified risk materials, the most high risk for mad cow disease. just saying...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I made a submission to the BSE Inquiry long ago during the BSE Inquiry days, and they seemed pretty interested.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sender: "Patricia Cantos"</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: "Terry S Singeltary Sr. (E-mail)"</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: Your submission to the Inquiry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: Fri, 3 Jul 1998 10:10:05 +0100 3 July 1998</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Mr Terry S Singeltary Sr. E-Mail: Flounder at wt.net Ref: E2979</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dear Mr Singeltary, Thank you for your E-mail message of the 30th of June 1998 providing the Inquiry with your further comments. Thank you for offering to provide the Inquiry with any test results on the nutritional supplements your mother was taking before she died. As requested I am sending you our general Information Pack and a copy of the Chairman's letter. Please contact me if your system cannot read the attachments. Regarding your question, the Inquiry is looking into many aspects of the scientific evidence on BSE and nvCJD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I would refer you to the transcripts of evidence we have already heard which are found on our internet site at ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://www.bse.org.uk.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Could you please provide the Inquiry with a copy of the press article you refer to in your e-mail? If not an approximate date for the article so that we can locate it? In the meantime, thank you for you comments. Please do not hesitate to contact me on... snip...end...tss</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">everyone I tell this too gets it screwed up...MY MOTHER WAS NOT TAKING THOSE SUPPLEMENTS IPLEX (that I ever knew of). this was my neighbors mother that died exactly one year previously and to the day of sporadic CJD that was diagnosed as Alzheimer’s at first. my mother died exactly a year later from the Heidenhain Variant of Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease hvCJD, and exceedingly rare strains of the ever growing sporadic CJD’s. both cases confirmed. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">kind regards, terry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TSEs i.e. mad cow disease's BSE/BASE and NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS IPLEX, mad by standard process; vacuum dried bovine BRAIN, bone meal, bovine EYE, veal Bone, bovine liver powder, bovine adrenal, vacuum dried bovine kidney, and vacuum dried porcine stomach. also; what about potential mad cow candy bars ? see their potential mad cow candy bar list too... THESE are just a few of MANY of just this ONE COMPANY...TSS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''So, in sum, dietary supplements sold in the United States often contain ruminant tissues from undisclosed sources. Personally, I am rather squeamish and I don't think I would be eating prostate or testicle or pituitary, but I am also a little bit wary of consuming products with those glands, not just out of personal repugnance but simply out of a health concern.'' </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION CENTER FOR BIOLOGICS EVALUATION AND RESEARCH TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES ADVISORY COMMITTEE Friday, January 19, 2001</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15 Open Public Hearing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">16 DR. FREAS: We are opening the open public hearing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 now. We have received one response to speak in this</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">18 afternoon's open public hearing. That is from Dr. Scott</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">19 Norton. If Dr. Norton is here, would you please come</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">20 forward. You can either use the podium or the microphone,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">21 whichever is your choice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 DR. NORTON: I am Scott Norton and I am a</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23 physician in the Washington D.C. area. I am here speaking</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">24 as a private citizen today.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">25 I first became concerned about the presence of 231</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1 tissues from ruminant animals in dietary supplements about</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2 six months ago and expressed my concern in a letter that was 3 published in New England Journal of Medicine in July of Year 4 2000. 5 A couple of the products that I had looked at, and 6 examined their labels, that raised these concerns I brought 7 in right here. I will just read some of the organs that are 8 found in one that is called Male Power. Deer antler, 9 pancreas, orchic--despite what we just heard that the FDA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">10 prefers the term "testicular tissue" to be written on the</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">11 labels, I have never seen a dietary supplement say</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">12 "testicle." They always say "orchis" or "orchic" which may</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">13 sound rather flowery to the etymologically impaired--thymus,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">14 adrenal, heart, lymph node, prostate, spleen and pituitary.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15 There are actually seventeen organs in that particular</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">16 product.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 There is another product that is called Brain</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">18 Nutrition that tells us that it is vitamins and minerals</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">19 essential for important brain function. It does not mention</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">20 that there is any glandulars on at least the bold print. 21 But if you look at the small print on the back, we learn</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 that it has brain extract and pituitary extract, raw, in</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23 there.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">24 We know that many of the organs that can be found</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">25 in the dietary supplements do fall in that list of organs</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">232</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1 that are suspect for contamination with TSEs, the labels, in 2 nearly all cases, identify neither the animal source nor the 3 geographic location from which the organs were derived. I 4 have seen one line that did specify from New Zealand cattle 5 but no other manufacturer will list either the species or 6 the geographic location. 7 The FDA's and the USDA's import alerts that we 8 just learned about prohibit the use of these organs in 9 foods, medicines and medical devices. But my reading of the</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">10 alert, 17-04, suggests that DSHEA does allow some loopholes</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">11 for these tissues to possible slip in.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">12 I will just read from 17-04 that we heard. On the</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">13 first page, it says that, "This alert does not establish any</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">14 obligations on regulated entities." I love seeing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15 legislation that starts out with that caveat.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">16 Then it says, further, "The USDA regulations do</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 not apply to bovine-derived materials intended for human</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">18 consumption as finished dietary supplements." We also learn</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">19 that the prohibition, or the import alert, is limited to</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">20 bulk lots of these tissues, completed tissues, from BSE-</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">21 derived countries. It does not mention if it is not a bulk</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 import or if it is raw materials rather than finished</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23 materials.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">24 Further, we know that it is strongly recommended</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">25 but not actually prohibited in the language here. So I have</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">233</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1 not taken the assurances from that import alert that Dr. 2 Moore was trying to convey to us. 3 So, in sum, dietary supplements sold in the United 4 States often contain ruminant tissues from undisclosed 5 sources. Personally, I am rather squeamish and I don't 6 think I would be eating prostate or testicle or pituitary, 7 but I am also a little bit wary of consuming products with 8 those glands, not just out of personal repugnance but simply 9 out of a health concern.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">10 So my question to the advisory committee is this;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">11 is my caution reasonable and, if it is, should we take</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">12 further efforts to inform, or even protect, the American</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">13 public from such exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">14 I was curious about Dr. Moore's remarks. I sensed</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15 two messages. One was the initial reassurance that FDA has</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">16 the regulatory authority but then I also learned that it is</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 the manufacturer's responsibility to provide those 18 assurances, that the FDA doesn't actually inspect.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">19 I think that the FDA commissioners from Harvey</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">20 Wylie to David Kessler would say that that track record has</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">21 proven itself.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 Thank you very much.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23 [Applause.]</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">24 DR. BROWN: Thanks, Dr. Norton. 25 Committee Discussion snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 But I think that we could exhibit some quite 18 reasonable concern about blood donors who are taking dietary 19 supplements that contain a certain amount of unspecified- 20 origin brain, brain-related, brain and pituitary material. 21 If they have done this for more than a sniff or something 22 like that, then, perhaps, they should be deferred as blood 23 donors. 24 That is probably worse than spending six months in 25 the U.K. 1/19/01 3681t2.rtf(845) page 501 http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/cber01.htm</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Advisory Committees: CBER 2001 Meeting Documents</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see actual paper;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20110616...ov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t2.rtf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20110616...ov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t2.rtf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Mar03/031403/96N-0417-EC-2.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Mar03/031403/96N-0417-EC-2.htm</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_07.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_07.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">-------- Original Message --------</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: METABOLIFE AND TSEs GAO-03-494 ''URGENT DATA''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: Thu, 01 May 2003 11:23:01 -0500</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: NelliganJ at gao.gov</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The General Accounting Office (GAO) today released the following reports and testimonies:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">REPORTS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1. Dietary Supplements: Review of Health-Related Call Records for Users of Metabolife 356. GAO-03-494, March 31.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-03-494" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-03-494</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see updated url link;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050205084229/http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20050205084229/http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">GREETINGS GAO:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i was surprised that i did not see any listing of bovine tissue in metabolife on it's label. have they ceased using these desiccated tissues???</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i see that the lable on this product METABOLIFE 356, does not state that it has any tissues of desiccated bovine organs? i no the product use to, so i am curious if they have ceased the use of the tissues of cattle they use to use (see below)???</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">METABOLIFE 356 BOVINE COMPLEX/GLANDULAR SYSTEM OVARIES, PROSTATE, SCROTUM AND ADRENAL USDA SOURCE CATTLE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i tried warning them years ago of this potential threat of CJD/TSEs;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: Randy Smith To: "'flounder at wt.net'" Subject: Metabolife Date: Mon, 7 Dec 1998 14:21:35 -0800</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dear Sir,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We are looking at reformulation. I agree that slow virus diseases present a problem in some areas of the world.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our product uses healthy USDA inspected cattle for the glandular extract.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">If you have any links to more information on this subject I would like to examine them.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Thank you for your interest and concern,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dr. Smith</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see full text links of this archived information ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/03/chronic-wasting-disease-prions-in-elk.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/03/chronic-wasting-disease-prions-in-elk.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/ohio-division-of-wildlife-confirms.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/ohio-division-of-wildlife-confirms.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/124/additional-cases-marion-wyandot-counties" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/124/additional-cases-marion-wyandot-counties</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">spontaneous/sporadic CJD in 85%+ of all human TSE, or spontaneous BSE in cattle, is a pipe dream, dreamed up by USDA/OIE et al, that has never been proven. let me repeat, NEVER BEEN PROVEN FOR ALL HUMAN OR ANIMAL TSE I.E. ATYPICAL BSE OR SPORADIC CJD! please see;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">***> TUESDAY, JANUARY 16, 2024 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">***> CIDRAP launches international effort to prepare for possible chronic wasting disease spillover </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">***> Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Spillover to other Species, What If? </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2024/01/cidrap-launches-international-effort-to.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2024/01/cidrap-launches-international-effort-to.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, DECEMBER 18, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Change in Epidemiology of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in the US, 2007-2020 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/change-in-epidemiology-of-creutzfeldt.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/change-in-epidemiology-of-creutzfeldt.html</a></div></div></div></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, DECEMBER 12, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE TSE PRION DISEASE UPDATE USA DECEMBER 2023 <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-tse-prion.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> 2023 Professor John Collinge on tackling prion diseases <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“The best-known human prion disease is sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), a rapidly progressive dementia which accounts for around 1 in 5000 deaths worldwide.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is accumulating evidence also for iatrogenic AD. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Understanding prion biology, and in particular how propagation of prions leads to neurodegeneration, is therefore of central research importance in medicine.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SATURDAY, JULY 22, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Alzheimer's Disease Update Singeltary et al</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://betaamyloidcjd.blogspot.com/2023/07/alzheimers-disease-update.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://betaamyloidcjd.blogspot.com/2023/07/alzheimers-disease-update.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37946824.post-28348241336838121732024-01-16T15:05:00.007-06:002024-01-16T17:49:10.071-06:00CIDRAP launches international effort to prepare for possible chronic wasting disease spillover<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Spillover to other Species, What If?</span></p><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Greetings Professor Osterholm and Team CWD CIDRAP et al, </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Many Thanks, </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">News Release</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CIDRAP launches international effort to prepare for possible chronic wasting disease spillover</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">January 16, 2024</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Image of a female white-tailed deer</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Credit: Michael-Tatman/iStock</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The fatal infection currently affects only cervids such as deer, but experts worry it could spread to humans and non-cervid farm animals</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy (CIDRAP) at the University of Minnesota is pioneering a multi-country project to prepare for a possible chronic wasting disease (CWD) spillover from deer or other cervids—members of the deer family—to humans or non-cervid farm animals.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The work is funded by the Minnesota Legislature, administered by the state Department of Natural Resources and led by CIDRAP and CWD Project Director Michael Osterholm, PhD, MPH, and co-directors Jamie Umber, DVM, MPH, and Cory Anderson, PhD, MPH.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">"We have been very fortunate to have very active leadership and support in the state for CWD efforts, including the work of Representative Rick Hansen," said Osterholm. Minnesota Representative Hansen (D-South St. Paul) is a member of the CIDRAP project's wildlife health and conservation working group.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The CIDRAP CWD Team has enlisted 67 experts from seven countries to serve on five working groups. Their discussions will inform a living, ongoing response plan on topics such as risk communication, education and outreach for the Minnesota Legislature.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The groups are addressing human medicine and public health surveillance, epidemiology, lab capacity, planning, and response; cervid and production animal surveillance, lab capacity, planning, and response; prion disease diagnostics; carcass and contaminated item disposal; and wildlife health and conservation.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Hansen said that science is critical in dealing with a new and challenging disease. "I think that's where engaging scientists, practitioners, researchers, and policymakers with the CIDRAP effort is really important, because we can learn from each other," said Hansen.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">He added that state, national and international cooperation is essential in tackling CWD. "I think the beauty of the CIDRAP proposal is you've got groups working on a variety of things, whether it's human health, management, research, what's happening with other species, so you've got wildlife health, public health and management," said Hansen. "We have a lot more to learn."</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The groups' 10 co-chairs represent Case Western Reserve University, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Creighton University, the University of Calgary, the National Institutes of Health, Colorado State University, the University of Nebraska at Lincoln, the University of Alberta, and the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Members represent 18 universities, four U.S. federal agencies, seven state agencies, and four tribal communities. In addition to the United States and Canada, members hail from France, Germany, Norway, Spain, and the United Kingdom.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">About CWD: CWD is a fatal neurodegenerative disease of cervids caused by infectious misfolded proteins called prions. While it has not yet been detected in people, the CDC warns against eating the meat of infected animals. CWD was first detected in 1967 in mule deer at a Colorado research facility. It has been confirmed in 32 states, four Canadian provinces, South Korea, Finland, Norway, and Sweden.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">About CIDRAP: Part of the University of Minnesota's Research and Innovation Office, CIDRAP is a global leader in addressing public health preparedness and emerging infectious disease response. Founded in 2001, CIDRAP works to prevent illness and death from targeted infectious disease threats through research and the translation of scientific information into practical applications, policies and solutions. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://twin-cities.umn.edu/news-events/cidrap-launches-international-effort-prepare-possible-chronic-wasting-disease-spillover" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://twin-cities.umn.edu/news-events/cidrap-launches-international-effort-prepare-possible-chronic-wasting-disease-spillover</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''CIDRAP launches international effort to prepare for possible chronic wasting disease spillover''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Greetings Professor Osterholm and Team CWD CIDRAP et al, </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">THANK YOU!</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD TSE, PRION,THINGS OF CONCERN!</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">USING PREDATORS AS A TOOL FOR CWD?</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Pumas, Mountain Lions, Coyotes, Wolves, and CWD, oh my!</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">PUMAS, MOUNTAINS LIONS, have been documented to contract a TSE Prion from being fed dead carcasses of BSE infected Cattle;</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">“captive cheetah, puma, an ocelot, and a tiger from zoological collections in Great Britain”</span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">BSE TSE Prion Transmission to Feline spongiform encephalopathy has been described in a captive cheetah, puma, an ocelot, and a tiger from zoological collections in Great Britain1,5</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Other animal prion diseases </span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Christina J Sigurdson, Michael W Miller</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">British Medical Bulletin, Volume 66, Issue 1, June 2003, Pages 199–212, <span dir="ltr">https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/66.1.199</span></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Published: 01 June 2003</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Spongiform encephalopathy in zoo ruminants, cats, and non-human primates</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">BSE transmits to non-domestic bovids, felids, and non-human primates</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Parallel to the BSE epidemic in cattle beginning in the 1980s, 15 additional species have contracted a spongiform encephalopathy, virtually tripling the number of animal species known world-wide to develop a TSE naturally. Seven bovid, 4 felid, and 4 primate species were afflicted with a TSE, primarily in zoological collections in Great Britain but also in France (Table 1)1–5. At the time of their diagnoses, the geographic and temporal association with BSE suggested possible links to the epidemic, and further epidemiological and experimental evidence has bolstered this premise. Affected animals had either consumed cattle-derived protein supplements or were in contact with prion-infected individuals1,6. Additionally, mice inoculated with brain homogenates from TSE-infected kudu, nyala, or domestic cats developed a spongiform encephalopathy with profiles of histological lesions and incubation periods virtually identical to those seen with BSE in mice7,8. Moreover, the similar biochemical profiles of the protease-resistant prion protein, PrPres, in experimental murine BSE, FSE, and experimental BSE in a macaque supported the hypothesis that these apparently novel TSEs had the same origin – BSE9. Thus, the assemblage of epidemiological and biochemical clues has provided compelling evidence that these newly described TSEs arose from BSE that had crossed species barriers.</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Table 1Zoo animals diagnosed with transmissible spongiform encephalopathy between 1985 and 19981,3–5</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Species Number affected</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) 6</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Eland (Taurotragus oryx) 5</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Gemsbok (Oryx gazella) 1</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Nyala (Tragelaphus angasi) 1</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx) 1</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah) 1</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Bison (Bison bison) 1</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) 7</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Puma (Felis concolor) 3</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Ocelot (Felis pardalis) 2</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Tiger (Panthera tigris) 1</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Mayotte brown lemur (Eulemur fulvus mayottensis) 2</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">White fronted brown lemur (Eulemur fulvus albifrons) 1</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Mongoose lemur (Eulemur mongoz) 1</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) 1</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Although a multitude of zoo species were exposed to BSE-contaminated meat and bone meal, only a small group of animals developed disease. </span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">The exotic zoo ruminants that died of TSE include greater kudu, eland, nyala, gemsbok, Arabian oryx, a scimitar-horned oryx, and a bison1,5; all are members of the family Bovidae. Most affected animals had consumed diets that included ruminant-derived meat and bone meal. The possible exception was greater kudu. Epidemiological studies initially suggested that kudu developed TSE from exposure to food-borne BSE, but then maintained the infection by horizontal spread among animals in a manner similar to scrapie and CWD6; however, the apparently prolonged epidemic may have been the product of sustained exposure to BSE-contaminated feed5.</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Feline spongiform encephalopathy</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">The prion diseases of non-domestic cats were likely due to ingestion of BSE-infected cattle carcasses. Feline spongiform encephalopathy has been described in a captive cheetah, puma, an ocelot, and a tiger from zoological collections in Great Britain1,5.</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">In addition to the non-domestic felids, 87 domestic cats in Great Britain and sporadic cases in Norway, Northern Ireland and Liechtenstein have been diagnosed with FSE10. All cats were > 2 years old. Clinically, affected cats initially demonstrated behaviour changes (more timid or aggressive), with subsequent ataxia, hypermetria, and hyperesthesia to sound and touch11,12. Histopathology revealed spongiform degeneration in the neuropil of the brain and spinal cord with the most severe lesions localized to the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus and the basal nuclei10. A ban on bovine spleen and CNS tissue in pet foods was initiated in 1990, and all but one of the FSE cases to date occurred in cats born prior to the ban13.</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Spongiform encephalopathy in non-human primates</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Lemurs and a rhesus macaque from a zoo and three primate facilities in France naturally developed TSE in the 1990s. Primate diets had included meat-meal supplements that were likely contaminated by British beef4. Indeed, lemurs experimentally infected with BSE developed brain lesions that were similar to those seen in naturally infected lemurs. Additionally, the immunohistochemical staining patterns in natural and experimental cases were similar and revealed PrPres in tonsil, Peyer's patches, lymph nodes and spleen4.</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Snip…</span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/66.1.199">https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/66.1.199</a><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><span dir="ltr"><a href="https://watermark.silverchair.com/199.pdf">https://watermark.silverchair.com/199.pdf</a><br /></span></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><span dir="ltr"><br /></span></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><span dir="ltr"><a href="https://academic.oup.com/bmb/article/66/1/199/284812?login=false">https://academic.oup.com/bmb/article/66/1/199/284812?login=false</a><br /></span></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">11. During the period we also collated information on cases of SE that occurred in wild animals at or from other zoos in the British Isles. The total number of cases of which I was aware in June 1996, when I presented a review on occurrence of spongiform encephalopathies in zoo animals (at the Royal College of Pathologists’ Symposium on Transmitting prions: BSE, CJD, and other TSEs, The Royal Society, London, 4th July 1996), was 25, involving 10 species. The animals involved were all from the families Bovidae and Felidae, and comprised: 1 Nyala Tragelaphus angasi, 5 Eland Taurotragus oryx, 6 greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, 1 Gemsbok Oryx gazella, 1 Arabian oryx Oryx leucoryx, 1 Scimitar-horned oryx Oryx dammah, </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">4 Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus, </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">3 Puma Felis concolor </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">2 Ocelot Felis pardalis, and </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">1 Tiger Panthera tigris. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">(A spongiform encephalopathy, which was thought probably to have a different aetiology, had also been reported in 3 ostriches Struthio camelus in Germany). This list did not include cases of BSE in domesticated species in zoos (ie BSE in Ankole or other cattle, or SEs, assumed to be scrapie, in mouflon sheep Ovis musimon). </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s324.pdf</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">new url;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506004016/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s324.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506004016/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s324.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/05/mountain-lions-could-help-stop-spread.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/05/mountain-lions-could-help-stop-spread.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">5. A positive result from a chimpanzee challenged severely would likely create alarm in some circles even if the result could not be interpreted for man. I have a view that all these agents could be transmitted provided a large enough dose by appropriate routes was given and the animals kept long enough. Until the mechanisms of the species barrier are more clearly understood it might be best to retain that hypothesis.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">R. BRADLEY</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170126051158/http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102222950/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170126051158/http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102222950/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">mountain lion (Puma concolor)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The size of a lion’s home range is determined by a variety of factors: prey abundance and availability, topography and other habitat features, and presence of other lions. Male home ranges average 2-1/2 times larger than those of females. The male’s range usually encompasses the range of several females. Research has shown some overlap in home ranges of adult males, but normally males do not share ranges. The home range of an adult male may vary from 80 to 200 square miles, while female ranges are normally 20 to 100 square miles. Female ranges tend to have some degree of overlap with those of other females, although they remain solitary.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Lions are capable of taking large animals including livestock, but in general, reports of mature cattle and horse kills should be viewed with skepticism. Mountain lions rarely kill animals weighing over 500 pounds.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">When investigating a reported lion kill, remember that lions leave an abundance of sign. Look for tracks. Drag marks are a good indication of a lion kill. The drag mark is usually wide and clear if the prey is large, and it is fairly straight from the kill site to the cache area (Figure 9). Lions cache their kills in areas of heavy cover. They often cover their kill with grass, leaves, dirt or other debris, but they do not bury their kill (Figure 10). They often remove the internal organs and cover them up, close to the kill site. Lions frequently uncover their kill and feed, then drag the carcass to another area and cover it again.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/publications/pwdpubs/media/pwd_bk_w7000_0274.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/publications/pwdpubs/media/pwd_bk_w7000_0274.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''They often remove the internal organs and cover them up, close to the kill site. Lions frequently uncover their kill and feed, then drag the carcass to another area and cover it again.''</div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Feline (DOMESTIC Cats) have been documented in the field to FSE from BSE infected feed.</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PO-081: Chronic wasting disease in the cat— Similarities to feline spongiform encephalopathy (FSE) </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Davis Seelig, Amy Nalls, Maryanne Flasik, Victoria Frank, Candace Mathiason, Edward Hoover Colorado State University; Fort Collins, CO USA </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Background and Introduction. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is an efficiently transmitted prion disease of cervids with an as yet to be fully defined host range. Moreover, the risk that CWD poses to feline predators and scavangers, through crossspecies consumption and subsequent transmission, is unknown. Previous and ongoing studies in our laboratory evaluating the susceptibility of domestic cats (Felis catus) to CWD (Mathiason et. al., NeuroPrion 2011, Nalls et. al., NeuroPrion 2012) have documented the susceptibility of domestic cats to CWD following intracerebral (IC) inoculation. However, many of the pathologic features of feline-adapted CWD, including the neural and systemic patterns of PrPCWD accumulation and neuropathology, remain unknown. The chief objectives of this work were: </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">(1) to design a sensitive, enhanced immunohistochemical (E-IHC) protocol for the detection of CWD prions (PrPCWD) in feline tissues; </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">(2) to document the systemic distribution of PrPCWD in CWD-infected cats through E-IHC; </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">(3) to utilize single and multiple-label immunostaining and laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) to provide insights into the subcellular patterns of PrPCWD accumulation and neuropathologic features of CWD-infected cats; and </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">(4) to compare feline CWD to the other known feline TSE </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Materials and Methods. Periodate-lysine-paraformaldehyde (PLP)-fixed, paraffin-embedded (PLP-PE) from terminal, IC-inoculated (n = 9) and sham-inoculated (n = 2), 1st and 2nd passage, CWD-infected cats were examined by E-IHC for the presence of PrPCWD and its association with markers of cell phenotype and organelles. Results. The most sensitive E-IHC technique for the detection of PrPCWD in feline tissues incorporated a combination of slide pretreatment with proteinase-K (PK) in concert with tyramide signal amplification (TSA). With this protocol, we identified PrPCWD deposits throughout the CNS, which, in the 1st passage cats was primarily restricted to the obex, but increased in distribution and severity upon 2nd passage to include a number of midbrain nuclei, cortical gray matter, the thalamus and hypothalamus, and the hippocampus. Peripheral PrPCWD deposits were detected only in the 2nd passage cats, and included the enteric nervous system, the Peyer’s patches, and the retropharyngeal and mesenteric lymph nodes. PrPCWD was not detected in the sham-inoculated cats. Moreover, using multi-label analysis, intracellular PrPCWD aggregates were seen in association with neurofilament heavy chain (NFH)-positive neurons and GFAP-positive astrocytes. In addition, large aggregates of intracellular PrPCWD were identified within LAMP1-positive lysosomes. Conclusions. Feline PrPCWD is present in CNS neurons, astrocytes and LAMP-1-positive lysosomes. The morphologic overlap between the PrPCWD deposits in feline CWD and BSE-origin feline spongiform encephalopathy (FSE), implicates the importance of the host as a key determinant in the development of prion neuropathology and suggest a signature for detection of potential spontaneous feline prion disease. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/04-Prion6-2-Pathogenesis-and-pathology.pdf </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140514022931/http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/01-Prion6-2-OralPresentations.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140514022931/http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/01-Prion6-2-OralPresentations.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20140514022931/http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/01-Prion6-2-OralPresentations.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20140514022931/http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/01-Prion6-2-OralPresentations.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PO-041: Susceptibility of domestic cats to CWD infection </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Amy Nalls, Jeanette Hayes-Klug, Kelly Anderson, Davis Seelig, Kevin Carnes, Susan Kraft, Edward Hoover, Candace Mathiason Colorado State University; Fort Collins, CO USA </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Domestic and non-domestic cats have been shown to be susceptible to feline spongiform encephalopathy (FSE); very likely due to consumption of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) contaminated meat. Because domestic and free-ranging nondomestic felids scavenge cervid carcasses, including those in areas affected by chronic wasting disease (CWD), we evaluated the susceptibility of domestic cats to CWD infection experimentally. Groups of n = 5 cats each were inoculated either intracerebrally (IC) or orally (PO) with CWD-infected deer brain homogenate. Between 40 and 43 months two IC-inoculated cats developed slowly progressive symptoms including weight loss, anorexia, polydipsia, patterned motor behaviors, and ataxia”’ultimately mandating euthanasia. PrPCWD was detected in the brains of these animals by western blot, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assays. No clinical signs of TSE were detected in the remaining primary passage cats at 86 months pi. Feline-adapted CWD (FelCWD) was sub-passaged into groups (n = 4 or 5) of cats by IC, PO, and IP/SQ routes. All 5 IC inoculated cats developed symptoms of disease 20–24 months pi (approximately half the incubation period of primary passage). Additional symptoms in these animals included increasing aggressiveness and hyper responsiveness. FelCWD was demonstrated in the brains of all the affected cats by western blot and IHC. Currently, 3 of 4 IP/SQ, and 1 of 4 PO inoculated cats have developed abnormal behavior patterns consistent with the early stage of feline CWD. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been performed on 11 cats (6 clinically ill, 2 asymptomatic, and 3 age-matched negative controls). </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Abnormalities were detected in 4 of 6 clinically ill cats and included multifocal signal changes consistent with inflammation, ventricular size increases, more prominent sulci, and white matter tract cavitation. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">These results demonstrate that CWD can be transmitted and adapted to the domestic cat, and raise the potential for cervid-to-feline transmission in nature. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140514022931/http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/01-Prion6-2-OralPresentations.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140514022931/http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/01-Prion6-2-OralPresentations.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">MONDAY, AUGUST 8, 2011 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Susceptibility of Domestic Cats to CWD Infection Oral.29: Susceptibility of Domestic Cats to CWD Infection</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Amy Nalls, Nicholas J. Haley, Jeanette Hayes-Klug, Kelly Anderson, Davis M. Seelig, Dan S. Bucy, Susan L. Kraft, Edward A. Hoover and Candace K. Mathiason†</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Colorado State University; Fort Collins, CO USA†Presenting author; Email: ckm@lamar.colostate.edu</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Domestic and non-domestic cats have been shown to be susceptible to one prion disease, feline spongiform encephalopathy (FSE), thought to be transmitted through consumption of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) contaminated meat. Because domestic and free ranging felids scavenge cervid carcasses, including those in CWD affected areas, we evaluated the susceptibility of domestic cats to CWD infection experimentally. Groups of n = 5 cats each were inoculated either intracerebrally (IC) or orally (PO) with CWD deer brain homogenate. Between 40–43 months following IC inoculation, two cats developed mild but progressive symptoms including weight loss, anorexia, polydipsia, patterned motor behaviors and ataxia—ultimately mandating euthanasia. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on the brain of one of these animals (vs. two age-matched controls) performed just before euthanasia revealed increased ventricular system volume, more prominent sulci, and T2 hyperintensity deep in the white matter of the frontal hemisphere and in cortical grey distributed through the brain, likely representing inflammation or gliosis. PrPRES and widely distributed peri-neuronal vacuoles were demonstrated in the brains of both animals by immunodetection assays. No clinical signs of TSE have been detected in the remaining primary passage cats after 80 months pi. Feline-adapted CWD was sub-passaged into groups (n=4 or 5) of cats by IC, PO, and IP/SQ routes. Currently, at 22 months pi, all five IC inoculated cats are demonstrating abnormal behavior including increasing aggressiveness, pacing, and hyper responsiveness. Two of these cats have developed rear limb ataxia. Although the limited data from this ongoing study must be considered preliminary, they raise the potential for cervid-to-feline transmission in nature.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">http://www.prion2011.ca/files/PRION_2011_-_Posters_(May_5-11).pdf</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://europepmc.org/article/med/23236066" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://europepmc.org/article/med/23236066</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="outline: currentcolor;">''Two of these cats have developed rear limb ataxia. Although the limited data from this ongoing study must be considered preliminary, they raise the potential for cervid-to-feline transmission in nature.''</span><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">MONDAY, AUGUST 8, 2011 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Susceptibility of Domestic Cats to CWD Infection Oral.29: Susceptibility of Domestic Cats to CWD Infection</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://felinespongiformencephalopathyfse.blogspot.com/2011/08/susceptibility-of-domestic-cats-to-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://felinespongiformencephalopathyfse.blogspot.com/2011/08/susceptibility-of-domestic-cats-to-cwd.html</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Wolf</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">OR-09: Canine spongiform encephalopathy—A new form of animal prion disease </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Monique David, Mourad Tayebi UT Health; Houston, TX USA </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">It was also hypothesized that BSE might have originated from an unrecognized sporadic or genetic case of bovine prion disease incorporated into cattle feed or even cattle feed contaminated with prion-infected human remains.1 However, strong support for a genetic origin of BSE has recently been demonstrated in an H-type BSE case exhibiting the novel mutation E211K.2 Furthermore, a specific prion protein strain causing BSE in cattle is believed to be the etiological agent responsible for the novel human prion disease, variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD).3 Cases of vCJD have been identified in a number countries, including France, Italy, Ireland, the Netherlands, Canada, Japan, US and the UK with the largest number of cases. Naturally occurring feline spongiform encephalopathy of domestic cats4 and spongiform encephalopathies of a number of zoo animals so-called exotic ungulate encephalopathies5,6 are also recognized as animal prion diseases, and are thought to have resulted from the same BSE-contaminated food given to cattle and humans, although and at least in some of these cases, a sporadic and/or genetic etiology cannot be ruled out. The canine species seems to display resistance to prion disease and no single case has so far been reported.7,8 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Here, we describe a case of a 9 week old male Rottweiler puppy presenting neurological deficits; and histological examination revealed spongiform vacuolation characteristic of those associated with prion diseases.9 Initial biochemical studies using anti-PrP antibodies revealed the presence of partially proteinase K-resistant fragment by western blotting. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry revealed spongiform degeneration consistent with those found in prion disease and displayed staining for PrPSc in the cortex. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Of major importance, PrPSc isolated from the Rottweiler was able to cross the species barrier transmitted to hamster in vitro with PMCA and in vivo (one hamster out of 5). Futhermore, second in vivo passage to hamsters, led to 100% attack rate (n = 4) and animals displayed untypical lesional profile and shorter incubation period. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In this study, we show that the canine species might be sensitive to prion disease and that PrPSc isolated from a dog can be transmitted to dogs and hamsters in vitro using PMCA and in vivo to hamsters. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">If our preliminary results are confirmed, the proposal will have a major impact on animal and public health and would certainly lead to implementing new control measures for ‘canine spongiform encephalopathy’ (CSE). </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> References </div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140514022931/http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/01-Prion6-2-OralPresentations.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140514022931/http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/01-Prion6-2-OralPresentations.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">2005</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">DEFRA Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Area 307, London, SW1P 4PQ Telephone: 0207 904 6000 Direct line: 0207 904 6287 E-mail: h.mcdonagh.defra.gsi.gov.uk</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">GTN: FAX:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Mr T S Singeltary P.O. Box Bacliff Texas USA 77518</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">21 November 2001</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Dear Mr Singeltary</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TSE IN HOUNDS</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Thank you for e-mail regarding the hounds survey. I am sorry for the long delay in responding.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">As you note, the hound survey remains unpublished. However the Spongiform Encephalopathy Advisory Committee (SEAC), the UK Government's independent Advisory Committee on all aspects related to BSE-like disease, gave the hound study detailed consideration at their meeting in January 1994. As a summary of this meeting published in the BSE inquiry noted, the Committee were clearly concerned about the work that had been carried out, concluding that there had clearly been problems with it, particularly the control on the histology, and that it was more or less inconclusive. However was agreed that there should be a re-evaluation of the pathological material in the study.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Later, at their meeting in June 95, The Committee re-evaluated the hound study to see if any useful results could be gained from it. The Chairman concluded that there were varying opinions within the Committee on further work. It did not suggest any further transmission studies and thought that the lack of clinical data was a major weakness.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Overall, it is clear that SEAC had major concerns about the survey as conducted. As a result it is likely that the authors felt that it would not stand up to r~eer review and hence it was never published. As noted above, and in the detailed minutes of the SEAC meeting in June 95, SEAC considered whether additional work should be performed to examine dogs for evidence of TSE infection. Although the Committee had mixed views about the merits of conducting further work, the Chairman noted that when the Southwood Committee made their recommendation to complete an assessment of possible spongiform disease in dogs, no TSEs had been identified in other species and hence dogs were perceived as a high risk population and worthy of study. However subsequent to the original recommendation, made in 1990, a number of other species had been identified with TSE ( e.g. cats) so a study in hounds was less</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">critical. For more details see- <a href="http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/06/21005001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/06/21005001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506065716/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/06/21005001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506065716/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/06/21005001.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">As this study remains unpublished, my understanding is that the ownership of the data essentially remains with the original researchers. Thus unfortunately, I am unable to help with your request to supply information on the hound survey directly. My only suggestion is that you contact one of the researchers originally involved in the project, such as Gerald Wells. He can be contacted at the following address.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Dr Gerald Wells, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT 15 3NB, UK</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">You may also wish to be aware that since November 1994 all suspected cases of spongiform encephalopathy in animals and poultry were made notifiable. Hence since that date there has been a requirement for vets to report any suspect SE in dogs for further investigation. To date there has never been positive identification of a TSE in a dog.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">I hope this is helpful</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Yours sincerely 4</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">HUGH MCDONAGH BSE CORRESPONDENCE SECTION</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">======================================</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">HOUND SURVEY</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">I am sorry, but I really could have been a co-signatory of Gerald's minute.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">I do NOT think that we can justify devoting any resources to this study, especially as larger and more important projects such as the pathogenesis study will be quite demanding.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">If there is a POLITICAL need to continue with the examination of hound brains then it should be passed entirely to the VI Service.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">J W WILESMITH Epidemiology Unit 18 October 1991</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Mr. R Bradley</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">cc: Mr. G A H Wells</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080102190407/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/evidence/yb/1991oct.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080102190407/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/evidence/yb/1991oct.htm</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">3.3. Mr R J Higgins in conjunction with Mr G A Wells and Mr A C Scott would by the end of the year, identify the three brains that were from the ''POSITIVE'' end of the lesion spectrum.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506043913/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1993/12/06001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506043913/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1993/12/06001001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SEE FULL TEXT ;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Research Papers</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD prions remain infectious after passage through the digestive system of coyotes (Canis latrans)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Tracy A Nichols, Justin W Fischer, Terry R Spraker, Qingzhong Kong & Kurt C VerCauteren Pages 367-375 | Received 07 Jul 2015, Accepted 18 Aug 2015, Accepted author version posted online: 04 Dec 2015, Published online: 04 Dec 2015 Download citation https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2015.1086061</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ABSTRACT</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a geographically expanding prion disease of wild and captive cervids in North America. Disease can be transmitted directly, animal to animal, or indirectly via the environment. CWD contamination can occur residually in the environment via soil, water, and forage following deposition of bodily fluids such as urine, saliva, and feces, or by the decomposition of carcasses. Recent work has indicated that plants may even take up prions into the stems and leaves. When a carcass or gut pile is present in the environment, a large number of avian and mammalian species visit and consume the carrion. Additionally, predators like coyotes, likely select for disease-compromised cervids. Natural cross-species CWD transmission has not been documented, however, passage of infectious prion material has been observed in the feces of crows. In this study we evaluated the ability of CWD-infected brain material to pass through the gastrointestinal tract of coyotes (Canis latrans) following oral ingestion, and be infectious in a cervidized transgenic mouse model. Results from this study indicate that coyotes can pass infectious prions via their feces for at least 3 days post ingestion, demonstrating that mammalian scavengers could contribute to the translocation and contamination of CWD in the environment.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Keywords: chronic wasting disease, coyotes, environmental contamination, feces, prions, scavengers, transmission</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Discussion The continued spread of CWD is of concern to the health of both wild and captive cervid populations. Indirect transmission through the environment has been demonstrated in captive animals living in paddocks where CWD-positive animals had lived,Citation3 and is a particular challenge due to the long persistence of CWD within the environment.Citation7,28 Infectious material can be deposited in the environment by the decay of infected carcasses, from urine, feces, and saliva,Citation5,6,29 and the spread of infected material may be aided by scavengers and predators. In this study we illustrated the ability of coyotes to pass infectivity in their feces after the ingestion of CWD-infected brain homogenate.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Coyotes have the ability to travel significant distances. This distance, however, is based upon social structure, which is generally placed in 2 categories; resident or transient.Citation30 Resident animals are those that utilize a specific territory and are comprised of a mated pair and sometimes pups from a previous year, while transient animals are individuals that are nomadic, more commonly male, and have no affinity for a specific territory.Citation30 In a study evaluating the range of coyotes in southern Colorado, transient animals, which represented 22% of the population, ranged over 106.5 ± 27 km2, versus resident groups which ranged over 11.3 ± 5.8 km.Citation2,30 Transient coyotes are therefore provided an opportunity to translocate disease to previously CWD-negative localities.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Control coyotes readily consumed the homogenized elk brain. Of the treatment coyotes, which were moved indoors 2 days prior to the initiation of the study, only one (#135) immediately ate the brain homogenate. The other coyotes required supplementation with diced, raw chicken, or fish-flavored soft cat food. Although the numbers are too small to come to any definitive conclusions, it is interesting to note that the coyote that ingested the brain homogenate without chicken or cat food supplementation did not appear to transfer infectivity to any of the mice in the bioassay. Neither age nor sex appeared to have any effect on fecal shedding. However, it is possible that individual variation within the stomach environment, such as pH and flora could have influenced the passage of the infectious prions through the gastrointestinal tract.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Our experimental design was based on detection of CWD in coyote feces by PMCA prior to initiation of the bioassay. PMCA was able to repeatedly detect the presence of proteinase K-resistant prions signal in feces from DPI 1, so the bioassay was designed to evaluate feces for 2 days following, to account for any uncertainty in prion detection in feces. Results from the bioassay showed transmission of disease to 2/4 mouse groups in DPI 3, suggesting that infectivity may continue to be present in the feces more than 3 days after ingestion. We were unable to go back and increase the bioassay to include DPI 4 and 5, due to logistical reasons.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The 50 mL oral dose ingested by coyotes in this study was comprised solely of infected brain tissue and represented a high dose. In the wild, coyotes would opportunistically consume a wide variety of tissues from a kill or scavenged deer or elk carcass, likely making their actual ingested infective dose much smaller. This study was not designed to mimic a naturally consumed dose of CWD, but rather as a proof of concept to determine if infectivity could pass into coyote feces. The passage of disease in feces is a common route of translocation for many viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The results of this bioassay indicate that infectious CWD prions are able to be passed in the feces of coyotes fed infected elk brain homogenate for at least 3 DPI, making them a potential vector for CWD prion transport and contamination within the environment.</div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2015.1086061" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2015.1086061</a></div></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD TSE PRION, CATTLE, Pigs, Sheep, ROCKY Raccoons, Rodents, AS THE CROW FLIES, HUMANS, SPILLOVER, OH MY!</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SUNDAY, NOVEMBER 01, 2009</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) and potential spreading of CWD through feces of digested infectious carcases</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Could Crows Play a Role in Spreading CWD </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">was presented by Dr. Kurt VerCauteren, NWRC, WS-APHIS- USDA. From the first observations (40 years ago) of CWD in mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) in Northern Colorado, the disease has been identified in an increasing geographic area. Mechanisms for the spread of CWD are incompletely understood. Birds have been identified as potential vectors for a number of diseases, where infected material is ingested and the disease agent is later shed in new areas after flying substantial distances. We hypothesized that avian scavengers have the potential to disseminate 200 prions associated with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), like CWD, by a similar process. As prions are resistant to destruction, it is reasonable that infectious material could pass through the digestive tract of scavenging birds. Our objective was to determine if TSE-positive brain material from mice (i.e., mouse-adapted scrapie) could pass through the digestive tract of American crows (Corvus</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) and potential spreading of CWD through feces of digested infectious carcasses</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">brachyrhynchos) and still be infectious to mice. Our experimental design included treatment groups of mice inoculated intraperitoneally with: 1) normal mouse brain, 2) infected mouse brain, 3) gamma-irradiated feces from crows gavaged with normal mouse brain, and 4) gamma-irradiated feces from crows gavaged with infected mouse brain. Our preliminary results indicate feces from each of 20 crows gavaged with infected mouse brain were infectious for mice (proportion of crows=1.00, 95% CI: 0.83-1.00) and average longevity for mice was 213 days (95% CI: 210-216). Longevity of mice inoculated with infected mouse brain was slightly less (198 days, 95% CI: 188-207). Most mice inoculated with normal brain, or feces from crows gavaged with normal brain, were still alive 1 year post inoculation with no evident clinical signs of TSE disease in any control mice. Our results demonstrate that a common, migratory North American scavenger, the American crow, can pass infective prions in feces and, therefore, could play a role in the spatial dissemination of prion disease....</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD), first identified in Wisconsin in 2002, is an infectious transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) afflicting members of the taxonomic family Cervidae, and causes neurodegeneration and ultimately death. As a proxy for mortality or harvest of CWD-infected deer, we placed disease-free white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) carcasses and gut piles in the environment and monitored scavenger activity and carcass removal from September to April in 2003 through 2005. We recorded 14 species of scavenging mammals (six species of visitors), and eight species of scavenging birds (14 species of visitors). Prominent scavengers included American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos), raccoons (Procyon lotor), and Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana). We found no evidence that deer directly consumed conspecific remains, but they visited carcasses and gut piles. Domestic dogs (Canis familiaris), cats (Felis sylvestris catus), and cows (Bos spp.) either scavenged or visited carcass sites, which may have increased exposure risk of CWD to humans and human food supplies. Deer carcasses persisted for a median of 18 to 101 days, while gut piles lasted for a median of three days. Habitat did not influence carcass consumption/decomposition, but mammalian and avian scavenger activity and higher temperatures (proxy for microbial and arthropod activity) were associated with greater rates of carcass removal. Our findings suggest that infected deer carcasses can function as an environmental source of CWD prions to mammalian and avian scavengers. We discuss the implications of these results in a broader context of CWD spread, and suggest preemptive management strategies for mitigating impacts of CWD contaminated deer remains in the environment....</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.usaha.org/meetings/2008/2008_USAHA_Proceedings.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.usaha.org/meetings/2008/2008_USAHA_Proceedings.pdf</a> </div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Greetings,</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">THIS potential vector of transmission is very disturbing. I don't know what the flight paths, and or travel of either species of birds, or if there are others, there are many birds that eat meat and or are scavengers. But the disturbing part is the amount of territory they can cover and spread their feces. PLUS, this goes back to what the late Dr. Gibbs told me, and what the late Harash Narang book showed, Dr. Gibbs stating that the TSE agent could spread through the <span style="outline: currentcolor;">digestional tract</span>, and survive, and could still have the potential to spread, and Harash Narang's book 'The Link', page 135, where a farmers around Kent have chickens with BSE. MAFF was aware of this and was suppose to do some studies? BUT, regardless whether or not these birds become clinical and die, the fact that the above studies showed that the TSE agent survived the <span style="outline: currentcolor;">digestional tract</span>, and went on to further infect mice via feces, is very disturbing, and further enhances transmission studies must be done asap. PLUS, this should be the final straw for chicken litter being fed back to cattle and other food producing animals for humans and animals. AND not to forget the Red Necked Ostrich and BSE? ...TSS</div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">OR-12: Chronic wasting disease transmission and pathogenesis in cervid and non-cervid Species </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Edward A. Hoover, Candace K. Mathiason, Nicholas J. Haley, Timothy D. Kurt, Davis M. Seelig, Nathaniel D. Denkers, Amy V. Nalls, Mark D. Zabel, and Glenn C. Telling Prion Research Program, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology; Colorado State University; Fort Collins, CO USA </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Since its recognition as a TSE in the late 1970s, chronic wasting disease (CWD) of cervids has been distinguished by its facile spread and is now recognized in 18 states, 2 Canadian provinces, and South Korea. The efficient horizontal spread of CWD reflects a prion/host relationship that facilitates efficient mucosal uptake, peripheral lymphoid amplification, and dissemination by exploiting excretory tissues and their products, helping to establish indirect/environmental and well as direct (e.g., salivary) transmission. Recent studies from our group also support the likelihood of early life mother to offspring and aerosol CWD prion transmission. Studies of cervid CWD exposure by natural routes indicate that incubation period for detection of overt infection, while still uncertain, may be much longer than originally thought. Several non-cervid species can be infected by CWD experimentally (e.g., ferrets, voles, cats) with consequent species-specific disease phenotypes. The species-adapted prions so generated can be transmitted by mucosal, i.e., more natural, routes. Whether non-cervid species sympatric with deer/elk can be infected in nature, however, remains unknown. In vitro CWD prion amplification studies, in particular sPMCA, can foreshadow in vivo susceptibility and suggest the importance of the PrPC rigid loop region in species barrier permissiveness. Trans-species CWD amplification appears to broaden the host range/strain characteristics of the resultant prions. The origins of CWD remain unknown, however, the existence of multiple CWD prion strains/ quasi-species, the mechanisms of prion shedding/dissemination, and the relationship between sheep scrapie and CWD merit further investigation. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/01-Prion6-2-OralPresentations.pdf </div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140514022931/http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/01-Prion6-2-OralPresentations.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140514022931/http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/01-Prion6-2-OralPresentations.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Friday, August 8, 2008<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PS 76-59: White-tailed deer carcass decomposition and risk of chronic wasting disease exposure to scavenger communities in Wisconsin</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chris S. Jennelle, Michael D. Samuel, Cherrie A. Nolden, and Elizabeth A. Berkley. University of Wisconsin</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is an infectious transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) afflicting members of the family Cervidae, and causes neurodegeneration and ultimately death. While there have been no reports of natural cross-species transmission of CWD outside this group, we addressed the role of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) carcasses as environmental sources of CWD in Wisconsin. Our objectives were to estimate rates of deer carcass and gut pile decomposition in the environment, characterize vertebrate scavenger communities, and quantify the relative activity of scavengers to determine CWD exposure risk. We placed 40 disease-free deer carcasses and nine gut piles in the CWD-affected area of Wisconsin from September to April in 2003 through 2005. We used photos from remotely operated cameras to characterize scavenger communities and relative activity. We used Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and a generalized linear mixed model to quantify the driving factors and rate of carcass removal (decomposition) from the environment.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results/Conclusions</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">We recorded 14 species of scavenging mammals (six visiting species), and eight species of scavenging birds (14 visiting species). Prominent scavengers included American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos), raccoons (Procyon lotor), and Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana). We found no evidence that deer directly consumed conspecific remains, although they visited them frequently. Domestic dogs (Canis familiaris), cats (Felis catus), and cows (Bos spp.) either scavenged or visited carcass sites, which could increase exposure risk of CWD to humans and human food supplies. Deer carcasses persisted for a median of 18 to 101 days, while gut piles lasted for a median of three days. Habitat did not influence carcass decomposition, but mammalian and avian scavenger activity and higher temperatures (proxy for microbial and arthropod activity) were associated with greater rates of carcass removal. Infected deer carcasses serve as environmental sources of CWD prions to a wide variety of mammalian and avian scavengers. Such sources of infectious material likely influence the maintenance and spread of CWD (in particular), and should be considered in the dynamics of other disease systems as well. Prudence would dictate the use of preemptive management strategies, and we highlight strategies for carcass disposal to mitigate the influence of carcasses as environmental sources of infectious diseases.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">See more of The 93rd ESA Annual Meeting (August 3 -- August 8, 2008)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://eco.confex.com/eco/2008/techprogram/P14681.HTM" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://eco.confex.com/eco/2008/techprogram/P14681.HTM</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/07/deer-carcass-decomposition-and.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/07/deer-carcass-decomposition-and.html</a></div></div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Rocky Raccoon and CWD TSE Prion</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">These results provide strong evidence for the emergence of a novel strain of CWD after passage in meadow voles and raccoons. Therefore, interspecies transmission of CWD prions between cervids and noncervid species that share the same habitat might represent a confounding factor in CWD-management programs. In addition, passage of CWD prions through off-target species might represent a source of novel CWD strains with unknown biologic characteristics, including zoonotic potential. Characterization of the biologic behavior of CWD isolates after cross-species transmission will help us develop more effective management strategies for CWD-affected populations.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/28/4/21-0271_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/28/4/21-0271_article</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Title: Passage of the CWD agent through meadow voles results in increased attack rates and decreased incubation periods in raccoons</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Author item MOORE, SARA JO - Orise Fellow item CARLSON, CHRISTINA - Us Geological Survey (USGS) item SCHNEIDER, JAY - Us Geological Survey (USGS) item JOHNSON, CHRISTOPHER - Us Geological Survey (USGS) item Greenlee, Justin Submitted to: Emerging Infectious Diseases Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 12/13/2021 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A Interpretive </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Summary: Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are a group of fatal diseases caused by the accumulation of misfolded prion protein in the brain. Several livestock species including cattle, sheep, deer, and elk are afflicted by prion diseases. In sheep the disease is called scrapie. In deer and elk, the disease is called chronic wasting disease (CWD). Due to the human consumption of cervid meat products and intermingling of various livestock species with wild cervid populations, there is significant interest in characterizing the possible host range of CWD. This study reports the successful transmission of the CWD agent to raccoons, a ubiquitous omnivore present throughout North America. In addition, passage of the CWD agent from deer through meadow voles, a scavenger present in much of the range where CWD occurs, results in changes in the biological behavior of the CWD agent when that material is used to inoculate raccoons. This research is of interest to regulatory officials or anyone interested in controlling CWD in wildlife or captive cervid herds.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Technical Abstract: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a naturally-occurring neurodegenerative disease of cervids. Raccoons (Procyon lotor) and meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) have previously been shown to be susceptible to CWD and their scavenging habits could expose them to environmental CWD infectivity. To investigate the potential for transmission of the agent of CWD from white-tailed deer to voles and subsequently to raccoons, we intracranially inoculated raccoons with brain homogenate from a CWD-affected white-tailed deer (CWDWtd), or derivatives of this isolate after it had been passaged through voles one or five times. We found that passage of the CWDWtd isolate through voles led to a change in the biological behavior of the CWD agent, including increased attack rates and decreased incubation periods in raccoons. A better understanding of the dynamics of cross-species transmission of CWD prions will help us to better manage and control the spread of CWD in free-ranging and farmed cervid populations.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=380582" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=380582</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">2. Passage through a new species alters chronic wasting disease transmission. Due to the human consumption of cervid meat products and intermingling of various livestock species with wild cervid populations, there is significant interest in characterizing the possible host range of CWD. ARS scientists in Ames, Iowa, demonstrated that passage of chronic wasting disease (CWD) prion (the CWD causative agent) through meadow voles results in increased attack rates and decreased incubation periods when vole passaged CWD prions were then experimentally inoculated into raccoons, which is a ubiquitous omnivore present throughout North America. Passage of the CWD agent from deer through meadow voles, a scavenger present in much of the range where CWD occurs, results in changes in the biological behavior of the CWD agent when that material is used to inoculate raccoons. This research is of interest to regulatory officials, or anyone interested in controlling CWD in wildlife or captive cervid herds.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=440677&fy=2022" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=440677&fy=2022</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Research Project: Elucidating the Pathobiology and Transmission of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Title: The chronic wasting disease agent from white-tailed deer is highly infectious to humanized mice after passage through raccoons</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Author item Cassmann, Eric item QI, XU - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item KONG, QINGZHONG - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item Greenlee, Justin</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Submitted to: Meeting Abstract Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 3/15/2023 Publication Date: 5/30/2023 Citation: Cassmann, E.D., Qi, X., Kong, Q., Greenlee, J.J. 2023. The chronic wasting disease agent from white-tailed deer is highly infectious to humanized mice after passage through raccoons (abstract). Meeting Abstract. 4th International Chronic Wasting Disease Symposium, May 30-June 3, 2023, Denver, Colorado. Interpretive Summary:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Technical Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the zoonotic potential of the raccoon passaged chronic wasting disease (CWD) agent in humanized transgenic mice in comparison with the North American CWD agent from the original white-tailed deer (WTD) host. Pooled brain (GG96) from CWD positive deer was used to intracranially inoculate two WTD and one raccoon. Brain homogenates (10% w/v) from the raccoon and the WTD were used to intracranially inoculate transgenic mice (Tg40h) expressing the methionine 109 human prion protein. Brains and spleens were collected from mice at experimental endpoints of clinical disease or approximately 700 days post-inoculation. Tissues were divided and homogenized or fixed in 10% buffered neutral formalin. Immunohistochemistry, enzyme immunoassay, and western blot were used to detect misfolded prion protein (PrPSc) in tissue. Tg40h mice inoculated with the raccoon passaged CWD agent from WTD exhibited a 100% (12/12) attack rate with an average incubation period of 605 days. PrPSc was detected in brain tissue by enzyme immunoassay with an average optical density of 3.6/4.0 for positive brains. PrPSc also was detected in brain tissue by western blot and immunohistochemistry. No PrPSc was detected in the spleens of mice inoculated with the raccoon passaged CWD agent. Humanized mice inoculated with the CWD agent from WTD did not have detectable PrPSc using conventional immunoassay techniques. These results demonstrated that the host range of the CWD agent from WTD was expanded in our experimental model after one passage through raccoons.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=400777" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=400777</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD AND RODENTS</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">J Virol . 2010 Jan;84(1):210-5. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00560-09.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) susceptibility of several North American rodents that are sympatric with cervid CWD epidemics</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Dennis M Heisey 1, Natalie A Mickelsen, Jay R Schneider, Christopher J Johnson, Chad J Johnson, Julia A Langenberg, Philip N Bochsler, Delwyn P Keane, Daniel J Barr Affiliations expand</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PMID: 19828611 PMCID: PMC2798418 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00560-09</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a highly contagious always fatal neurodegenerative disease that is currently known to naturally infect only species of the deer family, Cervidae. CWD epidemics are occurring in free-ranging cervids at several locations in North America, and other wildlife species are certainly being exposed to infectious material. To assess the potential for transmission, we intracerebrally inoculated four species of epidemic-sympatric rodents with CWD. Transmission was efficient in all species; the onset of disease was faster in the two vole species than the two Peromyscus spp. The results for inocula prepared from CWD-positive deer with or without CWD-resistant genotypes were similar. Survival times were substantially shortened upon second passage, demonstrating adaptation. Unlike all other known prion protein sequences for cricetid rodents that possess asparagine at position 170, our red-backed voles expressed serine and refute previous suggestions that a serine in this position substantially reduces susceptibility to CWD. Given the scavenging habits of these rodent species, the apparent persistence of CWD prions in the environment, and the inevitable exposure of these rodents to CWD prions, our intracerebral challenge results indicate that further investigation of the possibility of natural transmission is warranted.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In light of our findings, the possibility of natural transmission to rodents cannot be dismissed. This is concerning because of a TSE's ability to change its properties and host affinities after being passaged (4). Cannibalism and scavenging are common among small rodents, and small rodents are a very important food source for many predators and scavengers. Small rodent tissue also enters the domestic livestock and human food chain by accidental inclusion in grain and forage. Further investigation of these species as potential hosts, bridge species, and reservoirs of CWD is warranted. Even in its natural cervid hosts, the mechanisms of natural transmission and infection of CWD are not well understood. However, the ability to support amplification of PrPd would seem to be a prerequisite, which all of our rodent species have demonstrated. We have initiated studies to examine the susceptibility of these rodent species via more natural routes of infection.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2798418/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2798418/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Scrapie and CWD, oh my!</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Title: Disease phenotype of classical sheep scrapie is changed upon experimental passage through white-tailed deer </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Author item Kokemuller, Robyn item MOORE, S.JO - Oak Ridge Institute For Science And Education (ORISE) item Bian, Jifeng item WEST GREENLEE, HEATHER - Iowa State University item Greenlee, Justin</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Submitted to: PLoS Pathogens Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 11/9/2023 Publication Date: 12/4/2023 Citation: Kokemuller, R., Moore, S., Bian, J., West Greenlee, H.M., Greenlee, J.J. 2023. Disease phenotype of classical sheep scrapie is changed upon experimental passage through white-tailed deer. PLoS Pathogens. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1011815. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1011815 Interpretive Summary: Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are a group of fatal diseases caused by the accumulation of misfolded prion protein in the brain. Ruminant species such as sheep, deer, and elk can get prion diseases. In sheep the disease is called scrapie. In deer and elk, the disease is called chronic wasting disease (CWD). The source of CWD is unknown, but one possibility is that scrapie jumped from sheep to deer. When we experimentally exposed white-tailed deer to the sheep scrapie agent, all deer developed scrapie. The purpose of the current experiment was to determine if sheep can get scrapie derived from white-tailed deer. Some sheep developed scrapie after oronasal exposure to the scrapie agent from white-tailed deer. Passage through white-tailed deer results in a scrapie isolate with different strain properties than the original inoculum. The detection of new strain properties was an unexpected result that will be the subject of further studies. These results indicate that sheep could be susceptible to the scrapie agent after passage through deer if exposed to the agent in natural or agricultural settings, which could be a confounding factor to the scrapie eradication program. National and state regulatory and wildlife officials should consider this information when developing plans to reduce or eliminate TSEs.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Technical Abstract: Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) agents have strain variations that influence disease phenotype and may affect the potential for interspecies transmission. Since deer and sheep may use the same grazing land, it is important to understand the potential transmission of TSEs between these species. The US scrapie isolate (No.13-7) had a 100% attack rate in white-tailed deer after oronasal challenge. The purpose of this study was to determine if sheep are susceptible to oronasal challenge with the scrapie agent from white-tailed deer. Suffolk lambs of various prion protein genotypes were challenged by the oronasal route with a 10% brain homogenate from scrapie-affected white-tailed deer. Sheep were euthanized and necropsied upon development of clinical signs or at the end of the experiment (72 months post-inoculation). Tissues were tested for PrPSc by enzyme immunoassay, western blot, and immunohistochemistry. The first sheep (2/2) to develop clinical signs at approximately 29 months post-inoculation (MPI) had the VRQ/VRQ genotype. One of the two sheep with the ARQ/ARQ genotype also developed clinical signs at 48 MPI. This is in contrast to the original No.13-7 inoculum that has a faster incubation period in sheep with the ARQ/ARQ genotype compared to sheep of the VRQ/VRQ genotype. The shorter incubation period in VRQ/VRQ sheep than ARQ/ARQ sheep after passage through deer indicates a phenotype change. This is important because scrapie infected deer could transmit disease to sheep resulting in new scrapie strain properties. This work raises the concern that scrapie infected deer could serve as a confounding factor to scrapie eradication programs as the scrapie agent from deer is transmissible to sheep by the oronasal route.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=405929" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=405929</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Pigs and Sheep, CWD oral routes<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD to Swine Oral Route</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.agriculture.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Moore_2017_Swine_CWD.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.agriculture.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Moore_2017_Swine_CWD.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Experimental transmission of the chronic wasting disease agent to swine after oral or intracranial inoculation</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Running Title: The chronic wasting disease agent transmits to swine</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">S. Jo Moore1,2 , M. Heather West Greenlee3 , Naveen Kondru3 , Sireesha Manne3 , Jodi D. Smith1,# , Robert A. Kunkle1 , Anumantha Kanthasamy3 , Justin J. Greenlee1*</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa, United States of America</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa, United States of America</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Current Address: Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa, United States of America * Corresponding author Email: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">justin.greenlee@ars.usda.gov</span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">JVI Accepted Manuscript Posted Online 12 July 2017 J. Virol. doi:10.1128/JVI.00926-17</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">This is a work of the U.S. Government and is not subject to copyright protection in the United States. Foreign copyrights may apply.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> on July 27, 2017 by guest <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">http://jvi.asm.org/</span> Downloaded from</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a naturally occurring, fatal neurodegenerative disease of cervids. The potential for swine to serve as a host for the agent of chronic wasting disease is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the susceptibility of swine to the CWD agent following experimental oral or intracranial inoculation . Crossbred piglets were assigned to one of three groups: intracranially inoculated (n=20), orally inoculated (n=19), or non -inoculated (n=9). At approximately the age at which commercial pigs reach market weight, half of the pigs in each group were culled (‘market weight’ groups). The remaining pigs (‘aged’ groups) were allowed to incubate for up to 73 months post inoculation (MPI ). Tissues collected at necropsy were examined for disease -associated prion protein (PrPSc) by western blotting (WB), antigen -capture immunoassay (EIA), immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in vitro real -time quaking induced conversion (RT -QuIC). Brain samples from selected pigs were also bioassayed in mice expressing porcine prion protein. Four intracranially inoculated aged pigs and one orally inoculated aged pig were positive by EIA, IHC and/or WB. Using RT -QuIC, PrPSc was detected in lymphoid and/or brain tissue from one or more pigs in each inoculated group. Bioassay was positive in 4 out of 5 pigs assayed.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">This study demonstrates that pigs can support low-level amplification of CWD prions, although the species barrier to CWD infection is relatively high. However, detection of infectivity in orally inoculated pigs using mouse bioassay raises the possibility that naturally exposed pigs could act as a reservoir of CWD infectivity.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Discussion</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In the case of feral pigs, exposure to the agent of CWD through scavenging of CWD-affected cervid carcasses or through consumption of prion contaminated plants or soil could allow feral pigs to serve as reservoirs of CWD infectivity. The range and numbers of feral pigs is predicted to continue to increase due to the ability of pigs to adapt to many climates, reproduce year-round, and survive on a varied diet (55 ). The range of CWD-affected cervids also continues to spread, increasing the likelihood of overlap of ranges of feral pigs and CWD -affected environments.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">We demonstrate here that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs inoculated intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 6 months after inoculation. Clinical disease suggestive of prion disease developed only in a single pig after a long (64 months) incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. However, the low amounts of PrPSc detected in the study pigs combined with the low attack rates in <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Tg002</span> mice suggest that there is a relatively strong species barrier to CWD prions in pigs.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/jvi.00926-17" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/jvi.00926-17</a></div></div><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">cwd scrapie pigs oral routes, oh my!</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. <*** </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">>*** Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health. <*** </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">8/18</span> (44%), and the tonsil in <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">10/25</span> (40%). </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CONFIDENTIAL</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">LINE TO TAKE</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">3. If questions on pharmaceuticals are raised at the Press conference, the suggested line to take is as follows:- </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> "There are no medicinal products licensed for use on the market which make use of UK-derived porcine tissues with which any hypothetical “high risk" ‘might be associated. The results of the recent experimental work at the CSM will be carefully examined by the CSM‘s Working Group on spongiform encephalopathy at its next meeting.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">DO Hagger RM 1533 MT Ext 3201</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">While this clearly is a cause for concern we should not jump to the conclusion that this means that pigs will necessarily be infected by bone and meat meal fed by the oral route as is the case with cattle. ...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">we cannot rule out the possibility that unrecognised subclinical spongiform encephalopathy could be present in British pigs though there is no evidence for this: only with parenteral/implantable pharmaceuticals/devices is the theoretical risk to humans of sufficient concern to consider any action.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">May I, at the outset, reiterate that we should avoid dissemination of papers relating to this experimental finding to prevent premature release of the information. ...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">3. It is particularly important that this information is not passed outside the Department, until Ministers have decided how they wish it to be handled. ...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">But it would be easier for us if pharmaceuticals/devices are not directly mentioned at all. ...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Our records show that while some use is made of porcine materials in medicinal products, the only products which would appear to be in a hypothetically ''higher risk'' area are the adrenocorticotrophic hormone for which the source material comes from outside the United Kingdom, namely America China Sweden France and Germany. The products are manufactured by Ferring and Armour. A further product, ''Zenoderm Corium implant'' manufactured by Ethicon, makes use of porcine skin - which is not considered to be a ''high risk'' tissue, but one of its uses is described in the data sheet as ''in dural replacement''. This product is sourced from the United Kingdom.....</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Experimental Oronasal Inoculation of the Chronic Wasting Disease Agent into White Tailed Deer</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Author list: Sarah Zurbuchena,b , S. Jo Moorea,b , Jifeng Biana , Eric D. Cassmanna , and Justin J. Greenleea .</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">a. Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, US</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">b. Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, United States</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Aims: The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether white-tailed deer (WTD) are susceptible to inoculation of chronic wasting disease (CWD) via oronasal exposure.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Materials and methods: Six male, neutered WTD were oronasally inoculated with brainstem material (10% w/v) from a CWD-positive wild-type WTD. The genotypes of five inoculated deer were Q95/G96 (wild-type). One inoculated deer was homozygous S at codon 96 (96SS). Cervidized (<span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Tg12</span>; M132 elk PrP) mice were inoculated with 1% w/v brainstem homogenate from either a 96GG WTD (n=10) or the 96SS WTD (n=10).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results: All deer developed characteristic clinical signs of CWD including weight loss, regurgitation, and ataxia. The 96SS individual had a prolonged disease course and incubation period compared to the other deer. Western blots of the brainstem on all deer yielded similar molecular profiles. All deer had widespread lymphoid distribution of PrPCWD and neuropathologic lesions associated with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Both groups of mice had a 100% attack rate and developed clinical signs, including loss of body condition, ataxia, and loss of righting reflex. Mice inoculated with material from the 96SS deer had a significantly shorter incubation period than mice inoculated with material from 96GG deer (Welch two sample T-test, P<0.05). Serial dilutions of each inocula suggests that differences in incubation period were not due to a greater concentration of PrPCWD in the 96SS inoculum. Molecular profiles from western blot of brain homogenates from mice appeared similar regardless of inoculum and appear similar to those of deer used for inoculum.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions: This study characterizes the lesions and clinical course of CWD in WTD inoculated in a similar manner to natural conditions. It supports previous findings that 96SS deer have a prolonged disease course. Further, it describes a first pass of inoculum from a 96SS deer in cervidized mice which shortened the incubation period.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Funded by: This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection, analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Acknowledgement: We thank Ami Frank and Kevin Hassall for their technical contributions to this project.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ALABAMA MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">e) "Big Jim's" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Product manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Alabama Farmers Cooperative, Inc., Decatur, AL, by telephone, fax, email and visit on June 9, 2006. FDA initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">REASON Animal and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein not labeled as </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">"Do not feed to ruminants".</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 tons</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">DISTRIBUTION AL and FL</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060821195949/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20060821195949/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="color: #26282a; outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Price of TSE Prion Poker goes up substantially, all you cattle ranchers and such, better pay close attention here...terry</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Transmission of the chronic wasting disease agent from elk to cattle after oronasal exposure</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Justin Greenlee, Jifeng Bian, Zoe Lambert, Alexis Frese, and Eric Cassmann Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, USA </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the susceptibility of cattle to chronic wasting disease agent from elk. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Materials and Methods: Initial studies were conducted in bovinized mice using inoculum derived from elk with various genotypes at codon 132 (MM, LM, LL). Based upon attack rates, inoculum (10% w/v brain homogenate) from an LM132 elk was selected for transmission studies in cattle. At approximately 2 weeks of age, one wild type steer (EE211) and one steer with the E211K polymorphism (EK211) were fed 1 mL of brain homogenate in a quart of milk replacer while another 1 mL was instilled intranasally. The cattle were examined daily for clinical signs for the duration of the experiment. One steer is still under observation at 71 months post-inoculation (mpi). </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results: Inoculum derived from MM132 elk resulted in similar attack rates and incubation periods in mice expressing wild type or K211 bovine PRNP, 35% at 531 days post inoculation (dpi) and 27% at 448 dpi, respectively. Inoculum from LM132 elk had a slightly higher attack rates in mice: 45% (693 dpi) in wild type cattle PRNP and 33% (468) in K211 mice. Inoculum from LL132 elk resulted in the highest attack rate in wild type bovinized mice (53% at 625 dpi), but no K211 mice were affected at >700 days. At approximately 70 mpi, the EK211 genotype steer developed clinical signs suggestive of prion disease, depression, low head carriage, hypersalivation, and ataxia, and was necropsied. Enzyme immunoassay (IDEXX) was positive in brainstem (OD=4.00, but non-detect in retropharyngeal lymph nodes and palatine tonsil. Immunoreactivity was largely limited to the brainstem, midbrain, and cervical spinal cord with a pattern that was primarily glia-associated. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions: Cattle with the E211K polymorphism are susceptible to the CWD agent after oronasal exposure of 0.2 g of infectious material. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">"Cattle with the E211K polymorphism are susceptible to the CWD agent after oronasal exposure of 0.2 g of infectious material."</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=====end</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Strain characterization of chronic wasting disease in bovine-PrP transgenic mice </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions: Altogether, these results exhibit the diversity of CWD strains present in the panel of CWD isolates and the ability of at least some CWD isolates to infect bovine species. Cattle being one of the most important farming species, this ability represents a potential threat to both animal and human health, and consequently deserves further study. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">"Altogether, these results exhibit the diversity of CWD strains present in the panel of CWD isolates and the ability of at least some CWD isolates to infect bovine species. Cattle being one of the most important farming species, this ability represents a potential threat to both animal and human health, and consequently deserves further study."</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=====end</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">589.2000</span>) Singeltary Another Request for Update 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The infamous 1997 mad cow feed ban i.e. Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">589.2000</span>) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin) from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***>However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WITH GREAT URGENCY, THE Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">589.2000</span>) MUST BE ENHANCED AND UPDATED TO INCLUDE CERVID, PIGS, AND SHEEP, SINCE RECENT SCIENCE AND TRANSMISSION STUDIES ALL, INCLUDING CATTLE, HAVE SHOWN ORAL TSE PrP TRANSMISSIONS BETWEEN THE SPECIES, AND THIS SHOULD BE DONE WITH THE UTMOST URGENCY, REASONS AS FOLLOW.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">First off I will start with a single BSE feed breach 10 years after 1997 partial ban. If you got to the archived link, all the way down to bottom…THE NEXT YEAR I RECALL ONE WITH 10,000,000+ banned products recall…see this records at the bottom…terry </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">REASON The feed was manufactured from materials that may have been contaminated with mammalian protein. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 27,694,240 lbs DISTRIBUTION MI </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip..... end</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***>However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">THIS MUST CHANGE ASAP!</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law.”…</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Snip…please see my full submission with reference materials…</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Monday, November 13, 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">589.2000</span>) Singeltary Another Request for Update 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://fdabse589.blogspot.com/2023/11/food-and-drug-administrations-bse-feed.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://fdabse589.blogspot.com/2023/11/food-and-drug-administrations-bse-feed.html</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">FRIDAY, JULY 07, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> TME, <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">589.2000</span> (21 C.F.R. <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">589.2000</span>), atypical L-BSE, who’s testing MINK for TSE? </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/07/tme-5892000-21-cfr-5892000-atypical-l.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/07/tme-5892000-21-cfr-5892000-atypical-l.html</a></div></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">BSE--U.S. 50 STATE CONFERENCE CALL Jan. 9, 2001</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Date: Tue, 9 Jan 2001 16:49:00 -0800</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">To: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de</span> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://tseac.blogspot.com/2011/02/usa-50-state-bse-mad-cow-conference.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://tseac.blogspot.com/2011/02/usa-50-state-bse-mad-cow-conference.html</a></div></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">***> the tse prion worm turns, the strain changes on inter species transmission, oh my! <***</div></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Detection of classical BSE prions in asymptomatic cows after inoculation with atypical/Nor98 scrapie</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> Marina Betancor, Belén Marín, Alicia Otero, Carlos Hedman, Antonio Romero, Tomás Barrio, Eloisa Sevilla, Jean-Yves Douet, Alvina Huor, Juan José Badiola, Olivier Andréoletti & Rosa Bolea Veterinary Research</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">volume 54, Article number: 89 (2023) </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The emergence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) prions from atypical scrapie has been recently observed upon experimental transmission to rodent and swine models. This study aimed to assess whether the inoculation of atypical scrapie could induce BSE-like disease in cattle. Four calves were intracerebrally challenged with atypical scrapie. Animals were euthanized without clinical signs of prion disease and tested negative for PrPSc accumulation by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. However, an emergence of BSE-like prion seeding activity was detected during in vitro propagation of brain samples from the inoculated animals. These findings suggest that atypical scrapie may represent a potential source of BSE infection in cattle.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Further in vivo experiments challenging different mouse lines have been started in order to confirm the infectivity of the PMCA products obtained in this study. However, in conclusion, our findings show that the propagation of atypical scrapie in cattle leads to the emergence of BSE-like seeding activity. This is a concerning issue with far-reaching implications for public health and food safety. The possibility of interspecies transmission of prion diseases and the emergence of new prion strains highlight the critical need for continued surveillance and monitoring of these diseases in both animal and human populations. Early detection of prion diseases is crucial, and highly sensitive detection techniques such as PMCA can play an important role in this regard.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-023-01225-2" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-023-01225-2</a></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD TSE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="color: #26282a; outline: currentcolor;">CWD TSE PRION CERVID ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS 2023</div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: currentcolor;">So, this is what we leave our children and grandchildren?..</div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: currentcolor;">"Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation."</div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="color: #26282a; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Detection of prions in soils contaminated by multiple routes</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Stuart Siegfried Lichtenberg1,2 , Heather Inzalaco3 , Sam Thomas4 , Dan Storm5 , Dan Walsh6</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">1Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">2Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">3 Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">4Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">5Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, U.S.A.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">6U.S. Geological Survey, Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, U.S.A.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Aims: Free-ranging animals afflicted with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies frequently shed infectious prions into the broader environment. The quintessential example is chronic wasting disease, the TSE of cervids. Over the course of the disease, an infected animal will shed infectious prions in blood, urine, saliva, and feces. Upon death, the total prion load interred in the animal’s tissues will be deposited wherever the animal falls. This contamination creates substantial risk to naïve animals, and likely contributes to disease spread. Identification and quantification of prions at contamination hotspots is essential for any attempt at mitigation of environmental transmission.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Materials and Methods: Surfactant extraction of soils followed by precipitation yields a sample that is amenable to analysis by real-time quaking induced conversion. However, differences in extraction yield are apparent depending on the properties of the matrix from which the prions are being extracted, principally soil clay content.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results: We are able to detect prion seeding activity at multiple types of environmental hotspots, including carcass sites, contaminated captive facilities, and scrapes (i.e. urine and saliva). Differences in relative prion concentration vary depending on the nature and source of the contamination. Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions: Detection of prions in the environment is of the utmost importance for controlling chronic wasting disease spread. Here, we have demonstrated a viable method for detection of prions in complex environmental matrices. However, it is quite likely that this method underestimates the total infectious prion load in a contaminated sample, due to incomplete recovery of infectious prions. Further refinements are necessary for accurate quantification of prions in such samples, and to account for the intrinsic heterogeneities found in the broader environment.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Funded by: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources </div></div></div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: currentcolor;">=====end</div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: currentcolor;">Prion 2023 Abstracts</div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Nine of these recurrences occurred 14–21 years after culling, apparently as the result of environmental contamination, but outside entry could not always be absolutely excluded. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY Volume 87, Issue 12 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years Free </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82011-0" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82011-0</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Rapid recontamination of a farm building occurs after attempted prion removal </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">First published: 19 January 2019 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The data illustrates the difficulty in decontaminating farm buildings from scrapie, and demonstrates the likely contribution of farm dust to the recontamination of these environments to levels that are capable of causing disease. snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">This study clearly demonstrates the difficulty in removing scrapie infectivity from the farm environment. Practical and effective prion decontamination methods are still urgently required for decontamination of scrapie infectivity from farms that have had cases of scrapie and this is particularly relevant for scrapie positive goatherds, which currently have limited genetic resistance to scrapie within commercial breeds.24 This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***>This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Front. Vet. Sci., 14 September 2015 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Objects in contact with classical scrapie sheep act as a reservoir for scrapie transmission</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In conclusion, the results in the current study indicate that removal of furniture that had been in contact with scrapie-infected animals should be recommended, particularly since cleaning and decontamination may not effectively remove scrapie infectivity (31), even though infectivity declines considerably if the pasture and the field furniture have not been in contact with scrapie-infected sheep for several months. As sPMCA failed to detect PrPSc in furniture that was subjected to weathering, even though exposure led to infection in sheep, this method may not always be reliable in predicting the risk of scrapie infection through environmental contamination.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">172. Establishment of PrPCWD extraction and detection methods in the farm soil</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions: Our studies showed that PrPCWD persist in 0.001% CWD contaminated soil for at least 4 year and natural CWD-affected farm soil. When cervid reintroduced into CWD outbreak farm, the strict decontamination procedures of the infectious agent should be performed in the environment of CWD-affected cervid habitat.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Plants as vectors for environmental prion transmission</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Published: November 09, 2023DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.108428</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Advertisement Highlights</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">• Abnormal prion protein can enter the roots of plants</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">• Plants can translocate detectable levels of prions to aerial tissues</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">•Animals exposed to prion-contaminated plant tissues can acquire disease</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">•Contaminated plants may represent a route of prion exposure</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Nonetheless, our finding of accumulation of two prion strains by a variety of plants grown hydroponically, in agar, or on soil supports the potential for plants to acquire CWD, scrapie, or other prions from the environment and transmit prion disease to susceptible hosts, making plants a plausible vector for prion diseases in wildlife, livestock, and humans. The potential for plants to serve as vectors for prion disease has implications for the disposal of infected carcasses, grazing practices, and the use and transport of potentially contaminated crop materials.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.cell.com/iscience/pdf/S2589-0042(23)02505-1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.cell.com/iscience/pdf/S2589-0042(23)02505-1.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(23)02505-1?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2589004223025051%3Fshowall%3Dtrue" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(23)02505-1?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2589004223025051%3Fshowall%3Dtrue</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Carrot plants as potential vectors for CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The PMCA analysis demonstrated CWD seeding activity in soils contaminated with CWD prions and in carrot plants (leaves and roots) grown on them. Bioassays showed that both plants and roots contained CWD prions sufficiently to induce disease. As expected, animals treated with prion-infected soils developed prion disease at shorter incubation periods (and complete attack rates) compared to plant components. We show that edible plant components can absorb prions from CWD-contaminated soils and transport them to their aerial parts. Our results indicate that edible plants could participate as vectors of CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“In addition, hay and straw from the United States and Canada must be accompanied by a certificate from a public veterinarian that the product has been harvested in states or provinces where Chronic Wasting Disease has not been detected on deer.”</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Regulation No. 1599 of 2018 on additional requirements for the import of hay and straw for used for animal feed.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Country Norway</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Type of law Regulation</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Source</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">FAO , FAOLEX</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In addition, hay and straw from the United States and Canada must be accompanied by a certificate from a public veterinarian that the product has been harvested in states or provinces where Chronic Wasting Disease has not been detected on deer.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/nor189761.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/nor189761.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">THE tse prion aka mad cow type disease is not your normal pathogen. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">The TSE prion disease survives ashing to 600 degrees celsius, that’s around 1112 degrees farenheit. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">you cannot cook the TSE prion disease out of meat. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">you can take the ash and mix it with saline and inject that ash into a mouse, and the mouse will go down with TSE. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production as well. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">the TSE prion agent also survives Simulated Wastewater Treatment Processes. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">IN fact, you should also know that the TSE Prion agent will survive in the environment for years, if not decades. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">you can bury it and it will not go away. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">The TSE agent is capable of infected your water table i.e. Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">it’s not your ordinary pathogen you can just cook it out and be done</div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">New studies on the heat resistance of hamster-adapted scrapie agent: Threshold survival after ashing at 600°C suggests an inorganic template of replication </div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production </div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area </div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">A Quantitative Assessment of the Amount of Prion Diverted to Category 1 Materials and Wastewater During Processing </div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">Rapid assessment of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion inactivation by heat treatment in yellow grease produced in the industrial manufacturing process of meat and bone meals </div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 2019 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">BSE infectivity survives burial for five years with only limited spread</div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf</a></div></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) agents have strain variations that influence disease phenotype and may affect the potential for interspecies transmission. Since deer and sheep may use the same grazing land, it is important to understand the potential transmission of TSEs between these species. The US scrapie isolate (No.13-7) had a 100% attack rate in white-tailed deer after oronasal challenge.”</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div></div><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=405929" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=405929</a></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''They often remove the internal organs and cover them up, close to the kill site. Lions frequently uncover their kill and feed, then drag the carcass to another area and cover it again.''</div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">BAD IDEA!!!</div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">CAMEL PRION DISEASE LIKELY FROM FEED;</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Friday, May 12, 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Camel prion disease, a new emerging disease in North Africa, Lymphoid Tropism, Neuropathological Characterization Update 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">11th Iberian Congress on Prions Barcelona 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://prioncongressbcn.ppmclab.com/book_abstracts_v4.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://prioncongressbcn.ppmclab.com/book_abstracts_v4.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2023/05/camel-prion-disease-new-emerging.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2023/05/camel-prion-disease-new-emerging.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">A Camelid Anti-PrP Antibody Abrogates PrPSc Replication in Prion-Permissive Neuroblastoma Cell Lines</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Daryl Rhys Jones,William Alexander Taylor,Clive Bate,Monique David,Mourad Tayebi </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Published: March 22, 2010</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009804" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009804</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0009804" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0009804</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">15 Apr 2018 23:13 GMT MOST RECENT </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Prion Disease in Dromedary Camels, Algeria </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Posted by flounder on 15 Apr 2018 at 23:13 GMT</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/fea97a95-2600-42a6-b289-0f490896a3aa" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/fea97a95-2600-42a6-b289-0f490896a3aa</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comments?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0009804" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comments?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0009804</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/6/17-2007_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/6/17-2007_article</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Humans and CWD TSE Prion, Zoonosis, Zoonotic, has it already happened?</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Published: 22 August 2022</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Volume 144, pages 767–784, (2022)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Samia Hannaoui, Irina Zemlyankina, Sheng Chun Chang, Maria Immaculata Arifin, Vincent Béringue, Debbie McKenzie, Hermann M. Schatzl & Sabine Gilch </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Here, we provide evidence for a zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and its probable signature using mice expressing human prion protein (PrP) as an infection model. Inoculation of these mice with deer CWD isolates resulted in atypical clinical manifestation with prion seeding activity and efficient transmissible infectivity in the brain and, remarkably, in feces, but without classical neuropathological or Western blot appearances of prion diseases. Intriguingly, the protease-resistant PrP in the brain resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon second passage.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In contrast, in cervids affected with CWD, infectivity has been found in the lymphatic system, salivary gland, intestinal tract, muscles, antler velvet, blood, urine, saliva, and feces [4], which have been demonstrated to be transmissible [57]. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD prions are shed into the environment via bodily fluids and excreta. They bind to soil and are taken up by plants, making the environment infectious for decades to come [4, 48]. The persistence of CWD prions in the environment amplifies the already effective transmission within and between cervid species. Therefore, CWD is considered to be the most contagious prion disease with fast spreading and efficient horizontal transmission.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">These data demonstrate that humanized tg650 mice inoculated with CWD prions shed prion infectivity in feces able to generate transmissible PrPSc in bank voles distinct from those generated by inoculation of the Wisc-1 deer isolate directly to bank voles.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Our data also suggest that prions found in the periphery may hold higher zoonotic potential than prions found in neural tissues. In fact, upon second passage, 50% of the tg650 mice inoculated with fecal homogenates from mouse #327 had succumbed with terminal disease compared to only 20% of brain/spinal cord homogenates inoculated-tg650 mice suggesting that hCWD prions found in feces transmit disease more efficiently. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Our results also suggest that epidemiological studies [25] may have missed subclinical and atypical infections that are/might be transmissible, undetected by the gold standard tests, i.e., Western blot, ELISA, and IHC.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“If CWD in humans is found to be contagious and transmissible among humans, as it is in cervids [57], the spread of the disease within humans might become endemic.”</div></div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: #26282a; outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Currently, there is scientific evidence to suggest that CWD has zoonotic potential; however, no confirmed cases of CWD have been found in humans.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PART 2. TPWD CHAPTER 65. DIVISION 1. CWD</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, 65.88</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission in a duly noticed meeting on May 25, 2023 adopted amendments to 31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, and §65.88, concerning Disease Detection and Response, without changes to the proposed text as published in the April 21, 2023, issue of the Texas Register (48 TexReg 2048). The rules will not be republished.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Currently, there is scientific evidence to suggest that CWD has zoonotic potential; however, no confirmed cases of CWD have been found in humans.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57</a><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Zerui Wanga, Kefeng Qinb, Manuel V. Camachoa, Ignazio Cali a,c, Jue Yuana, Pingping Shena, Tricia Gillilanda, Syed Zahid Ali Shaha, Maria Gerasimenkoa, Michelle Tanga, Sarada Rajamanickama, Anika Yadatia, Lawrence B. Schonbergerd, Justin Greenleee, Qingzhong Konga,c, James A. Mastriannib, and Wen-Quan Zoua,c</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">aDepartment of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA; bDepartment of Neurology and Center for Comprehensive Care and Research on Memory Disorders, the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, USA; cNational Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; dDivision of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, USA</span>; eVirus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA, USA</span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) results from the accumulation of an infectious misfolded conformer (PrPSc) of cellular prion protein (PrPC) in the brains of deer and elk. It has been spreading rapidly throughout many regions of North America, exported inadvertently to South Korea, and more recently identified in Europe. Mad cow disease has caused variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans and is currently the only known zoonotic prion disease. Whether CWD is transmissible to humans remains uncertain. The aims of our study were not only to confirm whether CWD prion isolates can convert human brain PrPC into PrPSc in vitro by serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) but also to determine whether the sPMCA-induced CWD-derived human PrPScis infectious.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Material and Methods: Eight CWD prion isolates from 7 elks and 1 deer were used as the seeds while normal human brain homogenates containing either PrP-129 MM (n = 2) or PrP-129 VV (n = 1) were used as the substrates for sPMCA assay. A normal elk brain tissue sample was used as a negative control seed. Two lines of humanized transgenic (Tg) mice expressing either human PrP-129VV or −129 MM polymorphism were included for transmission studies to determine the infectivity of PMCA-amplified PrPSc. Wester blotting and immunohistochemistry and hematoxylin & eosin staining were used for determining PrPSc and neuropathological changes of inoculated animals.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results: We report here the generation of the first CWD-derived infectious human PrPSc using elk CWD PrPSc to initiate conversion of human PrPC from normal human brain homogenates with PMCA in vitro. Western blotting with a human PrP selective antibody confirmed that the PMCA-generated protease-resistant PrPSc was derived from the human brain PrPC substrate. Two lines of humanized transgenic mice expressing human PrPC with either Val or Met at the polymorphic codon 129 developed clinical prion disease following intracerebral inoculation with the PMCA-generated CWD-derived human PrPSc. Diseased mice exhibited distinct PrPSc patterns and neuropathological changes in the brain.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions: Our study, using PMCA and animal bioassays, provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc has the potential to overcome the species barrier and directly convert human PrPC into infectious PrPSc that can produce bona fide prion disease when inoculated into humanized transgenic mice.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Funded by: CJD Foundation and NIH</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=====</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9467582/" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9467582/</a></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #26282a; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Detection of chronic wasting disease prions in processed meats</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Rebeca Benavente1 , Francisca Bravo1,2, J. Hunter Reed3 , Mitch Lockwood3 , Glenn Telling4 , Rodrigo Morales1,2 1 Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA; 2 Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins. Santiago, Chile; 3 Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Texas, USA. 4 Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Aims: identify the presence of CWD prions in processed meats derived from elk. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Materials and Methods: In this study, we analyzed different processed meats derived from a CWD-positive (pre-clinical) free-ranging elk. Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats. The presence of CWD-prions in these samples were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates. The same analyses were performed in grilled and boiled meats to evaluate the resistance of the infectious agent to these procedures. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results: Our results show positive prion detection in all the samples analyzed using deer and elk substrates. Surprisingly, cooked meats displayed increased seeding activities. This data suggests that CWD-prions are available to people even after meats are processed and cooked. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions: These results suggest CWD prions are accessible to humans through meats, even after processing and cooking. Considering the fact that these samples were collected from already processed specimens, the availability of CWD prions to humans is probably underestimated. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Funded by: NIH and USDA </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Grant number: 1R01AI132695 and APP-20115 to RM </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Acknowledgement: We would like to thank TPWD personnel for providing us with valuable samples</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">"Our results show positive prion detection in all the samples analyzed using deer and elk substrates. Surprisingly, cooked meats displayed increased seeding activities."</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">end... <br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Fortuitous generation of a zoonotic cervid prion strain </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Manuel Camacho, Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Sydney Smith, Jieji Hu, Wanyun Tao, Ignazio Cali, Qingzhong Kong. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Aims: Whether CWD prions can infect humans remains unclear despite the very substantial scale and long history of human exposure of CWD in many states or provinces of USA and Canada. Multiple in vitro conversion experiments and in vivo animal studies indicate that the CWD-to-human transmission barrier is not unbreakable. A major long-term public health concern on CWD zoonosis is the emergence of highly zoonotic CWD strains. We aim to address the question of whether highly zoonotic CWD strains are possible. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Materials and Methods: We inoculated several sCJD brain samples into cervidized transgenic mice (<span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Tg12</span>), which were intended as negative controls for bioassays of brain tissues from sCJD cases who had potentially been exposed to CWD. Some of the <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Tg12</span> mice became infected and their brain tissues were further examined by Western blot as well as serial passages in humanized or cervidized mice. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results: Passage of sCJDMM1 in transgenic mice expressing elk PrP (<span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Tg12</span>) resulted in a “cervidized” CJD strain that we termed CJDElkPrP. We observed 100% transmission of the original CJDElkPrP in transgenic mice expressing human PrP. We passaged CJDElkPrP two more times in the <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Tg12</span> mice. We found that such second and third passage CJDElkPrP prions retained 100% transmission rate in the humanized mice, despite that the natural elk CWD isolates and CJDElkPrP share the same elk PrP sequence. In contrast, we and others found zero or poor transmission of natural elk CWD isolates in humanized mice. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions: Our data indicate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can retain zoonotic potential after serial passages in cervids, suggesting a very significant and serious long-term risk of CWD zoonosis given that the broad and continuing spread of CWD prions will provide fertile grounds for the emergence of zoonotic CWD strains over time. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Funded by: NIH Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O'Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples used in this study, respectively</div><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">"Our data indicate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can retain zoonotic potential after serial passages in cervids, suggesting a very significant and serious long-term risk of CWD zoonosis given that the broad and continuing spread of CWD prions will provide fertile grounds for the emergence of zoonotic CWD strains over time."<br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">A probable diagnostic marker for CWD infection in humans </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Manuel Camacho, Ignazio Cali, Qingzhong Kong. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Aims: Multiple in vitro CWD-seeded human PrP conversion experiments and some animal model studies indicate that the species barrier for CWD to human transmission can be overcome, but whether CWD prion can infect humans in real life remains controversial. The very limited understanding on the likely features of CWD infection in humans and the lack of a reliable diagnostic marker for identification of acquired human CWD cases contribute to this uncertainty. We aim to stablish such a reliable diagnostic marker for CWD infections in humans should they occur. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Materials and Methods: A couple of PrPSc-positive spleens were identified from humanized transgenic mice inoculated with either CWD or sCJDMM1. Prions in these spleens were compared by bioassays in cervidized or humanized transgenic mice. A couple of PrPSc-positive spleens from UK sCJDMM1 patients were also examined similarly as controls with no exposure to CWD. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results: We have detected two prion-positive spleens in humanized transgenic mice inoculated with some CWD isolates. Such experimentally generated splenic “humanized” CWD prions (termed eHuCWDsp) appear indistinguishable from prions in the brain of sCJDMM1 patients on Western blot. We compared eHuCWDsp with prions in the spleen from humanized mice infected with sCJDMM1 (termed sCJDMM1sp) by bioassays in cervidized or humanized transgenic mice. Significantly, we found that eHuCWDsp can efficiently infect not only the humanized mice but also cervidized transgenic mice, and cervidized mice infected by eHuCWDsp produced PrPSc and brain pathology that are practically identical to those of CWD-infected cervidized mice. In contrast, sCJDMM1sp, similar to prions from sCJDMM1 patient brains, is poorly transmissible in the cervidized mice. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that high transmissibility with CWD features of splenic prions in cervidized transgenic mice is unique to acquired human CWD prions, and it may serve as a reliable marker to identify the first acquired human CWD cases. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Funded by: NIH Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O'Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples used in this study, respectively.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">=====end </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Prion 2023 Experimental Oronasal Inoculation of the Chronic Wasting Disease Agent into White Tailed Deer </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Author list: Sarah Zurbuchena,b , S. Jo Moorea,b , Jifeng Biana , Eric D. Cassmanna , and Justin J. Greenleea . a. Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, US b. Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, United States </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Aims: The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether white-tailed deer (WTD) are susceptible to inoculation of chronic wasting disease (CWD) via oronasal exposure. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Materials and methods: Six male, neutered WTD were oronasally inoculated with brainstem material (10% w/v) from a CWD-positive wild-type WTD. The genotypes of five inoculated deer were Q95/G96 (wild-type). One inoculated deer was homozygous S at codon 96 (96SS). Cervidized (<span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Tg12</span>; M132 elk PrP) mice were inoculated with 1% w/v brainstem homogenate from either a 96GG WTD (n=10) or the 96SS WTD (n=10). </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results: All deer developed characteristic clinical signs of CWD including weight loss, regurgitation, and ataxia. The 96SS individual had a prolonged disease course and incubation period compared to the other deer. Western blots of the brainstem on all deer yielded similar molecular profiles. All deer had widespread lymphoid distribution of PrPCWD and neuropathologic lesions associated with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Both groups of mice had a 100% attack rate and developed clinical signs, including loss of body condition, ataxia, and loss of righting reflex. Mice inoculated with material from the 96SS deer had a significantly shorter incubation period than mice inoculated with material from 96GG deer (Welch two sample T-test, P<0.05). Serial dilutions of each inocula suggests that differences in incubation period were not due to a greater concentration of PrPCWD in the 96SS inoculum. Molecular profiles from western blot of brain homogenates from mice appeared similar regardless of inoculum and appear similar to those of deer used for inoculum. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions: This study characterizes the lesions and clinical course of CWD in WTD inoculated in a similar manner to natural conditions. It supports previous findings that 96SS deer have a prolonged disease course. Further, it describes a first pass of inoculum from a 96SS deer in cervidized mice which shortened the incubation period. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Funded by: This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection, analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Acknowledgement: We thank Ami Frank and Kevin Hassall for their technical contributions to this project.</div><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">=====end </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The detection and decontamination of chronic wasting disease prions during venison processing</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Marissa S. Milstein1,2, Marc D. Schwabenlander1,2, Sarah C. Gresch1,2, Manci Li1,2, Stuart Lichtenberg1,2, Rachel Shoemaker1,2, Gage R. Rowden1,2, Jason C. Bartz2,3 , Tiffany M. Wolf2,4, Peter A. Larsen1,2</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Presenting author: Tiffany M. Wolf 1 Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 2 Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 3 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA 4 Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Aims: There is a growing concern that chronic wasting disease (CWD) prions in venison pose a risk to human health. CWD prions accumulate in infected deer tissues that commonly enter the human food chain through meat processing and consumption. The United States (US) Food and Drug Administration and US Department of Agriculture now formally consider CWD-positive venison unfit for human and animal consumption. Yet, the degree to which prion contamination occurs during routine venison processing is unknown. Here, we use environmental surface swab methods to: a) experimentally test meat processing equipment (i.e., stainless steel knives and polyethylene cutting boards) before and after processing CWD-positive venison and b) test the efficacy of five different disinfectant types (i.e., Dawn dish soap, Virkon-S, Briotech, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach) to determine prion decontamination efficacy.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Materials and Methods: We used a real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay to determine CWD infection status of venison and to detect CWD prions in the swabs. We collected three swabs per surface and ran eight technical replicates on RT-QuIC.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results: CWD prions were detected on all cutting boards (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8 and knives (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) used in processing CWD-positive venison, but not on those used for CWD-negative venison. After processing CWD-positive venison, allowing the surfaces to dry, and washing the cutting board with Dawn dish soap, we detected CWD prions on the cutting board surface (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) but not on the knife (n= 3, replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). Similar patterns were observed with Briotech (cutting board: n= 3; replicates= 7/8, 1/8, 0/8; knife: n= 3; replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). We did not detect CWD prions on the knives or cutting boards after disinfecting with Virkon-S, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions: These preliminary results suggest that Dawn dish soap and Briotech do not reliably decontaminate CWD prions from these surfaces. Our data suggest that Virkon-S and various bleach concentrations are more effective in reducing prion contamination of meat processing surfaces; however, surface type may also influence the ability of prions to adsorb to surfaces, preventing complete decontamination. Our results will directly inform best practices to prevent the introduction of CWD prions into the human food chain during venison processing.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Acknowledgement: Funding was provided by the Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund as recommended by the Legislative-Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources (LCCMR), the Rapid Agriculture Response Fund (#95385/RR257), and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Theme: Animal prion diseases</div></div><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">=====end</div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Prion 2023 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div></div></div></div></div></div><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #26282a; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">17 DETECTION OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE PRIONS IN PROCESSED MEATS.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Rebeca Benavente1, Francisca Bravo1,2, Paulina Soto1,2, J. Hunter Reed3, Mitch Lockwood3, Rodrigo Morales1,2</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">1Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA. 2Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile. 3Texas Parks and Wildlife, Austin, USA</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease (CWD) remains unknown. Currently, there are no known natural cases of CWD transmission to humans but increasing evidence suggests that the host range of CWD is not confined only to cervid species. Alarmingly, recent experimental evidence suggests that certain CWD isolates can induce disease in non-human primates. While the CDC strongly recommends determining CWD status in animals prior to consumption, this practice is voluntary. Consequently, it is plausible that a proportion of the cervid meat entering the human food chain may be contaminated with CWD. Of additional concern is that traditional diagnostic techniques used to detect CWD have relatively low sensitivity and are only approved for use in tissues other than those typically ingested by humans. In this study, we analyzed different processed meats derived from a pre-clinical, CWD-positive free-ranging elk. Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats. CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates. Our results show positive prion detection in all products. To confirm the resilience of CWD-prions to traditional cooking methods, we grilled and boiled the meat products and evaluated them for any remnant PMCA seeding activity. Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking. Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Our results show positive prion detection in all products.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=====</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">9 Carrot plants as potential vectors for CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Paulina Soto1,2, Francisca Bravo-Risi1,2, Claudio Soto1, Rodrigo Morales1,2</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">1Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA. 2Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> We show that edible plant components can absorb prions from CWD-contaminated soils and transport them to their aerial parts.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Our results indicate that edible plants could participate as vectors of CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=====</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Transmission of prion infectivity from CWD-infected macaque tissues to rodent models demonstrates the zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Samia Hannaoui1,2, Ginny Cheng1,2, Wiebke Wemheuer3, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer3, Sabine Gilch1,2, Hermann Schatzl1,2 1University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. 2Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada. 3Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Further passage to cervidized mice revealed transmission with a 100% attack rate.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Our findings demonstrate that macaques, considered the best model for the zoonotic potential of prions, were infected upon CWD challenge, including the oral one.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">****> The disease manifested as atypical in macaques and initial transgenic mouse transmissions, but with infectivity present at all times, as unveiled in the bank vole model with an unusual tissue tropism.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Epidemiologic surveillance of prion disease among cervid hunters and people likely to have consumed venison contaminated with chronic wasting disease</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=====</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Transmission of Cervid Prions to Humanized Mice Demonstrates the Zoonotic Potential of CWD </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Samia Hannaouia, Irina Zemlyankinaa, Sheng Chun Changa, Maria Immaculata Arifina, Vincent Béringueb, Debbie McKenziec, Hermann M. Schatzla, and Sabine Gilcha </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> Results: Here, we provide the strongest evidence supporting the zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and their possible phenotype in humans. Inoculation of mice expressing human PrPCwith deer CWD isolates (strains Wisc-1 and 116AG) resulted in atypical clinical manifestations in > 75% of the mice, with myoclonus as leading clinical sign. Most of tg650brain homogenates were positive for seeding activity in RT-QuIC. Clinical disease and presentation was transmissible to <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">tg650</span> mice and bank voles. Intriguingly, protease-resistant PrP in the brain of <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">tg650</span> mice resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon passage. Abnormal PrP aggregates upon infection with Wisc-1 were detectable in thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain/pons regions. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> Unprecedented in human prion disease, feces of CWD-inoculated <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">tg650</span> mice harbored prion seeding activity and infectious prions, as shown by inoculation of bank voles and <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">tg650</span> with fecal homogenates. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> Conclusions: This is the first evidence that CWD can infect humans and cause disease with a distinctive clinical presentation, signature, and tropism, which might be transmissible between humans while current diagnostic assays might fail to detect it. These findings have major implications for public health and CWD-management. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a> </div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The finding that infectious PrPSc was shed in fecal material of CWD-infected humanized mice and induced clinical disease, different tropism, and typical three banding pattern-PrPres in bank voles that is transmissible upon second passage is highly concerning for public health. The fact that this biochemical signature in bank voles resembles that of the Wisc-1 original deer isolate and is different from that of bvWisc-1, in the migration profile and the glyco-form-ratio, is valid evidence that these results are not a product of contamination in our study. If CWD in humans is found to be contagious and transmissible among humans, as it is in cervids [57], the spread of the disease within humans might become endemic.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Acta Neuropathol 144, 767–784 (2022). <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Published</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">22 August 2022</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Samia Hannaoui1 · Irina Zemlyankina1 · Sheng Chun Chang1 · Maria Immaculata Arifn1 · Vincent Béringue2 · Debbie McKenzie3 · Hermann M. Schatzl1 · Sabine Gilch1</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Received: 24 May 2022 / Revised: 5 August 2022 / Accepted: 7 August 2022</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">© The Author(s) 2022</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Prions cause infectious and fatal neurodegenerative diseases in mammals. Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease of cervids, spreads efficiently among wild and farmed animals. Potential transmission to humans of CWD is a growing concern due to its increasing prevalence. Here, we provide evidence for a zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and its probable signature using mice expressing human prion protein (PrP) as an infection model. Inoculation of these mice with deer CWD isolates resulted in atypical clinical manifestation with prion seeding activity and efficient transmissible infectivity in the brain and, remarkably, in feces, but without classical neuropathological or Western blot appearances of prion diseases. Intriguingly, the protease-resistant PrP in the brain resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon second passage. Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Keywords Chronic wasting disease · CWD · Zoonotic potential · Prion strains · Zoonotic prions</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">HIGHLIGHTS OF THIS STUDY</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">================================</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In this study, we evaluated the zoonotic potential of CWD using a transgenic mouse model overexpressing human M129-PrPC (<span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">tg650</span> [12]). We inoculated <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">tg650</span> mice intracerebrally with two deer CWD isolates, Wisc-1 and 116AG [22, 23, 27, 29]. We demonstrate that this transgenic line was susceptible to infection with CWD prions and displayed a distinct leading clinical sign, an atypical PrPSc signature and unusual fecal shedding of infectious prions. Importantly, these prions generated by the human PrP transgenic mice were transmissible upon passage. Our results are the first evidence of a zoonotic risk of CWD when using one of the most common CWD strains, Wisc-1/CWD1 for infection. We demonstrated in a human transgenic mouse model that the species barrier for transmission of CWD to humans is not absolute. The fact that its signature was not typical raises the questions whether CWD would manifest in humans as a subclinical infection, whether it would arise through direct or indirect transmission including an intermediate host, or a silent to uncovered human-to-human transmission, and whether current detection techniques will be suffcient to unveil its presence.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Our findings strongly suggest that CWD should be regarded as an actual public health risk. Here, we use humanized mice to show that CWD prions can cross the species barrier to humans, and remarkably, infectious prions can be excreted in feces.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Our results indicate that if CWD crosses the species-barrier to humans, it is unlikely to resemble the most common forms of human prion diseases with respect to clinical signs, tissue tropism and PrPSc signature. For instance, PrPSc in variable protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr), a sporadic form of human prion disease, and in the genetic form Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS) is defined by an atypical PK-resistant PrPSc fragment that is non-glycosylated and truncated at both C- and N-termini, with a molecular weight between 6 and 8 kDa [24, 44–46]. These biochemical features are unique and distinctive from PrPSc (PrP27-30) found in most other human or animal prion disease. The atypical PrPSc signature detected in brain homogenate of <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">tg650</span> mice #321 (1st passage) and #3063 (2nd passage), and the 7–8 kDa fragment (Figs. 2, 4) are very similar to that of GSS, both in terms of migration profile and the N-terminal cleavage site.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD in humans might remain subclinical but with PrPSc deposits in the brain with an unusual morphology that does not resemble the patterns usually seen in different prion diseases (e.g., mouse #328; Fig. 3), clinical with untraceable abnormal PrP (e.g., mouse #327) but still transmissible and uncovered upon subsequent passage (e.g., mouse #3063; Fig. 4), or prions have other reservoirs than the usual ones, hence the presence of infectivity in feces (e.g., mouse #327) suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=================================</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) Antonia Ricci Ana Allende Declan Bolton Marianne Chemaly Robert Davies Pablo Salvador Fernández Escámez ... See all authors </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">First published: 17 January 2018 <a href="https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">also, see; </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers.. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Research Paper</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Cellular prion protein distribution in the vomeronasal organ, parotid, and scent glands of white-tailed deer and mule deer</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Anthony Ness, Aradhana Jacob, Kelsey Saboraki, Alicia Otero, Danielle Gushue, Diana Martinez Moreno, Melanie de Peña, Xinli Tang, Judd Aiken, Susan Lingle & Debbie McKenzieORCID Icon show less</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Pages 40-57 | Received 03 Feb 2022, Accepted 13 May 2022, Published online: 29 May 2022</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Download citation</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ABSTRACT</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting species of the cervidae family. CWD has an expanding geographic range and complex, poorly understood transmission mechanics. CWD is disproportionately prevalent in wild male mule deer and male white-tailed deer. Sex and species influences on CWD prevalence have been hypothesized to be related to animal behaviours that involve deer facial and body exocrine glands. Understanding CWD transmission potential requires a foundational knowledge of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) in glands associated with cervid behaviours. In this study, we characterized the presence and distribution of PrPC in six integumentary and two non-integumentary tissues of hunter-harvested mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (O. virginianus). We report that white-tailed deer expressed significantly more PrPC than their mule deer in the parotid, metatarsal, and interdigital glands. Females expressed more PrPC than males in the forehead and preorbital glands. The distribution of PrPC within the integumentary exocrine glands of the face and legs were localized to glandular cells, hair follicles, epidermis, and immune cell infiltrates. All tissues examined expressed sufficient quantities of PrPC to serve as possible sites of prion initial infection, propagation, and shedding.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ARS RESEARCH Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Publication Acceptance Date: 9/8/2021</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Title: Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Author item WANG, ZERUI - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item QIN, KEFENG - University Of Chicago item CAMACHO, MANUEL - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item SHEN, PINGPING - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item YUAN, JUE - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item Greenlee, Justin item CUI, LI - Jilin University item KONG, QINGZHONG - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item MASTRIANNI, JAMES - University Of Chicago item ZOU, WEN-QUAN - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Submitted to: Acta Neuropathologica Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 9/8/2021 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Interpretive Summary: Prion diseases are invariably fatal neurologic diseases for which there is no known prevention or cure. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease of deer and elk and is present in farmed and free ranging herds throughout North America. To date there is no clear evidence that the CWD agent could be transmitted to humans. This manuscript describes the use of an in vitro technique, cell-free serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA), to generate a CWD prion that is infectious to transgenic mice expressing the human prion protein. This study provides the first evidence that CWD prions may be able to cause misfolding in the human prion protein. This information will impact medical experts and those involved in making policy for farmed cervids and wildlife.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Technical Abstract: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a cervid spongiform encephalopathy or prion disease caused by the infectious prion or PrPSc, a misfolded conformer of cellular prion protein (PrPC). It has rapidly spread in North America and also has been found in Asia and Europe. In contrast to the zoonotic mad cow disease that is the first animal prion disease found transmissible to humans, the transmissibility of CWD to humans remains uncertain although most previous studies have suggested that humans may not be susceptible to CWD. Here we report the generation of an infectious human PrPSc by seeding CWD PrPSc in normal human brain PrPC through the in vitro cell-free serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA). Western blotting confirms that the sPMCA-induced proteinase K-resistant PrPSc is a human form, evidenced by a PrP-specific antibody that recognizes human but not cervid PrP. Remarkably, two lines of humanized transgenic (Tg) mice expressing human PrP-129Val/Val (VV) or -129Met/Met (MM) polymorphism develop prion disease at 233 ± 6 (mean ± SE) days post-inoculation (dpi) and 552 ± 27 dpi, respectively, upon intracerebral inoculation with the sPMCA-generated PrPSc. The brain of diseased Tg mice reveals the electrophoretic profile of PrPSc similar to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) MM1 or VV2 subtype but different neuropathological patterns. We believe that our study provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc is able to convert human PrPC into PrPSc in vitro and the CWD-derived human PrPSc mimics atypical sCJD subtypes in humanized Tg mice.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''The brain of diseased Tg mice reveals the electrophoretic profile of PrPSc similar to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) MM1 or VV2 subtype but different neuropathological patterns.'' </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''We believe that our study provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc is able to convert human PrPC into PrPSc in vitro and the CWD-derived human PrPSc mimics atypical sCJD subtypes in humanized Tg mice.''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Published: 26 September 2021</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Zerui Wang, Kefeng Qin, Manuel V. Camacho, Ignazio Cali, Jue Yuan, Pingping Shen, Justin Greenlee, Qingzhong Kong, James A. Mastrianni & Wen-Quan Zou</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Acta Neuropathologica Communications volume 9, Article number: 158 (2021)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a cervid prion disease caused by the accumulation of an infectious misfolded conformer (PrPSc) of cellular prion protein (PrPC). It has been spreading rapidly in North America and also found in Asia and Europe. Although bovine spongiform encephalopathy (i.e. mad cow disease) is the only animal prion disease known to be zoonotic, the transmissibility of CWD to humans remains uncertain. Here we report the generation of the first CWD-derived infectious human PrPSc by elk CWD PrPSc-seeded conversion of PrPC in normal human brain homogenates using in vitro protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA). Western blotting with human PrP selective antibody confirmed that the PMCA-generated protease-resistant PrPSc was derived from the human PrPC substrate. Two lines of humanized transgenic mice expressing human PrP with either Val or Met at the polymorphic codon 129 developed clinical prion disease following intracerebral inoculation with the PMCA-generated CWD-derived human PrPSc. Diseased mice exhibited distinct PrPSc patterns and neuropathological changes in the brain. Our study, using PMCA and animal bioassays, provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc can cross the species barrier to convert human PrPC into infectious PrPSc that can produce bona fide prion disease when inoculated into humanized transgenic mice.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">It is worth noting that the annual number of sporadic CJD (sCJD) cases in the USA has increased, with the total number of suspected and confirmed sCJD cases rising from 284 in 2003 to 511 in 2017 (<span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cjd/occurrence-transmission.html</span>). The greatly enhanced CJD surveillance and an aging population in the USA certainly contributed to the observed increase in annual sCJD case numbers in recent years, but the possibility cannot be excluded that some of the increased sCJD prevalence is linked to CWD exposure.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In the present study, using serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) assay we generate PrPSc by seeding CWD prions in normal human brain homogenates. Importantly, we reveal that two lines of humanized Tg mice expressing human PrP-129VV and 129MM develop prion diseases upon intracerebral inoculation of the abnormal PrP generated by sPMCA. We believe that our study provides the first opportunity to dissect the clinical, pathological and biochemical features of the CWD-derived human prion disease in two lines of humanized Tg mice expressing two major human PrP genotypes, respectively.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">i thought i might share some news about cwd zoonosis that i got, that i cannot share or post to the public yet, i promised for various reasons, one that it will cause a shit storm for sure, but it was something i really already knew from previous studies, but, i was told that ;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">==================</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''As you can imagine, 2 and 5 (especially 5) may raise alarms. The evidence we have for 4 are not as strong or tight as I would like to have. At this point, please do not post any of the points publicly yet, but you can refer to points 1-3 in private discussions and all 5 points when discussing with relevant public officials to highlight the long-term risks of CWD zoonosis.''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">====================</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">so, i figure your as about as official as it gets, and i think this science is extremely important for you to know and to converse about with your officials. it's about to burn a whole in my pocket. this is about as close as it will ever get for cwd zoonosis to be proven in my time, this and what Canada Czub et al found with the Macaques, plus an old study from cjd surveillance unit back that showed cjd and a 9% increase in risk from folks that eat venison, i will post all this below for your files Sir. i remember back in the BSE nvCJD days, from when the first BSE case in bovine was confirmed around 1984 maybe 83, i forget the good vets named that screwed it up first, Carol something, but from 83ish to 95 96 when nvCJD was linked to humans from BSE in cattle, so that took 10 to 15 years. hell, at that rate, especially with Texas and cwd zoonsis, hell, i'll be dead before it's official, if ever, so here ya go Sir. there was a grant study on cwd zoonosis that had been going on for some time, i followed it over the years, then the grant date for said study had expired, so, i thought i would write the good Professor about said study i.e. Professor Kong, CWRU et al. i will post the grant study abstract first, and then after that, what reply i got back, about said study that i was told not to post/publish...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD ZOONOSIS GRANT FIRST;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=====</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Cervid to human prion transmission</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Kong, Qingzhong </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Case Western Reserve University, <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Cleveland, OH, United States</span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> Abstract Prion disease is transmissible and invariably fatal. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease affecting deer, elk and moose, and it is a widespread and expanding epidemic affecting 22 US States and 2 Canadian provinces so far. CWD poses the most serious zoonotic prion transmission risks in North America because of huge venison consumption (>6 million deer/elk hunted and consumed annually in the USA alone), significant prion infectivity in muscles and other tissues/fluids from CWD-affected cervids, and usually high levels of individual exposure to CWD resulting from consumption of the affected animal among often just family and friends. However, we still do not know whether CWD prions can infect humans in the brain or peripheral tissues or whether clinical/asymptomatic CWD zoonosis has already occurred, and we have no essays to reliably detect CWD infection in humans. We hypothesize that: (1) The classic CWD prion strain can infect humans at low levels in the brain and peripheral lymphoid tissues; (2) The cervid-to-human transmission barrier is dependent on the cervid prion strain and influenced by the host (human) prion protein (PrP) primary sequence; (3) Reliable essays can be established to detect CWD infection in humans; and (4) CWD transmission to humans has already occurred. We will test these hypotheses in 4 Aims using transgenic (Tg) mouse models and complementary in vitro approaches. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Aim 1 will prove that the classical CWD strain may infect humans in brain or peripheral lymphoid tissues at low levels by conducting systemic bioassays in a set of humanized Tg mouse lines expressing common human PrP variants using a number of CWD isolates at varying doses and routes. Experimental human CWD samples will also be generated for Aim 3. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Aim 2 will test the hypothesis that the cervid-to-human prion transmission barrier is dependent on prion strain and influenced by the host (human) PrP sequence by examining and comparing the transmission efficiency and phenotypes of several atypical/unusual CWD isolates/strains as well as a few prion strains from other species that have adapted to cervid PrP sequence, utilizing the same panel of humanized Tg mouse lines as in Aim 1. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Aim 3 will establish reliable essays for detection and surveillance of CWD infection in humans by examining in details the clinical, pathological, biochemical and in vitro seeding properties of existing and future experimental human CWD samples generated from Aims 1-2 and compare them with those of common sporadic human Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) prions. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Aim 4 will attempt to detect clinical CWD-affected human cases by examining a significant number of brain samples from prion-affected human subjects in the USA and Canada who have consumed venison from CWD-endemic areas utilizing the criteria and essays established in Aim 3. The findings from this proposal will greatly advance our understandings on the potential and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for CWD zoonosis and potentially discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Public Health Relevance There are significant and increasing human exposure to cervid prions because chronic wasting disease (CWD, a widespread and highly infectious prion disease among deer and elk in North America) continues spreading and consumption of venison remains popular, but our understanding on cervid-to-human prion transmission is still very limited, raising public health concerns. This proposal aims to define the zoonotic risks of cervid prions and set up and apply essays to detect CWD zoonosis using mouse models and in vitro methods. The findings will greatly expand our knowledge on the potentials and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for such infections and may discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> Funding Agency Agency National Institute of Health (NIH) Institute National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Type Research Project (R01) Project # 1R01NS088604-01A1 Application # <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">9037884</span> Study Section Cellular and Molecular Biology of Neurodegeneration Study Section (CMND) Program Officer Wong, May Project Start 2015-09-30 Project End 2019-07-31 Budget Start 2015-09-30 Budget End 2016-07-31 Support Year 1 Fiscal Year 2015 Total Cost $337,507 Indirect Cost $118,756</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip... </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1#panel-abstract" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1#panel-abstract</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Professor Kongs reply to me just this month about above grant study that has NOT been published in peer reveiw yet...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=================================</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Here is a brief summary of our findings:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...can't post, made a promise...tss</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">On Sat, Apr 3, 2021 at 12:19 PM Terry Singeltary <<span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">flounder9@verizon.net</span>> wrote:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">end...tss</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">==============</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD ZOONOSIS THE FULL MONTY TO DATE</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">International Conference on Emerging Diseases, Outbreaks & Case Studies & 16th Annual Meeting on Influenza March 28-29, 2018 | Orlando, USA</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Qingzhong Kong</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease prions from cervids</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease in cervids (mule deer, white-tailed deer, American elk, moose, and reindeer). It has become an epidemic in North America, and it has been detected in the Europe (Norway) since 2016. The widespread CWD and popular hunting and consumption of cervid meat and other products raise serious public health concerns, but questions remain on human susceptibility to CWD prions, especially on the potential difference in zoonotic potential among the various CWD prion strains. We have been working to address this critical question for well over a decade. We used CWD samples from various cervid species to inoculate transgenic mice expressing human or elk prion protein (PrP). We found infectious prions in the spleen or brain in a small fraction of CWD-inoculated transgenic mice expressing human PrP, indicating that humans are not completely resistant to CWD prions; this finding has significant ramifications on the public health impact of CWD prions. The influence of cervid PrP polymorphisms, the prion strain dependence of CWD-to-human transmission barrier, and the characterization of experimental human CWD prions will be discussed.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Speaker Biography Qingzhong Kong has completed his PhD from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst and Post-doctoral studies at Yale University. He is currently an Associate Professor of Pathology, Neurology and Regenerative Medicine. He has published over 50 original research papers in reputable journals (including Science Translational Medicine, JCI, PNAS and Cell Reports) and has been serving as an Editorial Board Member on seven scientific journals. He has multiple research interests, including public health risks of animal prions (CWD of cervids and atypical BSE of cattle), animal modeling of human prion diseases, mechanisms of prion replication and pathogenesis, etiology of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD) in humans, normal cellular PrP in the biology and pathology of multiple brain and peripheral diseases, proteins responsible for the α-cleavage of cellular PrP, as well as gene therapy and DNA vaccination.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">qxk2@case.edu</span> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SUNDAY, JULY 25, 2021 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">North American and Norwegian Chronic Wasting Disease prions exhibit different potential for interspecies transmission and zoonotic risk </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''Our data suggest that reindeer and red deer from Norway could be the most transmissible CWD prions to other mammals, whereas North American CWD prions were more prone to generate human prions in vitro.''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/north-american-and-norwegian-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/north-american-and-norwegian-chronic.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">MONDAY, JULY 19, 2021 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> U Calgary researchers at work on a vaccine against a fatal infectious disease affecting deer and potentially people</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/u-calgary-researchers-at-work-on.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/u-calgary-researchers-at-work-on.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">BSE aka MAD COW DISEASE, was first discovered in 1984, and it took until 1995 to finally admit that BSE was causing nvCJD, the rest there is history, but that science is still evolving i.e. science now shows that indeed atypical L-type BSE, atypical Nor-98 Scrapie, and typical Scrapie are all zoonosis, zoonotic for humans, there from. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">HOW long are we going to wait for Chronic Wasting Disease, CWD TSE Prion of Cervid, and zoonosis, zoonotic tranmission to humans there from?</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Studies have shown since 1994 that humans are susceptible to CWD TSE Prion, so, what's the hold up with making CWD a zoonotic zoonosis disease, the iatrogenic transmissions there from is not waiting for someone to make a decision.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">P190 Human prion disease mortality rates by occurrence of chronic wasting disease in freeranging cervids, United States</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Abrams JY (1), Maddox RA (1), Schonberger LB (1), Person MK (1), Appleby BS (2), Belay ED (1)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Background</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease of deer and elk that has been identified in freeranging cervids in 23 US states. While there is currently no epidemiological evidence for zoonotic transmission through the consumption of contaminated venison, studies suggest the CWD agent can cross the species barrier in experimental models designed to closely mimic humans. We compared rates of human prion disease in states with and without CWD to examine the possibility of undetermined zoonotic transmission.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Methods</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Death records from the National Center for Health Statistics, case records from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, and additional state case reports were combined to create a database of human prion disease cases from 2003-2015. Identification of CWD in each state was determined through reports of positive CWD tests by state wildlife agencies. Age- and race-adjusted mortality rates for human prion disease, excluding cases with known etiology, were determined for four categories of states based on CWD occurrence: highly endemic (>16 counties with CWD identified in free-ranging cervids); moderately endemic (3-10 counties with CWD); low endemic (1-2 counties with CWD); and no CWD states. States were counted as having no CWD until the year CWD was first identified. Analyses stratified by age, sex, and time period were also conducted to focus on subgroups for which zoonotic transmission would be more likely to be detected: cases <55 years old, male sex, and the latter half of the study (2010-2015).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Highly endemic states had a higher rate of prion disease mortality compared to non-CWD states (rate ratio [RR]: 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] = <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">1.01 - 1.23</span>), as did low endemic states (RR: 1.15, 95% CI = <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">1.04 - 1.27</span>). Moderately endemic states did not have an elevated mortality rate (RR: 1.05, 95% CI = 0.93 - 1.17). In age-stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates among the <55 year old population were elevated for moderately endemic states (RR: 1.57, 95% CI = <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">1.10 – 2.24</span>) while mortality rates were elevated among those ≥55 for highly endemic states (RR: 1.13, 95% CI = <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">1.02 - 1.26</span>) and low endemic states (RR: 1.16, 95% CI = <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">1.04 - 1.29</span>). In other stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates for males were only elevated for low endemic states (RR: 1.27, 95% CI = <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">1.10 - 1.48</span>), and none of the categories of CWD-endemic states had elevated mortality rates for the latter time period (2010-2015).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">While higher prion disease mortality rates in certain categories of states with CWD in free-ranging cervids were noted, additional stratified analyses did not reveal markedly elevated rates for potentially sensitive subgroups that would be suggestive of zoonotic transmission. Unknown confounding factors or other biases may explain state-by-state differences in prion disease mortality.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=====</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">P172 Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Prion Disease</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Wang H(1), Cohen M(1), Appleby BS(1,2)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">(1) University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio (2) National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Cleveland, Ohio.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Prion disease is a fatal progressive neurodegenerative disease due to deposition of an abnormal protease-resistant isoform of prion protein. Typical symptoms include rapidly progressive dementia, myoclonus, visual disturbance and hallucinations. Interestingly, in patients with prion disease, the abnormal protein canould also be found in the peripheral nervous system. Case reports of prion deposition in peripheral nerves have been reported. Peripheral nerve involvement is thought to be uncommon; however, little is known about the exact prevalence and features of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">We reviewed autopsy-proven prion cases from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center that were diagnosed between September 2016 to March 2017. We collected information regarding prion protein diagnosis, demographics, comorbidities, clinical symptoms, physical exam, neuropathology, molecular subtype, genetics lab, brain MRI, image and EMG reports. Our study included 104 patients. Thirteen (12.5%) patients had either subjective symptoms or objective signs of peripheral neuropathy. Among these 13 patients, 3 had other known potential etiologies of peripheral neuropathy such as vitamin B12 deficiency or prior chemotherapy. Among 10 patients that had no other clear etiology, 3 (30%) had familial CJD. The most common sCJD subtype was MV1-2 (30%), followed by MM1-2 (20%). The Majority of cases wasere male (60%). Half of them had exposure to wild game. The most common subjective symptoms were tingling and/or numbness of distal extremities. The most common objective finding was diminished vibratory sensation in the feet. Half of them had an EMG with the findings ranging from fasciculations to axonal polyneuropathy or demyelinating polyneuropathy.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Our study provides an overview of the pattern of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease. Among patients with peripheral neuropathy symptoms or signs, majority has polyneuropathy. It is important to document the baseline frequency of peripheral neuropathy in prion diseases as these symptoms may become important when conducting surveillance for potential novel zoonotic prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=====</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">P177 PrP plaques in methionine homozygous Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Abrams JY (1), Schonberger LB (1), Cali I (2), Cohen Y (2), Blevins JE (2), Maddox RA (1), Belay ED (1), Appleby BS (2), Cohen ML (2)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Background</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is widely believed to originate from de novo spontaneous conversion of normal prion protein (PrP) to its pathogenic form, but concern remains that some reported sporadic CJD cases may actually be caused by disease transmission via iatrogenic processes. For cases with methionine homozygosity (CJD-MM) at codon 129 of the PRNP gene, recent research has pointed to plaque-like PrP deposition as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission for a subset of cases. This phenotype is theorized to originate from specific iatrogenic source CJD types that comprise roughly a quarter of known CJD cases.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Methods</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">We reviewed scientific literature for studies which described PrP plaques among CJD patients with known epidemiological links to iatrogenic transmission (receipt of cadaveric human grown hormone or dura mater), as well as in cases of reported sporadic CJD. The presence and description of plaques, along with CJD classification type and other contextual factors, were used to summarize the current evidence regarding plaques as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission. In addition, 523 cases of reported sporadic CJD cases in the US from January 2013 through September 2017 were assessed for presence of PrP plaques.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">We identified four studies describing 52 total cases of CJD-MM among either dura mater recipients or growth hormone recipients, of which 30 were identified as having PrP plaques. While sporadic cases were not generally described as having plaques, we did identify case reports which described plaques among sporadic MM2 cases as well as case reports of plaques exclusively in white matter among sporadic MM1 cases. Among the 523 reported sporadic CJD cases, 0 of 366 MM1 cases had plaques, 2 of 48 MM2 cases had kuru plaques, and 4 of 109 MM1+2 cases had either kuru plaques or both kuru and florid plaques. Medical chart review of the six reported sporadic CJD cases with plaques did not reveal clinical histories suggestive of potential iatrogenic transmission.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PrP plaques occur much more frequently for iatrogenic CJD-MM cases compared to sporadic CJDMM cases. Plaques may indicate iatrogenic transmission for CJD-MM cases without a type 2 Western blot fragment. The study results suggest the absence of significant misclassifications of iatrogenic CJD as sporadic. To our knowledge, this study is the first to describe grey matter kuru plaques in apparently sporadic CJD-MM patients with a type 2 Western blot fragment.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=====</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">P180 Clinico-pathological analysis of human prion diseases in a brain bank series</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Ximelis T (1), Aldecoa I (1,2), Molina-Porcel L (1,3), Grau-Rivera O (4), Ferrer I (5), Nos C (6), Gelpi E (1,7), Sánchez-Valle R (1,4)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">(1) Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobanc-Hospital ClÃnic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (2) Pathological Service of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (3) EAIA Trastorns Cognitius, Centre Emili Mira, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain (4) Department of Neurology of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (5) Institute of Neuropathology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona (6) General subdirectorate of Surveillance and Response to Emergencies in Public Health, Department of Public Health in Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain (7) Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Background and objective:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The Neurological Tissue Bank (NTB) of the Hospital Clínic-Institut d‘Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain is the reference center in Catalonia for the neuropathological study of prion diseases in the region since 2001. The aim of this study is to analyse the characteristics of the confirmed prion diseases registered at the NTB during the last 15 years.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Methods:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">We reviewed retrospectively all neuropathologically confirmed cases registered during the period January 2001 to December 2016.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">176 cases (54,3% female, mean age: 67,5 years and age range: 25-86 years) of neuropathological confirmed prion diseases have been studied at the NTB. 152 cases corresponded to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), 10 to genetic CJD, 10 to Fatal Familial Insomnia, 2 to GerstmannSträussler-Scheinker disease, and 2 cases to variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr). Within sCJD subtypes the MM1 subtype was the most frequent, followed by the VV2 histotype.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Clinical and neuropathological diagnoses agreed in 166 cases (94%). The clinical diagnosis was not accurate in 10 patients with definite prion disease: 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Fronto-temporal dementia (FTD), 1 Niemann-Pick‘s disease, 1 Lewy Body‘s Disease, 2 Alzheimer‘s disease, 1 Cortico-basal syndrome and 2 undetermined dementia. Among patients with VPSPr, 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and the other one with FTD.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Concomitant pathologies are frequent in older age groups, mainly AD neuropathological changes were observed in these subjects.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Discussion:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">A wide spectrum of human prion diseases have been identified in the NTB being the relative frequencies and main characteristics like other published series. There is a high rate of agreement between clinical and neuropathological diagnoses with prion diseases. These findings show the importance that public health has given to prion diseases during the past 15 years. Continuous surveillance of human prion disease allows identification of new emerging phenotypes. Brain tissue samples from these donors are available to the scientific community. For more information please visit:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=====</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">P192 Prion amplification techniques for the rapid evaluation of surface decontamination procedures</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Bruyere-Ostells L (1), Mayran C (1), Belondrade M (1), Boublik Y (2), Haïk S (3), Fournier-Wirth C (1), Nicot S (1), Bougard D (1)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">(1) Pathogenesis and control of chronic infections, Etablissement Français du Sang, Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (2) Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (3) Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Aims:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) or prion diseases are a group of incurable and always fatal neurodegenerative disorders including Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases (CJD) in humans. These pathologies include sporadic (sCJD), genetic and acquired (variant CJD) forms. By the past, sCJD and vCJD were transmitted by different prion contaminated biological materials to patients resulting in more than 400 iatrogenic cases (iCJD). The atypical nature and the biochemical properties of the infectious agent, formed by abnormal prion protein or PrPTSE, make it particularly resistant to conventional decontamination procedures. In addition, PrPTSE is widely distributed throughout the organism before clinical onset in vCJD and can also be detected in some peripheral tissues in sporadic CJD. Risk of iatrogenic transmission of CJD by contaminated medical device remains thus a concern for healthcare facilities. Bioassay is the gold standard method to evaluate the efficacy of prion decontamination procedures but is time-consuming and expensive. Here, we propose to compare in vitro prion amplification techniques: Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) and Real-Time Quaking Induced Conversion (RT-QuIC) for the detection of residual prions on surface after decontamination.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Methods:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Stainless steel wires, by mimicking the surface of surgical instruments, were proposed as a carrier model of prions for inactivation studies. To determine the sensitivity of the two amplification techniques on wires (Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC), steel wires were therefore contaminated with serial dilutions of brain homogenates (BH) from a 263k infected hamster and from a patient with sCJD (MM1 subtype). We then compared the different standard decontamination procedures including partially and fully efficient treatments by detecting the residual seeding activity on 263K and sCJD contaminated wires. We completed our study by the evaluation of marketed reagents endorsed for prion decontamination.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The two amplification techniques can detect minute quantities of PrPTSE adsorbed onto a single wire. 8/8 wires contaminated with a 10-6 dilution of 263k BH and 1/6 with the 10-8 dilution are positive with Surf-PMCA. Similar performances were obtained with Surf-QuIC on 263K: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">10/16</span> wires contaminated with 10-6 dilution and 1/8 wires contaminated with 10-8 dilution are positive. Regarding the human sCJD-MM1 prion, Surf-QuIC allows us to detect 16/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilutions and 14/16 with 10-7 . Results obtained after decontamination treatments are very similar between 263K and sCJD prions. Efficiency of marketed treatments to remove prions is lower than expected.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC are very sensitive methods for the detection of prions on wires and could be applied to prion decontamination studies for rapid evaluation of new treatments. Sodium hypochlorite is the only product to efficiently remove seeding activity of both 263K and sCJD prions.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=====</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WA2 Oral transmission of CWD into Cynomolgus macaques: signs of atypical disease, prion conversion and infectivity in macaques and bio-assayed transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Schatzl HM (1, 2), Hannaoui S (1, 2), Cheng Y-C (1, 2), Gilch S (1, 2), Beekes M (3), SchulzSchaeffer W (4), Stahl-Hennig C (5) and Czub S (2, 6)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">(1) University of Calgary, Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada (2) University of Calgary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calgary, Canada, (3) Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany, (4) University of Homburg/Saar, Homburg, Germany, (5) German Primate Center, Goettingen, Germany, (6) Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), Lethbridge, Canada.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">To date, BSE is the only example of interspecies transmission of an animal prion disease into humans. The potential zoonotic transmission of CWD is an alarming issue and was addressed by many groups using a variety of in vitro and in vivo experimental systems. Evidence from these studies indicated a substantial, if not absolute, species barrier, aligning with the absence of epidemiological evidence suggesting transmission into humans. Studies in non-human primates were not conclusive so far, with oral transmission into new-world monkeys and no transmission into old-world monkeys. Our consortium has challenged 18 Cynomolgus macaques with characterized CWD material, focusing on oral transmission with muscle tissue. Some macaques have orally received a total of 5 kg of muscle material over a period of 2 years. <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">After 5-7</span> years of incubation time some animals showed clinical symptoms indicative of prion disease, and prion neuropathology and PrPSc deposition were found in spinal cord and brain of euthanized animals. PrPSc in immunoblot was weakly detected in some spinal cord materials and various tissues tested positive in RT-QuIC, including lymph node and spleen homogenates. To prove prion infectivity in the macaque tissues, we have intracerebrally inoculated 2 lines of transgenic mice, expressing either elk or human PrP. At least 3 TgElk mice, receiving tissues from 2 different macaques, showed clinical signs of a progressive prion disease and brains were positive in immunoblot and RT-QuIC. Tissues (brain, spinal cord and spleen) from these and preclinical mice are currently tested using various read-outs and by second passage in mice. Transgenic mice expressing human PrP were so far negative for clear clinical prion disease (some mice >300 days p.i.). In parallel, the same macaque materials are inoculated into bank voles. Taken together, there is strong evidence of transmissibility of CWD orally into macaques and from macaque tissues into transgenic mouse models, although with an incomplete attack rate. The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology. Our ongoing studies will show whether the transmission of CWD into macaques and passage in transgenic mice represents a form of non-adaptive prion amplification, and whether macaque-adapted prions have the potential to infect mice expressing human PrP. The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">See also poster P103</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=====</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WA16 Monitoring Potential CWD Transmission to Humans</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Belay ED</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The spread of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in animals has raised concerns about increasing human exposure to the CWD agent via hunting and venison consumption, potentially facilitating CWD transmission to humans. Several studies have explored this possibility, including limited epidemiologic studies, in vitro experiments, and laboratory studies using various types of animal models. Most human exposures to the CWD agent in the United States would be expected to occur in association with deer and elk hunting in CWD-endemic areas. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) collaborated with state health departments in Colorado, Wisconsin, and Wyoming to identify persons at risk of CWD exposure and to monitor their vital status over time. Databases were established of persons who hunted in Colorado and Wyoming and those who reported consumption of venison from deer that later tested positive in Wisconsin. Information from the databases is periodically cross-checked with mortality data to determine the vital status and causes of death for deceased persons. Long-term follow-up of these hunters is needed to assess their risk of development of a prion disease linked to CWD exposure.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=====</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">P166 Characterization of CJD strain profiles in venison consumers and non-consumers from Alberta and Saskatchewan</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Stephanie Booth (1,2), Lise Lamoureux (1), Debra Sorensen (1), Jennifer L. Myskiw (1,2), Megan Klassen (1,2), Michael Coulthart (3), Valerie Sim (4)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">(1) Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg (2) Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (3) Canadian CJD Surveillance System, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (4) Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is spreading rapidly through wild cervid populations in the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. While this has implications for tourism and hunting, there is also concern over possible zoonotic transmission to humans who eat venison from infected deer. Whilst there is no evidence of any human cases of CWD to date, the Canadian CJD Surveillance System (CJDSS) in Canada is staying vigilant. When variant CJD occurred following exposure to BSE, the unique biochemical fingerprint of the pathologic PrP enabled a causal link to be confirmed. However, we cannot be sure what phenotype human CWD prions would present with, or indeed, whether this would be distinct from that see in sporadic CJD. Therefore we are undertaking a systematic analysis of the molecular diversity of CJD cases of individuals who resided in Alberta and Saskatchewan at their time of death comparing venison consumers and non-consumers, using a variety of clinical, imaging, pathological and biochemical markers. Our initial objective is to develop novel biochemical methodologies that will extend the baseline glycoform and genetic polymorphism typing that is already completed by the CJDSS. Firstly, we are reviewing MRI, EEG and pathology information from over 40 cases of CJD to select clinically affected areas for further investigation. Biochemical analysis will include assessment of the levels of protease sensitive and resistant prion protein, glycoform typing using 2D gel electrophoresis, testing seeding capabilities and kinetics of aggregation by quaking-induced conversion, and determining prion oligomer size distributions with asymmetric flow field fractionation with in-line light scattering. Progress and preliminary data will be presented. Ultimately, we intend to further define the relationship between PrP structure and disease phenotype and establish a baseline for the identification of future atypical CJD cases that may arise as a result of exposure to CWD.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=====</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Source Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/</a> </div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">Volume 24, Number <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">8—August</span></span> 2018 </span><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="font-size: 30.2px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 3px; outline: currentcolor;"><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">Research Susceptibility of Human Prion Protein to Conversion by Chronic Wasting Disease Prions</span></div></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px; outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Marcelo A. BarriaComments to Author , Adriana Libori, Gordon Mitchell, and Mark W. Head Author affiliations: National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (M.A. Barria, A. Libori, M.W. Head); National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Scrapie and CWD, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (G. Mitchell)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Abstract Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal neurodegenerative disease and a serious animal health issue for deer and elk in North America. The identification of the first cases of CWD among free-ranging reindeer and moose in Europe brings back into focus the unresolved issue of whether CWD can be zoonotic like bovine spongiform encephalopathy. We used a cell-free seeded protein misfolding assay to determine whether CWD prions from elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer in North America can convert the human prion protein to the disease-associated form. We found that prions can convert, but the efficiency of conversion is affected by polymorphic variation in the cervid and human prion protein genes. In view of the similarity of reindeer, elk, and white-tailed deer in North America to reindeer, red deer, and roe deer, respectively, in Europe, a more comprehensive and thorough assessment of the zoonotic potential of CWD might be warranted.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Discussion Characterization of the transmission properties of CWD and evaluation of their zoonotic potential are important for public health purposes. Given that CWD affects several members of the family Cervidae, it seems reasonable to consider whether the zoonotic potential of CWD prions could be affected by factors such as CWD strain, cervid species, geographic location, and Prnp–PRNP polymorphic variation. We have previously used an in vitro conversion assay (PMCA) to investigate the susceptibility of the human PrP to conversion to its disease-associated form by several animal prion diseases, including CWD (15,16,22). The sensitivity of our molecular model for the detection of zoonotic conversion depends on the combination of 1) the action of proteinase K to degrade the abundant human PrPC that constitutes the substrate while only N terminally truncating any human PrPres produced and 2) the presence of the 3F4 epitope on human but not cervid PrP. In effect, this degree of sensitivity means that any human PrPres formed during the PMCA reaction can be detected down to the limit of Western blot sensitivity. In contrast, if other antibodies that detect both cervid and human PrP are used, such as 6H4, then newly formed human PrPres must be detected as a measurable increase in PrPres over the amount remaining in the reaction product from the cervid seed. Although best known for the efficient amplification of prions in research and diagnostic contexts, the variation of the PMCA method employed in our study is optimized for the definitive detection of zoonotic reaction products of inherently inefficient conversion reactions conducted across species barriers. By using this system, we previously made and reported the novel observation that elk CWD prions could convert human PrPC from human brain and could also convert recombinant human PrPC expressed in transgenic mice and eukaryotic cell cultures (15).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">A previous publication suggested that mule deer PrPSc was unable to convert humanized transgenic substrate in PMCA assays (23) and required a further step of in vitro conditioning in deer substrate PMCA before it was able to cross the deer–human molecular barrier (24). However, prions from other species, such as elk (15) and reindeer affected by CWD, appear to be compatible with the human protein in a single round of amplification (as shown in our study). These observations suggest that different deer species affected by CWD could present differing degrees of the olecular compatibility with the normal form of human PrP.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The contribution of the polymorphism at codon 129 of the human PrP gene has been extensively studied and is recognized as a risk factor for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (4). In cervids, the equivalent codon corresponds to the position 132 encoding methionine or leucine. This polymorphism in the elk gene has been shown to play an important role in CWD susceptibility (25,26). We have investigated the effect of this cervid Prnp polymorphism on the conversion of the humanized transgenic substrate according to the variation in the equivalent PRNP codon 129 polymorphism. Interestingly, only the homologs methionine homozygous seed–substrate reactions could readily convert the human PrP, whereas the heterozygous elk PrPSc was unable to do so, even though comparable amounts of PrPres were used to seed the reaction. In addition, we observed only low levels of human PrPres formation in the reactions seeded with the homozygous methionine (132 MM) and the heterozygous (132 ML) seeds incubated with the other 2 human polymorphic substrates (129 MV and 129 VV). The presence of the amino acid leucine at position 132 of the elk Prnp gene has been attributed to a lower degree of prion conversion compared with methionine on the basis of experiments in mice made transgenic for these polymorphic variants (26). Considering the differences observed for the amplification of the homozygous human methionine substrate by the 2 polymorphic elk seeds (MM and ML), reappraisal of the susceptibility of human PrPC by the full range of cervid polymorphic variants affected by CWD would be warranted.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In light of the recent identification of the first cases of CWD in Europe in a free-ranging reindeer (R. tarandus) in Norway (2), we also decided to evaluate the in vitro conversion potential of CWD in 2 experimentally infected reindeer (18). Formation of human PrPres was readily detectable after a single round of PMCA, and in all 3 humanized polymorphic substrates (MM, MV, and VV). This finding suggests that CWD prions from reindeer could be more compatible with human PrPC generally and might therefore present a greater risk for zoonosis than, for example, CWD prions from white-tailed deer. A more comprehensive comparison of CWD in the affected species, coupled with the polymorphic variations in the human and deer PRNP–Prnp genes, in vivo and in vitro, will be required before firm conclusions can be drawn. Analysis of the Prnp sequence of the CWD reindeer in Norway was reported to be identical to the specimens used in our study (2). This finding raises the possibility of a direct comparison of zoonotic potential between CWD acquired in the wild and that produced in a controlled laboratory setting. (Table).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The prion hypothesis proposes that direct molecular interaction between PrPSc and PrPC is necessary for conversion and prion replication. Accordingly, polymorphic variants of the PrP of host and agent might play a role in determining compatibility and potential zoonotic risk. In this study, we have examined the capacity of the human PrPC to support in vitro conversion by elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer CWD PrPSc. Our data confirm that elk CWD prions can convert the human PrPC, at least in vitro, and show that the homologous PRNP polymorphisms at codon 129 and 132 in humans and cervids affect conversion efficiency. Other species affected by CWD, particularly caribou or reindeer, also seem able to convert the human PrP. It will be important to determine whether other polymorphic variants found in other CWD-affected Cervidae or perhaps other factors (17) exert similar effects on the ability to convert human PrP and thus affect their zoonotic potential.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Dr. Barria is a research scientist working at the National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh. His research has focused on understanding the molecular basis of a group of fatal neurologic disorders called prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Acknowledgments We thank Aru Balachandran for originally providing cervid brain tissues, Abigail Diack and Jean Manson for providing mouse brain tissue, and James Ironside for his critical reading of the manuscript at an early stage.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">This report is independent research commissioned and funded by the United Kingdom’s Department of Health Policy Research Programme and the Government of Scotland. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Department of Health or the Government of Scotland.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Author contributions: The study was conceived and designed by M.A.B. and M.W.H. The experiments were conducted by M.A.B. and A.L. Chronic wasting disease brain specimens were provided by G.M. The manuscript was written by M.A.B. and M.W.H. All authors contributed to the editing and revision of the manuscript.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion</a></div></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #222222; outline: currentcolor;">Prion 2017 Conference Abstracts</span></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">First evidence of intracranial and peroral transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) into Cynomolgus macaques: a work in progress Stefanie Czub1, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer2, Christiane Stahl-Hennig3, Michael Beekes4, Hermann Schaetzl5 and Dirk Motzkus6 1 </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine/Canadian Food Inspection Agency; 2Universitatsklinikum des Saarlandes und Medizinische Fakultat der Universitat des Saarlandes; 3 Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen; 4 Robert-Koch-Institut Berlin; 5 University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; 6 presently: Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center; previously: Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen </span><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">This is a progress report of a project which started in 2009. </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">21 cynomolgus macaques were challenged with characterized CWD material from white-tailed deer (WTD) or elk by intracerebral (ic), oral, and skin exposure routes. Additional blood transfusion experiments are supposed to assess the CWD contamination risk of human blood product. Challenge materials originated from symptomatic cervids for ic, skin scarification and partially per oral routes (WTD brain). Challenge material for feeding of muscle derived from preclinical WTD and from preclinical macaques for blood transfusion experiments. We have confirmed that the CWD challenge material contained at least two different CWD agents (brain material) as well as CWD prions in muscle-associated nerves. </span><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Here we present first data on a group of animals either challenged ic with steel wires or per orally and sacrificed with incubation times ranging <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">from 4.5 to 6.9</span></span> years at postmortem. Three animals displayed signs of mild clinical disease, including anxiety, apathy, ataxia and/or tremor. In four animals wasting was observed, two of those had confirmed diabetes. All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals. Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuiC) and PET-blot assays to further substantiate these findings are on the way, as well as bioassays in bank voles and transgenic mice. </span><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">At present, a total of 10 animals are sacrificed and read-outs are ongoing. Preclinical incubation of the remaining macaques covers a range <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">from 6.4 to 7.10</span></span></span> years. Based on the species barrier and an incubation time of > 5 years for BSE in macaques and about 10 years for scrapie in macaques, we expected an onset of clinical disease beyond 6 years post inoculation. </span><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">PRION 2017 DECIPHERING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS ABSTRACTS REFERENCE</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available. </span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 23, 2019 </span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion and THE FEAST 2003 CDC an updated review of the science 2019 </span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"> </span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 04, 2014 </span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Six-year follow-up of a point-source exposure to CWD contaminated venison in an Upstate New York community: risk behaviours and health outcomes 2005–2011 Authors, though, acknowledged the study was limited in geography and sample size and so it couldn't draw a conclusion about the risk to humans. They recommended more study. Dr. Ermias Belay was the report's principal author but he said New York and Oneida County officials are following the proper course by not launching a study. "There's really nothing to monitor presently. No one's sick," Belay said, noting the disease's incubation period in deer and elk is measured in years. " </span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Transmission Studies Mule deer transmissions of CWD were by intracerebral inoculation and compared with natural cases {the following was written but with a single line marked through it ''first passage (by this route)}....TSS resulted in a more rapidly progressive clinical disease with repeated episodes of synocopy ending in coma. One control animal became affected, it is believed through contamination of inoculum (?saline). Further CWD transmissions were carried out by Dick Marsh into ferret, mink and squirrel monkey. Transmission occurred in ALL of these species with the shortest incubation period in the ferret. </span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">snip.... </span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"> </span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Prion Infectivity in Fat of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease▿ </span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Brent Race#, Kimberly Meade-White#, Richard Race and Bruce Chesebro* + Author Affiliations In mice, prion infectivity was recently detected in fat. Since ruminant fat is consumed by humans and fed to animals, we determined infectivity titers in fat from two CWD-infected deer. Deer fat devoid of muscle contained low levels of CWD infectivity and might be a risk factor for prion infection of other species. </span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"> </span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Prions in Skeletal Muscles of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease Here bioassays in transgenic mice expressing cervid prion protein revealed the presence of infectious prions in skeletal muscles of CWD-infected deer, demonstrating that humans consuming or handling meat from CWD-infected deer are at risk to prion exposure. </span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"> *** now, let’s see what the authors said about this casual link, personal communications years ago, and then the latest on the zoonotic potential from CWD to humans from the TOKYO PRION 2016 CONFERENCE. see where it is stated NO STRONG evidence. so, does this mean there IS casual evidence ???? “Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans” </span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">From: TSS Subject: CWD aka MAD DEER/ELK TO HUMANS ??? </span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Date: September 30, 2002 at 7:06 am PST </span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">From: "Belay, Ermias" </span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">To: Cc: "Race, Richard (NIH)" ; ; "Belay, Ermias" </span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Sent: Monday, September 30, 2002 9:22 AM Subject: RE: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS </span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Dear Sir/Madam, In the Archives of Neurology you quoted (the abstract of which was attached to your email), we did not say CWD in humans will present like variant CJD.. That assumption would be wrong. I encourage you to read the whole article and call me if you have questions or need more clarification (phone: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">404-639-3091</span></span></span></span>). </span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Also, we do not claim that "no-one has ever been infected with prion disease from eating venison." Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans in the article you quoted or in any other forum is limited to the patients we investigated. </span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Ermias Belay, M.D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention </span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">-----Original Message----- From: </span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Sent: Sunday, September 29, 2002 10:15 AM To: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">rr26k@nih.gov</span></span></span></span>; <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">rrace@niaid.nih.gov</span></span></span></span>; <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">ebb8@CDC.GOV</span></span></span></span> </span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Subject: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS </span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Sunday, November 10, 2002 6:26 PM .......snip........end..............TSS </span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Thursday, April 03, 2008 </span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease 2008 1: Vet Res. 2008 Apr 3;39(4):41 A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease Sigurdson CJ. </span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">snip... *** twenty-seven CJD patients who regularly consumed venison were reported to the Surveillance Center***, </span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">snip... full text ; </span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people. </span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">sporadic, spontaneous CJD, 85%+ of all human TSE, did not just happen. never in scientific literature has this been proven. if one looks up the word sporadic or spontaneous at pubmed, you will get a laundry list of disease that are classified in such a way; </span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">sporadic = 54,983 hits </span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic</a><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"> </span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">spontaneous = 325,650 hits </span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous</a><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"> </span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">key word here is 'reported'. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. </span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can't, and it's as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it's being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. ...terry </span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people.<br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: currentcolor;">key word here is ‘reported’. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can’t, and it’s as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it’s being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. …terry</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: currentcolor;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: currentcolor;">*** These results would seem to suggest that CWD does indeed have zoonotic potential, at least as judged by the compatibility of CWD prions and their human PrPC target. Furthermore, extrapolation from this simple in vitro assay suggests that if zoonotic CWD occurred, it would most likely effect those of the PRNP codon 129-MM genotype and that the PrPres type would be similar to that found in the most common subtype of sCJD (MM1).***</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys</a></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true</a></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background-color: white; color: #196ad4; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD TSE PRION AND ZOONOTIC, ZOONOSIS, POTENTIAL</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Subject: Re: DEER SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY SURVEY & HOUND STUDY </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Date: Fri, 18 Oct 2002 23:12:22 +0100 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">From: Steve Dealler </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Organization: Netscape Online member </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">To: BSE-L@ References: </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Dear Terry,</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">An excellent piece of review as this literature is desperately difficult to get back from Government sites.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">What happened with the deer was that an association between deer meat eating and sporadic CJD was found in about 1993. The evidence was not great but did not disappear after several years of asking CJD cases what they had eaten. I think that the work into deer disease largely stopped because it was not helpful to the UK industry...and no specific cases were reported. Well, if you dont look adequately like they are in USA currenly then you wont find any!</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Steve Dealler </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">====</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html</a><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM THIRD ANNUAL REPORT AUGUST 1994</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Consumption of venison and veal was much less widespread among both cases and controls. For both of these meats there was evidence of a trend with increasing frequency of consumption being associated with increasing risk of CJD. (not nvCJD, but sporadic CJD...tss) These associations were largely unchanged when attention was restricted to pairs with data obtained from relatives. ...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Table 9 presents the results of an analysis of these data.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">There is STRONG evidence of an association between ‘’regular’’ veal eating and risk of CJD (p = .0.01).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Individuals reported to eat veal on average at least once a year appear to be at 13 TIMES THE RISK of individuals who have never eaten veal.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">There is, however, a very wide confidence interval around this estimate. There is no strong evidence that eating veal less than once per year is associated with increased risk of CJD (p = 0.51).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">There is some evidence that risk of CJD INCREASES WITH INCREASING FREQUENCY OF LAMB EATING (p = 0.02).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The evidence for such an association between beef eating and CJD is weaker (p = 0.14). When only controls for whom a relative was interviewed are included, this evidence becomes a little STRONGER (p = 0.08).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">It was found that when veal was included in the model with another exposure, the association between veal and CJD remained statistically significant (p = < 0.05 for all exposures), while the other exposures ceased to be statistically significant (p = > 0.05).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In conclusion, an analysis of dietary histories revealed statistical associations between various meats/animal products and INCREASED RISK OF CJD. When some account was taken of possible confounding, the association between VEAL EATING AND RISK OF CJD EMERGED AS THE STRONGEST OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS STATISTICALLY. ...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In the study in the USA, a range of foodstuffs were associated with an increased risk of CJD, including liver consumption which was associated with an apparent SIX-FOLD INCREASE IN THE RISK OF CJD. By comparing the data from 3 studies in relation to this particular dietary factor, the risk of liver consumption became non-significant with an odds ratio of 1.2 (PERSONAL COMMUNICATION, PROFESSOR A. HOFMAN. ERASMUS UNIVERSITY, ROTTERDAM). (???...TSS)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...see full report ;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Stephen Dealler is a consultant medical microbiologist <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">deal@airtime.co.uk</span> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">BSE Inquiry Steve Dealler</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Management In Confidence</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">BSE: Private Submission of Bovine Brain Dealler</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 2019</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> MAD DOGS AND ENGLISHMEN BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, CJD, TSE PRION A REVIEW 2019</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> ''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> In conclusion, sensory symptoms and loss of reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome can be explained by neuropathological changes in the spinal cord. We conclude that the sensory symptoms and loss of lower limb reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome is due to pathology in the caudal spinal cord. <***</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology.<*** </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD. <***</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals.<*** </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids.'' Scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease (II) <***</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">FRIDAY, DECEMBER 08, 2023 </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">TEXAS CWD TSE PRION DIRE CONSEQUENCES ARE HERE! </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/texas-cwd-tse-prion-dire-consequences.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/texas-cwd-tse-prion-dire-consequences.html</a></div></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, MAY 11, 2021</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">> A Unique Presentation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in a Patient Consuming Deer Antler Velvet <</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusion</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">We believe that our patient’s case of CJD is highly suspicious for cervid etiology given the circumstances of the case as well as the strong evidence of plausibility reported in published literature. This is the first known case of CJD in a patient who had consumed deer antler velvet. Despite the confirmed diagnosis of CJD, a causal relationship between the patient’s disease and his consumption of deer antler velvet cannot be definitively concluded.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Supplemental data including molecular tissue sample analysis and autopsy findings could yield further supporting evidence. Given this patient’s clinical resemblance to CBD and the known histological similarities of CBD with CJD, clinicians should consider both diseases in the differential diagnosis of patients with a similarly esoteric presentation. Regardless of the origin of this patient’s disease, it is clear that the potential for prion transmission from cervids to humans should be further investigated by the academic community with considerable urgency.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''We believe that our patient’s case of CJD is highly suspicious for cervid etiology given the circumstances of the case as well as the strong evidence of plausibility reported in published literature. This is the first known case of CJD in a patient who had consumed deer antler velvet. Despite the confirmed diagnosis of CJD, a causal relationship between the patient’s disease and his consumption of deer antler velvet cannot be definitively concluded.''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE: A Unique Presentation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in a Patient Consuming Deer Antler Velvet</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">i was warning England and the BSE Inquiry about just this, way back in 1998, and was ask to supply information to the BSE Inquiry. for anyone that might be interested, see;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Singeltary submission to the BSE Inquiry on CJD and Nutritional Supplements 1998</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ABOUT that deer antler spray and CWD TSE PRION... I have been screaming this since my neighbors mom died from cjd, and she had been taking a supplement that contained bovine brain, bovine eyeball, and other SRMs specified risk materials, the most high risk for mad cow disease. just saying...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">I made a submission to the BSE Inquiry long ago during the BSE Inquiry days, and they seemed pretty interested.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Sender: "Patricia Cantos"</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">To: "Terry S Singeltary Sr. (E-mail)"</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Subject: Your submission to the Inquiry</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Date: Fri, 3 Jul 1998 10:10:05 +0100 3 July 1998</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Mr Terry S Singeltary Sr. E-Mail: Flounder at <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">wt.net</span> Ref: E2979</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Dear Mr Singeltary, Thank you for your E-mail message of the 30th of June 1998 providing the Inquiry with your further comments. Thank you for offering to provide the Inquiry with any test results on the nutritional supplements your mother was taking before she died. As requested I am sending you our general Information Pack and a copy of the Chairman's letter. Please contact me if your system cannot read the attachments. Regarding your question, the Inquiry is looking into many aspects of the scientific evidence on BSE and nvCJD.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">I would refer you to the transcripts of evidence we have already heard which are found on our internet site at ;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">http://www.bse.org.uk</span>.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Could you please provide the Inquiry with a copy of the press article you refer to in your e-mail? If not an approximate date for the article so that we can locate it? In the meantime, thank you for you comments. Please do not hesitate to contact me on... snip...end...tss</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">everyone I tell this too gets it screwed up...MY MOTHER WAS NOT TAKING THOSE SUPPLEMENTS IPLEX (that I ever knew of). this was my neighbors mother that died exactly one year previously and to the day of sporadic CJD that was diagnosed as Alzheimer’s at first. my mother died exactly a year later from the Heidenhain Variant of Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease hvCJD, and exceedingly rare strains of the ever growing sporadic CJD’s. both cases confirmed. ...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">kind regards, terry</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TSEs i.e. mad cow disease's BSE/BASE and NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS IPLEX, mad by standard process; vacuum dried bovine BRAIN, bone meal, bovine EYE, veal Bone, bovine liver powder, bovine adrenal, vacuum dried bovine kidney, and vacuum dried porcine stomach. also; what about potential mad cow candy bars ? see their potential mad cow candy bar list too... THESE are just a few of MANY of just this ONE COMPANY...TSS</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''So, in sum, dietary supplements sold in the United States often contain ruminant tissues from undisclosed sources. Personally, I am rather squeamish and I don't think I would be eating prostate or testicle or pituitary, but I am also a little bit wary of consuming products with those glands, not just out of personal repugnance but simply out of a health concern.'' DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION CENTER FOR BIOLOGICS EVALUATION AND RESEARCH TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES ADVISORY COMMITTEE Friday, January 19, 2001</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">15 Open Public Hearing</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">16 DR. FREAS: We are opening the open public hearing</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">17 now. We have received one response to speak in this</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">18 afternoon's open public hearing. That is from Dr. Scott</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">19 Norton. If Dr. Norton is here, would you please come</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">20 forward. You can either use the podium or the microphone,</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">21 whichever is your choice.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">22 DR. NORTON: I am Scott Norton and I am a</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">23 physician in the Washington D.C. area. I am here speaking</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">24 as a private citizen today.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">25 I first became concerned about the presence of 231</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">1 tissues from ruminant animals in dietary supplements about</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">2 six months ago and expressed my concern in a letter that was 3 published in New England Journal of Medicine in July of Year 4 2000. 5 A couple of the products that I had looked at, and 6 examined their labels, that raised these concerns I brought 7 in right here. I will just read some of the organs that are 8 found in one that is called Male Power. Deer antler, 9 pancreas, orchic--despite what we just heard that the FDA</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">10 prefers the term "testicular tissue" to be written on the</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">11 labels, I have never seen a dietary supplement say</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">12 "testicle." They always say "orchis" or "orchic" which may</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">13 sound rather flowery to the etymologically impaired--thymus,</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">14 adrenal, heart, lymph node, prostate, spleen and pituitary.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">15 There are actually seventeen organs in that particular</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">16 product.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">17 There is another product that is called Brain</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">18 Nutrition that tells us that it is vitamins and minerals</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">19 essential for important brain function. It does not mention</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">20 that there is any glandulars on at least the bold print. 21 But if you look at the small print on the back, we learn</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">22 that it has brain extract and pituitary extract, raw, in</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">23 there.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">24 We know that many of the organs that can be found</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">25 in the dietary supplements do fall in that list of organs</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">232</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">1 that are suspect for contamination with TSEs, the labels, in 2 nearly all cases, identify neither the animal source nor the 3 geographic location from which the organs were derived. I 4 have seen one line that did specify from New Zealand cattle 5 but no other manufacturer will list either the species or 6 the geographic location. 7 The FDA's and the USDA's import alerts that we 8 just learned about prohibit the use of these organs in 9 foods, medicines and medical devices. But my reading of the</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">10 alert, 17-04, suggests that DSHEA does allow some loopholes</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">11 for these tissues to possible slip in.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">12 I will just read <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">from 17-04</span> that we heard. On the</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">13 first page, it says that, "This alert does not establish any</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">14 obligations on regulated entities." I love seeing</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">15 legislation that starts out with that caveat.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">16 Then it says, further, "The USDA regulations do</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">17 not apply to bovine-derived materials intended for human</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">18 consumption as finished dietary supplements." We also learn</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">19 that the prohibition, or the import alert, is limited to</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">20 bulk lots of these tissues, completed tissues, from BSE-</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">21 derived countries. It does not mention if it is not a bulk</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">22 import or if it is raw materials rather than finished</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">23 materials.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">24 Further, we know that it is strongly recommended</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">25 but not actually prohibited in the language here. So I have</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">233</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">1 not taken the assurances from that import alert that Dr. 2 Moore was trying to convey to us. 3 So, in sum, dietary supplements sold in the United 4 States often contain ruminant tissues from undisclosed 5 sources. Personally, I am rather squeamish and I don't 6 think I would be eating prostate or testicle or pituitary, 7 but I am also a little bit wary of consuming products with 8 those glands, not just out of personal repugnance but simply 9 out of a health concern.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">10 So my question to the advisory committee is this;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">11 is my caution reasonable and, if it is, should we take</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">12 further efforts to inform, or even protect, the American</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">13 public from such exposure.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">14 I was curious about Dr.</span> Moore's remarks. I sensed</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">15 two messages. One was the initial reassurance that FDA has</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">16 the regulatory authority but then I also learned that it is</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">17 the manufacturer's responsibility to provide those 18 assurances, that the FDA doesn't actually inspect.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">19 I think that the FDA commissioners from Harvey</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">20 Wylie to David Kessler would say that that track record has</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">21 proven itself.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">22 Thank you very much.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">23 [Applause.]</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">24 DR. BROWN: Thanks, Dr. Norton. 25 Committee Discussion snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">17 But I think that we could exhibit some quite 18 reasonable concern about blood donors who are taking dietary 19 supplements that contain a certain amount of unspecified- 20 origin brain, brain-related, brain and pituitary material. 21 If they have done this for more than a sniff or something 22 like that, then, perhaps, they should be deferred as blood 23 donors. 24 That is probably worse than spending six months in 25 the U.K. 1/19/01 3681t2.rtf(845) page 501 <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/cber01.htm</span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Advisory Committees: CBER 2001 Meeting Documents</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">see actual paper;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20110616...ov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t2.rtf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20110616...ov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t2.rtf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Mar03/031403/96N-0417-EC-2.htm" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Mar03/031403/96N-0417-EC-2.htm</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_07.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_07.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">-------- Original Message --------</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Subject: METABOLIFE AND TSEs GAO-03-494 ''URGENT DATA''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Date: Thu, 01 May 2003 11:23:01 -0500</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">To: NelliganJ at <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">gao.gov</span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The General Accounting Office (GAO) today released the following reports and testimonies:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">REPORTS</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">1. Dietary Supplements: Review of Health-Related Call Records for Users of Metabolife 356. GAO-03-494, <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">March 31.</span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-03-494" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-03-494</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">see updated url link;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050205084229/http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20050205084229/http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">GREETINGS GAO:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">i was surprised that i did not see any listing of bovine tissue in metabolife on it's label. have they ceased using these desiccated tissues???</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">i see that the lable on this product METABOLIFE 356, does not state that it has any tissues of desiccated bovine organs? i no the product use to, so i am curious if they have ceased the use of the tissues of cattle they use to use (see below)???</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">METABOLIFE 356 BOVINE COMPLEX/GLANDULAR SYSTEM OVARIES, PROSTATE, SCROTUM AND ADRENAL USDA SOURCE CATTLE</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">i tried warning them years ago of this potential threat of CJD/TSEs;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">From: Randy Smith To: "'flounder at <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">wt.net</span>'" Subject: Metabolife Date: Mon, 7 Dec 1998 14:21:35 -0800</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Dear Sir,</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">We are looking at reformulation. I agree that slow virus diseases present a problem in some areas of the world.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Our product uses healthy USDA inspected cattle for the glandular extract.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">If you have any links to more information on this subject I would like to examine them.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Thank you for your interest and concern,</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Dr. Smith ============</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">see full text links of this archived information ;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/03/chronic-wasting-disease-prions-in-elk.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/03/chronic-wasting-disease-prions-in-elk.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/ohio-division-of-wildlife-confirms.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/ohio-division-of-wildlife-confirms.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/124/additional-cases-marion-wyandot-counties" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/124/additional-cases-marion-wyandot-counties</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">spontaneous/sporadic CJD in 85%+ of all human TSE, or spontaneous BSE in cattle, is a pipe dream, dreamed up by USDA/OIE et al, that has never been proven. let me repeat, NEVER BEEN PROVEN FOR ALL HUMAN OR ANIMAL TSE I.E. ATYPICAL BSE OR SPORADIC CJD! please see;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">OIE Conclusions on transmissibility of atypical BSE among cattle</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Given that cattle have been successfully infected by the oral route, at least for L-BSE, it is reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle are exposed to contaminated feed. In addition, based on reports of atypical BSE from several countries that have not had C-BSE, it appears likely that atypical BSE would arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence in old cattle. In the presence of livestock industry practices that would allow it to be recycled in the cattle feed chain, it is likely that some level of exposure and transmission may occur. As a result, since atypical BSE can be reasonably considered to pose a potential background level of risk for any country with cattle, the recycling of both classical and atypical strains in the cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Annex 7 (contd) AHG on BSE risk assessment and surveillance/March 2019</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">34 Scientific Commission/September 2019</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">3. Atypical BSE</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The Group discussed and endorsed with minor revisions an overview of relevant literature on the risk of atypical BSE being recycled in a cattle population and its zoonotic potential that had been prepared ahead of the meeting by one expert from the Group. This overview is provided as Appendix IV and its main conclusions are outlined below. With regard to the risk of recycling of atypical BSE, recently published research confirmed that the L-type BSE prion (a type of atypical BSE prion) may be orally transmitted to calves1 . In light of this evidence, and the likelihood that atypical BSE could arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence, the Group was of the opinion that it would be reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle were to be exposed to contaminated feed. Therefore, the recycling of atypical strains in cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">4. Definitions of meat-and-bone meal (MBM) and greaves</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">The L-type BSE prion is much more virulent in primates and in humanized mice than is the classical BSE prion, which suggests the possibility of zoonotic risk associated with the L-type BSE prion<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/16/7/09-1882_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/16/7/09-1882_article</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Thus, it is imperative to maintain measures that prevent the entry of tissues from cattle possibly infected with the agent of L-BSE into the food chain.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Atypical L-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (L-BSE) transmission to cynomolgus macaques, a non-human primate</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Fumiko Ono 1, Naomi Tase, Asuka Kurosawa, Akio Hiyaoka, Atsushi Ohyama, Yukio Tezuka, Naomi Wada, Yuko Sato, Minoru Tobiume, Ken'ichi Hagiwara, Yoshio Yamakawa, Keiji Terao, Tetsutaro Sata</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Affiliations expand</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PMID: 21266763</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">A low molecular weight type of atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (L-BSE) was transmitted to two cynomolgus macaques by intracerebral inoculation of a brain homogenate of cattle with atypical BSE detected in Japan. They developed neurological signs and symptoms at 19 or 20 months post-inoculation and were euthanized 6 months after the onset of total paralysis. Both the incubation period and duration of the disease were shorter than those for experimental transmission of classical BSE (C-BSE) into macaques. Although the clinical manifestations, such as tremor, myoclonic jerking, and paralysis, were similar to those induced upon C-BSE transmission, no premonitory symptoms, such as hyperekplexia and depression, were evident. Most of the abnormal prion protein (PrP(Sc)) was confined to the tissues of the central nervous system, as determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. The PrP(Sc) glycoform that accumulated in the monkey brain showed a similar profile to that of L-BSE and consistent with that in the cattle brain used as the inoculant. PrP(Sc) staining in the cerebral cortex showed a diffuse synaptic pattern by immunohistochemistry, whereas it accumulated as fine and coarse granules and/or small plaques in the cerebellar cortex and brain stem. Severe spongiosis spread widely in the cerebral cortex, whereas florid plaques, a hallmark of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans, were observed in macaques inoculated with C-BSE but not in those inoculated with L-BSE.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21266763/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21266763/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">see full text;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.niid.go.jp/niid/images/JJID/64/81.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.niid.go.jp/niid/images/JJID/64/81.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''H-TYPE BSE AGENT IS TRANSMISSIBLE BY THE ORONASAL ROUTE''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Comparing the Distribution of Ovine Classical Scrapie and Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in Italy: Spatial and Temporal Associations (2002-2014) <br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Aim: This study aims to investigate potential spatial and temporal associations between Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans (2010-2014) and ovine classical scrapie (CS) (2002- 2006) in Italy, serving as a proxy for exposure. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results: The analysis of data at the district level revealed no significant association. However, when considering aggregated regional data, all four models consistently indicated a statistically significant positive association, suggesting a higher incidence of the disease in humans as the regional incidence of sheep scrapie increased. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions: While the results are intriguing, it is important to acknowledge the inherent limitations of ecological studies. Nevertheless, these findings provide valuable evidence to formulate a hypothesis regarding the zoonotic potential of classical scrapie. Further investigations are necessary, employing specific designs such as analytical epidemiology studies, to test this hypothesis effectively. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">=====</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Transmission of Idiopathic human prion disease CJD MM1 to small ruminant mouse models (<span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Tg338</span> and <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Tg501</span>). </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results: No evidence of transmission was found on a first passage in <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Tg338</span> nor <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Tg501</span>ovinized mice, but on second passage, <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">4/10</span> <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Tg338</span> mice succumbed to CJDMM1 (40% attack rate after 645 dpi) and <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">1/12</span> <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Tg501</span> mice (519dpi, 10 still alive). The remaining 2nd passages are still ongoing. Conclusions: In this poster, the neuropathological features of the resulting strain are discussed. </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=361032" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=361032</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">============== </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PRION 2015 CONFERENCE</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PRION <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">2016 TOKYO</span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SCRAPIE <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">WS-01</span>: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">1933-6896</span> 1933-690X </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">WS-01</span>: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period) </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Tuesday, December 16, 2014</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Evidence for zoonotic potential of ovine scrapie prions</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Hervé Cassard,1, n1 Juan-Maria Torres,2, n1 Caroline Lacroux,1, Jean-Yves Douet,1, Sylvie L. Benestad,3, Frédéric Lantier,4, Séverine Lugan,1, Isabelle Lantier,4, Pierrette Costes,1, Naima Aron,1, Fabienne Reine,5, Laetitia Herzog,5, Juan-Carlos Espinosa,2, Vincent Beringue5, & Olivier Andréoletti1, Affiliations Contributions Corresponding author Journal name: Nature Communications Volume: 5, Article number: 5821 DOI: doi:10.1038/ncomms6821 Received 07 August 2014 Accepted 10 November 2014 Published 16 December 2014</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Although Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) is the cause of variant Creutzfeldt Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans, the zoonotic potential of scrapie prions remains unknown. Mice genetically engineered to overexpress the humanprion protein (tgHu) have emerged as highly relevant models for gauging the capacity of prions to transmit to humans. These models can propagate human prions without any apparent transmission barrier and have been used used to confirm the zoonotic ability of BSE. Here we show that a panel of sheep scrapie prions transmit to several tgHu mice models with an efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. ***The serial transmission of different scrapie isolates in these mice led to the propagation of prions that are phenotypically identical to those causing sporadic CJD (sCJD) in humans. ***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Subject terms: Biological sciences• Medical research At a glance</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/141216/ncomms6821/full/ncomms6821.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/141216/ncomms6821/full/ncomms6821.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">why do we not want to do TSE transmission studies on chimpanzees $</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">5. A positive result from a chimpanzee challenged severly would likely create alarm in some circles even if the result could not be interpreted for man. I have a view that all these agents could be transmitted provided a large enough dose by appropriate routes was given and the animals kept long enough. Until the mechanisms of the species barrier are more clearly understood it might be best to retain that hypothesis.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">R. BRADLEY</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> <a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102222950/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102222950/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">1: J Infect Dis 1980 Aug;142(2):205-8</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Oral transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie to nonhuman primates.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Amyx HL, Bacote A, Masters CL, Gajdusek DC.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease of humans and scrapie disease of sheep and goats were transmitted to squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) that were exposed to the infectious agents only by their nonforced consumption of known infectious tissues. The asymptomatic incubation period in the one monkey exposed to the virus of kuru was 36 months; that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease was 23 and 27 months, respectively; and that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of scrapie was 25 and 32 months, respectively. Careful physical examination of the buccal cavities of all of the monkeys failed to reveal signs or oral lesions. One additional monkey similarly exposed to kuru has remained asymptomatic during the 39 months that it has been under observation.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The successful transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie by natural feeding to squirrel monkeys that we have reported provides further grounds for concern that scrapie-infected meat may occasionally give rise in humans to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PMID: 6997404</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Recently the question has again been brought up as to whether scrapie is transmissible to man. This has followed reports that the disease has been transmitted to primates. One particularly lurid speculation (Gajdusek 1977) conjectures that the agents of scrapie, kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and transmissible encephalopathy of mink are varieties of a single "virus". The U.S. Department of Agriculture concluded that it could "no longer justify or permit scrapie-blood line and scrapie-exposed sheep and goats to be processed for human or animal food at slaughter or rendering plants" (ARC 84/77)" The problem is emphasised by the finding that some strains of scrapie produce lesions identical to the once which characterise the human dementias"</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Whether true or not. the hypothesis that these agents might be transmissible to man raises two considerations. First, the safety of laboratory personnel requires prompt attention. Second, action such as the "scorched meat" policy of USDA makes the solution of the acrapie problem urgent if the sheep industry is not to suffer grievously.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">76/10.12/4.6</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Nature. 1972 Mar 10;236(5341):73-4.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Transmission of scrapie to the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Gajdusek DC.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Nature 236, 73 - 74 (10 March 1972); doi:10.1038/236073a0</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Transmission of Scrapie to the Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">C. J. GIBBS jun. & D. C. GAJDUSEK</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SCRAPIE has been transmitted to the cynomolgus, or crab-eating, monkey (Macaca fascicularis) with an incubation period of more than 5 yr from the time of intracerebral inoculation of scrapie-infected mouse brain. The animal developed a chronic central nervous system degeneration, with ataxia, tremor and myoclonus with associated severe scrapie-like pathology of intensive astroglial hypertrophy and proliferation, neuronal vacuolation and status spongiosus of grey matter. The strain of scrapie virus used was the eighth passage in Swiss mice (NIH) of a Compton strain of scrapie obtained as ninth intracerebral passage of the agent in goat brain, from Dr R. L. Chandler (ARC, Compton, Berkshire).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2010/04/scrapie-and-atypical-scrapie.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2010/04/scrapie-and-atypical-scrapie.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://nor-98.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://nor-98.blogspot.com/</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">2001</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Suspect symptoms</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">What if you can catch old-fashioned CJD by eating meat from a sheep infected with scrapie?</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">28 Mar 01</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Like lambs to the slaughter</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">31 March 2001</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">by Debora MacKenzie Magazine issue 2284.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">FOUR years ago, Terry Singeltary watched his mother die horribly from a degenerative brain disease. Doctors told him it was Alzheimer's, but Singeltary was suspicious. The diagnosis didn't fit her violent symptoms, and he demanded an autopsy. It showed she had died of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Most doctors believe that sCJD is caused by a prion protein deforming by chance into a killer. But Singeltary thinks otherwise. He is one of a number of campaigners who say that some sCJD, like the variant CJD related to BSE, is caused by eating meat from infected animals. Their suspicions have focused on sheep carrying scrapie, a BSE-like disease that is widespread in flocks across Europe and North America.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Now scientists in France have stumbled across new evidence that adds weight to the campaigners' fears. To their complete surprise, the researchers found that one strain of scrapie causes the same brain damage in mice as sCJD.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">"This means we cannot rule out that at least some sCJD may be caused by some strains of scrapie," says team member Jean-Philippe Deslys of the French Atomic Energy Commission's medical research laboratory in Fontenay-aux-Roses, south-west of Paris. Hans Kretschmar of the University of Göttingen, who coordinates CJD surveillance in Germany, is so concerned by the findings that he now wants to trawl back through past sCJD cases to see if any might have been caused by eating infected mutton or lamb.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Scrapie has been around for centuries and until now there has been no evidence that it poses a risk to human health. But if the French finding means that scrapie can cause sCJD in people, countries around the world may have overlooked a CJD crisis to rival that caused by BSE.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Deslys and colleagues were originally studying vCJD, not sCJD. They injected the brains of macaque monkeys with brain from BSE cattle, and from French and British vCJD patients. The brain damage and clinical symptoms in the monkeys were the same for all three. Mice injected with the original sets of brain tissue or with infected monkey brain also developed the same symptoms.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">As a control experiment, the team also injected mice with brain tissue from people and animals with other prion diseases: a French case of sCJD; a French patient who caught sCJD from human-derived growth hormone; sheep with a French strain of scrapie; and mice carrying a prion derived from an American scrapie strain. As expected, they all affected the brain in a different way from BSE and vCJD. But while the American strain of scrapie caused different damage from sCJD, the French strain produced exactly the same pathology.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">"The main evidence that scrapie does not affect humans has been epidemiology," says Moira Bruce of the neuropathogenesis unit of the Institute for Animal Health in Edinburgh, who was a member of the same team as Deslys. "You see about the same incidence of the disease everywhere, whether or not there are many sheep, and in countries such as New Zealand with no scrapie." In the only previous comparisons of sCJD and scrapie in mice, Bruce found they were dissimilar.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">But there are more than 20 strains of scrapie, and six of sCJD. "You would not necessarily see a relationship between the two with epidemiology if only some strains affect only some people," says Deslys. Bruce is cautious about the mouse results, but agrees they require further investigation. Other trials of scrapie and sCJD in mice, she says, are in progress.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">People can have three different genetic variations of the human prion protein, and each type of protein can fold up two different ways. Kretschmar has found that these six combinations correspond to six clinical types of sCJD: each type of normal prion produces a particular pathology when it spontaneously deforms to produce sCJD.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">But if these proteins deform because of infection with a disease-causing prion, the relationship between pathology and prion type should be different, as it is in vCJD. "If we look at brain samples from sporadic CJD cases and find some that do not fit the pattern," says Kretschmar, "that could mean they were caused by infection."</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">There are 250 deaths per year from sCJD in the US, and a similar incidence elsewhere. Singeltary and other US activists think that some of these people died after eating contaminated meat or "nutritional" pills containing dried animal brain. Governments will have a hard time facing activists like Singeltary if it turns out that some sCJD isn't as spontaneous as doctors have insisted.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Deslys's work on macaques also provides further proof that the human disease vCJD is caused by BSE. And the experiments showed that vCJD is much more virulent to primates than BSE, even when injected into the bloodstream rather than the brain. This, says Deslys, means that there is an even bigger risk than we thought that vCJD can be passed from one patient to another through contaminated blood transfusions and surgical instruments.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16922840.300-like-lambs-to-the-slaughter.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16922840.300-like-lambs-to-the-slaughter.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">REPORT OF THE ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON SCRAPIE 1976</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">IN CONFIDENCE</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Such considerations suggest first that those responsible for work with scrapie should be selected with as much care as are astronauts. </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080102161333mp_/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080102161333mp_/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080102190607mp_/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12003001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080102190607mp_/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12003001.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080102190630mp_/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12002001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080102190630mp_/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12002001.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">with that, there is abundance of other scientific studies that show it's very likely CWD will or already has, transmit to humans, it's just that no one wants to believe it, they simply don't want it to happen, neither do i, but in the real world, imo, it's already happened and is being masked as sporadic CJD imo, you can see this science archived here, skroll down to about the halfway point of this blog on the recent cases of cwd in Texas;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">see about half way down to;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> PRION CONFERENCE 2022 ABSTRACTS CWD TSE PrP ZOONOSIS</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/texas-cwd-now-confirmed-505-cervid-101.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/texas-cwd-now-confirmed-505-cervid-101.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Published: 06 September 2021<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Chronic wasting disease: a cervid prion infection looming to spillover</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Alicia Otero, Camilo Duque Velásquez, Judd Aiken & Debbie McKenzie </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Veterinary Research volume 52, Article number: 115 (2021) </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-021-00986-y" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-021-00986-y</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">THURSDAY, DECEMBER 7, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Cervid Update By State December 2023 (Long Version) </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">(Short Version) </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion_7.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion_7.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">MONDAY, JANUARY 08, 2024 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD TSE Prion, using canine and feline species as a tool, as scavengers to contain disease, is a bad idea, here's why </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2024/01/cwd-tse-prion-using-canine-and-feline.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2024/01/cwd-tse-prion-using-canine-and-feline.html</a></div></div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">FRIDAY, MARCH 24, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Mountain lions, Wolves, Coyotes, could help stop the spread of CWD TSE Prion in deer, WHERE STUPID MEETS THE ROAD! </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/03/mountain-lions-wolves-coyotes-could.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/03/mountain-lions-wolves-coyotes-could.html</a></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/05/mountain-lions-could-help-stop-spread.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/05/mountain-lions-could-help-stop-spread.html</a></div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 01, 2013 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">hunting over gut piles and CWD TSE prion disease </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">hunting over gut piles and CWD TSE prion disease, a reminder...just saying</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/09/hunting-over-gut-piles-and-cwd-tse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/09/hunting-over-gut-piles-and-cwd-tse.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SUNDAY, JULY 07, 2013 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Could avian scavengers translocate infectious prions to disease-free areas initiating new foci of chronic wasting disease?</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/07/could-avian-scavengers-translocate.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/07/could-avian-scavengers-translocate.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Wednesday, October 17, 2012 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Prion Remains Infectious after Passage through Digestive System of American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/10/prion-remains-infectious-after-passage.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/10/prion-remains-infectious-after-passage.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Monday, February 14, 2011</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">THE ROLE OF PREDATION IN DISEASE CONTROL: A COMPARISON OF SELECTIVE AND NONSELECTIVE REMOVAL ON PRION DISEASE DYNAMICS IN DEER</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NO, NO, NOT NO, BUT HELL NO !</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 47(1), 2011, pp. 78-93 © Wildlife Disease Association 2011</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2011/02/role-of-predation-in-disease-control.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2011/02/role-of-predation-in-disease-control.html</a></div></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Sunday, November 01, 2009 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">AS THE CROW FLIES, SO DOES CWD American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) and potential spreading of CWD through feces of digested infectious carcases </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/11/american-crows-corvus-brachyrhynchos.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/11/american-crows-corvus-brachyrhynchos.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Monday, July 13, 2009 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Deer Carcass Decomposition and Potential Scavenger Exposure to Chronic Wasting Disease </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/07/deer-carcass-decomposition-and.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/07/deer-carcass-decomposition-and.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Predator Impacts on the Spread of Chronic Wasting Disease</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ASHLEY CHANCE, CORINA NEWSOME, ELLEN BRANDELL, JOHN KANTER | OCTOBER 20, 2022</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In addition to the potential for predators to decrease the spread of CWD, there also exists the possibility that predators and scavengers may contribute to the geographic spread of CWD–a spread that has not been entirely contiguous. In experimental conditions, mountain lions passed ~3% of the CWD prions they consumed–a pattern that may contribute to the spread of prions in the environment, but ultimately eliminating/sequestering most of the prions they consume (Baune et al. 2021).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://blog.nwf.org/2022/10/predator-impacts-on-the-spread-of-chronic-wasting-disease/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://blog.nwf.org/2022/10/predator-impacts-on-the-spread-of-chronic-wasting-disease/</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Predator Impacts on the Spread of Chronic Wasting Disease</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ASHLEY CHANCE, CORINA NEWSOME, ELLEN BRANDELL, JOHN KANTER | OCTOBER 20, 2022</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In experimental conditions with mouse-adapted scrapie, American crows, a common scavenger across North America, have also passed infectious prions in their feces after being fed infected material, indicating that they may also translocate infectious prions that cause CWD (VerCauteren et al. 2012). Scavengers like crows may have the greatest impact when roosting in large numbers, defecating, and dropping pellets in a concentrated area. However, they may also have a diluting effect on the accumulation of CWD locally by dispersing the prions from the location where the infected animal died, lessening the reservoir (Fischer et al. 2013).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://blog.nwf.org/2022/10/predator-impacts-on-the-spread-of-chronic-wasting-disease/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://blog.nwf.org/2022/10/predator-impacts-on-the-spread-of-chronic-wasting-disease/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">FRIDAY, DECEMBER 22, 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The Mad Cow That Stole Christmas, 23 Years Later</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The Mad Cow That Stole Christmas, 23 Years Later, What Has Changed, Nothing</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">THE USA has systematically covered up mad cow disease, in my honest opinion, the USA mad cow disease today, is Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion disease in Cervid, they can't cover that up. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2023/12/the-mad-cow-that-stole-christmas-23.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2023/12/the-mad-cow-that-stole-christmas-23.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">TO INTENTIALLY set up a program to introduce predators to use _as a tool_ to try and eradicate sick animals with chronic wasting disease CWD TSE Prion, is a bad idea, a foolish idea. it's bad enough in the wild, naturally, but to use as tool. in my opinion, to try and use as a tool predators to help eradicate CWD, would be like asking all the meat eaters during the BSE days to eat up, let's try and eradicate BSE, and hope for the best, not very smart. Haven't we played Prion Poker too long, seems were all in now, why exacerbate it with a program to introduce predators to eradicate cwd? it's just not worth the risk, imo...</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">FRIDAY, JANUARY 20, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">***> EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SCRAPIE IN THE UNITED STATES </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2023/01/epidemiology-of-scrapie-in-united-states.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2023/01/epidemiology-of-scrapie-in-united-states.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 25, 2022 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">***> USA National Scrapie Eradication Program (NSEP) 2021 to 2003 A Year by Year Review<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://https//scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2022/11/usa-national-scrapie-eradication.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2022/11/usa-national-scrapie-eradication.html</a></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 03, 2021 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Scrapie TSE Prion United States of America a Review February 2021 Singeltary et al</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/02/scrapie-tse-prion-united-states-of.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/02/scrapie-tse-prion-united-states-of.html</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Deep Throat to Singeltary BSE Mad Cow 2001 to 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">I remember what “deep throat” told me about Scrapie back around 2001, I never forgot, and it seems it’s come to pass;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Confidential!!!!</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> As early as 1992-3 there had been long studies conducted on small pastures containing scrapie infected sheep at the sheep research station associated with the Neuropathogenesis Unit in Edinburgh, Scotland. Whether these are documented...I don't know. But personal recounts both heard and recorded in a daily journal indicate that leaving the pastures free and replacing the topsoil completely at least 2 feet of thickness each year for SEVEN years....and then when very clean (proven scrapie free) sheep were placed on these small pastures.... the new sheep also broke out with scrapie and passed it to offspring. I am not sure that TSE contaminated ground could ever be free of the agent!! A very frightening revelation!!!</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">---end personal email---end...tss </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">(I never knew who this person was, but got me into the U.S. BSE Emergency 50 State conference call back 2001, and we corresponded for years about BSE TSE Prion, have not heard from in over a decade, but they were on the inside looking out. You can believe this or not, but this was real, i don’t make this stuff up…plus my endeavors to get those 1 million cattle tested for BSE failed. There was an ENHANCED BSE SURVEILLANCE put forth after 2003, we pushed for it, but it was abruptly shut down after the atypical BSE cases were popping up…a bit of history for anyone interested…terry)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">DEEP THROAT TO TSS 2000-2001 (take these old snips of emails with how ever many grains of salt you wish. ...tss) </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The most frightening thing I have read all day is the report of Gambetti's finding of a new strain of sporadic cjd in young people...Dear God, what in the name of all that is holy is that!!! If the US has different strains of scrapie.....why???? than the UK...then would the same mechanisms that make different strains of scrapie here make different strains of BSE...if the patterns are different in sheep and mice for scrapie.....could not the BSE be different in the cattle, in the mink, in the humans.......I really think the slides or tissues and everything from these young people with the new strain of sporadic cjd should be put up to be analyzed by many, many experts in cjd........bse.....scrapie Scrape the damn slide and put it into mice.....wait.....chop up the mouse brain and and spinal cord........put into some more mice.....dammit amplify the thing and start the damned research.....This is NOT rocket science...we need to use what we know and get off our butts and move....the whining about how long everything takes.....well it takes a whole lot longer if you whine for a year and then start the research!!! </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Not sure where I read this but it was a recent press release or something like that: I thought I would fall out of my chair when I read about how there was no worry about infectivity from a histopath slide or tissues because they are preserved in formic acid, or formalin or formaldehyde.....for God's sake........ Ask any pathologist in the UK what the brain tissues in the formalin looks like after a year.......it is a big fat sponge...the agent continues to eat the brain ......you can't make slides anymore because the agent has never stopped........and the old slides that are stained with Hemolysin and Eosin......they get holier and holier and degenerate and continue...what you looked at 6 months ago is not there........Gambetti better be photographing every damned thing he is looking at..... </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Okay, you need to know. You don't need to pass it on as nothing will come of it and there is not a damned thing anyone can do about it. Don't even hint at it as it will be denied and laughed at.......... USDA is gonna do as little as possible until there is actually a human case in the USA of the nvcjd........if you want to move this thing along and shake the earth....then we gotta get the victims families to make sure whoever is doing the autopsy is credible, trustworthy, and a saint with the courage of Joan of Arc........I am not kidding!!!! so, unless we get a human death from EXACTLY the same form with EXACTLY the same histopath lesions as seen in the UK nvcjd........forget any action........it is ALL gonna be sporadic!!! And, if there is a case.......there is gonna be every effort to link it to international travel, international food, etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. They will go so far as to find out if a sex partner had ever traveled to the UK/europe, etc. etc. .... It is gonna be a long, lonely, dangerous twisted journey to the truth. They have all the cards, all the money, and are willing to threaten and carry out those threats....and this may be their biggest downfall... </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Thanks as always for your help. (Recently had a very startling revelation from a rather senior person in government here..........knocked me out of my chair........you must keep pushing. If I was a power person....I would be demanding that there be a least a million bovine tested as soon as possible and agressively seeking this disease. The big players are coming out of the woodwork as there is money to be made!!! In short: "FIRE AT WILL"!!! for the very dumb....who's "will"! "Will be the burden to bare if there is any coverup!" </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">again it was said years ago and it should be taken seriously....BSE will NEVER be found in the US! As for the BSE conference call...I think you did a great service to freedom of information and making some people feign integrity...I find it scary to see that most of the "experts" are employed by the federal government or are supported on the "teat" of federal funds. A scary picture! I hope there is a confidential panel organized by the new government to really investigate this thing. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">You need to watch your back........but keep picking at them.......like a buzzard to the bone...you just may get to the truth!!! (You probably have more support than you know. Too many people are afraid to show you or let anyone else know. I have heard a few things myself... you ask the questions that everyone else is too afraid to ask.) </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">U.S. 50 State Emergency BSE Conference Call 2001</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://tseac.blogspot.com/2011/02/usa-50-state-bse-mad-cow-conference.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://tseac.blogspot.com/2011/02/usa-50-state-bse-mad-cow-conference.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Singeltary Comment Docket No: 2002N-0273 (formerly Docket No. 02N-0273)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">MY comments/questions are as follows ;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">1. SINCE the first Harvard BSE Risk Assessment was so flawed and fraught with error after the PEER REVIEW assessment assessed this fact, how do you plan on stopping this from happening again, will there be another peer review with top TSE Scientist, an impartial jury so-to-speak, to assess this new and updated Harvard BSE/TSE risk assessment and will this assessment include the Atypical TSE and SRM issues ?</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">*** Suppressed peer review of Harvard study October 31, 2002 *** </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050308184249/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/oa/topics/BSE_Peer_Review.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20050308184249/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/oa/topics/BSE_Peer_Review.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">2. WITH A RECENT NATION WIDE MAD COW FEED BAN RECALL in the past few months that consisted of some 10,878.06 TONS, then another Mad Cow feed ban warning letter in May, IT should seem prudent to ask why our feed bans continue to fail in 2006, and continue to fail today ? </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...see full text; </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050308184249/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/oa/topics/BSE_Peer_Review.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20050308184249/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/oa/topics/BSE_Peer_Review.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Singeltary Full Comments Submissions;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090419033608/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090419033608/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090424070455/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IFA/03-025IFA-2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090424070455/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IFA/03-025IFA-2.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">FSIS, HARVARD, REPLY TO SINGELTARY </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091104042152/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20091104042152/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.fsis.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media_file/2020-07/BSE_Risk_Assess_Response_Public_Comments.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.fsis.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media_file/2020-07/BSE_Risk_Assess_Response_Public_Comments.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Document APHIS-2023-0027-0001 BSE Singeltary Comment Submission</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">see full submission;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Specified Risk Materials DOCKET NUMBER Docket No. FSIS-2022-0027 Singeltary Submission Attachment</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FSIS-2022-0027-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FSIS-2022-0027-0002</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/FSIS-2022-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/FSIS-2022-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission Comment from Terry Singeltary Posted by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service on Jun 19, 2019</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2018-0087-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2018-0087-0002</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Control of Chronic Wasting Disease OMB Control Number: 0579-0189APHIS-2021-0004 Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Docket No. APHIS-2018-0011 Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">APHIS Indemnity Regulations [Docket No. APHIS-2021-0010] RIN 0579-AE65 Singeltary Comment Submission</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Comment from Singeltary Sr., Terry</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Posted by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service on Sep 8, 2022</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0010-0003" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0010-0003</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0010-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0010-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Docket No. FDA-2003-D-0432 (formerly 03D-0186) Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PUBLIC SUBMISSION</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Comment from Terry Singeltary Sr.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Posted by the Food and Drug Administration on May 17, 2016 Comment</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Docket No. FDA-2003-D-0432 (formerly 03D-0186) Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed Singeltary Submission </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FDA-2003-D-0432-0011" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FDA-2003-D-0432-0011</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Monday, November 13, 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) Singeltary Another Request for Update 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://fdabse589.blogspot.com/2023/11/food-and-drug-administrations-bse-feed.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://fdabse589.blogspot.com/2023/11/food-and-drug-administrations-bse-feed.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Why is USDA "only" testing 25,000 samples a year?</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">USDA's surveillance strategy is to focus on the targeted populations where we are most likely to find disease if it is present. This is the most effective way to meet both OIE and our domestic surveillance standards. After completing our enhanced surveillance in 2006 and confirming that our BSE prevalence was very low, an evaluation of the program showed that reducing the number of samples collected to 40,000 samples per year from these targeted, high risk populations would allow us to continue to exceed these standards. In fact, the sampling was ten times greater than OIE standards. A subsequent evaluation of the program in 2016 using data collected over the past 10 years showed that the surveillance standards could still be met with a further reduction in the number of samples collected by renderers and 3D/4D establishments which have a very low OIE point value because the medical history of these animals is usually unknown. Therefore, in 2016, the number of samples to be tested was reduced to 25,000 where it remains today.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.usda.gov/topics/animals/bse-surveillance-information-center" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.usda.gov/topics/animals/bse-surveillance-information-center</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Bottom line, you don’t test, you don’t find$ FRIDAY, MAY 19, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">USDA Announces Atypical L-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE Detection</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2023/05/usda-announces-atypical-l-type-bovine.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2023/05/usda-announces-atypical-l-type-bovine.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/122/announces-atypical-bovine-spongiform-encephalopa" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/122/announces-atypical-bovine-spongiform-encephalopa</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SATURDAY, MAY 20, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Tennessee State Veterinarian Alerts Cattle Owners to Disease Detection Mad Cow atypical L-Type BSE</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/05/tennessee-state-veterinarian-alerts.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/05/tennessee-state-veterinarian-alerts.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/123/tennessee-veterinarian-alerts-cattle-confirmed" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/123/tennessee-veterinarian-alerts-cattle-confirmed</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Wednesday, May 24, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, United States of America Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Immediate notification</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ABOUT 2+ WEEKS BEFORE THE DETECTION OF BSE IN THE USA IN 2023, I WROTE THIS;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">May 2, 2023, i submitted this to the USDA et al;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Docket No. APHIS–2023–0027 Notice of Request for Revision to and Extension of Approval of an Information Collection; National Veterinary Services Laboratories; Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Surveillance Program Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ONLY by the Grace of God, have we not had a documented BSE outbreak, that and the fact the USDA et al are only testing 25K cattle for BSE, a number too low to find mad cow disease from some 28.9 million beef cows in the United States as of Jan. 1, 2023, down 4% from last year. The number of milk cows in the United States increased to 9.40 million. U.S. calf crop was estimated at 34.5 million head, down 2% from 2021. Jan 31, 2023. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ALL it would take is one BSE positive, yet alone a handful of BSE cases, this is why the Enhanced BSE was shut down, and the BSE testing shut down to 25k, and the BSE GBRs were replaced with BSE MRRs, after the 2003 Christmas Mad cow, the cow that stole Christmas, making it legal to trade BSE, imo. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Document APHIS-2023-0027-0001 BSE Singeltary Comment Submission</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">see full submission;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 08, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Ireland Atypical BSE confirmed November 3 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/11/ireland-atypical-bse-confirmed-november.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/11/ireland-atypical-bse-confirmed-november.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 14, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Ireland Atypical BSE case, 3 progeny of case cow to be culled </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/11/ireland-atypical-bse-case-3-progeny-of.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/11/ireland-atypical-bse-case-3-progeny-of.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SUNDAY, JULY 16, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Switzerland Atypical BSE detected in a cow in the canton of St. Gallen </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/07/switzerland-atypical-bse-detected-in.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/07/switzerland-atypical-bse-detected-in.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, REPORT Switzerland Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical L-Type</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Switzerland Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical L-Type</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Switzerland - Bovine spongiform encephalopathy - Immediate notification</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4962" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4962</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2020/02/switzerland-oie-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2020/02/switzerland-oie-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Monday, March 20, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, REPORT United Kingdom Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical H-Type </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4977" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4977</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/single-case-of-atypical-bse-confirmed-on-a-farm-in-cornwall" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.gov.uk/government/news/single-case-of-atypical-bse-confirmed-on-a-farm-in-cornwall</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">BRAZIL BSE START DATE 2023/01/18</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">BRAZIL BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/22</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">BRAZIL BSE END DATE 2023/03/03</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4918" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4918</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/06/brazil-reports-another-cases-of-mad-cow.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/06/brazil-reports-another-cases-of-mad-cow.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SPAIN BSE START DATE 2023/01/21</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SPAIN BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/03</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SPAIN BSE END DATE 2023/02/06</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4888</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/02/spain-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/02/spain-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NETHERLANDS BSE START DATE 2023/02/01</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NETHERLANDS BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/01</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NETHERLANDS BSE END DATE 2023/03/13</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4876" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4876</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/02/netherlands-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/02/netherlands-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">FRIDAY, APRIL 07, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Case report: Two clusters of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease cases within 1 year in West Michigan </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/04/case-report-two-clusters-of-creutzfeldt.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/04/case-report-two-clusters-of-creutzfeldt.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">MONDAY, APRIL 24, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">2023 CDC REPORTS CJD TSE Prion 5 cases per million in persons 55 years of age or older </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/04/2023-cdc-reports-cjd-tse-prion-5-cases.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/04/2023-cdc-reports-cjd-tse-prion-5-cases.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">THE PATHOLOGICAL PROTEIN</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Hardcover, 304 pages plus photos and illustrations. ISBN 0-387-95508-9</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">June 2003</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">BY Philip Yam</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CHAPTER 14 LAYING ODDS</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Answering critics like Terry Singeltary, who feels that the U.S. under- counts CJD, Schonberger conceded that the current surveillance system has errors but stated that most of the errors will be confined to the older population.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.thepathologicalprotein.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.thepathologicalprotein.com/</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">reviewed medical records for CJD cases between 1991 and 1995. Comparing the actively garnered data with the death certificate infor-mation showed that “we miss about 14 percent,” said CDC epidemiolo-gist Lawrence Schonberger. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/0-387-21755-x_14" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/0-387-21755-x_14</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">RE-Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Terry S. Singeltary, retired (medically), CJD WATCH</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Submitted March 26, 2003</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">I lost my mother to hvCJD (Heidenhain Variant CJD). I would like to comment on the CDC's attempts to monitor the occurrence of emerging forms of CJD. Asante, Collinge et al [1] have reported that BSE transmission to the 129-methionine genotype can lead to an alternate phenotype that is indistinguishable from type 2 PrPSc, the commonest sporadic CJD. However, CJD and all human TSEs are not reportable nationally. CJD and all human TSEs must be made reportable in every state and internationally. I hope that the CDC does not continue to expect us to still believe that the 85%+ of all CJD cases which are sporadic are all spontaneous, without route/source. We have many TSEs in the USA in both animal and man. CWD in deer/elk is spreading rapidly and CWD does transmit to mink, ferret, cattle, and squirrel monkey by intracerebral inoculation. With the known incubation periods in other TSEs, oral transmission studies of CWD may take much longer. Every victim/family of CJD/TSEs should be asked about route and source of this agent. To prolong this will only spread the agent and needlessly expose others. In light of the findings of Asante and Collinge et al, there should be drastic measures to safeguard the medical and surgical arena from sporadic CJDs and all human TSEs. I only ponder how many sporadic CJDs in the USA are type 2 PrPSc?</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://n.neurology.org/content/re-monitoring-occurrence-emerging-forms-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-united-states" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://n.neurology.org/content/re-monitoring-occurrence-emerging-forms-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-united-states</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States 2003 revisited 2009</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">August 10, 2009</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Greetings,</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">I would like to submit a review of past CJD surveillance in the USA, and the urgent need to make all human TSE in the USA a reportable disease, in every state, of every age group, and to make this mandatory immediately without further delay. The ramifications of not doing so will only allow this agent to spread further in the medical, dental, surgical arena's. North America seems to have the most species with documented Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy's, most all of which have been rendered and fed back to food producing animals and to humans for years. If you look at the statistics, sporadic CJD seems to be rising in the USA, and has been, with atypical cases of the sCJD. I find deeply disturbing in the year of 2009, that Human Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy of any strain and or phenotype, of all age groups, and I stress all age groups, because human TSE's do not know age, and they do not know borders. someone 56 years old, that has a human TSE, that has surgery, can pass this TSE agent on i.e. friendly fire, and or passing it forward, and there have been documented nvCJD in a 74 year old. Remembering also that only sporadic CJD has been documented to transmit via iatrogenic routes, until recently with the 4 cases of blood related transmission, of which the origin is thought to be nvCJD donors. However most Iatrogenic CJD cases are nothing more than sporadic CJD, until the source is proven, then it becomes Iatrogenic. An oxymoron of sorts, because all sporadic CJD is, are multiple forms, or strains, or phenotypes of Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease, that the route and source and species have not been confirmed and or documented. When will the myth of the UKBSEnvCJD only theory be put to bed for good. This theory in my opinion, and the following there from, as the GOLD STANDARD, has done nothing more than help spread this agent around the globe. Politics and money have caused the terrible consequences to date, and the fact that TSEs are a slow incubating death, but a death that is 100% certain for those that are exposed and live long enough to go clinical. once clinical, there is no recourse, to date. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">But, while sub-clinical, how many can one exposed human infect? </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Can humans exposed to CWD and scrapie strains pass it forward as some form of sporadic CJD in the surgical and medical arenas? </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">why must we wait decades and decades to prove this point, only to expose millions needlessly, only for the sake of the industries involved? </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">would it not have been prudent from the beginning to just include all TSE's, and rule them out from there with transmission studies and change policies there from, as opposed to doing just the opposite? </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The science of TSE's have been nothing more than a political circus since the beginning, and for anyone to still believe in this one strain, one group of bovines, in one geographical location, with only one age group of human TSE i.e. nvCJD myth, for anyone to believe this today only enhances to spreading of these human and animal TSE's. This is exactly why we have been in this quagmire.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The ones that believe that there is a spontaneous CJD in 85%+ of all cases of human TSE, and the ones that do not believe that cattle can have this same phenomenon, are two of the same, the industry, and so goes the political science aspect of this tobacco and or asbestos scenario i.e. follow the money. I could go into all angles of this man made nightmare, the real facts and science, for instance, the continuing rendering technology and slow cooking with low temps that brewed this stew up, and the fact that THE USA HAD THIS TECHNOLOGY FIRST AND SHIPPED IT TO THE U.K. SOME 5 YEARS BEFORE THE U.S. STARTED USING THE SAME TECHNOLOGY, to save on fuel cost. This is what supposedly amplified the TSE agent via sheep scrapie, and spread via feed in the U.K. bovine, and other countries exporting the tainted product. BUT most everyone ignores this fact, and the fact that the U.S. has been recycling more TSE, from more species with TSEs, than any other country documented, but yet, it's all spontaneous, and the rise in sporadic CJD in the U.S. is a happenstance of bad luck ??? I respectfully disagree. To top that all off, the infamous BSE-FIREWALL that the USDA always brags about was nothing more than ink on paper, and I can prove this. YOU can ignore it, but this is FACT (see source, as late as 2007, in one recall alone, some 10,000,000 MILLION POUNDS OF BANNED MAD COW FEED WENT OUT INTO COMMERCE TO BE FED OUT, and most was never recovered. This was banned blood laced, meat and bone meal. 2006 was a banner year for banned mad cow protein going into commerce in the U.S. (see source of FDA feed ban warning letter below). I stress that the August 4, 1997 USA mad cow feed ban and this infamous BSE firewall, was nothing more than ink on paper, it was never enforceable.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">I propose that the current diagnostic criteria for human TSEs only enhances and helps the spreading of human TSE from the continued belief of the UKBSEnvCJD only theory in 2009. With all the science to date refuting it, to continue to validate this old myth, will only spread this TSE agent through a multitude of potential routes and sources i.e. consumption, medical i.e., surgical, blood, dental, endoscopy, optical, nutritional supplements, cosmetics etc. I propose as with Aguzzi, Asante, Collinge, Caughey, Deslys, Dormont, Gibbs, Gajdusek, Ironside, Manuelidis, Marsh, et al and many more, that the world of TSE Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy is far from an exact science, but there is enough proven science to date that this myth should be put to rest once and for all, and that we move forward with a new classification for human and animal TSE that would properly identify the infected species, the source species, and then the route. This would further have to be broken down to strain of species and then the route of transmission would further have to be broken down. Accumulation and Transmission are key to the threshold from sub- clinical to clinical disease, and key to all this, is to stop the amplification and transmission of this agent, the spreading of, no matter what strain. In my opinion, to continue with this myth that the U.K. strain of BSE one strain TSE in cows, and the nv/v CJD one strain TSE humans, and the one geographical location source i.e. U.K., and that all the rest of human TSE are just one single strain i.e. sporadic CJD, a happenstance of bad luck that just happens due to a twisted protein that just twisted the wrong way, IN 85%+ OF ALL HUMAN TSEs, when to date there are 6 different phenotypes of sCJD, and growing per Gambetti et al, and that no other animal TSE transmits to humans ??? With all due respect to all Scientist that believe this, I beg to differ. To continue with this masquerade will only continue to spread, expose, and kill, who knows how many more in the years and decades to come. ONE was enough for me, My Mom, hvCJD i.e. Heidenhain Variant CJD, DOD 12/14/97 confirmed, which is nothing more than another mans name added to CJD, like CJD itself, Jakob and Creutzfeldt, or Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, just another CJD or human TSE, named after another human. WE are only kidding ourselves with the current diagnostic criteria for human and animal TSE, especially differentiating between the nvCJD vs the sporadic CJD strains and then the GSS strains and also the FFI fatal familial insomnia strains or the ones that mimics one or the other of those TSE? Tissue infectivity and strain typing of the many variants of the human and animal TSEs are paramount in all variants of all TSE. There must be a proper classification that will differentiate between all these human TSE in order to do this. With the CDI and other more sensitive testing coming about, I only hope that my proposal will some day be taken seriously. ...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">please see history, and the ever evolving TSE science to date ;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Saturday, June 13, 2009</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States 2003 revisited 2009</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Singeltary 2000</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">BMJ 2000; 320 doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.320.7226.8/b" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.320.7226.8/b</a> (Published 01 January 2000) Cite this as: BMJ 2000;320:8</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">02 January 2000 Terry S Singeltary retired</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Rapid Response: </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">U.S. Scientist should be concerned with a CJD epidemic in the U.S., as well... </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In reading your short article about 'Scientist warn of CJD epidemic' news in brief Jan. 1, 2000. I find the findings in the PNAS old news, made famous again. Why is the U.S. still sitting on their butts, ignoring the facts? We have the beginning of a CJD epidemic in the U.S., and the U.S. Gov. is doing everything in it's power to conceal it.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The exact same recipe for B.S.E. existed in the U.S. for years and years. In reading over the Qualitative Analysis of BSE Risk Factors-1, this is a 25 page report by the USDA:APHIS:VS. It could have been done in one page. The first page, fourth paragraph says it all;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">"Similarities exist in the two countries usage of continuous rendering technology and the lack of usage of solvents, however, large differences still remain with other risk factors which greatly reduce the potential risk at the national level."</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Then, the next 24 pages tries to down-play the high risks of B.S.E. in the U.S., with nothing more than the cattle to sheep ratio count, and the geographical locations of herds and flocks. That's all the evidence they can come up with, in the next 24 pages.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Something else I find odd, page 16;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">"In the United Kingdom there is much concern for a specific continuous rendering technology which uses lower temperatures and accounts for 25 percent of total output. This technology was _originally_ designed and imported from the United States. However, the specific application in the production process is _believed_ to be different in the two countries."</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">A few more factors to consider, page 15;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">"Figure 26 compares animal protein production for the two countries. The calculations are based on slaughter numbers, fallen stock estimates, and product yield coefficients. This approach is used due to variation of up to 80 percent from different reported sources. At 3.6 million tons, the United States produces 8 times more animal rendered product than the United Kingdom."</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">"The risk of introducing the BSE agent through sheep meat and bone meal is more acute in both relative and absolute terms in the United Kingdom (Figures 27 and 28). Note that sheep meat and bone meal accounts for 14 percent, or 61 thousand tons, in the United Kingdom versus 0.6 percent or 22 thousand tons in the United States. For sheep greater than 1 year, this is less than one-tenth of one percent of the United States supply."</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">"The potential risk of amplification of the BSE agent through cattle meat and bone meal is much greater in the United States where it accounts for 59 percent of total product or almost 5 times more than the total amount of rendered product in the United Kingdom."</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Considering, it would only take _one_ scrapie infected sheep to contaminate the feed. Considering Scrapie has run rampant in the U.S. for years, as of Aug. 1999, 950 scrapie infected flocks. Also, Considering only one quarter spoonful of scrapie infected material is lethal to a cow.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Considering all this, the sheep to cow ration is meaningless. As I said, it's 24 pages of B.S.e.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">To be continued...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr. Bacliff, Texas USA</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Competing interests: No competing interests</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/us-scientist-should-be-concerned-cjd-epidemic-us-well" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/us-scientist-should-be-concerned-cjd-epidemic-us-well</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00715-1 Copyright © 2003 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Newsdesk</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Tracking spongiform encephalopathies in North America</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Xavier Bosch</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Available online 29 July 2003. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Volume 3, Issue 8, August 2003, Page 463 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Volume 3, Number 8 01 August 2003</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Newsdesk</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Tracking spongiform encephalopathies in North America</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Xavier Bosch</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">My name is Terry S Singeltary Sr, and I live in Bacliff, Texas. I lost my mom to hvCJD (Heidenhain variant CJD) and have been searching for answers ever since. What I have found is that we have not been told the truth. CWD in deer and elk is a small portion of a much bigger problem.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">49-year-old Singeltary is one of a number of people who have remained largely unsatisfied after being told that a close relative died from a rapidly progressive dementia compatible with spontaneous Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). So he decided to gather hundreds of documents on transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) and realised that if Britons could get variant CJD from bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), Americans might get a similar disorder from chronic wasting disease (CWD) the relative of mad cow disease seen among deer and elk in the USA. Although his feverish search did not lead him to the smoking gun linking CWD to a similar disease in North American people, it did uncover a largely disappointing situation.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Singeltary was greatly demoralised at the few attempts to monitor the occurrence of CJD and CWD in the USA. Only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal TSEs should be reportable nationwide and internationally, he complained in a letter to the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA 2003; 285: 733). I hope that the CDC does not continue to expect us to still believe that the 85% plus of all CJD cases which are sporadic are all spontaneous, without route or source.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Until recently, CWD was thought to be confined to the wild in a small region in Colorado. But since early 2002, it has been reported in other areas, including Wisconsin, South Dakota, and the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. Indeed, the occurrence of CWD in states that were not endemic previously increased concern about a widespread outbreak and possible transmission to people and cattle.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">To date, experimental studies have proven that the CWD agent can be transmitted to cattle by intracerebral inoculation and that it can cross the mucous membranes of the digestive tract to initiate infection in lymphoid tissue before invasion of the central nervous system. Yet the plausibility of CWD spreading to people has remained elusive.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Part of the problem seems to stem from the US surveillance system. CJD is only reported in those areas known to be endemic foci of CWD. Moreover, US authorities have been criticised for not having performed enough prionic tests in farm deer and elk.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Although in November last year the US Food and Drug Administration issued a directive to state public-health and agriculture officials prohibiting material from CWD-positive animals from being used as an ingredient in feed for any animal species, epidemiological control and research in the USA has been quite different from the situation in the UK and Europe regarding BSE.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Getting data on TSEs in the USA from the government is like pulling teeth, Singeltary argues. You get it when they want you to have it, and only what they want you to have.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Norman Foster, director of the Cognitive Disorders Clinic at the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, MI, USA), says that current surveillance of prion disease in people in the USA is inadequate to detect whether CWD is occurring in human beings; adding that, the cases that we know about are reassuring, because they do not suggest the appearance of a new variant of CJD in the USA or atypical features in patients that might be exposed to CWD. However, until we establish a system that identifies and analyses a high proportion of suspected prion disease cases we will not know for sure. The USA should develop a system modelled on that established in the UK, he points out.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Ali Samii, a neurologist at Seattle VA Medical Center who recently reported the cases of three hunters two of whom were friends who died from pathologically confirmed CJD, says that at present there are insufficient data to claim transmission of CWD into humans; adding that [only] by asking [the questions of venison consumption and deer/elk hunting] in every case can we collect suspect cases and look into the plausibility of transmission further. Samii argues that by making both doctors and hunters more aware of the possibility of prions spreading through eating venison, doctors treating hunters with dementia can consider a possible prion disease, and doctors treating CJD patients will know to ask whether they ate venison.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CDC spokesman Ermias Belay says that the CDC will not be investigating the [Samii] cases because there is no evidence that the men ate CWD-infected meat. He notes that although the likelihood of CWD jumping the species barrier to infect humans cannot be ruled out 100% and that [we] cannot be 100% sure that CWD does not exist in humans& the data seeking evidence of CWD transmission to humans have been very limited. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473309903007151/fulltext" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473309903007151/fulltext</a></div></div></div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Singeltary 2007</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The Pathological Protein: Mad Cow, Chronic Wasting, and Other Deadly Prion Diseases </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">by Philip Yam </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''Answering critics like Terry Singeltary, who feels that the US undercounts CJD, Schonberger _conceded_ that the current surveillance system has errors but stated that most of the errors will be confined to the older population''...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Revisiting Sporadic CJD</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">It’s not hard to get Terry Singeltary going. “I have my conspiracy theories,” admitted the 49-year-old Texan.1 Singeltary is probably the nation’s most relentless consumer advocate when it comes to issues in prion diseases. He has helped families learn about the sickness and coordinated efforts with support groups such as CJD Voice and the CJD Foundation. He has also connected with others who are critical of the American way of handling the threat of prion diseases. Such critics include Consumers Union’s Michael Hansen, journalist John Stauber, and Thomas Pringle, who used to run the voluminous www.madcow.org Web site. These three lend their expertise to newspaper and magazine stories about prion diseases, and they usually argue that</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">223</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">prions represent more of a threat than people realize, and that the government has responded poorly to the dangers because it is more concerned about protecting the beef industry than people’s health.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Singeltary has similar inclinations, but unlike these men, he doesn’t have the professional credentials behind him. He is an 11th-grade dropout, a machinist who retired because of a neck injury sustained at work. But you might not know that from the vast stores of information in his mind and on his hard drive. Over the years, he has provided unacknowledged help to reporters around the globe, passing on files to such big-time players as The New York Times, Newsweek, and USA Today. His networking with journalists, activists, and concerned citizens has helped medical authorities make contact with suspected CJD victims. He has kept scientists informed with his almost daily posting of news items and research abstracts on electronic newsgroups, including the bulletin board on www.vegsource.com and the BSE-listserv run out of the University of Karlsruhe, Germany. His combative, blunt, opinionated style sometimes borders on obsessive ranting that earns praise from some officials and researchers but infuriates others—especially when he repeats his conviction that “the government has lied to us, the feed industry has lied to us—all over a buck.” As evidence, Singeltary cites the USDA’s testing approach, which targets downer cows and examined 19,900 of them in 2002. To him, the USDA should test 1 million cattle, because the incidence of BSE may be as low as one in a million, as it was in some European countries. That the U.S. does not, he thinks, is a sign that the government is really not interested in finding mad cows because of fears of an economic disaster.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Singeltary got into the field of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy in 1997, just after his mother died of sporadic CJD. She had an especially aggressive version—the Heidenhain variant—that first causes the patient to go blind and then to deteriorate rapidly. She died just ten weeks after her symptoms began. Singeltary, who said he had watched his grandparents die of cancer, considered her death by CJD to be much, much worse: “It’s something you never forget.” Her uncontrollable muscle twitching became so bad “that it took three of us to hold her one time,” Singeltary recalled. “She did everything but levitate in bed and spin her head.” Doctors originally diagnosed Alzheimer’s disease, but a postmortem neuropathological exam demanded by Singeltary revealed the true nature of her death.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">224 CHAPTER 14</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Classifying a disease as “sporadic” is another way for doctors to say they don’t know the cause. Normal prion proteins just turn rogue in the brain for no apparent reason. The term “sporadic” is often particularly hard for the victims’ families to accept, especially when the patient was previously in robust health. Maybe it was something in the water, they wonder, or in the air, or something they ate—the same questions CJD researchers tried to answer decades ago. The names “sporadic CJD” and “variant CJD” also confuse the public and raise suspicions that U.S. authorities are hiding something when they say there have been no native variant CJD cases in the country.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Singeltary suspected an environmental cause in his mother’s demise—a feeling reinforced a year later when a neighbor died of sporadic CJD. For years, the neighbor had been taking nutritional supplements that contained cow brain extracts. Researchers from the National Institutes of Health collected samples of the supplement, Singeltary recounted, and inoculated suspensions into mice. The mice remained healthy—which only means that those supplement samples tested were prion-free.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Scientists have made several attempts during the past few decades to find a connection between sporadic CJD and the environment. Often, these studies take the form of asking family members about CJD victims—their diet, occupation, medical history, hobbies, pets, and so forth—and comparing them with non-CJD subjects. Such case-control CJD studies have produced some intriguing—and sometimes contradictory—results. In 1985, Carleton Gajdusek and his NIH colleagues reported a correlation between CJD and eating a lot of roast pork, ham, hot dogs, and lamb, as well as rare meats and raw oysters.2 Yet they also recognized that the findings were preliminary and that more studies were needed.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Following up, Robert Will of the U.K. National CJD Surveillance Unit and others pooled this data with those from two other case-control studies on CJD (one from Japan and one from the U.K.). In particular, they figured the so-called odds ratio—calculated by dividing the frequency of a possible factor in the patient group by the frequency of the factor in the control group. An odds ratio greater than 1 means that the factor may be significant. In their study, Will and his collaborators found an increase of CJD in people who have worked as health professionals (odds ratio of 1.5) and people who have had contact with cows</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Laying Odds 225</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">(1.7) and sheep (1.6). Unfortunately, those connections were not statistically significant: The numbers of pooled patients (117) and control subjects (333) were so small that the researchers felt the odds ratios needed to reach 2.5 to 8 (depending on the assumptions) before they could be deemed statistically significant. The only statistically significant correlations they found were between CJD and a family history of either CJD (19.1) or other psychotic disease (9.9), although the latter might simply be correlated because psychotic disease may be an early symptom of undiagnosed CJD.3 In contrast with earlier findings, the team concluded that there was no association between sporadic CJD and the consumption of organ meats, including brains (0.6).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Although these case-control studies shed a certain amount of light on potential risk factors for CJD, it’s impossible to draw firm conclusions. Obtaining data that produces statistically meaningful results can be difficult because of the rarity of CJD and hence the shortage of subjects. Human memory is quite fragile, too, so patients’ families may not accurately recall the lifestyle and dietary habits of their loved ones over the course of a decade or more. Consequently, researchers must cope with data that probably contain significant biases. In a review paper on CJD, Joe Gibbs of the NIH and Richard T. Johnson of Johns Hopkins University concluded that “the absence of geographic differences in incidence is more convincing evidence against major dietary factors, since large populations eschew pork and some consume no meat or meat products.” A CJD study of lifelong vegetarians, they proposed, could produce some interesting data.4</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The inconclusive results of case-control studies do not completely rule out the environment as a possible cause of CJD. “Dr. Prusiner’s theory does fit much of the data of spontaneous generation of [malformed] PrP somewhere in the brain,” Will remarked—that is, the idea that sporadic CJD just happens by itself falls within the realm of the prion theory. Still, “it’s very odd, if you look at all the forms of human prion diseases there are, all of them are transmissible in the laboratory and could be due to some sort of infectious agent.”5 One of the great difficulties, he explained, is that “given that this is a disease of an extraordinarily long incubation period, are we really confident that we can exclude childhood exposure that is transmitted from person to person, as people move around? It’s difficult to be sure about that.” There might a “carrier state” that leaves people healthy yet still able to</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">226 CHAPTER 14</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">infect others. If so, “you would never be able to identify what’s causing the spread of the disease,” concluded Will, who hasn’t stopped looking for a possible environmental link. He has some preliminary data based on studies that trace CJD victims’ lives well before the time symptoms began—up to 70 years; they suggest some degree of geographic clustering, but no obvious candidates for a source of infection.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">A Case for Undercounting</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The difficulty in establishing causal links in sporadic prion diseases—if there are any in the first place—underlines the importance of thorough surveillance. The U.K. has an active program, and when a victim of CJD is reported, one of Robert Will’s colleagues visits and questions the victim’s family. “No one has looked for CJD systematically in the U.S.,” the NIH’s Paul Brown noted. “Ever.”6 The U.S., through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, has generally maintained a more passive system, collecting information from death certificates from the National Center for Health Statistics. Because CJD is invariably fatal, mortality data is considered to be an effective means of tabulating cases. The CDC assessed the accuracy of such data by comparing the numbers with figures garnered through an active search in 1996: Teams covering five regions of the U.S. contacted the specialists involved and reviewed medical records for CJD cases between 1991 and 1995. Comparing the actively garnered data with the death certificate information showed that “we miss about 14 percent,” said CDC epidemiologist Lawrence Schonberger. “That’s improving. Doctors are becoming more knowledgeable,” thanks to increased scientific and media attention given to prion diseases.7</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The active surveillance study of 1996, however, only looked at cases in which physicians attributed the deaths to CJD. Misdiagnosed patients or patients who never saw a neurologist were not tabulated— thus CJD may be grossly underreported. Many neurological ailments share symptoms, especially early on. According to various studies, autopsies have found that CJD is misdiagnosed as other ills, such as dementia or Alzheimer’s disease, 5 to 13 percent of the time. The CDC finds that around 50,000Americans die from Alzheimer’s each year</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Laying Odds 227</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">(about 4 million have the disease, according to the Alzheimer’s Association). Therefore, one could argue that thousands of CJD cases are being missed. (On the flip side, CJD could be mistakenly diagnosed as Alzheimer’s disease or dementia, but the number of CJD patients is so small that they wouldn’t dramatically skew the statistics for other neurological ills.)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In part to address the issue of misdiagnosis, CJD families have asked the CDC to place the disease on the national list of officially notifiable illnesses, which tends to include more contagious conditions such as AIDS, tuberculosis, hepatitis, and viral forms of encephalitis. Currently, only some states impose this requirement. CDC officials have discounted the utility of such an approach, arguing that it would duplicate the mortality data, which is more accurate than early diagnoses of CJD, anyway. Moreover, mandatory reporting of CJD cases does not necessarily guarantee the end to missed cases.8</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">One clue suggests that the passive system is undercounting CJD in the U.S.: racial difference. The number of black CJD victims is about 38 percent that of white victims. Rather than sporadic CJD being a one in-a-million lottery, it’s more like one-in-2.5-million for African Americans. Access to medical care might be one reason. Schonberger recounted that the CDC had asked other countries with substantial black populations to submit CJD figures for comparison but found that the surveillance in those countries was inadequate. “We haven’t been able to find any comparable literature on this issue, so it’s still up in the air,” Schonberger said. On the other hand, Alzheimer’s disease is more common among black people than whites, with an estimated higher prevalence ranging from 14 percent to almost 100 percent, according to a February 2002 report by the Alzheimer’s Association. Are some black CJD cases being misdiagnosed as Alzheimer’s?</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Answering critics like Terry Singeltary, who feels that the U.S. undercounts CJD, Schonberger conceded that the current surveillance system has errors but stated that most of the errors will be confined to the older population. As Schonberger pointed out, no doctor would misdiagnose a 30-year-old CJD patient as having Alzheimer’s. The average age of the first 100 variant CJD victims was 29; should the epidemiology of vCJD change—if older people start coming down with it—then there would be problems. “The adequacy of our overall CJD surveillance would be greatly reduced should the proportion of older individuals affected by variant CJD substantially increase,” Schonberger explained.9</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SNIP...SEE FULL TEXT;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/38386/1/516.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/38386/1/516.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Singeltary Submission SEAC 2007</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SEAC SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY ADVISORY COMMITTEE Minutes of the 99th meeting held on 14th December 2007 Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">This was 22 years to the day Mom died from the Heidenhain Variant of Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease i.e. hvCJD, when i made this submission to SEAC and this was their reply to my questions of concern about cjd in the USA, my how things have changed...terry</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SEAC SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY ADVISORY COMMITTEE Minutes of the 99th meeting held on 14th December 2007 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ITEM 8 – PUBLIC QUESTION AND ANSWER SESSION 40. The Chair explained that the purpose of the question and answer session was to give members of the public an opportunity to ask questions related to the work of SEAC. Mr Terry Singeltary (Texas, USA) had submitted a question prior to the meeting, asking: “With the Nor-98 now documented in five different states so far in the USA in 2007, and with the two atypical BSE H-base cases in Texas and Alabama, with both scrapie and chronic wasting disease (CWD) running rampant in the USA, is there any concern from SEAC with the rise of sporadic CJD in the USA from ''unknown phenotype'', and what concerns if any, in relations to blood donations, surgery, optical, and dental treatment, do you have with these unknown atypical phenotypes in both humans and animals in the USA? Does it concern SEAC, or is it of no concern to SEAC? Should it concern USA animal and human health officials?”</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">41. A member considered that this question appeared to be primarily related to possible links between animal and human TSEs in the USA. There is no evidence that sCJD is increasing in the USA and no evidence of any direct link between TSEs and CJD in the USA. Current evidence does not suggest that CWD is a significant risk to human health. There are unpublished data from a case of human TSE in the USA that are suggestive of an apparently novel form of prion disease with distinct molecular characteristics. However, it is unclear whether the case had been further characterised, if it could be linked to animal TSEs or if other similar cases had been found in the USA or elsewhere. In relation to the possible public health implications of atypical scrapie, H-type BSE and CWD, research was being conducted to investigate possible links and surveillance was in place to detect any changes in human TSEs. Although possible links between these diseases and human TSEs are of concern and require research, there is no evidence to suggest immediate public health action is warranted. The possible human health risks from classical scrapie had been discussed earlier in the meeting. Members noted that there are effective channels of discussion and collaboration on research between USA and European groups. Members agreed it is important to keep a watching brief on new developments on TSEs. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132933/http://www.seac.gov.uk/minutes/99.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132933/http://www.seac.gov.uk/minutes/99.pdf</a></div></div></div></div></div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, DECEMBER 12, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE TSE PRION DISEASE UPDATE USA DECEMBER 2023 <***</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-tse-prion.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 Professor John Collinge on tackling prion diseases <***</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“The best-known human prion disease is sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), a rapidly progressive dementia which accounts for around 1 in 5000 deaths worldwide.”</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">There is accumulating evidence also for iatrogenic AD. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Understanding prion biology, and in particular how propagation of prions leads to neurodegeneration, is therefore of central research importance in medicine.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SATURDAY, JULY 22, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Alzheimer's Disease Update Singeltary et al</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://betaamyloidcjd.blogspot.com/2023/07/alzheimers-disease-update.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://betaamyloidcjd.blogspot.com/2023/07/alzheimers-disease-update.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">MONDAY, DECEMBER 18, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">,</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Change in Epidemiology of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in the US, 2007-2020 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/change-in-epidemiology-of-creutzfeldt.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/change-in-epidemiology-of-creutzfeldt.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">i wrote this in 2015, but just this year 2023, OIE et al have made atypical BSE a legal trading commodity, you don't have to report it, just a note at the end of the year on animal disease status, if you feel like it, and now we go back to square one, 1984...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">2015 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">typical BSE can propagate as nvCJD and or sporadic CJD (Collinge et al), and sporadic CJD has now been linked to atypical BSE, Scrapie and atypical Scrapie, and scientist are very concerned with CWD TSE prion in the Cervid populations. in my opinion, the BSE MRR policy, which overtook the BSE GBR risk assessments for each country, and then made BSE confirmed countries legal to trade mad cow disease, which was all brought forth AFTER that fateful day December 23, 2003, when the USA lost its gold card i.e. BSE FREE status, that's the day it all started. once the BSE MRR policy was shoved down every countries throat by USDA inc and the OIE, then the legal trading of Scrapie was validated to be a legal trading commodity (2023 NOW SO IS ATYPICAL BSE), also shoved through by the USDA inc and the OIE, the world then lost 30 years of attempted eradication of the BSE TSE prion disease typical and atypical strains, and the BSE TSE Prion aka mad cow type disease was thus made a legal trading commodity, like it or not. its all about money now folks, trade, to hell with human health with a slow incubating disease, that is 100% fatal once clinical, and forget the fact of exposure, sub-clinical infection, and friendly fire there from i.e. iatrogenic TSE prion disease, the pass it forward mode of the TSE PRION aka mad cow type disease. its all going to be sporadic CJD or sporadic ffi, or sporadic gss, or now the infamous VPSPr. ...problem solved $$$</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">GOOD LUCK!</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">TODAY, WE ARE BACK TO SQUARE ONE, 1984, WITH MAD COW DISEASE, THANKS TO THE OIE AND USDA INC.</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Wasted Days and Wasted Nights...Freddy Fender</div></div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37946824.post-2098779857399198332024-01-08T12:58:00.005-06:002024-01-08T12:58:57.773-06:00CWD TSE Prion, using canine and feline species as a tool, as scavengers to contain disease, is a bad idea, here's why<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">CWD TSE Prion, using canine and feline species as a tool, as scavengers to contain disease, is a bad idea, here's why</span></p><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">OR-09: Canine spongiform encephalopathy—A new form of animal prion disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Monique David, Mourad Tayebi UT Health; Houston, TX USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It was also hypothesized that BSE might have originated from an unrecognized sporadic or genetic case of bovine prion disease incorporated into cattle feed or even cattle feed contaminated with prion-infected human remains.1</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> However, strong support for a genetic origin of BSE has recently been demonstrated in an H-type BSE case exhibiting the novel mutation E211K.2 Furthermore, a specific prion protein strain causing BSE in cattle is believed to be the etiological agent responsible for the novel human prion disease, variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD).3 Cases of vCJD have been identified in a number countries, including France, Italy, Ireland, the Netherlands, Canada, Japan, US and the UK with the largest number of cases. Naturally occurring feline spongiform encephalopathy of domestic cats4 and spongiform encephalopathies of a number of zoo animals so-called exotic ungulate encephalopathies5,6 are also recognized as animal prion diseases, and are thought to have resulted from the same BSE-contaminated food given to cattle and humans, although and at least in some of these cases, a sporadic and/or genetic etiology cannot be ruled out. The canine species seems to display resistance to prion disease and no single case has so far been reported.7,8 Here, we describe a case of a 9 week old male Rottweiler puppy presenting neurological deficits; and histological examination revealed spongiform vacuolation characteristic of those associated with prion diseases.9</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Initial biochemical studies using anti-PrP antibodies revealed the presence of partially proteinase K-resistant fragment by western blotting. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry revealed spongiform degeneration consistent with those found in prion disease and displayed staining for PrPSc in the cortex. Of major importance, PrPSc isolated from the Rottweiler was able to cross the species barrier transmitted to hamster in vitro with PMCA and in vivo (one hamster out of 5). Futhermore, second in vivo passage to hamsters, led to 100% attack rate (n = 4) and animals displayed untypical lesional profile and shorter incubation period.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In this study, we show that the canine species might be sensitive to prion disease and that PrPSc isolated from a dog can be transmitted to dogs and hamsters in vitro using PMCA and in vivo to hamsters.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">If our preliminary results are confirmed, the proposal will have a major impact on animal and public health and would certainly lead to implementing new control measures for ‘canine spongiform encephalopathy’ (CSE).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">References</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1. Colchester AC, Colchester NT. The origin of bovine spongiform encephalopathy: the human prion disease hypothesis. Lancet 2005; 366:856-61; PMID:16139661; http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67218-2.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2. Richt JA, Hall SM. BSE case associated with prion protein gene mutation. PLoS Pathog 2008; 4:e1000156; PMID:18787697; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal. ppat.1000156.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3. Collinge J. Human prion diseases and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Hum Mol Genet 1997; 6:1699-705; PMID:9300662; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ hmg/6.10.1699.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">4. Wyatt JM, Pearson GR, Smerdon TN, Gruffydd-Jones TJ, Wells GA, Wilesmith JW. Naturally occurring scrapie-like spongiform encephalopathy in five domestic cats. Vet Rec 1991; 129:233-6; PMID:1957458; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.129.11.233.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">5. Jeffrey M, Wells GA. Spongiform encephalopathy in a nyala (Tragelaphus angasi). Vet Pathol 1988; 25:398-9; PMID:3232315; http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098588802500514.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">6. Kirkwood JK, Wells GA, Wilesmith JW, Cunningham AA, Jackson SI. Spongiform encephalopathy in an arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx) and a greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros). Vet Rec 1990; 127:418-20; PMID:2264242.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">7. Bartz JC, McKenzie DI, Bessen RA, Marsh RF, Aiken JM. Transmissible mink encephalopathy species barrier effect between ferret and mink: PrP gene and protein analysis. J Gen Virol 1994; 75:2947-53; PMID:7964604; http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317- 75-11-2947.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">8. Lysek DA, Schorn C, Nivon LG, Esteve-Moya V, Christen B, Calzolai L, et al. Prion protein NMR structures of cats, dogs, pigs, and sheep. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:640-5; PMID:15647367; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0408937102.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">9. Budka H. Neuropathology of prion diseases. Br Med Bull 2003; 66:121-30; PMID:14522854; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bmb/66.1.121.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140514022931/http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/01-Prion6-2-OralPresentations.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140514022931/http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/01-Prion6-2-OralPresentations.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">Monday, March 26, 2012 </span></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">CANINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY: A NEW FORM OF ANIMAL PRION DISEASE </span></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-new.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-new.html</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">2013 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Strain characteristics of the in vitro-adapted rabbit and dog BSE agent remained invariable with respect to the original cattle BSE prion, suggesting that the naturally low susceptibility of rabbits and dogs to prion infections should not alter their zoonotic potential if these animals became infected with BSE. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Neurobiology of Disease Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Induces Misfolding of Alleged Prion-Resistant Species Cellular Prion Protein without Altering Its Pathobiological Features </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Enric Vidal3, Natalia Fernández-Borges1, Belén Pintado4, Montserrat Ordóñez3, Mercedes Márquez6, Dolors Fondevila5,6, Juan María Torres7, Martí Pumarola5,6, and Joaquín Castilla1,2 + Author Affiliations 1CIC bioGUNE, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain, 2IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain, 3Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB)-IRTA, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain, 4Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain, 5Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain, 6Murine Pathology Unit, Centre de Biotecnologia Animal i Teràpia Gènica, UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain, and 7Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, 28130 Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain Author contributions: E.V., N.F.-B., and J.C. designed research; E.V., N.F.-B., B.P., M.O., M.M., D.F., and J.C. performed research; E.V., N.F.-B., B.P., and J.C. contributed unpublished reagents/analytic tools; E.V., N.F.-B., B.P., M.O., M.M., D.F., J.M.T., M.P., and J.C. analyzed data; E.V. and J.C. wrote the paper. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) prions were responsible for an unforeseen epizootic in cattle which had a vast social, economic, and public health impact. This was primarily because BSE prions were found to be transmissible to humans. Other species were also susceptible to BSE either by natural infection (e.g., felids, caprids) or in experimental settings (e.g., sheep, mice). However, certain species closely related to humans, such as canids and leporids, were apparently resistant to BSE. In vitro prion amplification techniques (saPMCA) were used to successfully misfold the cellular prion protein (PrPc) of these allegedly resistant species into a BSE-type prion protein. The biochemical and biological properties of the new prions generated in vitro after seeding rabbit and dog brain homogenates with classical BSE were studied. Pathobiological features of the resultant prion strains were determined after their inoculation into transgenic mice expressing bovine and human PrPC. Strain characteristics of the in vitro-adapted rabbit and dog BSE agent remained invariable with respect to the original cattle BSE prion, suggesting that the naturally low susceptibility of rabbits and dogs to prion infections should not alter their zoonotic potential if these animals became infected with BSE. This study provides a sound basis for risk assessment regarding prion diseases in purportedly resistant species. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Received January 18, 2013. Revision received March 7, 2013. Accepted March 23, 2013. Copyright © 2013 the authors 0270-6474/13/337778-09$15.00/0 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.jneurosci.org/content/33/18/7778.short" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.jneurosci.org/content/33/18/7778.short</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Friday, March 8, 2013 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dogs may have been used to make Petfood and animal feed</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2013/03/dogs-may-have-been-used-to-make-petfood.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2013/03/dogs-may-have-been-used-to-make-petfood.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Chronic Wasting Disease Susceptibility of Four North American Rodents </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chad J. Johnson1*, Jay R. Schneider2, Christopher J. Johnson2, Natalie A. Mickelsen2, Julia A. Langenberg3, Philip N. Bochsler4, Delwyn P. Keane4, Daniel J. Barr4, and Dennis M. Heisey2 1University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Biosciences, 1656 Linden Drive, Madison WI 53706, USA 2US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Road, Madison WI 53711, USA 3Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 101 South Webster Street, Madison WI 53703, USA 4Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Lab, 445 Easterday Lane, Madison WI 53706, USA *Corresponding author email: cjohnson@svm.vetmed.wisc.edu </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We intracerebrally challenged four species of native North American rodents that inhabit locations undergoing cervid chronic wasting disease (CWD) epidemics. The species were: deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), white-footed mice (P. leucopus), meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus), and red-backed voles (Myodes gapperi). The inocula were prepared from the brains of hunter-harvested white-tailed deer from Wisconsin that tested positive for CWD. Meadow voles proved to be most susceptible, with a median incubation period of 272 days. Immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence of PrPd in the brains of all challenged meadow voles. Subsequent passages in meadow voles lead to a significant reduction in incubation period. The disease progression in red-backed voles, which are very closely related to the European bank vole (M. glareolus) which have been demonstrated to be sensitive to a number of TSEs, was slower than in meadow voles with a median incubation period of 351 days. We sequenced the meadow vole and red-backed vole Prnp genes and found three amino acid (AA) differences outside of the signal and GPI anchor sequences. Of these differences (T56-, G90S, S170N; read-backed vole:meadow vole), S170N is particularly intriguing due its postulated involvement in "rigid loop" structure and CWD susceptibility. Deer mice did not exhibit disease signs until nearly 1.5 years post-inoculation, but appear to be exhibiting a high degree of disease penetrance. White-footed mice have an even longer incubation period but are also showing high penetrance. Second passage experiments show significant shortening of incubation periods. Meadow voles in particular appear to be interesting lab models for CWD. These rodents scavenge carrion, and are an important food source for many predator species. Furthermore, these rodents enter human and domestic livestock food chains by accidental inclusion in grain and forage. Further investigation of these species as potential hosts, bridge species, and reservoirs of CWD is required. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/08/third-international-cwd-symposium-july.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/08/third-international-cwd-symposium-july.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">''It has been reported (8) the ability of chronic wasting disease (CWD) -infected brain material to pass through the gastrointestinal tract of coyotes (Canis latrans) following oral ingestion, and be infectious, demonstrating that mammalian scavengers could contribute to the translocation and contamination of CWD in the environment.'' </div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Consumption of Big Game Remains by Scavengers: A Potential Risk as Regards Disease Transmission in Central Spain</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ricardo Carrasco-Garcia Patricia Barroso Javier Perez-Olivares Vidal Montoro Joaquín Vicente* SaBio group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Understanding the role that facultative scavenger species may play in spreading infectious pathogens, and even becoming reservoirs for humans, domestic and wild ungulates or, on the contrary, preventing the spread of disease, requires a prior understanding of the pattern of carrion scavenging in specific scenarios. The objectives of this paper are (i) to describe the guild of vertebrate scavengers and (ii) to study the species-specific, habitat, and management-related factors involved in the usage of gut piles in South Central Spain (SCS), a tuberculosis (TB) endemic area. We used camera trapping at 18 hunting piles on seven hunting estates. A total of eight bird and five mammal taxa were detected at the remains of hunting piles. The most frequently detected species in terms of number of gut piles visited (78%) and scavenged (61%) was the red fox Vulpes vulpes, followed by the griffon vulture Gyps fulvus (56% as regards both presence and scavenging) and the raven Corvus corax (61 and 39% as regards presence and scavenging, respectively). We evidenced that griffon vultures accounted for most of the scavenging activity in open habitats, while facultative mammal scavengers, red fox, and wild boar Sus scrofa made the highest contribution to scavenging in vegetation-covered habitats. In the case of wild boar, the gut piles deposited during the evening and night favored higher rates of scavenging, while the opposite pattern was observed for griffons. Overall, our findings suggest that when disposing of hunting remains in areas of risk as regards disease transmission it is particularly important to consider the access that facultative mammals, and especially wild boar, have to material, while the presence of the resource needs to be safeguarded to protect specialist scavengers of conservation value. These results are of particular relevance in the case of wild boar in the current context of re-emerging TB and emerging African swine fever (ASF) in Europe.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2018.00004/full?utm_source=F-AAE&utm_medium=EMLF&utm_campaign=MRK_563809_106_Veteri_20180308_arts_A" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2018.00004/full?utm_source=F-AAE&utm_medium=EMLF&utm_campaign=MRK_563809_106_Veteri_20180308_arts_A</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Papers</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD prions remain infectious after passage through the digestive system of coyotes (Canis latrans)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Tracy A Nichols, Justin W Fischer, Terry R Spraker, Qingzhong Kong & Kurt C VerCauteren Pages 367-375 | Received 07 Jul 2015, Accepted 18 Aug 2015, Accepted author version posted online: 04 Dec 2015, Published online: 04 Dec 2015 Download citation https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2015.1086061</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ABSTRACT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a geographically expanding prion disease of wild and captive cervids in North America. Disease can be transmitted directly, animal to animal, or indirectly via the environment. CWD contamination can occur residually in the environment via soil, water, and forage following deposition of bodily fluids such as urine, saliva, and feces, or by the decomposition of carcasses. Recent work has indicated that plants may even take up prions into the stems and leaves. When a carcass or gut pile is present in the environment, a large number of avian and mammalian species visit and consume the carrion. Additionally, predators like coyotes, likely select for disease-compromised cervids. Natural cross-species CWD transmission has not been documented, however, passage of infectious prion material has been observed in the feces of crows. In this study we evaluated the ability of CWD-infected brain material to pass through the gastrointestinal tract of coyotes (Canis latrans) following oral ingestion, and be infectious in a cervidized transgenic mouse model. Results from this study indicate that coyotes can pass infectious prions via their feces for at least 3 days post ingestion, demonstrating that mammalian scavengers could contribute to the translocation and contamination of CWD in the environment.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Keywords: chronic wasting disease, coyotes, environmental contamination, feces, prions, scavengers, transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Discussion The continued spread of CWD is of concern to the health of both wild and captive cervid populations. Indirect transmission through the environment has been demonstrated in captive animals living in paddocks where CWD-positive animals had lived,Citation3 and is a particular challenge due to the long persistence of CWD within the environment.Citation7,28 Infectious material can be deposited in the environment by the decay of infected carcasses, from urine, feces, and saliva,Citation5,6,29 and the spread of infected material may be aided by scavengers and predators. In this study we illustrated the ability of coyotes to pass infectivity in their feces after the ingestion of CWD-infected brain homogenate.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Coyotes have the ability to travel significant distances. This distance, however, is based upon social structure, which is generally placed in 2 categories; resident or transient.Citation30 Resident animals are those that utilize a specific territory and are comprised of a mated pair and sometimes pups from a previous year, while transient animals are individuals that are nomadic, more commonly male, and have no affinity for a specific territory.Citation30 In a study evaluating the range of coyotes in southern Colorado, transient animals, which represented 22% of the population, ranged over 106.5 ± 27 km2, versus resident groups which ranged over 11.3 ± 5.8 km.Citation2,30 Transient coyotes are therefore provided an opportunity to translocate disease to previously CWD-negative localities.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Control coyotes readily consumed the homogenized elk brain. Of the treatment coyotes, which were moved indoors 2 days prior to the initiation of the study, only one (#135) immediately ate the brain homogenate. The other coyotes required supplementation with diced, raw chicken, or fish-flavored soft cat food. Although the numbers are too small to come to any definitive conclusions, it is interesting to note that the coyote that ingested the brain homogenate without chicken or cat food supplementation did not appear to transfer infectivity to any of the mice in the bioassay. Neither age nor sex appeared to have any effect on fecal shedding. However, it is possible that individual variation within the stomach environment, such as pH and flora could have influenced the passage of the infectious prions through the gastrointestinal tract.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our experimental design was based on detection of CWD in coyote feces by PMCA prior to initiation of the bioassay. PMCA was able to repeatedly detect the presence of proteinase K-resistant prions signal in feces from DPI 1, so the bioassay was designed to evaluate feces for 2 days following, to account for any uncertainty in prion detection in feces. Results from the bioassay showed transmission of disease to 2/4 mouse groups in DPI 3, suggesting that infectivity may continue to be present in the feces more than 3 days after ingestion. We were unable to go back and increase the bioassay to include DPI 4 and 5, due to logistical reasons.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The 50 mL oral dose ingested by coyotes in this study was comprised solely of infected brain tissue and represented a high dose. In the wild, coyotes would opportunistically consume a wide variety of tissues from a kill or scavenged deer or elk carcass, likely making their actual ingested infective dose much smaller. This study was not designed to mimic a naturally consumed dose of CWD, but rather as a proof of concept to determine if infectivity could pass into coyote feces. The passage of disease in feces is a common route of translocation for many viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The results of this bioassay indicate that infectious CWD prions are able to be passed in the feces of coyotes fed infected elk brain homogenate for at least 3 DPI, making them a potential vector for CWD prion transport and contamination within the environment.</div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2015.1086061" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2015.1086061</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">PO-081: Chronic wasting disease in the cat— Similarities to feline spongiform encephalopathy (FSE) </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Davis Seelig, Amy Nalls, Maryanne Flasik, Victoria Frank, Candace Mathiason, Edward Hoover Colorado State University; Fort Collins, CO USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background and Introduction. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is an efficiently transmitted prion disease of cervids with an as yet to be fully defined host range. Moreover, the risk that CWD poses to feline predators and scavangers, through crossspecies consumption and subsequent transmission, is unknown. Previous and ongoing studies in our laboratory evaluating the susceptibility of domestic cats (Felis catus) to CWD (Mathiason et. al., NeuroPrion 2011, Nalls et. al., NeuroPrion 2012) have documented the susceptibility of domestic cats to CWD following intracerebral (IC) inoculation. However, many of the pathologic features of feline-adapted CWD, including the neural and systemic patterns of PrPCWD accumulation and neuropathology, remain unknown. The chief objectives of this work were: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) to design a sensitive, enhanced immunohistochemical (E-IHC) protocol for the detection of CWD prions (PrPCWD) in feline tissues; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(2) to document the systemic distribution of PrPCWD in CWD-infected cats through E-IHC; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(3) to utilize single and multiple-label immunostaining and laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) to provide insights into the subcellular patterns of PrPCWD accumulation and neuropathologic features of CWD-infected cats; and </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(4) to compare feline CWD to the other known feline TSE </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods. Periodate-lysine-paraformaldehyde (PLP)-fixed, paraffin-embedded (PLP-PE) from terminal, IC-inoculated (n = 9) and sham-inoculated (n = 2), 1st and 2nd passage, CWD-infected cats were examined by E-IHC for the presence of PrPCWD and its association with markers of cell phenotype and organelles. Results. The most sensitive E-IHC technique for the detection of PrPCWD in feline tissues incorporated a combination of slide pretreatment with proteinase-K (PK) in concert with tyramide signal amplification (TSA). With this protocol, we identified PrPCWD deposits throughout the CNS, which, in the 1st passage cats was primarily restricted to the obex, but increased in distribution and severity upon 2nd passage to include a number of midbrain nuclei, cortical gray matter, the thalamus and hypothalamus, and the hippocampus. Peripheral PrPCWD deposits were detected only in the 2nd passage cats, and included the enteric nervous system, the Peyer’s patches, and the retropharyngeal and mesenteric lymph nodes. PrPCWD was not detected in the sham-inoculated cats. Moreover, using multi-label analysis, intracellular PrPCWD aggregates were seen in association with neurofilament heavy chain (NFH)-positive neurons and GFAP-positive astrocytes. In addition, large aggregates of intracellular PrPCWD were identified within LAMP1-positive lysosomes. Conclusions. Feline PrPCWD is present in CNS neurons, astrocytes and LAMP-1-positive lysosomes. The morphologic overlap between the PrPCWD deposits in feline CWD and BSE-origin feline spongiform encephalopathy (FSE), implicates the importance of the host as a key determinant in the development of prion neuropathology and suggest a signature for detection of potential spontaneous feline prion disease. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/04-Prion6-2-Pathogenesis-and-pathology.pdf </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140514022931/http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/01-Prion6-2-OralPresentations.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140514022931/http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/01-Prion6-2-OralPresentations.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PO-041: Susceptibility of domestic cats to CWD infection </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Amy Nalls, Jeanette Hayes-Klug, Kelly Anderson, Davis Seelig, Kevin Carnes, Susan Kraft, Edward Hoover, Candace Mathiason Colorado State University; Fort Collins, CO USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Domestic and non-domestic cats have been shown to be susceptible to feline spongiform encephalopathy (FSE); very likely due to consumption of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) contaminated meat. Because domestic and free-ranging nondomestic felids scavenge cervid carcasses, including those in areas affected by chronic wasting disease (CWD), we evaluated the susceptibility of domestic cats to CWD infection experimentally. Groups of n = 5 cats each were inoculated either intracerebrally (IC) or orally (PO) with CWD-infected deer brain homogenate. Between 40 and 43 months two IC-inoculated cats developed slowly progressive symptoms including weight loss, anorexia, polydipsia, patterned motor behaviors, and ataxia”’ultimately mandating euthanasia. PrPCWD was detected in the brains of these animals by western blot, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assays. No clinical signs of TSE were detected in the remaining primary passage cats at 86 months pi. Feline-adapted CWD (FelCWD) was sub-passaged into groups (n = 4 or 5) of cats by IC, PO, and IP/SQ routes. All 5 IC inoculated cats developed symptoms of disease 20–24 months pi (approximately half the incubation period of primary passage). Additional symptoms in these animals included increasing aggressiveness and hyper responsiveness. FelCWD was demonstrated in the brains of all the affected cats by western blot and IHC. Currently, 3 of 4 IP/SQ, and 1 of 4 PO inoculated cats have developed abnormal behavior patterns consistent with the early stage of feline CWD. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been performed on 11 cats (6 clinically ill, 2 asymptomatic, and 3 age-matched negative controls). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abnormalities were detected in 4 of 6 clinically ill cats and included multifocal signal changes consistent with inflammation, ventricular size increases, more prominent sulci, and white matter tract cavitation. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">These results demonstrate that CWD can be transmitted and adapted to the domestic cat, and raise the potential for cervid-to-feline transmission in nature. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140514022931/http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/01-Prion6-2-OralPresentations.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140514022931/http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/01-Prion6-2-OralPresentations.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, AUGUST 8, 2011 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Susceptibility of Domestic Cats to CWD Infection Oral.29: Susceptibility of Domestic Cats to CWD Infection</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://felinespongiformencephalopathyfse.blogspot.com/2011/08/susceptibility-of-domestic-cats-to-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://felinespongiformencephalopathyfse.blogspot.com/2011/08/susceptibility-of-domestic-cats-to-cwd.html</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">11. During the period we also collated information on cases of SE that occurred in wild animals at or from other zoos in the British Isles. The total number of cases of which I was aware in June 1996, when I presented a review on occurrence of spongiform encephalopathies in zoo animals (at the Royal College of Pathologists’ Symposium on Transmitting prions: BSE, CJD, and other TSEs, The Royal Society, London, 4th July 1996), was 25, involving 10 species. The animals involved were all from the families Bovidae and Felidae, and comprised: 1 Nyala Tragelaphus angasi, 5 Eland Taurotragus oryx, 6 greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, 1 Gemsbok Oryx gazella, 1 Arabian oryx Oryx leucoryx, 1 Scimitar-horned oryx Oryx dammah, </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">4 Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus, </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3 Puma Felis concolor </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2 Ocelot Felis pardalis, and </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1 Tiger Panthera tigris. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(A spongiform encephalopathy, which was thought probably to have a different aetiology, had also been reported in 3 ostriches Struthio camelus in Germany). This list did not include cases of BSE in domesticated species in zoos (ie BSE in Ankole or other cattle, or SEs, assumed to be scrapie, in mouflon sheep Ovis musimon). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s324.pdf</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">new url;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102174910/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s324.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102174910/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s324.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;">OR-12: Chronic wasting disease transmission and pathogenesis in cervid and non-cervid Species </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Edward A. Hoover, Candace K. Mathiason, Nicholas J. Haley, Timothy D. Kurt, Davis M. Seelig, Nathaniel D. Denkers, Amy V. Nalls, Mark D. Zabel, and Glenn C. Telling Prion Research Program, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology; Colorado State University; Fort Collins, CO USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Since its recognition as a TSE in the late 1970s, chronic wasting disease (CWD) of cervids has been distinguished by its facile spread and is now recognized in 18 states, 2 Canadian provinces, and South Korea. The efficient horizontal spread of CWD reflects a prion/host relationship that facilitates efficient mucosal uptake, peripheral lymphoid amplification, and dissemination by exploiting excretory tissues and their products, helping to establish indirect/environmental and well as direct (e.g., salivary) transmission. Recent studies from our group also support the likelihood of early life mother to offspring and aerosol CWD prion transmission. Studies of cervid CWD exposure by natural routes indicate that incubation period for detection of overt infection, while still uncertain, may be much longer than originally thought. Several non-cervid species can be infected by CWD experimentally (e.g., ferrets, voles, cats) with consequent species-specific disease phenotypes. The species-adapted prions so generated can be transmitted by mucosal, i.e., more natural, routes. Whether non-cervid species sympatric with deer/elk can be infected in nature, however, remains unknown. In vitro CWD prion amplification studies, in particular sPMCA, can foreshadow in vivo susceptibility and suggest the importance of the PrPC rigid loop region in species barrier permissiveness. Trans-species CWD amplification appears to broaden the host range/strain characteristics of the resultant prions. The origins of CWD remain unknown, however, the existence of multiple CWD prion strains/ quasi-species, the mechanisms of prion shedding/dissemination, and the relationship between sheep scrapie and CWD merit further investigation. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/01-Prion6-2-OralPresentations.pdf </div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140514022931/http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/01-Prion6-2-OralPresentations.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140514022931/http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/01-Prion6-2-OralPresentations.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Friday, August 8, 2008<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PS 76-59: White-tailed deer carcass decomposition and risk of chronic wasting disease exposure to scavenger communities in Wisconsin</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chris S. Jennelle, Michael D. Samuel, Cherrie A. Nolden, and Elizabeth A. Berkley. University of Wisconsin</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is an infectious transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) afflicting members of the family Cervidae, and causes neurodegeneration and ultimately death. While there have been no reports of natural cross-species transmission of CWD outside this group, we addressed the role of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) carcasses as environmental sources of CWD in Wisconsin. Our objectives were to estimate rates of deer carcass and gut pile decomposition in the environment, characterize vertebrate scavenger communities, and quantify the relative activity of scavengers to determine CWD exposure risk. We placed 40 disease-free deer carcasses and nine gut piles in the CWD-affected area of Wisconsin from September to April in 2003 through 2005. We used photos from remotely operated cameras to characterize scavenger communities and relative activity. We used Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and a generalized linear mixed model to quantify the driving factors and rate of carcass removal (decomposition) from the environment.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results/Conclusions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We recorded 14 species of scavenging mammals (six visiting species), and eight species of scavenging birds (14 visiting species). Prominent scavengers included American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos), raccoons (Procyon lotor), and Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana). We found no evidence that deer directly consumed conspecific remains, although they visited them frequently. Domestic dogs (Canis familiaris), cats (Felis catus), and cows (Bos spp.) either scavenged or visited carcass sites, which could increase exposure risk of CWD to humans and human food supplies. Deer carcasses persisted for a median of 18 to 101 days, while gut piles lasted for a median of three days. Habitat did not influence carcass decomposition, but mammalian and avian scavenger activity and higher temperatures (proxy for microbial and arthropod activity) were associated with greater rates of carcass removal. Infected deer carcasses serve as environmental sources of CWD prions to a wide variety of mammalian and avian scavengers. Such sources of infectious material likely influence the maintenance and spread of CWD (in particular), and should be considered in the dynamics of other disease systems as well. Prudence would dictate the use of preemptive management strategies, and we highlight strategies for carcass disposal to mitigate the influence of carcasses as environmental sources of infectious diseases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">See more of The 93rd ESA Annual Meeting (August 3 -- August 8, 2008)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://eco.confex.com/eco/2008/techprogram/P14681.HTM" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://eco.confex.com/eco/2008/techprogram/P14681.HTM</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/07/deer-carcass-decomposition-and.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/07/deer-carcass-decomposition-and.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 01, 2013 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">hunting over gut piles and CWD TSE prion disease </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">hunting over gut piles and CWD TSE prion disease, a reminder...just saying</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/09/hunting-over-gut-piles-and-cwd-tse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/09/hunting-over-gut-piles-and-cwd-tse.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SUNDAY, JULY 07, 2013 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Could avian scavengers translocate infectious prions to disease-free areas initiating new foci of chronic wasting disease?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/07/could-avian-scavengers-translocate.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/07/could-avian-scavengers-translocate.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Wednesday, October 17, 2012 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion Remains Infectious after Passage through Digestive System of American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/10/prion-remains-infectious-after-passage.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/10/prion-remains-infectious-after-passage.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sunday, November 01, 2009 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">AS THE CROW FLIES, SO DOES CWD American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) and potential spreading of CWD through feces of digested infectious carcases </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/11/american-crows-corvus-brachyrhynchos.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/11/american-crows-corvus-brachyrhynchos.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Monday, July 13, 2009 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Deer Carcass Decomposition and Potential Scavenger Exposure to Chronic Wasting Disease </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/07/deer-carcass-decomposition-and.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/07/deer-carcass-decomposition-and.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Monday, February 14, 2011 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">THE ROLE OF PREDATION IN DISEASE CONTROL: A COMPARISON OF SELECTIVE AND NONSELECTIVE REMOVAL ON PRION DISEASE DYNAMICS IN DEER </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">NO, NO, NOT NO, BUT HELL NO ! </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 47(1), 2011, pp. 78-93 © Wildlife Disease Association 2011 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2011/02/role-of-predation-in-disease-control.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2011/02/role-of-predation-in-disease-control.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">These results provide strong evidence for the emergence of a novel strain of CWD after passage in meadow voles and raccoons. Therefore, interspecies transmission of CWD prions between cervids and noncervid species that share the same habitat might represent a confounding factor in CWD-management programs. In addition, passage of CWD prions through off-target species might represent a source of novel CWD strains with unknown biologic characteristics, including zoonotic potential. Characterization of the biologic behavior of CWD isolates after cross-species transmission will help us develop more effective management strategies for CWD-affected populations.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/28/4/21-0271_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/28/4/21-0271_article</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: Passage of the CWD agent through meadow voles results in increased attack rates and decreased incubation periods in raccoons</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author item MOORE, SARA JO - Orise Fellow item CARLSON, CHRISTINA - Us Geological Survey (USGS) item SCHNEIDER, JAY - Us Geological Survey (USGS) item JOHNSON, CHRISTOPHER - Us Geological Survey (USGS) item Greenlee, Justin Submitted to: Emerging Infectious Diseases Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 12/13/2021 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A Interpretive </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Summary: Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are a group of fatal diseases caused by the accumulation of misfolded prion protein in the brain. Several livestock species including cattle, sheep, deer, and elk are afflicted by prion diseases. In sheep the disease is called scrapie. In deer and elk, the disease is called chronic wasting disease (CWD). Due to the human consumption of cervid meat products and intermingling of various livestock species with wild cervid populations, there is significant interest in characterizing the possible host range of CWD. This study reports the successful transmission of the CWD agent to raccoons, a ubiquitous omnivore present throughout North America. In addition, passage of the CWD agent from deer through meadow voles, a scavenger present in much of the range where CWD occurs, results in changes in the biological behavior of the CWD agent when that material is used to inoculate raccoons. This research is of interest to regulatory officials or anyone interested in controlling CWD in wildlife or captive cervid herds.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Technical Abstract: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a naturally-occurring neurodegenerative disease of cervids. Raccoons (Procyon lotor) and meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) have previously been shown to be susceptible to CWD and their scavenging habits could expose them to environmental CWD infectivity. To investigate the potential for transmission of the agent of CWD from white-tailed deer to voles and subsequently to raccoons, we intracranially inoculated raccoons with brain homogenate from a CWD-affected white-tailed deer (CWDWtd), or derivatives of this isolate after it had been passaged through voles one or five times. We found that passage of the CWDWtd isolate through voles led to a change in the biological behavior of the CWD agent, including increased attack rates and decreased incubation periods in raccoons. A better understanding of the dynamics of cross-species transmission of CWD prions will help us to better manage and control the spread of CWD in free-ranging and farmed cervid populations.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=380582" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=380582</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">2. Passage through a new species alters chronic wasting disease transmission. Due to the human consumption of cervid meat products and intermingling of various livestock species with wild cervid populations, there is significant interest in characterizing the possible host range of CWD. ARS scientists in Ames, Iowa, demonstrated that passage of chronic wasting disease (CWD) prion (the CWD causative agent) through meadow voles results in increased attack rates and decreased incubation periods when vole passaged CWD prions were then experimentally inoculated into raccoons, which is a ubiquitous omnivore present throughout North America. Passage of the CWD agent from deer through meadow voles, a scavenger present in much of the range where CWD occurs, results in changes in the biological behavior of the CWD agent when that material is used to inoculate raccoons. This research is of interest to regulatory officials, or anyone interested in controlling CWD in wildlife or captive cervid herds.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=440677&fy=2022" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=440677&fy=2022</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Project: Elucidating the Pathobiology and Transmission of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: The chronic wasting disease agent from white-tailed deer is highly infectious to humanized mice after passage through raccoons</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author item Cassmann, Eric item QI, XU - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item KONG, QINGZHONG - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item Greenlee, Justin</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Submitted to: Meeting Abstract Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 3/15/2023 Publication Date: 5/30/2023 Citation: Cassmann, E.D., Qi, X., Kong, Q., Greenlee, J.J. 2023. The chronic wasting disease agent from white-tailed deer is highly infectious to humanized mice after passage through raccoons (abstract). Meeting Abstract. 4th International Chronic Wasting Disease Symposium, May 30-June 3, 2023, Denver, Colorado. Interpretive Summary:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Technical Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the zoonotic potential of the raccoon passaged chronic wasting disease (CWD) agent in humanized transgenic mice in comparison with the North American CWD agent from the original white-tailed deer (WTD) host. Pooled brain (GG96) from CWD positive deer was used to intracranially inoculate two WTD and one raccoon. Brain homogenates (10% w/v) from the raccoon and the WTD were used to intracranially inoculate transgenic mice (Tg40h) expressing the methionine 109 human prion protein. Brains and spleens were collected from mice at experimental endpoints of clinical disease or approximately 700 days post-inoculation. Tissues were divided and homogenized or fixed in 10% buffered neutral formalin. Immunohistochemistry, enzyme immunoassay, and western blot were used to detect misfolded prion protein (PrPSc) in tissue. Tg40h mice inoculated with the raccoon passaged CWD agent from WTD exhibited a 100% (12/12) attack rate with an average incubation period of 605 days. PrPSc was detected in brain tissue by enzyme immunoassay with an average optical density of 3.6/4.0 for positive brains. PrPSc also was detected in brain tissue by western blot and immunohistochemistry. No PrPSc was detected in the spleens of mice inoculated with the raccoon passaged CWD agent. Humanized mice inoculated with the CWD agent from WTD did not have detectable PrPSc using conventional immunoassay techniques. These results demonstrated that the host range of the CWD agent from WTD was expanded in our experimental model after one passage through raccoons.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=400777" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=400777</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Could avian scavengers translocate infectious prions to disease-free areas initiating new foci of chronic wasting disease?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Justin W Fischer, Gregory E Phillips, Tracy A Nichols &Kurt C VerCauteren</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Pages 263-266 | Received 03 Jun 2013, Accepted 03 Jul 2013, Published online: 03 Jul 2013</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Download citation <a href="https://doi.org/10.4161/pri.25621" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.4161/pri.25621</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Mechanisms for the spread of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy diseases, including chronic wasting disease (CWD) in North American cervids, are incompletely understood, but primary routes include horizontal and environmental transmission. Birds have been identified as potential vectors for a number of diseases, where they ingest or are exposed to infected material and later shed the disease agent in new areas after flying substantial distances. We recently identified American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) as having the potential to translocate infectious prions in their feces. Our results suggest that this common, migratory North American scavenger is capable of translocating infectious prions to disease-free areas, potentially seeding CWD infection where no other initial source of pathogen establishment is forthcoming. Here we speculate on the role avian scavengers, like American crows, might play in the spatial dissemination of CWD. We also consider the role mammalian scavengers may play in dispersing prions.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In conclusion, our study showed that the digestive system of crows did not eliminate PrPRes infectivity prior to excretion of feces,Citation21 which suggests that avian scavengers may play a role in the transmission and translocation of prion diseases. Relatedly, crows often forage and defecate on feed at farmed cervid facilities, providing an opportunity for farmed cervids to ingest crow feces and crows to ingest feed with elk saliva, and other potentially PrPRes-infected material. Further experiments involving other avian, as well as mammalian, scavengers are needed to evaluate PrPRes infectivity after passage of natural transmissible spongiform encephalopathies through their digestive systems. We are currently conducting a study to evaluate CWD passage through the digestive system of coyotes. It would be prudent to evaluate other mammalian scavengers for their ability to act as intermediate CWD hosts between cervids and humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgments</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Keywords: : American crows Corvus brachyrhynchos CWD disease transmission transmissible spongiform encephalopathy TSE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.25621" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.25621</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">5. A positive result from a chimpanzee challenged severly would likely create alarm in some circles even if the result could not be interpreted for man. I have a view that all these agents could be transmitted provided a large enough dose by appropriate routes was given and the animals kept long enough. Until the mechanisms of the species barrier are more clearly understood it might be best to retain that hypothesis.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">R. BRADLEY</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170126051158/http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102222950/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170126051158/http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102222950/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period) </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">mountain lion (Puma concolor)<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The size of a lion’s home range is determined by a variety of factors: prey abundance and availability, topography and other habitat features, and presence of other lions. Male home ranges average 2-1/2 times larger than those of females. The male’s range usually encompasses the range of several females. Research has shown some overlap in home ranges of adult males, but normally males do not share ranges. The home range of an adult male may vary from 80 to 200 square miles, while female ranges are normally 20 to 100 square miles. Female ranges tend to have some degree of overlap with those of other females, although they remain solitary.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Lions are capable of taking large animals including livestock, but in general, reports of mature cattle and horse kills should be viewed with skepticism. Mountain lions rarely kill animals weighing over 500 pounds.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">When investigating a reported lion kill, remember that lions leave an abundance of sign. Look for tracks. Drag marks are a good indication of a lion kill. The drag mark is usually wide and clear if the prey is large, and it is fairly straight from the kill site to the cache area (Figure 9). Lions cache their kills in areas of heavy cover. They often cover their kill with grass, leaves, dirt or other debris, but they do not bury their kill (Figure 10). They often remove the internal organs and cover them up, close to the kill site. Lions frequently uncover their kill and feed, then drag the carcass to another area and cover it again.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/publications/pwdpubs/media/pwd_bk_w7000_0274.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/publications/pwdpubs/media/pwd_bk_w7000_0274.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Fri, Mar 24, 2023 at 3:46 PM</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Mountain lions, Wolves, Coyotes, could help stop the spread of CWD TSE Prion in deer, WHERE STUPID MEETS THE ROAD!</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i have written about this over the past 23 years or so (i.e. BMJ 2000 comment), every time i hear someone say that big cats, or wolves, or coyote, will help eradicate chronic wasting disease cwd TSE Prion disease, i just cringe. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">They are going to do this on their own, natural instinct, but to mandate such an act, i.e. using wolves, big cats, coyote, as a TOOL, financed in any way, mandate, make a law, i think this would be a bad idea. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i will post a few of the reasons why this is not a good idea, on the contrary, i believe it would amply the spreading of cwd tse prion by unnatural means, i.e. stupid ideas and man...terry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, MARCH 24, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Mountain lions, Wolves, Coyotes, could help stop the spread of CWD TSE Prion in deer, WHERE STUPID MEETS THE ROAD! </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/03/mountain-lions-wolves-coyotes-could.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/03/mountain-lions-wolves-coyotes-could.html</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/05/mountain-lions-could-help-stop-spread.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/05/mountain-lions-could-help-stop-spread.html</a></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: Disease phenotype of classical sheep scrapie is changed upon experimental passage through white-tailed deer </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author item Kokemuller, Robyn item MOORE, S.JO - Oak Ridge Institute For Science And Education (ORISE) item Bian, Jifeng item WEST GREENLEE, HEATHER - Iowa State University item Greenlee, Justin</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Submitted to: PLoS Pathogens Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 11/9/2023 Publication Date: 12/4/2023 Citation: Kokemuller, R., Moore, S., Bian, J., West Greenlee, H.M., Greenlee, J.J. 2023. Disease phenotype of classical sheep scrapie is changed upon experimental passage through white-tailed deer. PLoS Pathogens. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1011815. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1011815 Interpretive Summary: Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are a group of fatal diseases caused by the accumulation of misfolded prion protein in the brain. Ruminant species such as sheep, deer, and elk can get prion diseases. In sheep the disease is called scrapie. In deer and elk, the disease is called chronic wasting disease (CWD). The source of CWD is unknown, but one possibility is that scrapie jumped from sheep to deer. When we experimentally exposed white-tailed deer to the sheep scrapie agent, all deer developed scrapie. The purpose of the current experiment was to determine if sheep can get scrapie derived from white-tailed deer. Some sheep developed scrapie after oronasal exposure to the scrapie agent from white-tailed deer. Passage through white-tailed deer results in a scrapie isolate with different strain properties than the original inoculum. The detection of new strain properties was an unexpected result that will be the subject of further studies. These results indicate that sheep could be susceptible to the scrapie agent after passage through deer if exposed to the agent in natural or agricultural settings, which could be a confounding factor to the scrapie eradication program. National and state regulatory and wildlife officials should consider this information when developing plans to reduce or eliminate TSEs.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Technical Abstract: Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) agents have strain variations that influence disease phenotype and may affect the potential for interspecies transmission. Since deer and sheep may use the same grazing land, it is important to understand the potential transmission of TSEs between these species. The US scrapie isolate (No.13-7) had a 100% attack rate in white-tailed deer after oronasal challenge. The purpose of this study was to determine if sheep are susceptible to oronasal challenge with the scrapie agent from white-tailed deer. Suffolk lambs of various prion protein genotypes were challenged by the oronasal route with a 10% brain homogenate from scrapie-affected white-tailed deer. Sheep were euthanized and necropsied upon development of clinical signs or at the end of the experiment (72 months post-inoculation). Tissues were tested for PrPSc by enzyme immunoassay, western blot, and immunohistochemistry. The first sheep (2/2) to develop clinical signs at approximately 29 months post-inoculation (MPI) had the VRQ/VRQ genotype. One of the two sheep with the ARQ/ARQ genotype also developed clinical signs at 48 MPI. This is in contrast to the original No.13-7 inoculum that has a faster incubation period in sheep with the ARQ/ARQ genotype compared to sheep of the VRQ/VRQ genotype. The shorter incubation period in VRQ/VRQ sheep than ARQ/ARQ sheep after passage through deer indicates a phenotype change. This is important because scrapie infected deer could transmit disease to sheep resulting in new scrapie strain properties. This work raises the concern that scrapie infected deer could serve as a confounding factor to scrapie eradication programs as the scrapie agent from deer is transmissible to sheep by the oronasal route.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=405929" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=405929</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Nine of these recurrences occurred 14–21 years after culling, apparently as the result of environmental contamination, but outside entry could not always be absolutely excluded. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY Volume 87, Issue 12 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years Free </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82011-0" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82011-0</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rapid recontamination of a farm building occurs after attempted prion removal First published: 19 January 2019 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The data illustrates the difficulty in decontaminating farm buildings from scrapie, and demonstrates the likely contribution of farm dust to the recontamination of these environments to levels that are capable of causing disease. snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This study clearly demonstrates the difficulty in removing scrapie infectivity from the farm environment. Practical and effective prion decontamination methods are still urgently required for decontamination of scrapie infectivity from farms that have had cases of scrapie and this is particularly relevant for scrapie positive goatherds, which currently have limited genetic resistance to scrapie within commercial breeds.24 This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***>This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Front. Vet. Sci., 14 September 2015 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Objects in contact with classical scrapie sheep act as a reservoir for scrapie transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In conclusion, the results in the current study indicate that removal of furniture that had been in contact with scrapie-infected animals should be recommended, particularly since cleaning and decontamination may not effectively remove scrapie infectivity (31), even though infectivity declines considerably if the pasture and the field furniture have not been in contact with scrapie-infected sheep for several months. As sPMCA failed to detect PrPSc in furniture that was subjected to weathering, even though exposure led to infection in sheep, this method may not always be reliable in predicting the risk of scrapie infection through environmental contamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">172. Establishment of PrPCWD extraction and detection methods in the farm soil</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our studies showed that PrPCWD persist in 0.001% CWD contaminated soil for at least 4 year and natural CWD-affected farm soil. When cervid reintroduced into CWD outbreak farm, the strict decontamination procedures of the infectious agent should be performed in the environment of CWD-affected cervid habitat.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Plants as vectors for environmental prion transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published: November 09, 2023DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.108428</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Advertisement Highlights</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• Abnormal prion protein can enter the roots of plants</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• Plants can translocate detectable levels of prions to aerial tissues</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">•Animals exposed to prion-contaminated plant tissues can acquire disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">•Contaminated plants may represent a route of prion exposure</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Nonetheless, our finding of accumulation of two prion strains by a variety of plants grown hydroponically, in agar, or on soil supports the potential for plants to acquire CWD, scrapie, or other prions from the environment and transmit prion disease to susceptible hosts, making plants a plausible vector for prion diseases in wildlife, livestock, and humans. The potential for plants to serve as vectors for prion disease has implications for the disposal of infected carcasses, grazing practices, and the use and transport of potentially contaminated crop materials.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.cell.com/iscience/pdf/S2589-0042(23)02505-1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.cell.com/iscience/pdf/S2589-0042(23)02505-1.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(23)02505-1?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2589004223025051%3Fshowall%3Dtrue" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(23)02505-1?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2589004223025051%3Fshowall%3Dtrue</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Carrot plants as potential vectors for CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The PMCA analysis demonstrated CWD seeding activity in soils contaminated with CWD prions and in carrot plants (leaves and roots) grown on them. Bioassays showed that both plants and roots contained CWD prions sufficiently to induce disease. As expected, animals treated with prion-infected soils developed prion disease at shorter incubation periods (and complete attack rates) compared to plant components. We show that edible plant components can absorb prions from CWD-contaminated soils and transport them to their aerial parts. Our results indicate that edible plants could participate as vectors of CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“In addition, hay and straw from the United States and Canada must be accompanied by a certificate from a public veterinarian that the product has been harvested in states or provinces where Chronic Wasting Disease has not been detected on deer.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Regulation No. 1599 of 2018 on additional requirements for the import of hay and straw for used for animal feed.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Country Norway</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Type of law Regulation</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Source</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FAO , FAOLEX</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In addition, hay and straw from the United States and Canada must be accompanied by a certificate from a public veterinarian that the product has been harvested in states or provinces where Chronic Wasting Disease has not been detected on deer.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/nor189761.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/nor189761.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">THE tse prion aka mad cow type disease is not your normal pathogen. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">The TSE prion disease survives ashing to 600 degrees celsius, that’s around 1112 degrees farenheit. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">you cannot cook the TSE prion disease out of meat. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">you can take the ash and mix it with saline and inject that ash into a mouse, and the mouse will go down with TSE. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production as well. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">the TSE prion agent also survives Simulated Wastewater Treatment Processes. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">IN fact, you should also know that the TSE Prion agent will survive in the environment for years, if not decades. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">you can bury it and it will not go away. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">The TSE agent is capable of infected your water table i.e. Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">it’s not your ordinary pathogen you can just cook it out and be done</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">New studies on the heat resistance of hamster-adapted scrapie agent: Threshold survival after ashing at 600°C suggests an inorganic template of replication </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">A Quantitative Assessment of the Amount of Prion Diverted to Category 1 Materials and Wastewater During Processing </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Rapid assessment of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion inactivation by heat treatment in yellow grease produced in the industrial manufacturing process of meat and bone meals </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 2019 </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">BSE infectivity survives burial for five years with only limited spread</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD TSE PRION CERVID ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">So, this is what we leave our children and grandchildren?..</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Detection of prions in soils contaminated by multiple routes</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: We are able to detect prion seeding activity at multiple types of environmental hotspots, including carcass sites, contaminated captive facilities, and scrapes (i.e. urine and saliva). Differences in relative prion concentration vary depending on the nature and source of the contamination. Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation. Conclusions: Detection of prions in the environment is of the utmost importance for controlling chronic wasting disease spread. Here, we have demonstrated a viable method for detection of prions in complex environmental matrices. However, it is quite likely that this method underestimates the total infectious prion load in a contaminated sample, due to incomplete recovery of infectious prions. Further refinements are necessary for accurate quantification of prions in such samples, and to account for the intrinsic heterogeneities found in the broader environment.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2023 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">“Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) agents have strain variations that influence disease phenotype and may affect the potential for interspecies transmission. Since deer and sheep may use the same grazing land, it is important to understand the potential transmission of TSEs between these species. The US scrapie isolate (No.13-7) had a 100% attack rate in white-tailed deer after oronasal challenge.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=405929" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=405929</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''They often remove the internal organs and cover them up, close to the kill site. Lions frequently uncover their kill and feed, then drag the carcass to another area and cover it again.''</div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">BAD IDEA!!!</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div></div></div></div></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37946824.post-64646301215430406842024-01-05T11:43:00.001-06:002024-01-05T11:43:09.981-06:00Texas CWD Cases Mount, 624 documented cases statewide, with 181 cases reported in 2023 alone<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Texas CWD Cases Mount, 624 documented cases statewide, with 181 cases reported in 2023 alone</span></p><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Texas Parks and Wildlife addresses increase in Chronic Wasting Disease among state deer population</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">by Mitchell Downing</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Thu, January 4th 2024</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">First detected in Texas in 2012, CWD has since manifested in 624 documented cases statewide, with 181 cases reported in 2023 alone.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Over the last year, the state has reported an over 25% increase in positive cases, with a notable 73% of cases originating from high-fenced areas. Silovsky noted that increased testing directly correlates with increased positive cases.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">"In the big picture, when we talk about deer populations in Texas, it would likely take decades to notice a downward trend in the population from CWD. On the unfortunate circumstances you had CWD on your ranch or in your high fence pasture, it could have a noticeable effect on that localized population."</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">In 2024, Texas Parks and Wildlife plans to increase the number of deer they test for CWD, emphasizing that hunters can play a key role in slowing the spread.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">"We strongly encourage hunters to have their deer tested post-harvest," Silovsky continued. "If you see a deer that is just not acting normal, please contact your local wildlife biologist."</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://abc7amarillo.com/news/local/texas-parks-and-wildlife-addresses-increase-in-chronic-wasting-disease-among-state-deer-population" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://abc7amarillo.com/news/local/texas-parks-and-wildlife-addresses-increase-in-chronic-wasting-disease-among-state-deer-population</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Thanks for the update on total cwd cases to date. the TPWD Tracking Page stays woefully outdated, since the last time i complained to them about it. see;</div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/positive-cases/listing-cwd-cases-texas.phtml#texasCWD" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/positive-cases/listing-cwd-cases-texas.phtml#texasCWD</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">***> CWD HAS NOW TRANSMITTED BY _ORAL ROUTES_ TO MACAQUE, CATTLE, SHEEP, PIGS, AND CERVID, it's a whole new ballgame now, what i call prion poker, are you all in$</div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">think cwd zoonosis, exposure, IATROGENIC HUMAN CWD, from hospitals, surgical arenas, all around the US. it's not as far fetched as you might seem</div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">God, i have wasted 26 years, every day, trying to warn of this very thing, what's happening now, with cwd, scrapie, bse, cjd, tse prion disease. it's a long story not worth mentioning anymore, nobody cares...prepare for the storm!</div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">good luck, terry</div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of the chronic wasting disease agent from elk to cattle after oronasal exposure</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Justin Greenlee, Jifeng Bian, Zoe Lambert, Alexis Frese, and Eric Cassmann Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the susceptibility of cattle to chronic wasting disease agent from elk. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: Initial studies were conducted in bovinized mice using inoculum derived from elk with various genotypes at codon 132 (MM, LM, LL). Based upon attack rates, inoculum (10% w/v brain homogenate) from an LM132 elk was selected for transmission studies in cattle. At approximately 2 weeks of age, one wild type steer (EE211) and one steer with the E211K polymorphism (EK211) were fed 1 mL of brain homogenate in a quart of milk replacer while another 1 mL was instilled intranasally. The cattle were examined daily for clinical signs for the duration of the experiment. One steer is still under observation at 71 months post-inoculation (mpi). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Inoculum derived from MM132 elk resulted in similar attack rates and incubation periods in mice expressing wild type or K211 bovine PRNP, 35% at 531 days post inoculation (dpi) and 27% at 448 dpi, respectively. Inoculum from LM132 elk had a slightly higher attack rates in mice: 45% (693 dpi) in wild type cattle PRNP and 33% (468) in K211 mice. Inoculum from LL132 elk resulted in the highest attack rate in wild type bovinized mice (53% at 625 dpi), but no K211 mice were affected at >700 days. At approximately 70 mpi, the EK211 genotype steer developed clinical signs suggestive of prion disease, depression, low head carriage, hypersalivation, and ataxia, and was necropsied. Enzyme immunoassay (IDEXX) was positive in brainstem (OD=4.00, but non-detect in retropharyngeal lymph nodes and palatine tonsil. Immunoreactivity was largely limited to the brainstem, midbrain, and cervical spinal cord with a pattern that was primarily glia-associated. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Cattle with the E211K polymorphism are susceptible to the CWD agent after oronasal exposure of 0.2 g of infectious material. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Cattle with the E211K polymorphism are susceptible to the CWD agent after oronasal exposure of 0.2 g of infectious material."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Strain characterization of chronic wasting disease in bovine-PrP transgenic mice </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Nuria Jerez-Garrido1, Sara Canoyra1, Natalia Fernández-Borges1, Alba Marín Moreno1, Sylvie L. Benestad2, Olivier Andreoletti3, Gordon Mitchell4, Aru Balachandran4, Juan María Torres1 and Juan Carlos Espinosa1. 1 Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, CISA-INIA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain. 2 Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway. 3 UMR Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)/École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Toulouse, France. 4 Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Canada. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is an infectious prion disease that affects cervids. Various CWD prion strains have been identified in different cervid species from North America and Europe. The properties of the infectious prion strains are influenced by amino acid changes and polymorphisms in the PrP sequences of different cervid species. This study, aimed to assess the ability of a panel of CWD prion isolates from diverse cervid species from North America and Europe to infect bovine species, as well as to investigate the properties of the prion strains following the adaptation to the bovine-PrP context. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: BoPrP-Tg110 mice overexpressing the bovine-PrP sequence were inoculated by intracranial route with a panel of CWD prion isolates from both North America (two white-tailed deer and two elk) and Europe (one reindeer, one moose and one red deer). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Our results show distinct behaviours in the transmission of the CWD isolates to the BoPrP-Tg110 mouse model. Some of these isolates did not transmit even after the second passage. Those able to transmit displayed differences in terms of attack rate, survival times, biochemical properties of brain PrPres, and histopathology. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Altogether, these results exhibit the diversity of CWD strains present in the panel of CWD isolates and the ability of at least some CWD isolates to infect bovine species. Cattle being one of the most important farming species, this ability represents a potential threat to both animal and human health, and consequently deserves further study. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: MCIN/AEI /10.13039/501100011033 and by European Union NextGeneration EU/PRTR </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Grant number: PCI2020-120680-2 ICRAD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Altogether, these results exhibit the diversity of CWD strains present in the panel of CWD isolates and the ability of at least some CWD isolates to infect bovine species. Cattle being one of the most important farming species, this ability represents a potential threat to both animal and human health, and consequently deserves further study."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Distribution of PrPCWD in tissues of CWD affected sika deer using RT-QuIC following experimental oral transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">HJ Sohna, KJ Parka, YR Leea, HC Parka, and G Mitchellb</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">aForeign animal disease division (FADD), Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, Korea; bNational & OIE Reference Laboratory for Scrapie and CWD, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the only prion disease affecting free-ranging animals, reported in North America, South Korea and Scandinavia. Unlike in most other prion diseases, CWD agents are shed in blood, saliva, urine and feces which most likely contributes to the horizontal transmission between cervid species. Using NaPTA precipitation and real-time quaking-induced conversion (NaPTA/RT-QuIC) or only RT-QuIC, we established an ultrasensitive detection method for PrPCWD in the various tissues and body fluids of CWD affected sika deer following experimental oral transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Material and Methods: Two Sika deer were orally inoculated with a brain homogenate (5 g) prepared from a farmed Canadian elk with clinical CWD. Deer were euthanized due to intercurrent disease or following the development of signs consistent with terminal CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">An array of tissues was collected and stored frozen, and were tested for the presence of PrPCWD by RT-QuIC or NaPTA/RT-QuIC.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Primary oral transmission of CWD from elk to sika deer occurred in all inoculated animals, and was detected by RT-QuIC. Consistent with other cervids in the terminal stages of CWD, pathological prions were distributed throughout the central nervous system and lymphoid tissues including spleen. PrPCWD was also detected in the urinary system (kidney, urinary bladder, urine), salivary system (salivary glands and saliva), heart and skin. Detection in the skin occurred after collagenase treatment, and PrPCWD in the urinary system was associated with renal nerve plexus.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: CWD transmits efficiently from elk to sika deer via the oral route. Widespread detection of PrPCWDby RT-QuIC suggests that, similar to other cervid species, infectivity is distributed throughout a wide range of tissues in sika deer with clinical CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Grant number: B-154085-2022-24-01</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''WD transmits efficiently from elk to sika deer via the oral route. Widespread detection of PrPCWDby RT-QuIC suggests that, similar to other cervid species, infectivity is distributed throughout a wide range of tissues in sika deer with clinical CWD.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9467582/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9467582/</a></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Experimental transmission of the chronic wasting disease agent to swine after oral or intracranial inoculation</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Running Title: The chronic wasting disease agent transmits to swine</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">S. Jo Moore1,2 , M. Heather West Greenlee3 , Naveen Kondru3 , Sireesha Manne3 , Jodi D. Smith1,# , Robert A. Kunkle1 , Anumantha Kanthasamy3 , Justin J. Greenlee1*</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa, United States of America</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa, United States of America</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Current Address: Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa, United States of America * Corresponding author Email: justin.greenlee@ars.usda.gov</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">JVI Accepted Manuscript Posted Online 12 July 2017 J. Virol. doi:10.1128/JVI.00926-17</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This is a work of the U.S. Government and is not subject to copyright protection in the United States. Foreign copyrights may apply.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> on July 27, 2017 by guest http://jvi.asm.org/ Downloaded from</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a naturally occurring, fatal neurodegenerative disease of cervids. The potential for swine to serve as a host for the agent of chronic wasting disease is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the susceptibility of swine to the CWD agent following experimental oral or intracranial inoculation . Crossbred piglets were assigned to one of three groups: intracranially inoculated (n=20), orally inoculated (n=19), or non -inoculated (n=9). At approximately the age at which commercial pigs reach market weight, half of the pigs in each group were culled (‘market weight’ groups). The remaining pigs (‘aged’ groups) were allowed to incubate for up to 73 months post inoculation (MPI ). Tissues collected at necropsy were examined for disease -associated prion protein (PrPSc) by western blotting (WB), antigen -capture immunoassay (EIA), immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in vitro real -time quaking induced conversion (RT -QuIC). Brain samples from selected pigs were also bioassayed in mice expressing porcine prion protein. Four intracranially inoculated aged pigs and one orally inoculated aged pig were positive by EIA, IHC and/or WB. Using RT -QuIC, PrPSc was detected in lymphoid and/or brain tissue from one or more pigs in each inoculated group. Bioassay was positive in 4 out of 5 pigs assayed.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This study demonstrates that pigs can support low-level amplification of CWD prions, although the species barrier to CWD infection is relatively high. However, detection of infectivity in orally inoculated pigs using mouse bioassay raises the possibility that naturally exposed pigs could act as a reservoir of CWD infectivity.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Discussion</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the case of feral pigs, exposure to the agent of CWD through scavenging of CWD-affected cervid carcasses or through consumption of prion contaminated plants or soil could allow feral pigs to serve as reservoirs of CWD infectivity. The range and numbers of feral pigs is predicted to continue to increase due to the ability of pigs to adapt to many climates, reproduce year-round, and survive on a varied diet (55 ). The range of CWD-affected cervids also continues to spread, increasing the likelihood of overlap of ranges of feral pigs and CWD -affected environments.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We demonstrate here that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs inoculated intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 6 months after inoculation. Clinical disease suggestive of prion disease developed only in a single pig after a long (64 months) incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. However, the low amounts of PrPSc detected in the study pigs combined with the low attack rates in Tg002 mice suggest that there is a relatively strong species barrier to CWD prions in pigs.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/jvi.00926-17" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/jvi.00926-17</a></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">cwd scrapie pigs oral routes </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. <*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">>*** Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health. <*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CONFIDENTIAL</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">LINE TO TAKE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3. If questions on pharmaceuticals are raised at the Press conference, the suggested line to take is as follows:- </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> "There are no medicinal products licensed for use on the market which make use of UK-derived porcine tissues with which any hypothetical “high risk" ‘might be associated. The results of the recent experimental work at the CSM will be carefully examined by the CSM‘s Working Group on spongiform encephalopathy at its next meeting.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DO Hagger RM 1533 MT Ext 3201</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">While this clearly is a cause for concern we should not jump to the conclusion that this means that pigs will necessarily be infected by bone and meat meal fed by the oral route as is the case with cattle. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">we cannot rule out the possibility that unrecognised subclinical spongiform encephalopathy could be present in British pigs though there is no evidence for this: only with parenteral/implantable pharmaceuticals/devices is the theoretical risk to humans of sufficient concern to consider any action.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">May I, at the outset, reiterate that we should avoid dissemination of papers relating to this experimental finding to prevent premature release of the information. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3. It is particularly important that this information is not passed outside the Department, until Ministers have decided how they wish it to be handled. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">But it would be easier for us if pharmaceuticals/devices are not directly mentioned at all. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our records show that while some use is made of porcine materials in medicinal products, the only products which would appear to be in a hypothetically ''higher risk'' area are the adrenocorticotrophic hormone for which the source material comes from outside the United Kingdom, namely America China Sweden France and Germany. The products are manufactured by Ferring and Armour. A further product, ''Zenoderm Corium implant'' manufactured by Ethicon, makes use of porcine skin - which is not considered to be a ''high risk'' tissue, but one of its uses is described in the data sheet as ''in dural replacement''. This product is sourced from the United Kingdom.....</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Experimental Oronasal Inoculation of the Chronic Wasting Disease Agent into White Tailed Deer</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author list: Sarah Zurbuchena,b , S. Jo Moorea,b , Jifeng Biana , Eric D. Cassmanna , and Justin J. Greenleea .</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">a. Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, US</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">b. Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, United States</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether white-tailed deer (WTD) are susceptible to inoculation of chronic wasting disease (CWD) via oronasal exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and methods: Six male, neutered WTD were oronasally inoculated with brainstem material (10% w/v) from a CWD-positive wild-type WTD. The genotypes of five inoculated deer were Q95/G96 (wild-type). One inoculated deer was homozygous S at codon 96 (96SS). Cervidized (Tg12; M132 elk PrP) mice were inoculated with 1% w/v brainstem homogenate from either a 96GG WTD (n=10) or the 96SS WTD (n=10).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: All deer developed characteristic clinical signs of CWD including weight loss, regurgitation, and ataxia. The 96SS individual had a prolonged disease course and incubation period compared to the other deer. Western blots of the brainstem on all deer yielded similar molecular profiles. All deer had widespread lymphoid distribution of PrPCWD and neuropathologic lesions associated with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Both groups of mice had a 100% attack rate and developed clinical signs, including loss of body condition, ataxia, and loss of righting reflex. Mice inoculated with material from the 96SS deer had a significantly shorter incubation period than mice inoculated with material from 96GG deer (Welch two sample T-test, P<0.05). Serial dilutions of each inocula suggests that differences in incubation period were not due to a greater concentration of PrPCWD in the 96SS inoculum. Molecular profiles from western blot of brain homogenates from mice appeared similar regardless of inoculum and appear similar to those of deer used for inoculum.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: This study characterizes the lesions and clinical course of CWD in WTD inoculated in a similar manner to natural conditions. It supports previous findings that 96SS deer have a prolonged disease course. Further, it describes a first pass of inoculum from a 96SS deer in cervidized mice which shortened the incubation period.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection, analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We thank Ami Frank and Kevin Hassall for their technical contributions to this project.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">ALABAMA MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">e) "Big Jim's" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Product manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Alabama Farmers Cooperative, Inc., Decatur, AL, by telephone, fax, email and visit on June 9, 2006. FDA initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">REASON Animal and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein not labeled as </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Do not feed to ruminants".</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 tons</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DISTRIBUTION AL and FL</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060821195949/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20060821195949/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD TRANSMITS BY ORAL ROUTES TO MACAQUES, CATTLE, SHEEP, PIGS, AND CERVID...BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) mad cow feed ban does not stop all that! </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD transmits to cervid by oral routes with as little as 300NG! </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PLoS One. 2020; 15(8): e0237410.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published online 2020 Aug 20. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237410</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PMCID: PMC7446902</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PMID: 32817706</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Very low oral exposure to prions of brain or saliva origin can transmit chronic wasting disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We orally inoculated white-tailed deer with either single or multiple divided doses of prions of brain or saliva origin and monitored infection by serial longitudinal tissue biopsies spanning over two years. We report that oral exposure to as little as 300 nanograms (ng) of CWD-positive brain or to saliva containing seeding activity equivalent to 300 ng of CWD-positive brain, were sufficient to transmit CWD disease. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">These studies suggest that the CWD minimum infectious dose approximates 100 to 300 ng CWD-positive brain (or saliva equivalent), and that CWD infection appears to conform more with a threshold than a cumulative dose dynamic.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7446902/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7446902/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) Singeltary Another Request for Update 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The infamous 1997 mad cow feed ban i.e. Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin) from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***>However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WITH GREAT URGENCY, THE Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) MUST BE ENHANCED AND UPDATED TO INCLUDE CERVID, PIGS, AND SHEEP, SINCE RECENT SCIENCE AND TRANSMISSION STUDIES ALL, INCLUDING CATTLE, HAVE SHOWN ORAL TSE PrP TRANSMISSIONS BETWEEN THE SPECIES, AND THIS SHOULD BE DONE WITH THE UTMOST URGENCY, REASONS AS FOLLOW.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">First off I will start with a single BSE feed breach 10 years after 1997 partial ban. If you got to the archived link, all the way down to bottom…THE NEXT YEAR I RECALL ONE WITH 10,000,000+ banned products recall…see this records at the bottom…terry </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">REASON The feed was manufactured from materials that may have been contaminated with mammalian protein. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 27,694,240 lbs DISTRIBUTION MI </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip..... end</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***>However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">THIS MUST CHANGE ASAP!</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law.”…</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip…please see my full submission with reference materials…</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Monday, November 13, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) Singeltary Another Request for Update 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://fdabse589.blogspot.com/2023/11/food-and-drug-administrations-bse-feed.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://fdabse589.blogspot.com/2023/11/food-and-drug-administrations-bse-feed.html</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, JULY 07, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> TME, 589.2000 (21 C.F.R. 589.2000), atypical L-BSE, who’s testing MINK for TSE? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/07/tme-5892000-21-cfr-5892000-atypical-l.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/07/tme-5892000-21-cfr-5892000-atypical-l.html</a></div></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE--U.S. 50 STATE CONFERENCE CALL Jan. 9, 2001</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: Tue, 9 Jan 2001 16:49:00 -0800</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tseac.blogspot.com/2011/02/usa-50-state-bse-mad-cow-conference.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tseac.blogspot.com/2011/02/usa-50-state-bse-mad-cow-conference.html</a></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">CWD TO HUMANS, ZOONOSIS, ZOONOTIC, POTENTIAL, OR HAS IT ALREADY HAPPENED?</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Currently, there is scientific evidence to suggest that CWD has zoonotic potential; however, no confirmed cases of CWD have been found in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PART 2. TPWD CHAPTER 65. DIVISION 1. CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, 65.88</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission in a duly noticed meeting on May 25, 2023 adopted amendments to 31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, and §65.88, concerning Disease Detection and Response, without changes to the proposed text as published in the April 21, 2023, issue of the Texas Register (48 TexReg 2048). The rules will not be republished.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Currently, there is scientific evidence to suggest that CWD has zoonotic potential; however, no confirmed cases of CWD have been found in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Zerui Wanga, Kefeng Qinb, Manuel V. Camachoa, Ignazio Cali a,c, Jue Yuana, Pingping Shena, Tricia Gillilanda, Syed Zahid Ali Shaha, Maria Gerasimenkoa, Michelle Tanga, Sarada Rajamanickama, Anika Yadatia, Lawrence B. Schonbergerd, Justin Greenleee, Qingzhong Konga,c, James A. Mastriannib, and Wen-Quan Zoua,c</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">aDepartment of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA; bDepartment of Neurology and Center for Comprehensive Care and Research on Memory Disorders, the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, USA; cNational Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; dDivision of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, USA; eVirus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) results from the accumulation of an infectious misfolded conformer (PrPSc) of cellular prion protein (PrPC) in the brains of deer and elk. It has been spreading rapidly throughout many regions of North America, exported inadvertently to South Korea, and more recently identified in Europe. Mad cow disease has caused variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans and is currently the only known zoonotic prion disease. Whether CWD is transmissible to humans remains uncertain. The aims of our study were not only to confirm whether CWD prion isolates can convert human brain PrPC into PrPSc in vitro by serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) but also to determine whether the sPMCA-induced CWD-derived human PrPScis infectious.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Material and Methods: Eight CWD prion isolates from 7 elks and 1 deer were used as the seeds while normal human brain homogenates containing either PrP-129 MM (n = 2) or PrP-129 VV (n = 1) were used as the substrates for sPMCA assay. A normal elk brain tissue sample was used as a negative control seed. Two lines of humanized transgenic (Tg) mice expressing either human PrP-129VV or −129 MM polymorphism were included for transmission studies to determine the infectivity of PMCA-amplified PrPSc. Wester blotting and immunohistochemistry and hematoxylin & eosin staining were used for determining PrPSc and neuropathological changes of inoculated animals.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: We report here the generation of the first CWD-derived infectious human PrPSc using elk CWD PrPSc to initiate conversion of human PrPC from normal human brain homogenates with PMCA in vitro. Western blotting with a human PrP selective antibody confirmed that the PMCA-generated protease-resistant PrPSc was derived from the human brain PrPC substrate. Two lines of humanized transgenic mice expressing human PrPC with either Val or Met at the polymorphic codon 129 developed clinical prion disease following intracerebral inoculation with the PMCA-generated CWD-derived human PrPSc. Diseased mice exhibited distinct PrPSc patterns and neuropathological changes in the brain.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our study, using PMCA and animal bioassays, provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc has the potential to overcome the species barrier and directly convert human PrPC into infectious PrPSc that can produce bona fide prion disease when inoculated into humanized transgenic mice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: CJD Foundation and NIH</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9467582/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9467582/</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Detection of chronic wasting disease prions in processed meats</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rebeca Benavente1 , Francisca Bravo1,2, J. Hunter Reed3 , Mitch Lockwood3 , Glenn Telling4 , Rodrigo Morales1,2 1 Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA; 2 Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins. Santiago, Chile; 3 Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Texas, USA. 4 Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: identify the presence of CWD prions in processed meats derived from elk. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: In this study, we analyzed different processed meats derived from a CWD-positive (pre-clinical) free-ranging elk. Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats. The presence of CWD-prions in these samples were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates. The same analyses were performed in grilled and boiled meats to evaluate the resistance of the infectious agent to these procedures. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Our results show positive prion detection in all the samples analyzed using deer and elk substrates. Surprisingly, cooked meats displayed increased seeding activities. This data suggests that CWD-prions are available to people even after meats are processed and cooked. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: These results suggest CWD prions are accessible to humans through meats, even after processing and cooking. Considering the fact that these samples were collected from already processed specimens, the availability of CWD prions to humans is probably underestimated. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH and USDA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Grant number: 1R01AI132695 and APP-20115 to RM </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We would like to thank TPWD personnel for providing us with valuable samples</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">"Our results show positive prion detection in all the samples analyzed using deer and elk substrates. Surprisingly, cooked meats displayed increased seeding activities."</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">end... </span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Fortuitous generation of a zoonotic cervid prion strain </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Manuel Camacho, Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Sydney Smith, Jieji Hu, Wanyun Tao, Ignazio Cali, Qingzhong Kong. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Whether CWD prions can infect humans remains unclear despite the very substantial scale and long history of human exposure of CWD in many states or provinces of USA and Canada. Multiple in vitro conversion experiments and in vivo animal studies indicate that the CWD-to-human transmission barrier is not unbreakable. A major long-term public health concern on CWD zoonosis is the emergence of highly zoonotic CWD strains. We aim to address the question of whether highly zoonotic CWD strains are possible. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: We inoculated several sCJD brain samples into cervidized transgenic mice (Tg12), which were intended as negative controls for bioassays of brain tissues from sCJD cases who had potentially been exposed to CWD. Some of the Tg12 mice became infected and their brain tissues were further examined by Western blot as well as serial passages in humanized or cervidized mice. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Passage of sCJDMM1 in transgenic mice expressing elk PrP (Tg12) resulted in a “cervidized” CJD strain that we termed CJDElkPrP. We observed 100% transmission of the original CJDElkPrP in transgenic mice expressing human PrP. We passaged CJDElkPrP two more times in the Tg12 mice. We found that such second and third passage CJDElkPrP prions retained 100% transmission rate in the humanized mice, despite that the natural elk CWD isolates and CJDElkPrP share the same elk PrP sequence. In contrast, we and others found zero or poor transmission of natural elk CWD isolates in humanized mice. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our data indicate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can retain zoonotic potential after serial passages in cervids, suggesting a very significant and serious long-term risk of CWD zoonosis given that the broad and continuing spread of CWD prions will provide fertile grounds for the emergence of zoonotic CWD strains over time. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O'Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples used in this study, respectively</div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">"Our data indicate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can retain zoonotic potential after serial passages in cervids, suggesting a very significant and serious long-term risk of CWD zoonosis given that the broad and continuing spread of CWD prions will provide fertile grounds for the emergence of zoonotic CWD strains over time."</span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A probable diagnostic marker for CWD infection in humans </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Manuel Camacho, Ignazio Cali, Qingzhong Kong. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Multiple in vitro CWD-seeded human PrP conversion experiments and some animal model studies indicate that the species barrier for CWD to human transmission can be overcome, but whether CWD prion can infect humans in real life remains controversial. The very limited understanding on the likely features of CWD infection in humans and the lack of a reliable diagnostic marker for identification of acquired human CWD cases contribute to this uncertainty. We aim to stablish such a reliable diagnostic marker for CWD infections in humans should they occur. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: A couple of PrPSc-positive spleens were identified from humanized transgenic mice inoculated with either CWD or sCJDMM1. Prions in these spleens were compared by bioassays in cervidized or humanized transgenic mice. A couple of PrPSc-positive spleens from UK sCJDMM1 patients were also examined similarly as controls with no exposure to CWD. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: We have detected two prion-positive spleens in humanized transgenic mice inoculated with some CWD isolates. Such experimentally generated splenic “humanized” CWD prions (termed eHuCWDsp) appear indistinguishable from prions in the brain of sCJDMM1 patients on Western blot. We compared eHuCWDsp with prions in the spleen from humanized mice infected with sCJDMM1 (termed sCJDMM1sp) by bioassays in cervidized or humanized transgenic mice. Significantly, we found that eHuCWDsp can efficiently infect not only the humanized mice but also cervidized transgenic mice, and cervidized mice infected by eHuCWDsp produced PrPSc and brain pathology that are practically identical to those of CWD-infected cervidized mice. In contrast, sCJDMM1sp, similar to prions from sCJDMM1 patient brains, is poorly transmissible in the cervidized mice. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that high transmissibility with CWD features of splenic prions in cervidized transgenic mice is unique to acquired human CWD prions, and it may serve as a reliable marker to identify the first acquired human CWD cases. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O'Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples used in this study, respectively.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2023 Experimental Oronasal Inoculation of the Chronic Wasting Disease Agent into White Tailed Deer </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author list: Sarah Zurbuchena,b , S. Jo Moorea,b , Jifeng Biana , Eric D. Cassmanna , and Justin J. Greenleea . a. Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, US b. Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, United States </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether white-tailed deer (WTD) are susceptible to inoculation of chronic wasting disease (CWD) via oronasal exposure. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and methods: Six male, neutered WTD were oronasally inoculated with brainstem material (10% w/v) from a CWD-positive wild-type WTD. The genotypes of five inoculated deer were Q95/G96 (wild-type). One inoculated deer was homozygous S at codon 96 (96SS). Cervidized (Tg12; M132 elk PrP) mice were inoculated with 1% w/v brainstem homogenate from either a 96GG WTD (n=10) or the 96SS WTD (n=10). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: All deer developed characteristic clinical signs of CWD including weight loss, regurgitation, and ataxia. The 96SS individual had a prolonged disease course and incubation period compared to the other deer. Western blots of the brainstem on all deer yielded similar molecular profiles. All deer had widespread lymphoid distribution of PrPCWD and neuropathologic lesions associated with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Both groups of mice had a 100% attack rate and developed clinical signs, including loss of body condition, ataxia, and loss of righting reflex. Mice inoculated with material from the 96SS deer had a significantly shorter incubation period than mice inoculated with material from 96GG deer (Welch two sample T-test, P<0.05). Serial dilutions of each inocula suggests that differences in incubation period were not due to a greater concentration of PrPCWD in the 96SS inoculum. Molecular profiles from western blot of brain homogenates from mice appeared similar regardless of inoculum and appear similar to those of deer used for inoculum. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: This study characterizes the lesions and clinical course of CWD in WTD inoculated in a similar manner to natural conditions. It supports previous findings that 96SS deer have a prolonged disease course. Further, it describes a first pass of inoculum from a 96SS deer in cervidized mice which shortened the incubation period. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection, analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We thank Ami Frank and Kevin Hassall for their technical contributions to this project.</div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">The detection and decontamination of chronic wasting disease prions during venison processing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Marissa S. Milstein1,2, Marc D. Schwabenlander1,2, Sarah C. Gresch1,2, Manci Li1,2, Stuart Lichtenberg1,2, Rachel Shoemaker1,2, Gage R. Rowden1,2, Jason C. Bartz2,3 , Tiffany M. Wolf2,4, Peter A. Larsen1,2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Presenting author: Tiffany M. Wolf 1 Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 2 Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 3 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA 4 Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: There is a growing concern that chronic wasting disease (CWD) prions in venison pose a risk to human health. CWD prions accumulate in infected deer tissues that commonly enter the human food chain through meat processing and consumption. The United States (US) Food and Drug Administration and US Department of Agriculture now formally consider CWD-positive venison unfit for human and animal consumption. Yet, the degree to which prion contamination occurs during routine venison processing is unknown. Here, we use environmental surface swab methods to: a) experimentally test meat processing equipment (i.e., stainless steel knives and polyethylene cutting boards) before and after processing CWD-positive venison and b) test the efficacy of five different disinfectant types (i.e., Dawn dish soap, Virkon-S, Briotech, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach) to determine prion decontamination efficacy.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: We used a real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay to determine CWD infection status of venison and to detect CWD prions in the swabs. We collected three swabs per surface and ran eight technical replicates on RT-QuIC.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: CWD prions were detected on all cutting boards (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8 and knives (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) used in processing CWD-positive venison, but not on those used for CWD-negative venison. After processing CWD-positive venison, allowing the surfaces to dry, and washing the cutting board with Dawn dish soap, we detected CWD prions on the cutting board surface (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) but not on the knife (n= 3, replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). Similar patterns were observed with Briotech (cutting board: n= 3; replicates= 7/8, 1/8, 0/8; knife: n= 3; replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). We did not detect CWD prions on the knives or cutting boards after disinfecting with Virkon-S, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: These preliminary results suggest that Dawn dish soap and Briotech do not reliably decontaminate CWD prions from these surfaces. Our data suggest that Virkon-S and various bleach concentrations are more effective in reducing prion contamination of meat processing surfaces; however, surface type may also influence the ability of prions to adsorb to surfaces, preventing complete decontamination. Our results will directly inform best practices to prevent the introduction of CWD prions into the human food chain during venison processing.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: Funding was provided by the Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund as recommended by the Legislative-Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources (LCCMR), the Rapid Agriculture Response Fund (#95385/RR257), and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Theme: Animal prion diseases</div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2023 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div></div></div></div></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">17 DETECTION OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE PRIONS IN PROCESSED MEATS.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rebeca Benavente1, Francisca Bravo1,2, Paulina Soto1,2, J. Hunter Reed3, Mitch Lockwood3, Rodrigo Morales1,2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA. 2Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile. 3Texas Parks and Wildlife, Austin, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease (CWD) remains unknown. Currently, there are no known natural cases of CWD transmission to humans but increasing evidence suggests that the host range of CWD is not confined only to cervid species. Alarmingly, recent experimental evidence suggests that certain CWD isolates can induce disease in non-human primates. While the CDC strongly recommends determining CWD status in animals prior to consumption, this practice is voluntary. Consequently, it is plausible that a proportion of the cervid meat entering the human food chain may be contaminated with CWD. Of additional concern is that traditional diagnostic techniques used to detect CWD have relatively low sensitivity and are only approved for use in tissues other than those typically ingested by humans. In this study, we analyzed different processed meats derived from a pre-clinical, CWD-positive free-ranging elk. Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats. CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates. Our results show positive prion detection in all products. To confirm the resilience of CWD-prions to traditional cooking methods, we grilled and boiled the meat products and evaluated them for any remnant PMCA seeding activity. Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking. Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our results show positive prion detection in all products.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">9 Carrot plants as potential vectors for CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Paulina Soto1,2, Francisca Bravo-Risi1,2, Claudio Soto1, Rodrigo Morales1,2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA. 2Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> We show that edible plant components can absorb prions from CWD-contaminated soils and transport them to their aerial parts.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our results indicate that edible plants could participate as vectors of CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of prion infectivity from CWD-infected macaque tissues to rodent models demonstrates the zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaoui1,2, Ginny Cheng1,2, Wiebke Wemheuer3, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer3, Sabine Gilch1,2, Hermann Schatzl1,2 1University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. 2Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada. 3Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Further passage to cervidized mice revealed transmission with a 100% attack rate.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our findings demonstrate that macaques, considered the best model for the zoonotic potential of prions, were infected upon CWD challenge, including the oral one.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">****> The disease manifested as atypical in macaques and initial transgenic mouse transmissions, but with infectivity present at all times, as unveiled in the bank vole model with an unusual tissue tropism.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Epidemiologic surveillance of prion disease among cervid hunters and people likely to have consumed venison contaminated with chronic wasting disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of Cervid Prions to Humanized Mice Demonstrates the Zoonotic Potential of CWD </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaouia, Irina Zemlyankinaa, Sheng Chun Changa, Maria Immaculata Arifina, Vincent Béringueb, Debbie McKenziec, Hermann M. Schatzla, and Sabine Gilcha </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Results: Here, we provide the strongest evidence supporting the zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and their possible phenotype in humans. Inoculation of mice expressing human PrPCwith deer CWD isolates (strains Wisc-1 and 116AG) resulted in atypical clinical manifestations in > 75% of the mice, with myoclonus as leading clinical sign. Most of tg650brain homogenates were positive for seeding activity in RT-QuIC. Clinical disease and presentation was transmissible to <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> mice and bank voles. Intriguingly, protease-resistant PrP in the brain of <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> mice resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon passage. Abnormal PrP aggregates upon infection with Wisc-1 were detectable in thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain/pons regions. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Unprecedented in human prion disease, feces of CWD-inoculated <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> mice harbored prion seeding activity and infectious prions, as shown by inoculation of bank voles and <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> with fecal homogenates. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Conclusions: This is the first evidence that CWD can infect humans and cause disease with a distinctive clinical presentation, signature, and tropism, which might be transmissible between humans while current diagnostic assays might fail to detect it. These findings have major implications for public health and CWD-management. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a> </div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">The finding that infectious PrPSc was shed in fecal material of CWD-infected humanized mice and induced clinical disease, different tropism, and typical three banding pattern-PrPres in bank voles that is transmissible upon second passage is highly concerning for public health. The fact that this biochemical signature in bank voles resembles that of the Wisc-1 original deer isolate and is different from that of bvWisc-1, in the migration profile and the glyco-form-ratio, is valid evidence that these results are not a product of contamination in our study. If CWD in humans is found to be contagious and transmissible among humans, as it is in cervids [57], the spread of the disease within humans might become endemic.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acta Neuropathol 144, 767–784 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 August 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaoui1 · Irina Zemlyankina1 · Sheng Chun Chang1 · Maria Immaculata Arifn1 · Vincent Béringue2 · Debbie McKenzie3 · Hermann M. Schatzl1 · Sabine Gilch1</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Received: 24 May 2022 / Revised: 5 August 2022 / Accepted: 7 August 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">© The Author(s) 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prions cause infectious and fatal neurodegenerative diseases in mammals. Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease of cervids, spreads efficiently among wild and farmed animals. Potential transmission to humans of CWD is a growing concern due to its increasing prevalence. Here, we provide evidence for a zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and its probable signature using mice expressing human prion protein (PrP) as an infection model. Inoculation of these mice with deer CWD isolates resulted in atypical clinical manifestation with prion seeding activity and efficient transmissible infectivity in the brain and, remarkably, in feces, but without classical neuropathological or Western blot appearances of prion diseases. Intriguingly, the protease-resistant PrP in the brain resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon second passage. Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Keywords Chronic wasting disease · CWD · Zoonotic potential · Prion strains · Zoonotic prions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">HIGHLIGHTS OF THIS STUDY</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">================================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In this study, we evaluated the zoonotic potential of CWD using a transgenic mouse model overexpressing human M129-PrPC (tg650 [12]). We inoculated tg650 mice intracerebrally with two deer CWD isolates, Wisc-1 and 116AG [22, 23, 27, 29]. We demonstrate that this transgenic line was susceptible to infection with CWD prions and displayed a distinct leading clinical sign, an atypical PrPSc signature and unusual fecal shedding of infectious prions. Importantly, these prions generated by the human PrP transgenic mice were transmissible upon passage. Our results are the first evidence of a zoonotic risk of CWD when using one of the most common CWD strains, Wisc-1/CWD1 for infection. We demonstrated in a human transgenic mouse model that the species barrier for transmission of CWD to humans is not absolute. The fact that its signature was not typical raises the questions whether CWD would manifest in humans as a subclinical infection, whether it would arise through direct or indirect transmission including an intermediate host, or a silent to uncovered human-to-human transmission, and whether current detection techniques will be suffcient to unveil its presence.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our findings strongly suggest that CWD should be regarded as an actual public health risk. Here, we use humanized mice to show that CWD prions can cross the species barrier to humans, and remarkably, infectious prions can be excreted in feces.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our results indicate that if CWD crosses the species-barrier to humans, it is unlikely to resemble the most common forms of human prion diseases with respect to clinical signs, tissue tropism and PrPSc signature. For instance, PrPSc in variable protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr), a sporadic form of human prion disease, and in the genetic form Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS) is defined by an atypical PK-resistant PrPSc fragment that is non-glycosylated and truncated at both C- and N-termini, with a molecular weight between 6 and 8 kDa [24, 44–46]. These biochemical features are unique and distinctive from PrPSc (PrP27-30) found in most other human or animal prion disease. The atypical PrPSc signature detected in brain homogenate of tg650 mice #321 (1st passage) and #3063 (2nd passage), and the 7–8 kDa fragment (Figs. 2, 4) are very similar to that of GSS, both in terms of migration profile and the N-terminal cleavage site.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD in humans might remain subclinical but with PrPSc deposits in the brain with an unusual morphology that does not resemble the patterns usually seen in different prion diseases (e.g., mouse #328; Fig. 3), clinical with untraceable abnormal PrP (e.g., mouse #327) but still transmissible and uncovered upon subsequent passage (e.g., mouse #3063; Fig. 4), or prions have other reservoirs than the usual ones, hence the presence of infectivity in feces (e.g., mouse #327) suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=================================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) Antonia Ricci Ana Allende Declan Bolton Marianne Chemaly Robert Davies Pablo Salvador Fernández Escámez ... See all authors </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">First published: 17 January 2018 <a href="https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">also, see; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers.. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Paper</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Cellular prion protein distribution in the vomeronasal organ, parotid, and scent glands of white-tailed deer and mule deer</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Anthony Ness, Aradhana Jacob, Kelsey Saboraki, Alicia Otero, Danielle Gushue, Diana Martinez Moreno, Melanie de Peña, Xinli Tang, Judd Aiken, Susan Lingle & Debbie McKenzieORCID Icon show less</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Pages 40-57 | Received 03 Feb 2022, Accepted 13 May 2022, Published online: 29 May 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Download citation</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ABSTRACT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting species of the cervidae family. CWD has an expanding geographic range and complex, poorly understood transmission mechanics. CWD is disproportionately prevalent in wild male mule deer and male white-tailed deer. Sex and species influences on CWD prevalence have been hypothesized to be related to animal behaviours that involve deer facial and body exocrine glands. Understanding CWD transmission potential requires a foundational knowledge of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) in glands associated with cervid behaviours. In this study, we characterized the presence and distribution of PrPC in six integumentary and two non-integumentary tissues of hunter-harvested mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (O. virginianus). We report that white-tailed deer expressed significantly more PrPC than their mule deer in the parotid, metatarsal, and interdigital glands. Females expressed more PrPC than males in the forehead and preorbital glands. The distribution of PrPC within the integumentary exocrine glands of the face and legs were localized to glandular cells, hair follicles, epidermis, and immune cell infiltrates. All tissues examined expressed sufficient quantities of PrPC to serve as possible sites of prion initial infection, propagation, and shedding.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ARS RESEARCH Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Publication Acceptance Date: 9/8/2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author item WANG, ZERUI - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item QIN, KEFENG - University Of Chicago item CAMACHO, MANUEL - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item SHEN, PINGPING - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item YUAN, JUE - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item Greenlee, Justin item CUI, LI - Jilin University item KONG, QINGZHONG - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item MASTRIANNI, JAMES - University Of Chicago item ZOU, WEN-QUAN - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Submitted to: Acta Neuropathologica Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 9/8/2021 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Interpretive Summary: Prion diseases are invariably fatal neurologic diseases for which there is no known prevention or cure. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease of deer and elk and is present in farmed and free ranging herds throughout North America. To date there is no clear evidence that the CWD agent could be transmitted to humans. This manuscript describes the use of an in vitro technique, cell-free serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA), to generate a CWD prion that is infectious to transgenic mice expressing the human prion protein. This study provides the first evidence that CWD prions may be able to cause misfolding in the human prion protein. This information will impact medical experts and those involved in making policy for farmed cervids and wildlife.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Technical Abstract: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a cervid spongiform encephalopathy or prion disease caused by the infectious prion or PrPSc, a misfolded conformer of cellular prion protein (PrPC). It has rapidly spread in North America and also has been found in Asia and Europe. In contrast to the zoonotic mad cow disease that is the first animal prion disease found transmissible to humans, the transmissibility of CWD to humans remains uncertain although most previous studies have suggested that humans may not be susceptible to CWD. Here we report the generation of an infectious human PrPSc by seeding CWD PrPSc in normal human brain PrPC through the in vitro cell-free serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA). Western blotting confirms that the sPMCA-induced proteinase K-resistant PrPSc is a human form, evidenced by a PrP-specific antibody that recognizes human but not cervid PrP. Remarkably, two lines of humanized transgenic (Tg) mice expressing human PrP-129Val/Val (VV) or -129Met/Met (MM) polymorphism develop prion disease at 233 ± 6 (mean ± SE) days post-inoculation (dpi) and 552 ± 27 dpi, respectively, upon intracerebral inoculation with the sPMCA-generated PrPSc. The brain of diseased Tg mice reveals the electrophoretic profile of PrPSc similar to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) MM1 or VV2 subtype but different neuropathological patterns. We believe that our study provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc is able to convert human PrPC into PrPSc in vitro and the CWD-derived human PrPSc mimics atypical sCJD subtypes in humanized Tg mice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''The brain of diseased Tg mice reveals the electrophoretic profile of PrPSc similar to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) MM1 or VV2 subtype but different neuropathological patterns.'' </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''We believe that our study provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc is able to convert human PrPC into PrPSc in vitro and the CWD-derived human PrPSc mimics atypical sCJD subtypes in humanized Tg mice.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published: 26 September 2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Zerui Wang, Kefeng Qin, Manuel V. Camacho, Ignazio Cali, Jue Yuan, Pingping Shen, Justin Greenlee, Qingzhong Kong, James A. Mastrianni & Wen-Quan Zou</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acta Neuropathologica Communications volume 9, Article number: 158 (2021)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a cervid prion disease caused by the accumulation of an infectious misfolded conformer (PrPSc) of cellular prion protein (PrPC). It has been spreading rapidly in North America and also found in Asia and Europe. Although bovine spongiform encephalopathy (i.e. mad cow disease) is the only animal prion disease known to be zoonotic, the transmissibility of CWD to humans remains uncertain. Here we report the generation of the first CWD-derived infectious human PrPSc by elk CWD PrPSc-seeded conversion of PrPC in normal human brain homogenates using in vitro protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA). Western blotting with human PrP selective antibody confirmed that the PMCA-generated protease-resistant PrPSc was derived from the human PrPC substrate. Two lines of humanized transgenic mice expressing human PrP with either Val or Met at the polymorphic codon 129 developed clinical prion disease following intracerebral inoculation with the PMCA-generated CWD-derived human PrPSc. Diseased mice exhibited distinct PrPSc patterns and neuropathological changes in the brain. Our study, using PMCA and animal bioassays, provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc can cross the species barrier to convert human PrPC into infectious PrPSc that can produce bona fide prion disease when inoculated into humanized transgenic mice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It is worth noting that the annual number of sporadic CJD (sCJD) cases in the USA has increased, with the total number of suspected and confirmed sCJD cases rising from 284 in 2003 to 511 in 2017 (https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cjd/occurrence-transmission.html). The greatly enhanced CJD surveillance and an aging population in the USA certainly contributed to the observed increase in annual sCJD case numbers in recent years, but the possibility cannot be excluded that some of the increased sCJD prevalence is linked to CWD exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the present study, using serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) assay we generate PrPSc by seeding CWD prions in normal human brain homogenates. Importantly, we reveal that two lines of humanized Tg mice expressing human PrP-129VV and 129MM develop prion diseases upon intracerebral inoculation of the abnormal PrP generated by sPMCA. We believe that our study provides the first opportunity to dissect the clinical, pathological and biochemical features of the CWD-derived human prion disease in two lines of humanized Tg mice expressing two major human PrP genotypes, respectively.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i thought i might share some news about cwd zoonosis that i got, that i cannot share or post to the public yet, i promised for various reasons, one that it will cause a shit storm for sure, but it was something i really already knew from previous studies, but, i was told that ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">==================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''As you can imagine, 2 and 5 (especially 5) may raise alarms. The evidence we have for 4 are not as strong or tight as I would like to have. At this point, please do not post any of the points publicly yet, but you can refer to points 1-3 in private discussions and all 5 points when discussing with relevant public officials to highlight the long-term risks of CWD zoonosis.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">====================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">so, i figure your as about as official as it gets, and i think this science is extremely important for you to know and to converse about with your officials. it's about to burn a whole in my pocket. this is about as close as it will ever get for cwd zoonosis to be proven in my time, this and what Canada Czub et al found with the Macaques, plus an old study from cjd surveillance unit back that showed cjd and a 9% increase in risk from folks that eat venison, i will post all this below for your files Sir. i remember back in the BSE nvCJD days, from when the first BSE case in bovine was confirmed around 1984 maybe 83, i forget the good vets named that screwed it up first, Carol something, but from 83ish to 95 96 when nvCJD was linked to humans from BSE in cattle, so that took 10 to 15 years. hell, at that rate, especially with Texas and cwd zoonsis, hell, i'll be dead before it's official, if ever, so here ya go Sir. there was a grant study on cwd zoonosis that had been going on for some time, i followed it over the years, then the grant date for said study had expired, so, i thought i would write the good Professor about said study i.e. Professor Kong, CWRU et al. i will post the grant study abstract first, and then after that, what reply i got back, about said study that i was told not to post/publish...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD ZOONOSIS GRANT FIRST;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Cervid to human prion transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Kong, Qingzhong </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Abstract Prion disease is transmissible and invariably fatal. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease affecting deer, elk and moose, and it is a widespread and expanding epidemic affecting 22 US States and 2 Canadian provinces so far. CWD poses the most serious zoonotic prion transmission risks in North America because of huge venison consumption (>6 million deer/elk hunted and consumed annually in the USA alone), significant prion infectivity in muscles and other tissues/fluids from CWD-affected cervids, and usually high levels of individual exposure to CWD resulting from consumption of the affected animal among often just family and friends. However, we still do not know whether CWD prions can infect humans in the brain or peripheral tissues or whether clinical/asymptomatic CWD zoonosis has already occurred, and we have no essays to reliably detect CWD infection in humans. We hypothesize that: (1) The classic CWD prion strain can infect humans at low levels in the brain and peripheral lymphoid tissues; (2) The cervid-to-human transmission barrier is dependent on the cervid prion strain and influenced by the host (human) prion protein (PrP) primary sequence; (3) Reliable essays can be established to detect CWD infection in humans; and (4) CWD transmission to humans has already occurred. We will test these hypotheses in 4 Aims using transgenic (Tg) mouse models and complementary in vitro approaches. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 1 will prove that the classical CWD strain may infect humans in brain or peripheral lymphoid tissues at low levels by conducting systemic bioassays in a set of humanized Tg mouse lines expressing common human PrP variants using a number of CWD isolates at varying doses and routes. Experimental human CWD samples will also be generated for Aim 3. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 2 will test the hypothesis that the cervid-to-human prion transmission barrier is dependent on prion strain and influenced by the host (human) PrP sequence by examining and comparing the transmission efficiency and phenotypes of several atypical/unusual CWD isolates/strains as well as a few prion strains from other species that have adapted to cervid PrP sequence, utilizing the same panel of humanized Tg mouse lines as in Aim 1. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 3 will establish reliable essays for detection and surveillance of CWD infection in humans by examining in details the clinical, pathological, biochemical and in vitro seeding properties of existing and future experimental human CWD samples generated from Aims 1-2 and compare them with those of common sporadic human Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) prions. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 4 will attempt to detect clinical CWD-affected human cases by examining a significant number of brain samples from prion-affected human subjects in the USA and Canada who have consumed venison from CWD-endemic areas utilizing the criteria and essays established in Aim 3. The findings from this proposal will greatly advance our understandings on the potential and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for CWD zoonosis and potentially discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Public Health Relevance There are significant and increasing human exposure to cervid prions because chronic wasting disease (CWD, a widespread and highly infectious prion disease among deer and elk in North America) continues spreading and consumption of venison remains popular, but our understanding on cervid-to-human prion transmission is still very limited, raising public health concerns. This proposal aims to define the zoonotic risks of cervid prions and set up and apply essays to detect CWD zoonosis using mouse models and in vitro methods. The findings will greatly expand our knowledge on the potentials and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for such infections and may discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Funding Agency Agency National Institute of Health (NIH) Institute National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Type Research Project (R01) Project # 1R01NS088604-01A1 Application # 9037884 Study Section Cellular and Molecular Biology of Neurodegeneration Study Section (CMND) Program Officer Wong, May Project Start 2015-09-30 Project End 2019-07-31 Budget Start 2015-09-30 Budget End 2016-07-31 Support Year 1 Fiscal Year 2015 Total Cost $337,507 Indirect Cost $118,756</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1#panel-abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1#panel-abstract</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Professor Kongs reply to me just this month about above grant study that has NOT been published in peer reveiw yet...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=================================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Here is a brief summary of our findings:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...can't post, made a promise...tss</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">On Sat, Apr 3, 2021 at 12:19 PM Terry Singeltary <flounder9@verizon.net> wrote:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">end...tss</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">==============</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD ZOONOSIS THE FULL MONTY TO DATE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">International Conference on Emerging Diseases, Outbreaks & Case Studies & 16th Annual Meeting on Influenza March 28-29, 2018 | Orlando, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Qingzhong Kong</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease prions from cervids</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease in cervids (mule deer, white-tailed deer, American elk, moose, and reindeer). It has become an epidemic in North America, and it has been detected in the Europe (Norway) since 2016. The widespread CWD and popular hunting and consumption of cervid meat and other products raise serious public health concerns, but questions remain on human susceptibility to CWD prions, especially on the potential difference in zoonotic potential among the various CWD prion strains. We have been working to address this critical question for well over a decade. We used CWD samples from various cervid species to inoculate transgenic mice expressing human or elk prion protein (PrP). We found infectious prions in the spleen or brain in a small fraction of CWD-inoculated transgenic mice expressing human PrP, indicating that humans are not completely resistant to CWD prions; this finding has significant ramifications on the public health impact of CWD prions. The influence of cervid PrP polymorphisms, the prion strain dependence of CWD-to-human transmission barrier, and the characterization of experimental human CWD prions will be discussed.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Speaker Biography Qingzhong Kong has completed his PhD from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst and Post-doctoral studies at Yale University. He is currently an Associate Professor of Pathology, Neurology and Regenerative Medicine. He has published over 50 original research papers in reputable journals (including Science Translational Medicine, JCI, PNAS and Cell Reports) and has been serving as an Editorial Board Member on seven scientific journals. He has multiple research interests, including public health risks of animal prions (CWD of cervids and atypical BSE of cattle), animal modeling of human prion diseases, mechanisms of prion replication and pathogenesis, etiology of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD) in humans, normal cellular PrP in the biology and pathology of multiple brain and peripheral diseases, proteins responsible for the α-cleavage of cellular PrP, as well as gene therapy and DNA vaccination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">qxk2@case.edu </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SUNDAY, JULY 25, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">North American and Norwegian Chronic Wasting Disease prions exhibit different potential for interspecies transmission and zoonotic risk </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''Our data suggest that reindeer and red deer from Norway could be the most transmissible CWD prions to other mammals, whereas North American CWD prions were more prone to generate human prions in vitro.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/north-american-and-norwegian-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/north-american-and-norwegian-chronic.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, JULY 19, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> U Calgary researchers at work on a vaccine against a fatal infectious disease affecting deer and potentially people</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/u-calgary-researchers-at-work-on.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/u-calgary-researchers-at-work-on.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE aka MAD COW DISEASE, was first discovered in 1984, and it took until 1995 to finally admit that BSE was causing nvCJD, the rest there is history, but that science is still evolving i.e. science now shows that indeed atypical L-type BSE, atypical Nor-98 Scrapie, and typical Scrapie are all zoonosis, zoonotic for humans, there from. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">HOW long are we going to wait for Chronic Wasting Disease, CWD TSE Prion of Cervid, and zoonosis, zoonotic tranmission to humans there from?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Studies have shown since 1994 that humans are susceptible to CWD TSE Prion, so, what's the hold up with making CWD a zoonotic zoonosis disease, the iatrogenic transmissions there from is not waiting for someone to make a decision.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P190 Human prion disease mortality rates by occurrence of chronic wasting disease in freeranging cervids, United States</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abrams JY (1), Maddox RA (1), Schonberger LB (1), Person MK (1), Appleby BS (2), Belay ED (1)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease of deer and elk that has been identified in freeranging cervids in 23 US states. While there is currently no epidemiological evidence for zoonotic transmission through the consumption of contaminated venison, studies suggest the CWD agent can cross the species barrier in experimental models designed to closely mimic humans. We compared rates of human prion disease in states with and without CWD to examine the possibility of undetermined zoonotic transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Death records from the National Center for Health Statistics, case records from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, and additional state case reports were combined to create a database of human prion disease cases from 2003-2015. Identification of CWD in each state was determined through reports of positive CWD tests by state wildlife agencies. Age- and race-adjusted mortality rates for human prion disease, excluding cases with known etiology, were determined for four categories of states based on CWD occurrence: highly endemic (>16 counties with CWD identified in free-ranging cervids); moderately endemic (3-10 counties with CWD); low endemic (1-2 counties with CWD); and no CWD states. States were counted as having no CWD until the year CWD was first identified. Analyses stratified by age, sex, and time period were also conducted to focus on subgroups for which zoonotic transmission would be more likely to be detected: cases <55 years old, male sex, and the latter half of the study (2010-2015).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Highly endemic states had a higher rate of prion disease mortality compared to non-CWD states (rate ratio [RR]: 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01 - 1.23), as did low endemic states (RR: 1.15, 95% CI = 1.04 - 1.27). Moderately endemic states did not have an elevated mortality rate (RR: 1.05, 95% CI = 0.93 - 1.17). In age-stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates among the <55 year old population were elevated for moderately endemic states (RR: 1.57, 95% CI = 1.10 – 2.24) while mortality rates were elevated among those ≥55 for highly endemic states (RR: 1.13, 95% CI = 1.02 - 1.26) and low endemic states (RR: 1.16, 95% CI = 1.04 - 1.29). In other stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates for males were only elevated for low endemic states (RR: 1.27, 95% CI = 1.10 - 1.48), and none of the categories of CWD-endemic states had elevated mortality rates for the latter time period (2010-2015).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">While higher prion disease mortality rates in certain categories of states with CWD in free-ranging cervids were noted, additional stratified analyses did not reveal markedly elevated rates for potentially sensitive subgroups that would be suggestive of zoonotic transmission. Unknown confounding factors or other biases may explain state-by-state differences in prion disease mortality.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P172 Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Prion Disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Wang H(1), Cohen M(1), Appleby BS(1,2)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio (2) National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Cleveland, Ohio.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion disease is a fatal progressive neurodegenerative disease due to deposition of an abnormal protease-resistant isoform of prion protein. Typical symptoms include rapidly progressive dementia, myoclonus, visual disturbance and hallucinations. Interestingly, in patients with prion disease, the abnormal protein canould also be found in the peripheral nervous system. Case reports of prion deposition in peripheral nerves have been reported. Peripheral nerve involvement is thought to be uncommon; however, little is known about the exact prevalence and features of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We reviewed autopsy-proven prion cases from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center that were diagnosed between September 2016 to March 2017. We collected information regarding prion protein diagnosis, demographics, comorbidities, clinical symptoms, physical exam, neuropathology, molecular subtype, genetics lab, brain MRI, image and EMG reports. Our study included 104 patients. Thirteen (12.5%) patients had either subjective symptoms or objective signs of peripheral neuropathy. Among these 13 patients, 3 had other known potential etiologies of peripheral neuropathy such as vitamin B12 deficiency or prior chemotherapy. Among 10 patients that had no other clear etiology, 3 (30%) had familial CJD. The most common sCJD subtype was MV1-2 (30%), followed by MM1-2 (20%). The Majority of cases wasere male (60%). Half of them had exposure to wild game. The most common subjective symptoms were tingling and/or numbness of distal extremities. The most common objective finding was diminished vibratory sensation in the feet. Half of them had an EMG with the findings ranging from fasciculations to axonal polyneuropathy or demyelinating polyneuropathy.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our study provides an overview of the pattern of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease. Among patients with peripheral neuropathy symptoms or signs, majority has polyneuropathy. It is important to document the baseline frequency of peripheral neuropathy in prion diseases as these symptoms may become important when conducting surveillance for potential novel zoonotic prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P177 PrP plaques in methionine homozygous Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abrams JY (1), Schonberger LB (1), Cali I (2), Cohen Y (2), Blevins JE (2), Maddox RA (1), Belay ED (1), Appleby BS (2), Cohen ML (2)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is widely believed to originate from de novo spontaneous conversion of normal prion protein (PrP) to its pathogenic form, but concern remains that some reported sporadic CJD cases may actually be caused by disease transmission via iatrogenic processes. For cases with methionine homozygosity (CJD-MM) at codon 129 of the PRNP gene, recent research has pointed to plaque-like PrP deposition as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission for a subset of cases. This phenotype is theorized to originate from specific iatrogenic source CJD types that comprise roughly a quarter of known CJD cases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We reviewed scientific literature for studies which described PrP plaques among CJD patients with known epidemiological links to iatrogenic transmission (receipt of cadaveric human grown hormone or dura mater), as well as in cases of reported sporadic CJD. The presence and description of plaques, along with CJD classification type and other contextual factors, were used to summarize the current evidence regarding plaques as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission. In addition, 523 cases of reported sporadic CJD cases in the US from January 2013 through September 2017 were assessed for presence of PrP plaques.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We identified four studies describing 52 total cases of CJD-MM among either dura mater recipients or growth hormone recipients, of which 30 were identified as having PrP plaques. While sporadic cases were not generally described as having plaques, we did identify case reports which described plaques among sporadic MM2 cases as well as case reports of plaques exclusively in white matter among sporadic MM1 cases. Among the 523 reported sporadic CJD cases, 0 of 366 MM1 cases had plaques, 2 of 48 MM2 cases had kuru plaques, and 4 of 109 MM1+2 cases had either kuru plaques or both kuru and florid plaques. Medical chart review of the six reported sporadic CJD cases with plaques did not reveal clinical histories suggestive of potential iatrogenic transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PrP plaques occur much more frequently for iatrogenic CJD-MM cases compared to sporadic CJDMM cases. Plaques may indicate iatrogenic transmission for CJD-MM cases without a type 2 Western blot fragment. The study results suggest the absence of significant misclassifications of iatrogenic CJD as sporadic. To our knowledge, this study is the first to describe grey matter kuru plaques in apparently sporadic CJD-MM patients with a type 2 Western blot fragment.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P180 Clinico-pathological analysis of human prion diseases in a brain bank series</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ximelis T (1), Aldecoa I (1,2), Molina-Porcel L (1,3), Grau-Rivera O (4), Ferrer I (5), Nos C (6), Gelpi E (1,7), Sánchez-Valle R (1,4)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobanc-Hospital ClÃnic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (2) Pathological Service of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (3) EAIA Trastorns Cognitius, Centre Emili Mira, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain (4) Department of Neurology of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (5) Institute of Neuropathology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona (6) General subdirectorate of Surveillance and Response to Emergencies in Public Health, Department of Public Health in Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain (7) Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background and objective:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Neurological Tissue Bank (NTB) of the Hospital Clínic-Institut d‘Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain is the reference center in Catalonia for the neuropathological study of prion diseases in the region since 2001. The aim of this study is to analyse the characteristics of the confirmed prion diseases registered at the NTB during the last 15 years.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We reviewed retrospectively all neuropathologically confirmed cases registered during the period January 2001 to December 2016.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">176 cases (54,3% female, mean age: 67,5 years and age range: 25-86 years) of neuropathological confirmed prion diseases have been studied at the NTB. 152 cases corresponded to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), 10 to genetic CJD, 10 to Fatal Familial Insomnia, 2 to GerstmannSträussler-Scheinker disease, and 2 cases to variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr). Within sCJD subtypes the MM1 subtype was the most frequent, followed by the VV2 histotype.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Clinical and neuropathological diagnoses agreed in 166 cases (94%). The clinical diagnosis was not accurate in 10 patients with definite prion disease: 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Fronto-temporal dementia (FTD), 1 Niemann-Pick‘s disease, 1 Lewy Body‘s Disease, 2 Alzheimer‘s disease, 1 Cortico-basal syndrome and 2 undetermined dementia. Among patients with VPSPr, 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and the other one with FTD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Concomitant pathologies are frequent in older age groups, mainly AD neuropathological changes were observed in these subjects.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Discussion:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A wide spectrum of human prion diseases have been identified in the NTB being the relative frequencies and main characteristics like other published series. There is a high rate of agreement between clinical and neuropathological diagnoses with prion diseases. These findings show the importance that public health has given to prion diseases during the past 15 years. Continuous surveillance of human prion disease allows identification of new emerging phenotypes. Brain tissue samples from these donors are available to the scientific community. For more information please visit:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P192 Prion amplification techniques for the rapid evaluation of surface decontamination procedures</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Bruyere-Ostells L (1), Mayran C (1), Belondrade M (1), Boublik Y (2), Haïk S (3), Fournier-Wirth C (1), Nicot S (1), Bougard D (1)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Pathogenesis and control of chronic infections, Etablissement Français du Sang, Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (2) Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (3) Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) or prion diseases are a group of incurable and always fatal neurodegenerative disorders including Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases (CJD) in humans. These pathologies include sporadic (sCJD), genetic and acquired (variant CJD) forms. By the past, sCJD and vCJD were transmitted by different prion contaminated biological materials to patients resulting in more than 400 iatrogenic cases (iCJD). The atypical nature and the biochemical properties of the infectious agent, formed by abnormal prion protein or PrPTSE, make it particularly resistant to conventional decontamination procedures. In addition, PrPTSE is widely distributed throughout the organism before clinical onset in vCJD and can also be detected in some peripheral tissues in sporadic CJD. Risk of iatrogenic transmission of CJD by contaminated medical device remains thus a concern for healthcare facilities. Bioassay is the gold standard method to evaluate the efficacy of prion decontamination procedures but is time-consuming and expensive. Here, we propose to compare in vitro prion amplification techniques: Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) and Real-Time Quaking Induced Conversion (RT-QuIC) for the detection of residual prions on surface after decontamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stainless steel wires, by mimicking the surface of surgical instruments, were proposed as a carrier model of prions for inactivation studies. To determine the sensitivity of the two amplification techniques on wires (Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC), steel wires were therefore contaminated with serial dilutions of brain homogenates (BH) from a 263k infected hamster and from a patient with sCJD (MM1 subtype). We then compared the different standard decontamination procedures including partially and fully efficient treatments by detecting the residual seeding activity on 263K and sCJD contaminated wires. We completed our study by the evaluation of marketed reagents endorsed for prion decontamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The two amplification techniques can detect minute quantities of PrPTSE adsorbed onto a single wire. 8/8 wires contaminated with a 10-6 dilution of 263k BH and 1/6 with the 10-8 dilution are positive with Surf-PMCA. Similar performances were obtained with Surf-QuIC on 263K: 10/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilution and 1/8 wires contaminated with 10-8 dilution are positive. Regarding the human sCJD-MM1 prion, Surf-QuIC allows us to detect 16/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilutions and 14/16 with 10-7 . Results obtained after decontamination treatments are very similar between 263K and sCJD prions. Efficiency of marketed treatments to remove prions is lower than expected.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC are very sensitive methods for the detection of prions on wires and could be applied to prion decontamination studies for rapid evaluation of new treatments. Sodium hypochlorite is the only product to efficiently remove seeding activity of both 263K and sCJD prions.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WA2 Oral transmission of CWD into Cynomolgus macaques: signs of atypical disease, prion conversion and infectivity in macaques and bio-assayed transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Schatzl HM (1, 2), Hannaoui S (1, 2), Cheng Y-C (1, 2), Gilch S (1, 2), Beekes M (3), SchulzSchaeffer W (4), Stahl-Hennig C (5) and Czub S (2, 6)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) University of Calgary, Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada (2) University of Calgary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calgary, Canada, (3) Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany, (4) University of Homburg/Saar, Homburg, Germany, (5) German Primate Center, Goettingen, Germany, (6) Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), Lethbridge, Canada.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To date, BSE is the only example of interspecies transmission of an animal prion disease into humans. The potential zoonotic transmission of CWD is an alarming issue and was addressed by many groups using a variety of in vitro and in vivo experimental systems. Evidence from these studies indicated a substantial, if not absolute, species barrier, aligning with the absence of epidemiological evidence suggesting transmission into humans. Studies in non-human primates were not conclusive so far, with oral transmission into new-world monkeys and no transmission into old-world monkeys. Our consortium has challenged 18 Cynomolgus macaques with characterized CWD material, focusing on oral transmission with muscle tissue. Some macaques have orally received a total of 5 kg of muscle material over a period of 2 years. After 5-7 years of incubation time some animals showed clinical symptoms indicative of prion disease, and prion neuropathology and PrPSc deposition were found in spinal cord and brain of euthanized animals. PrPSc in immunoblot was weakly detected in some spinal cord materials and various tissues tested positive in RT-QuIC, including lymph node and spleen homogenates. To prove prion infectivity in the macaque tissues, we have intracerebrally inoculated 2 lines of transgenic mice, expressing either elk or human PrP. At least 3 TgElk mice, receiving tissues from 2 different macaques, showed clinical signs of a progressive prion disease and brains were positive in immunoblot and RT-QuIC. Tissues (brain, spinal cord and spleen) from these and preclinical mice are currently tested using various read-outs and by second passage in mice. Transgenic mice expressing human PrP were so far negative for clear clinical prion disease (some mice >300 days p.i.). In parallel, the same macaque materials are inoculated into bank voles. Taken together, there is strong evidence of transmissibility of CWD orally into macaques and from macaque tissues into transgenic mouse models, although with an incomplete attack rate. The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology. Our ongoing studies will show whether the transmission of CWD into macaques and passage in transgenic mice represents a form of non-adaptive prion amplification, and whether macaque-adapted prions have the potential to infect mice expressing human PrP. The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">See also poster P103</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WA16 Monitoring Potential CWD Transmission to Humans</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Belay ED</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The spread of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in animals has raised concerns about increasing human exposure to the CWD agent via hunting and venison consumption, potentially facilitating CWD transmission to humans. Several studies have explored this possibility, including limited epidemiologic studies, in vitro experiments, and laboratory studies using various types of animal models. Most human exposures to the CWD agent in the United States would be expected to occur in association with deer and elk hunting in CWD-endemic areas. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) collaborated with state health departments in Colorado, Wisconsin, and Wyoming to identify persons at risk of CWD exposure and to monitor their vital status over time. Databases were established of persons who hunted in Colorado and Wyoming and those who reported consumption of venison from deer that later tested positive in Wisconsin. Information from the databases is periodically cross-checked with mortality data to determine the vital status and causes of death for deceased persons. Long-term follow-up of these hunters is needed to assess their risk of development of a prion disease linked to CWD exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P166 Characterization of CJD strain profiles in venison consumers and non-consumers from Alberta and Saskatchewan</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stephanie Booth (1,2), Lise Lamoureux (1), Debra Sorensen (1), Jennifer L. Myskiw (1,2), Megan Klassen (1,2), Michael Coulthart (3), Valerie Sim (4)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg (2) Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (3) Canadian CJD Surveillance System, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (4) Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is spreading rapidly through wild cervid populations in the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. While this has implications for tourism and hunting, there is also concern over possible zoonotic transmission to humans who eat venison from infected deer. Whilst there is no evidence of any human cases of CWD to date, the Canadian CJD Surveillance System (CJDSS) in Canada is staying vigilant. When variant CJD occurred following exposure to BSE, the unique biochemical fingerprint of the pathologic PrP enabled a causal link to be confirmed. However, we cannot be sure what phenotype human CWD prions would present with, or indeed, whether this would be distinct from that see in sporadic CJD. Therefore we are undertaking a systematic analysis of the molecular diversity of CJD cases of individuals who resided in Alberta and Saskatchewan at their time of death comparing venison consumers and non-consumers, using a variety of clinical, imaging, pathological and biochemical markers. Our initial objective is to develop novel biochemical methodologies that will extend the baseline glycoform and genetic polymorphism typing that is already completed by the CJDSS. Firstly, we are reviewing MRI, EEG and pathology information from over 40 cases of CJD to select clinically affected areas for further investigation. Biochemical analysis will include assessment of the levels of protease sensitive and resistant prion protein, glycoform typing using 2D gel electrophoresis, testing seeding capabilities and kinetics of aggregation by quaking-induced conversion, and determining prion oligomer size distributions with asymmetric flow field fractionation with in-line light scattering. Progress and preliminary data will be presented. Ultimately, we intend to further define the relationship between PrP structure and disease phenotype and establish a baseline for the identification of future atypical CJD cases that may arise as a result of exposure to CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Source Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/</a> </div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Volume 24, Number 8—August 2018 </span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-size: 30.2px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 3px; outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Research Susceptibility of Human Prion Protein to Conversion by Chronic Wasting Disease Prions</span></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Marcelo A. BarriaComments to Author , Adriana Libori, Gordon Mitchell, and Mark W. Head Author affiliations: National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (M.A. Barria, A. Libori, M.W. Head); National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Scrapie and CWD, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (G. Mitchell)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal neurodegenerative disease and a serious animal health issue for deer and elk in North America. The identification of the first cases of CWD among free-ranging reindeer and moose in Europe brings back into focus the unresolved issue of whether CWD can be zoonotic like bovine spongiform encephalopathy. We used a cell-free seeded protein misfolding assay to determine whether CWD prions from elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer in North America can convert the human prion protein to the disease-associated form. We found that prions can convert, but the efficiency of conversion is affected by polymorphic variation in the cervid and human prion protein genes. In view of the similarity of reindeer, elk, and white-tailed deer in North America to reindeer, red deer, and roe deer, respectively, in Europe, a more comprehensive and thorough assessment of the zoonotic potential of CWD might be warranted.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Discussion Characterization of the transmission properties of CWD and evaluation of their zoonotic potential are important for public health purposes. Given that CWD affects several members of the family Cervidae, it seems reasonable to consider whether the zoonotic potential of CWD prions could be affected by factors such as CWD strain, cervid species, geographic location, and Prnp–PRNP polymorphic variation. We have previously used an in vitro conversion assay (PMCA) to investigate the susceptibility of the human PrP to conversion to its disease-associated form by several animal prion diseases, including CWD (15,16,22). The sensitivity of our molecular model for the detection of zoonotic conversion depends on the combination of 1) the action of proteinase K to degrade the abundant human PrPC that constitutes the substrate while only N terminally truncating any human PrPres produced and 2) the presence of the 3F4 epitope on human but not cervid PrP. In effect, this degree of sensitivity means that any human PrPres formed during the PMCA reaction can be detected down to the limit of Western blot sensitivity. In contrast, if other antibodies that detect both cervid and human PrP are used, such as 6H4, then newly formed human PrPres must be detected as a measurable increase in PrPres over the amount remaining in the reaction product from the cervid seed. Although best known for the efficient amplification of prions in research and diagnostic contexts, the variation of the PMCA method employed in our study is optimized for the definitive detection of zoonotic reaction products of inherently inefficient conversion reactions conducted across species barriers. By using this system, we previously made and reported the novel observation that elk CWD prions could convert human PrPC from human brain and could also convert recombinant human PrPC expressed in transgenic mice and eukaryotic cell cultures (15).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A previous publication suggested that mule deer PrPSc was unable to convert humanized transgenic substrate in PMCA assays (23) and required a further step of in vitro conditioning in deer substrate PMCA before it was able to cross the deer–human molecular barrier (24). However, prions from other species, such as elk (15) and reindeer affected by CWD, appear to be compatible with the human protein in a single round of amplification (as shown in our study). These observations suggest that different deer species affected by CWD could present differing degrees of the olecular compatibility with the normal form of human PrP.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The contribution of the polymorphism at codon 129 of the human PrP gene has been extensively studied and is recognized as a risk factor for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (4). In cervids, the equivalent codon corresponds to the position 132 encoding methionine or leucine. This polymorphism in the elk gene has been shown to play an important role in CWD susceptibility (25,26). We have investigated the effect of this cervid Prnp polymorphism on the conversion of the humanized transgenic substrate according to the variation in the equivalent PRNP codon 129 polymorphism. Interestingly, only the homologs methionine homozygous seed–substrate reactions could readily convert the human PrP, whereas the heterozygous elk PrPSc was unable to do so, even though comparable amounts of PrPres were used to seed the reaction. In addition, we observed only low levels of human PrPres formation in the reactions seeded with the homozygous methionine (132 MM) and the heterozygous (132 ML) seeds incubated with the other 2 human polymorphic substrates (129 MV and 129 VV). The presence of the amino acid leucine at position 132 of the elk Prnp gene has been attributed to a lower degree of prion conversion compared with methionine on the basis of experiments in mice made transgenic for these polymorphic variants (26). Considering the differences observed for the amplification of the homozygous human methionine substrate by the 2 polymorphic elk seeds (MM and ML), reappraisal of the susceptibility of human PrPC by the full range of cervid polymorphic variants affected by CWD would be warranted.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In light of the recent identification of the first cases of CWD in Europe in a free-ranging reindeer (R. tarandus) in Norway (2), we also decided to evaluate the in vitro conversion potential of CWD in 2 experimentally infected reindeer (18). Formation of human PrPres was readily detectable after a single round of PMCA, and in all 3 humanized polymorphic substrates (MM, MV, and VV). This finding suggests that CWD prions from reindeer could be more compatible with human PrPC generally and might therefore present a greater risk for zoonosis than, for example, CWD prions from white-tailed deer. A more comprehensive comparison of CWD in the affected species, coupled with the polymorphic variations in the human and deer PRNP–Prnp genes, in vivo and in vitro, will be required before firm conclusions can be drawn. Analysis of the Prnp sequence of the CWD reindeer in Norway was reported to be identical to the specimens used in our study (2). This finding raises the possibility of a direct comparison of zoonotic potential between CWD acquired in the wild and that produced in a controlled laboratory setting. (Table).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The prion hypothesis proposes that direct molecular interaction between PrPSc and PrPC is necessary for conversion and prion replication. Accordingly, polymorphic variants of the PrP of host and agent might play a role in determining compatibility and potential zoonotic risk. In this study, we have examined the capacity of the human PrPC to support in vitro conversion by elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer CWD PrPSc. Our data confirm that elk CWD prions can convert the human PrPC, at least in vitro, and show that the homologous PRNP polymorphisms at codon 129 and 132 in humans and cervids affect conversion efficiency. Other species affected by CWD, particularly caribou or reindeer, also seem able to convert the human PrP. It will be important to determine whether other polymorphic variants found in other CWD-affected Cervidae or perhaps other factors (17) exert similar effects on the ability to convert human PrP and thus affect their zoonotic potential.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dr. Barria is a research scientist working at the National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh. His research has focused on understanding the molecular basis of a group of fatal neurologic disorders called prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgments We thank Aru Balachandran for originally providing cervid brain tissues, Abigail Diack and Jean Manson for providing mouse brain tissue, and James Ironside for his critical reading of the manuscript at an early stage.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This report is independent research commissioned and funded by the United Kingdom’s Department of Health Policy Research Programme and the Government of Scotland. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Department of Health or the Government of Scotland.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author contributions: The study was conceived and designed by M.A.B. and M.W.H. The experiments were conducted by M.A.B. and A.L. Chronic wasting disease brain specimens were provided by G.M. The manuscript was written by M.A.B. and M.W.H. All authors contributed to the editing and revision of the manuscript.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion</a></div></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Prion 2017 Conference Abstracts</span></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none !important;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">First evidence of intracranial and peroral transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) into Cynomolgus macaques: a work in progress Stefanie Czub1, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer2, Christiane Stahl-Hennig3, Michael Beekes4, Hermann Schaetzl5 and Dirk Motzkus6 1 </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine/Canadian Food Inspection Agency; 2Universitatsklinikum des Saarlandes und Medizinische Fakultat der Universitat des Saarlandes; 3 Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen; 4 Robert-Koch-Institut Berlin; 5 University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; 6 presently: Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center; previously: Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">This is a progress report of a project which started in 2009. </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">21 cynomolgus macaques were challenged with characterized CWD material from white-tailed deer (WTD) or elk by intracerebral (ic), oral, and skin exposure routes. Additional blood transfusion experiments are supposed to assess the CWD contamination risk of human blood product. Challenge materials originated from symptomatic cervids for ic, skin scarification and partially per oral routes (WTD brain). Challenge material for feeding of muscle derived from preclinical WTD and from preclinical macaques for blood transfusion experiments. We have confirmed that the CWD challenge material contained at least two different CWD agents (brain material) as well as CWD prions in muscle-associated nerves. </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Here we present first data on a group of animals either challenged ic with steel wires or per orally and sacrificed with incubation times ranging from 4.5 to 6.9 years at postmortem. Three animals displayed signs of mild clinical disease, including anxiety, apathy, ataxia and/or tremor. In four animals wasting was observed, two of those had confirmed diabetes. All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals. Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuiC) and PET-blot assays to further substantiate these findings are on the way, as well as bioassays in bank voles and transgenic mice. </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">At present, a total of 10 animals are sacrificed and read-outs are ongoing. Preclinical incubation of the remaining macaques covers a range <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">from 6.4 to 7.10</span> years. Based on the species barrier and an incubation time of > 5 years for BSE in macaques and about 10 years for scrapie in macaques, we expected an onset of clinical disease beyond 6 years post inoculation. </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">PRION 2017 DECIPHERING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS ABSTRACTS REFERENCE</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 23, 2019 </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion and THE FEAST 2003 CDC an updated review of the science 2019 </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 04, 2014 </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Six-year follow-up of a point-source exposure to CWD contaminated venison in an Upstate New York community: risk behaviours and health outcomes 2005–2011 Authors, though, acknowledged the study was limited in geography and sample size and so it couldn't draw a conclusion about the risk to humans. They recommended more study. Dr. Ermias Belay was the report's principal author but he said New York and Oneida County officials are following the proper course by not launching a study. "There's really nothing to monitor presently. No one's sick," Belay said, noting the disease's incubation period in deer and elk is measured in years. " </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Transmission Studies Mule deer transmissions of CWD were by intracerebral inoculation and compared with natural cases {the following was written but with a single line marked through it ''first passage (by this route)}....TSS resulted in a more rapidly progressive clinical disease with repeated episodes of synocopy ending in coma. One control animal became affected, it is believed through contamination of inoculum (?saline). Further CWD transmissions were carried out by Dick Marsh into ferret, mink and squirrel monkey. Transmission occurred in ALL of these species with the shortest incubation period in the ferret. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip.... </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Prion Infectivity in Fat of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease▿ </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Brent Race#, Kimberly Meade-White#, Richard Race and Bruce Chesebro* + Author Affiliations In mice, prion infectivity was recently detected in fat. Since ruminant fat is consumed by humans and fed to animals, we determined infectivity titers in fat from two CWD-infected deer. Deer fat devoid of muscle contained low levels of CWD infectivity and might be a risk factor for prion infection of other species. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Prions in Skeletal Muscles of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease Here bioassays in transgenic mice expressing cervid prion protein revealed the presence of infectious prions in skeletal muscles of CWD-infected deer, demonstrating that humans consuming or handling meat from CWD-infected deer are at risk to prion exposure. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> *** now, let’s see what the authors said about this casual link, personal communications years ago, and then the latest on the zoonotic potential from CWD to humans from the TOKYO PRION 2016 CONFERENCE. see where it is stated NO STRONG evidence. so, does this mean there IS casual evidence ???? “Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans” </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">From: TSS Subject: CWD aka MAD DEER/ELK TO HUMANS ??? </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Date: September 30, 2002 at 7:06 am PST </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">From: "Belay, Ermias" </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">To: Cc: "Race, Richard (NIH)" ; ; "Belay, Ermias" </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Sent: Monday, September 30, 2002 9:22 AM Subject: RE: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Dear Sir/Madam, In the Archives of Neurology you quoted (the abstract of which was attached to your email), we did not say CWD in humans will present like variant CJD.. That assumption would be wrong. I encourage you to read the whole article and call me if you have questions or need more clarification (phone: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">404-639-3091</span></span>). </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Also, we do not claim that "no-one has ever been infected with prion disease from eating venison." Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans in the article you quoted or in any other forum is limited to the patients we investigated. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Ermias Belay, M.D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">-----Original Message----- From: </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Sent: Sunday, September 29, 2002 10:15 AM To: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">rr26k@nih.gov</span></span>; <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">rrace@niaid.nih.gov</span></span>; <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">ebb8@CDC.GOV</span></span> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Subject: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Sunday, November 10, 2002 6:26 PM .......snip........end..............TSS </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Thursday, April 03, 2008 </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease 2008 1: Vet Res. 2008 Apr 3;39(4):41 A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease Sigurdson CJ. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip... *** twenty-seven CJD patients who regularly consumed venison were reported to the Surveillance Center***, </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip... full text ; </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">sporadic, spontaneous CJD, 85%+ of all human TSE, did not just happen. never in scientific literature has this been proven. if one looks up the word sporadic or spontaneous at pubmed, you will get a laundry list of disease that are classified in such a way; </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">sporadic = 54,983 hits </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic</a><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">spontaneous = 325,650 hits </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous</a><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">key word here is 'reported'. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can't, and it's as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it's being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. ...terry </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people.<br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;">key word here is ‘reported’. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can’t, and it’s as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it’s being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. …terry</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;">*** These results would seem to suggest that CWD does indeed have zoonotic potential, at least as judged by the compatibility of CWD prions and their human PrPC target. Furthermore, extrapolation from this simple in vitro assay suggests that if zoonotic CWD occurred, it would most likely effect those of the PRNP codon 129-MM genotype and that the PrPres type would be similar to that found in the most common subtype of sCJD (MM1).***</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys</a></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true</a></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: white; color: #196ad4; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD TSE PRION AND ZOONOTIC, ZOONOSIS, POTENTIAL</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: Re: DEER SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY SURVEY & HOUND STUDY </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: Fri, 18 Oct 2002 23:12:22 +0100 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: Steve Dealler </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Organization: Netscape Online member </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: BSE-L@ References: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dear Terry,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">An excellent piece of review as this literature is desperately difficult to get back from Government sites.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">What happened with the deer was that an association between deer meat eating and sporadic CJD was found in about 1993. The evidence was not great but did not disappear after several years of asking CJD cases what they had eaten. I think that the work into deer disease largely stopped because it was not helpful to the UK industry...and no specific cases were reported. Well, if you dont look adequately like they are in USA currenly then you wont find any!</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Steve Dealler </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM THIRD ANNUAL REPORT AUGUST 1994</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Consumption of venison and veal was much less widespread among both cases and controls. For both of these meats there was evidence of a trend with increasing frequency of consumption being associated with increasing risk of CJD. (not nvCJD, but sporadic CJD...tss) These associations were largely unchanged when attention was restricted to pairs with data obtained from relatives. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Table 9 presents the results of an analysis of these data.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is STRONG evidence of an association between ‘’regular’’ veal eating and risk of CJD (p = .0.01).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Individuals reported to eat veal on average at least once a year appear to be at 13 TIMES THE RISK of individuals who have never eaten veal.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is, however, a very wide confidence interval around this estimate. There is no strong evidence that eating veal less than once per year is associated with increased risk of CJD (p = 0.51).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is some evidence that risk of CJD INCREASES WITH INCREASING FREQUENCY OF LAMB EATING (p = 0.02).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The evidence for such an association between beef eating and CJD is weaker (p = 0.14). When only controls for whom a relative was interviewed are included, this evidence becomes a little STRONGER (p = 0.08).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It was found that when veal was included in the model with another exposure, the association between veal and CJD remained statistically significant (p = < 0.05 for all exposures), while the other exposures ceased to be statistically significant (p = > 0.05).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In conclusion, an analysis of dietary histories revealed statistical associations between various meats/animal products and INCREASED RISK OF CJD. When some account was taken of possible confounding, the association between VEAL EATING AND RISK OF CJD EMERGED AS THE STRONGEST OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS STATISTICALLY. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the study in the USA, a range of foodstuffs were associated with an increased risk of CJD, including liver consumption which was associated with an apparent SIX-FOLD INCREASE IN THE RISK OF CJD. By comparing the data from 3 studies in relation to this particular dietary factor, the risk of liver consumption became non-significant with an odds ratio of 1.2 (PERSONAL COMMUNICATION, PROFESSOR A. HOFMAN. ERASMUS UNIVERSITY, ROTTERDAM). (???...TSS)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full report ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stephen Dealler is a consultant medical microbiologist <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">deal@airtime.co.uk</span> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE Inquiry Steve Dealler</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Management In Confidence</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE: Private Submission of Bovine Brain Dealler</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> MAD DOGS AND ENGLISHMEN BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, CJD, TSE PRION A REVIEW 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> ''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> In conclusion, sensory symptoms and loss of reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome can be explained by neuropathological changes in the spinal cord. We conclude that the sensory symptoms and loss of lower limb reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome is due to pathology in the caudal spinal cord. <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology.<*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD. <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals.<*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids.'' Scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease (II) <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, MAY 11, 2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">> A Unique Presentation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in a Patient Consuming Deer Antler Velvet <</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusion</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We believe that our patient’s case of CJD is highly suspicious for cervid etiology given the circumstances of the case as well as the strong evidence of plausibility reported in published literature. This is the first known case of CJD in a patient who had consumed deer antler velvet. Despite the confirmed diagnosis of CJD, a causal relationship between the patient’s disease and his consumption of deer antler velvet cannot be definitively concluded.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Supplemental data including molecular tissue sample analysis and autopsy findings could yield further supporting evidence. Given this patient’s clinical resemblance to CBD and the known histological similarities of CBD with CJD, clinicians should consider both diseases in the differential diagnosis of patients with a similarly esoteric presentation. Regardless of the origin of this patient’s disease, it is clear that the potential for prion transmission from cervids to humans should be further investigated by the academic community with considerable urgency.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''We believe that our patient’s case of CJD is highly suspicious for cervid etiology given the circumstances of the case as well as the strong evidence of plausibility reported in published literature. This is the first known case of CJD in a patient who had consumed deer antler velvet. Despite the confirmed diagnosis of CJD, a causal relationship between the patient’s disease and his consumption of deer antler velvet cannot be definitively concluded.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE: A Unique Presentation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in a Patient Consuming Deer Antler Velvet</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i was warning England and the BSE Inquiry about just this, way back in 1998, and was ask to supply information to the BSE Inquiry. for anyone that might be interested, see;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary submission to the BSE Inquiry on CJD and Nutritional Supplements 1998</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ABOUT that deer antler spray and CWD TSE PRION... I have been screaming this since my neighbors mom died from cjd, and she had been taking a supplement that contained bovine brain, bovine eyeball, and other SRMs specified risk materials, the most high risk for mad cow disease. just saying...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I made a submission to the BSE Inquiry long ago during the BSE Inquiry days, and they seemed pretty interested.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sender: "Patricia Cantos"</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: "Terry S Singeltary Sr. (E-mail)"</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: Your submission to the Inquiry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: Fri, 3 Jul 1998 10:10:05 +0100 3 July 1998</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Mr Terry S Singeltary Sr. E-Mail: Flounder at <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">wt.net</span> Ref: E2979</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dear Mr Singeltary, Thank you for your E-mail message of the 30th of June 1998 providing the Inquiry with your further comments. Thank you for offering to provide the Inquiry with any test results on the nutritional supplements your mother was taking before she died. As requested I am sending you our general Information Pack and a copy of the Chairman's letter. Please contact me if your system cannot read the attachments. Regarding your question, the Inquiry is looking into many aspects of the scientific evidence on BSE and nvCJD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I would refer you to the transcripts of evidence we have already heard which are found on our internet site at ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">http://www.bse.org.uk</span>.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Could you please provide the Inquiry with a copy of the press article you refer to in your e-mail? If not an approximate date for the article so that we can locate it? In the meantime, thank you for you comments. Please do not hesitate to contact me on... snip...end...tss</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">everyone I tell this too gets it screwed up...MY MOTHER WAS NOT TAKING THOSE SUPPLEMENTS IPLEX (that I ever knew of). this was my neighbors mother that died exactly one year previously and to the day of sporadic CJD that was diagnosed as Alzheimer’s at first. my mother died exactly a year later from the Heidenhain Variant of Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease hvCJD, and exceedingly rare strains of the ever growing sporadic CJD’s. both cases confirmed. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">kind regards, terry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TSEs i.e. mad cow disease's BSE/BASE and NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS IPLEX, mad by standard process; vacuum dried bovine BRAIN, bone meal, bovine EYE, veal Bone, bovine liver powder, bovine adrenal, vacuum dried bovine kidney, and vacuum dried porcine stomach. also; what about potential mad cow candy bars ? see their potential mad cow candy bar list too... THESE are just a few of MANY of just this ONE COMPANY...TSS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''So, in sum, dietary supplements sold in the United States often contain ruminant tissues from undisclosed sources. Personally, I am rather squeamish and I don't think I would be eating prostate or testicle or pituitary, but I am also a little bit wary of consuming products with those glands, not just out of personal repugnance but simply out of a health concern.'' DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION CENTER FOR BIOLOGICS EVALUATION AND RESEARCH TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES ADVISORY COMMITTEE Friday, January 19, 2001</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15 Open Public Hearing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">16 DR. FREAS: We are opening the open public hearing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 now. We have received one response to speak in this</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">18 afternoon's open public hearing. That is from Dr. Scott</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">19 Norton. If Dr. Norton is here, would you please come</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">20 forward. You can either use the podium or the microphone,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">21 whichever is your choice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 DR. NORTON: I am Scott Norton and I am a</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23 physician in the Washington D.C. area. I am here speaking</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">24 as a private citizen today.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">25 I first became concerned about the presence of 231</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1 tissues from ruminant animals in dietary supplements about</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2 six months ago and expressed my concern in a letter that was 3 published in New England Journal of Medicine in July of Year 4 2000. 5 A couple of the products that I had looked at, and 6 examined their labels, that raised these concerns I brought 7 in right here. I will just read some of the organs that are 8 found in one that is called Male Power. Deer antler, 9 pancreas, orchic--despite what we just heard that the FDA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">10 prefers the term "testicular tissue" to be written on the</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">11 labels, I have never seen a dietary supplement say</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">12 "testicle." They always say "orchis" or "orchic" which may</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">13 sound rather flowery to the etymologically impaired--thymus,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">14 adrenal, heart, lymph node, prostate, spleen and pituitary.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15 There are actually seventeen organs in that particular</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">16 product.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 There is another product that is called Brain</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">18 Nutrition that tells us that it is vitamins and minerals</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">19 essential for important brain function. It does not mention</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">20 that there is any glandulars on at least the bold print. 21 But if you look at the small print on the back, we learn</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 that it has brain extract and pituitary extract, raw, in</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23 there.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">24 We know that many of the organs that can be found</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">25 in the dietary supplements do fall in that list of organs</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">232</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1 that are suspect for contamination with TSEs, the labels, in 2 nearly all cases, identify neither the animal source nor the 3 geographic location from which the organs were derived. I 4 have seen one line that did specify from New Zealand cattle 5 but no other manufacturer will list either the species or 6 the geographic location. 7 The FDA's and the USDA's import alerts that we 8 just learned about prohibit the use of these organs in 9 foods, medicines and medical devices. But my reading of the</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">10 alert, 17-04, suggests that DSHEA does allow some loopholes</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">11 for these tissues to possible slip in.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">12 I will just read <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">from 17-04</span> that we heard. On the</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">13 first page, it says that, "This alert does not establish any</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">14 obligations on regulated entities." I love seeing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15 legislation that starts out with that caveat.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">16 Then it says, further, "The USDA regulations do</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 not apply to bovine-derived materials intended for human</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">18 consumption as finished dietary supplements." We also learn</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">19 that the prohibition, or the import alert, is limited to</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">20 bulk lots of these tissues, completed tissues, from BSE-</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">21 derived countries. It does not mention if it is not a bulk</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 import or if it is raw materials rather than finished</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23 materials.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">24 Further, we know that it is strongly recommended</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">25 but not actually prohibited in the language here. So I have</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">233</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1 not taken the assurances from that import alert that Dr. 2 Moore was trying to convey to us. 3 So, in sum, dietary supplements sold in the United 4 States often contain ruminant tissues from undisclosed 5 sources. Personally, I am rather squeamish and I don't 6 think I would be eating prostate or testicle or pituitary, 7 but I am also a little bit wary of consuming products with 8 those glands, not just out of personal repugnance but simply 9 out of a health concern.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">10 So my question to the advisory committee is this;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">11 is my caution reasonable and, if it is, should we take</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">12 further efforts to inform, or even protect, the American</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">13 public from such exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">14 I was curious about Dr.</span> Moore's remarks. I sensed</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15 two messages. One was the initial reassurance that FDA has</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">16 the regulatory authority but then I also learned that it is</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 the manufacturer's responsibility to provide those 18 assurances, that the FDA doesn't actually inspect.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">19 I think that the FDA commissioners from Harvey</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">20 Wylie to David Kessler would say that that track record has</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">21 proven itself.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 Thank you very much.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23 [Applause.]</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">24 DR. BROWN: Thanks, Dr. Norton. 25 Committee Discussion snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 But I think that we could exhibit some quite 18 reasonable concern about blood donors who are taking dietary 19 supplements that contain a certain amount of unspecified- 20 origin brain, brain-related, brain and pituitary material. 21 If they have done this for more than a sniff or something 22 like that, then, perhaps, they should be deferred as blood 23 donors. 24 That is probably worse than spending six months in 25 the U.K. 1/19/01 3681t2.rtf(845) page 501 <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/cber01.htm</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Advisory Committees: CBER 2001 Meeting Documents</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see actual paper;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20110616...ov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t2.rtf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20110616...ov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t2.rtf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Mar03/031403/96N-0417-EC-2.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Mar03/031403/96N-0417-EC-2.htm</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_07.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_07.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">-------- Original Message --------</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: METABOLIFE AND TSEs GAO-03-494 ''URGENT DATA''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: Thu, 01 May 2003 11:23:01 -0500</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: NelliganJ at <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">gao.gov</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The General Accounting Office (GAO) today released the following reports and testimonies:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">REPORTS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1. Dietary Supplements: Review of Health-Related Call Records for Users of Metabolife 356. GAO-03-494, <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">March 31.</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-03-494" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-03-494</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see updated url link;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050205084229/http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20050205084229/http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">GREETINGS GAO:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i was surprised that i did not see any listing of bovine tissue in metabolife on it's label. have they ceased using these desiccated tissues???</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i see that the lable on this product METABOLIFE 356, does not state that it has any tissues of desiccated bovine organs? i no the product use to, so i am curious if they have ceased the use of the tissues of cattle they use to use (see below)???</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">METABOLIFE 356 BOVINE COMPLEX/GLANDULAR SYSTEM OVARIES, PROSTATE, SCROTUM AND ADRENAL USDA SOURCE CATTLE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i tried warning them years ago of this potential threat of CJD/TSEs;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: Randy Smith To: "'flounder at <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">wt.net</span>'" Subject: Metabolife Date: Mon, 7 Dec 1998 14:21:35 -0800</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dear Sir,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We are looking at reformulation. I agree that slow virus diseases present a problem in some areas of the world.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our product uses healthy USDA inspected cattle for the glandular extract.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">If you have any links to more information on this subject I would like to examine them.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Thank you for your interest and concern,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dr. Smith ============</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see full text links of this archived information ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/03/chronic-wasting-disease-prions-in-elk.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/03/chronic-wasting-disease-prions-in-elk.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/ohio-division-of-wildlife-confirms.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/ohio-division-of-wildlife-confirms.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/124/additional-cases-marion-wyandot-counties" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/124/additional-cases-marion-wyandot-counties</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">with that, there is abundance of other scientific studies that show it's very likely CWD will or already has, transmit to humans, it's just that no one wants to believe it, they simply don't want it to happen, neither do i, but in the real world, imo, it's already happened and is being masked as sporadic CJD imo, you can see this science archived here, skroll down to about the halfway point of this blog on the recent cases of cwd in Texas;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see about half way down to;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> PRION CONFERENCE 2022 ABSTRACTS CWD TSE PrP ZOONOSIS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/texas-cwd-now-confirmed-505-cervid-101.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/texas-cwd-now-confirmed-505-cervid-101.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease in Texas</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A Real Disease with Proven Impacts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Produced by a coalition of concerned hunters, landowners, & conservationists (last update 08/2023)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Since 2012, CWD has been detected in wild deer in just 7 counties in Texas and is only established in the western panhandle and far west Texas.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In that same period of time, captive deer breeders have exposed almost half of Texas counties to CWD. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Deer held in captive breeding facilities are confined to much tighter spaces, and have intimate contact with many more animals on a daily basis. By far the greatest factor in amplifying the spread of CWD is the artificial movement of these animals, shipped in livestock trailers hundreds of miles, far outside of their natural home range, and ultimately released to co-mingle with wild deer. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Each year, Texas captive deer breeders liberate 20,000-30,000 deer from their pens to the wild. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">For every deer breeding facility where a CWD positive deer is discovered, an epidemiological investigation is conducted by the Texas Parks & Wildlife Department and the Texas Animal Health Commission to determine how many other deer may have been exposed to the disease and where they have been shipped. Because of the prolific artificial movement of captive deer, one deer with CWD can impact hundreds of other facilities and ranches across the state.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Unfortunately, released deer in Texas are not required to retain any kind of visible identification (an ear tag), and for this reason, the vast majority of released deer cannot be relocated for testing. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">As of August 2023, 116 Texas counties have received possibly infected breeder deer that cannot be located, putting more than 140,000 landowners at risk of the disease. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The state of Texas has been testing for CWD since 2002. Since that time, more than 302,360 captive and free range deer have been tested. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From 2015-2022, more than 127,000 samples were collected from hunter-harvested and roadkill deer. This sampling rate and risk-based distribution provides scientists confidence that they would have detected the disease if it existed at a very low prevalence (<1%) in any given region at the time sampling began.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We have learned from other states where CWD has been present the longest, that a constant increase in the prevalence of the disease may lead to a significant decline in the deer population. When disease prevalence exceeds 20%, deer populations have declined by up to 50%. In some areas of Colorado, where CWD has been present since 1985, mule deer abundance has declined by 45% since that time, despite adequate habitat and no hunting ( Miller et al. 2008 ). Similarly, the South Converse Game Unit in Wyoming has documented CWD prevalence exceeding 50% and has seen an approximate 50% decline in mule deer populations.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rural Economies</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Deer hunting is the lifeblood of rural Texas. White-tailed deer hunting is by far the most impactful segment of the hunting economy, representing $4.3 billion, according to a recent Texas A&M Study. And while deer breeders represent a very small segment of that economy (less than 5%), they represent one of the greatest risks. ( Full Texas A&M Report )</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Real Estate</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rural land prices are largely driven by recreational buyers with hunting as a top land amenity. Without deer hunting, many of these properties will be worth much less.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conservation Funding</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Deer hunters are the largest funders of wildlife conservation in Texas through excise taxes on firearms, ammunition, and gear along with active membership supporting and funding conservation organizations. If deer hunting suffers due to CWD, all wildlife in Texas lose.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Culture & Health</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Texas’ native deer herd has iconic value for all Texans. Deer hunting brings families together, creates camaraderie in communities, and serves to connect Texans to nature. There is no better protein than wild, locally harvested, non-GMO and totally organic venison. A healthy deer herd leads to healthy Texans and a healthy and prosperous Texas. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This isn't a disease for our lifetime. It's a disease for our grandchildren's lifetime. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> - Dr. Bob Dittmar, Former Texas State Wildlife Veterinarian </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">See the full text with maps, graphs, much more, excellent data…</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bit.ly/3xL16Gm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bit.ly/3xL16Gm</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Since 2012, CWD has been detected in wild deer in just 7 counties in Texas and is only established in the western panhandle and far west Texas.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In that same period of time, captive deer breeders have exposed almost half of Texas counties to CWD. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bit.ly/3xL16Gm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bit.ly/3xL16Gm</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">As of August 2023, 116 Texas counties have received possibly infected breeder deer that cannot be located, putting more than 140,000 landowners at risk of the disease. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bit.ly/3xL16Gm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bit.ly/3xL16Gm</a></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Texas CWD Surveillance Positives as of today, this page is outdated!</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/positive-cases/listing-cwd-cases-texas.phtml#texasCWD" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/positive-cases/listing-cwd-cases-texas.phtml#texasCWD</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Counties where CWD Exposed Deer were Released </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> <a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/257/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/257/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites.pdf</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Number of CWD Exposed Deer Released by County </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> <a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/258/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites-NbrDeer.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/258/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites-NbrDeer.pdf</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD Captive Herds updated April 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/cervid/cervids-cwd/cervids-voluntary-hcp" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/cervid/cervids-cwd/cervids-voluntary-hcp</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD Captive Herds updated April 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TPWD Executive Order No. 23-003 CWD Emergency Rules Adopted for Movement of Breeder Deer </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Executive Orders</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Executive Order No. 23-003</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: July 24, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Executive Director finds that additional discoveries of CWD in free-ranging white-tailed deer within deer breeding facilities regulated under Parks and Wildlife Code, Chapter 43, Subchapter L and regulations adopted pursuant to that subchapter (31 TAC Chapter 65, Subchapters B and T) constitute an immediate danger to the white-tailed deer and mule deer resources of Texas and that the adoption of rules on an emergency basis with fewer than 30 days’ notice is necessary to address an immediate danger.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/publications/executive_orders/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/publications/executive_orders/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15 minute mark video shows sick deer with cwd, and this deer DIED FROM CWD, IT'S DOCUMENTED, commentator says ''so if anyone every tells you, that a deer has never died from CWD, think of this picture, because the Wisconsin Veterinary Lab told us, what when they looked at her sample under a microscope, she was the hottest animal they had ever seen, and that's in terms of the fluorescents that comes off the slide when the look at it, so, a lot of Prion in her system.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see much more about 2 hours long...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O3CAI-EwlgM" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O3CAI-EwlgM</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TEXAS BREEDER DEER ESCAPEE WITH CWD IN THE WILD, or so the genetics would show?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">OH NO, please tell me i heard this wrong, a potential Texas captive escapee with cwd in the wild, in an area with positive captive cwd herd?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">apparently, no ID though. tell me it ain't so please...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23:00 minute mark</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''Free Ranging Deer, Dr. Deyoung looked at Genetics of this free ranging deer and what he found was, that the genetics on this deer were more similar to captive deer, than the free ranging population, but he did not see a significant connection to any one captive facility that he analyzed, so we believe, Ahhhhhh, this animal had some captive ahhh, whatnot.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://youtu.be/aoPDeGL6mpQ?t=1384" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://youtu.be/aoPDeGL6mpQ?t=1384</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Commission Agenda Item No. 5 Exhibit B</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DISEASE DETECTION AND RESPONSE RULES</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PROPOSAL PREAMBLE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1. Introduction. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> A third issue is the accuracy of mortality reporting. Department records indicate that for each of the last five years an average of 26 deer breeders have reported a shared total of 159 escapes. Department records for the same time period indicate an average of 31 breeding facilities reported a shared total of 825 missing deer (deer that department records indicate should be present in the facility, but cannot be located or verified). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/business/feedback/meetings/2022/1104/agenda/item.phtml?item=5" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/business/feedback/meetings/2022/1104/agenda/item.phtml?item=5</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">On January 21, 2017 a tornado took down thousands of feet of fence for a 420-acre illegal deer enclosure in Lamar County that had been subject to federal and state investigation for illegally importing white-tailed deer into Mississippi from Texas (a CWD positive state). Native deer were free to move on and off the property before all of the deer were able to be tested for CWD. Testing will be made available for a period of three years for CWD on the property and will be available for deer killed within a 5-mile radius of the property on a voluntary basis. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.mdwfp.com/media/254796/2016-17-deer-report.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.mdwfp.com/media/254796/2016-17-deer-report.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“It is interesting to note that, in 2001, the State of Texas shifted its deer management strategies toward the same leanings that Kroll has suggested for Wisconsin. In Texas, the change was brought about via heavy lobbying from the high-fence deer ranching industry. This pressure helped convince the Texas Parks and Wildlife to change their regulations and allow private landowners to select the own deer biologists.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.texasmonthly.com/story/which-side-fence-are-you" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.texasmonthly.com/story/which-side-fence-are-you</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2012 “For 10 years, Texas has had an aggressive Chronic Wasting Disease prevention and monitoring program. Wildlife agency regulations prohibit importing deer into the state, and the agency has tested more than 26,000 hunter-taken deer and 7,400 animals from the captive-deer industry. None of those deer tested positive.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Brain-eating-disease-found-in-Texas-deer-3697731.php" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Brain-eating-disease-found-in-Texas-deer-3697731.php</a></div></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">TEXAS CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE RISES SUBSTANTIALLY TO 575 CONFIRMED CWD CASES TO DATE (THIS PAGE IS VERY OUTDATED...terry)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/11/texas-chronic-wasting-disease-rises.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/11/texas-chronic-wasting-disease-rises.html</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, DECEMBER 08, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">TEXAS CWD TSE PRION DIRE CONSEQUENCES ARE HERE! </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/texas-cwd-tse-prion-dire-consequences.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/texas-cwd-tse-prion-dire-consequences.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><p class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydpa7c658eyiv7232598319p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydpa7c658eyiv7232598319s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important;">In 2023 alone, CWD has been detected in 12 deer breeding facilities located in nine counties.</span></p><p class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydpa7c658eyiv7232598319p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydpa7c658eyiv7232598319s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></p><p class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydpa7c658eyiv7232598319p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydpa7c658eyiv7232598319s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important;">Prior to 2021, CWD was detected in six deer breeding facilities located in four counties.</span></p><p class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydpa7c658eyiv7232598319p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydpa7c658eyiv7232598319s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important;"></span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></p><p class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydpa7c658eyiv7232598319p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydpa7c658eyiv7232598319s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/December82023/Emergency%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/December82023/Emergency%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#9</a></span></p><p class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydpa7c658eyiv7232598319p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydpa7c658eyiv7232598319s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important;"></span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></p><p class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydpa7c658eyiv7232598319p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydpa7c658eyiv7232598319s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important;">In response to the magnitude and the potential severity of this situation, the emergency rules require the ante-mortem testing of test eligible deer prior to transfer from a breeding facility to another breeding facility.</span></p><p class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydpa7c658eyiv7232598319p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydpa7c658eyiv7232598319s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important;"></span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></p><p class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydpa7c658eyiv7232598319p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydpa7c658eyiv7232598319s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important;">The emergency action is necessary to protect the state's white-tailed deer populations, as well as associated industries.</span></p><p class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydpa7c658eyiv7232598319p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydpa7c658eyiv7232598319s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important;"></span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></p><div style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/December82023/Emergency%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/December82023/Emergency%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#9</a></div><div style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><p class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydpa7c658eyiv7232598319p3" style="font-size: 30.2px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 3px; min-height: 39.1px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important;">Texas CWD Surveillance Positives (page has not been updated)</span></p><p class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydpa7c658eyiv7232598319p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydpa7c658eyiv7232598319s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/positive-cases/listing-cwd-cases-texas.phtml#texasCWD" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/positive-cases/listing-cwd-cases-texas.phtml#texasCWD</a></span></p><p class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydpa7c658eyiv7232598319p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydpa7c658eyiv7232598319s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important;"></span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></p><p class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydpa7c658eyiv7232598319p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydpa7c658eyiv7232598319s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important;">Counties where CWD Exposed Deer were Released</span></p><p class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydpa7c658eyiv7232598319p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydpa7c658eyiv7232598319s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important;"></span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></p><p class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydpa7c658eyiv7232598319p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydpa7c658eyiv7232598319s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/257/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/257/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites.pdf</a></span></p><p class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydpa7c658eyiv7232598319p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydpa7c658eyiv7232598319s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important;"></span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></p><p class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydpa7c658eyiv7232598319p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydpa7c658eyiv7232598319s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important;">Number of CWD Exposed Deer Released by County</span></p><p class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydpa7c658eyiv7232598319p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydpa7c658eyiv7232598319s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important;"></span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></p><p class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydpa7c658eyiv7232598319p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydpa7c658eyiv7232598319s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/258/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites-NbrDeer.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/258/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites-NbrDeer.pdf</a></span></p><p class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydpa7c658eyiv7232598319p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydpa7c658eyiv7232598319s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important;"></span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></p><p class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydpa7c658eyiv7232598319p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydpa7c658eyiv7232598319s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD Captive Herds updated April 2023</span></p><p class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydpa7c658eyiv7232598319p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydpa7c658eyiv7232598319s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important;"></span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></p><p class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydpa7c658eyiv7232598319p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydpa7c658eyiv7232598319s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/cervid/cervids-cwd/cervids-voluntary-hcp" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/cervid/cervids-cwd/cervids-voluntary-hcp</a></span></p><p class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydpa7c658eyiv7232598319p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydpa7c658eyiv7232598319s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important;"></span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></p><p class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydpa7c658eyiv7232598319p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydpa7c658eyiv7232598319s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD Captive Herds updated April 2023</span></p><p class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydpa7c658eyiv7232598319p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydpa7c658eyiv7232598319s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important;"></span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></p><p class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydpa7c658eyiv7232598319p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydpa7c658eyiv7232598319s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf</a></span></p></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">***> CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION BY STATE UPDATE END OF YEAR 2023 <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD TSE PRION CERVID ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">So, this is what we leave our children and grandchildren?..</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Detection of prions in soils contaminated by multiple routes</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: We are able to detect prion seeding activity at multiple types of environmental hotspots, including carcass sites, contaminated captive facilities, and scrapes (i.e. urine and saliva). Differences in relative prion concentration vary depending on the nature and source of the contamination. Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation. Conclusions: Detection of prions in the environment is of the utmost importance for controlling chronic wasting disease spread. Here, we have demonstrated a viable method for detection of prions in complex environmental matrices. However, it is quite likely that this method underestimates the total infectious prion load in a contaminated sample, due to incomplete recovery of infectious prions. Further refinements are necessary for accurate quantification of prions in such samples, and to account for the intrinsic heterogeneities found in the broader environment.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2023 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Nine of these recurrences occurred 14–21 years after culling, apparently as the result of environmental contamination, but outside entry could not always be absolutely excluded. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY Volume 87, Issue 12 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years Free </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82011-0" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82011-0</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rapid recontamination of a farm building occurs after attempted prion removal First published: 19 January 2019 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The data illustrates the difficulty in decontaminating farm buildings from scrapie, and demonstrates the likely contribution of farm dust to the recontamination of these environments to levels that are capable of causing disease. snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This study clearly demonstrates the difficulty in removing scrapie infectivity from the farm environment. Practical and effective prion decontamination methods are still urgently required for decontamination of scrapie infectivity from farms that have had cases of scrapie and this is particularly relevant for scrapie positive goatherds, which currently have limited genetic resistance to scrapie within commercial breeds.24 This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***>This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Front. Vet. Sci., 14 September 2015 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Objects in contact with classical scrapie sheep act as a reservoir for scrapie transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In conclusion, the results in the current study indicate that removal of furniture that had been in contact with scrapie-infected animals should be recommended, particularly since cleaning and decontamination may not effectively remove scrapie infectivity (31), even though infectivity declines considerably if the pasture and the field furniture have not been in contact with scrapie-infected sheep for several months. As sPMCA failed to detect PrPSc in furniture that was subjected to weathering, even though exposure led to infection in sheep, this method may not always be reliable in predicting the risk of scrapie infection through environmental contamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">172. Establishment of PrPCWD extraction and detection methods in the farm soil</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our studies showed that PrPCWD persist in 0.001% CWD contaminated soil for at least 4 year and natural CWD-affected farm soil. When cervid reintroduced into CWD outbreak farm, the strict decontamination procedures of the infectious agent should be performed in the environment of CWD-affected cervid habitat.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Plants as vectors for environmental prion transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published: November 09, 2023DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.108428</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Advertisement Highlights</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• Abnormal prion protein can enter the roots of plants</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• Plants can translocate detectable levels of prions to aerial tissues</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">•Animals exposed to prion-contaminated plant tissues can acquire disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">•Contaminated plants may represent a route of prion exposure</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Nonetheless, our finding of accumulation of two prion strains by a variety of plants grown hydroponically, in agar, or on soil supports the potential for plants to acquire CWD, scrapie, or other prions from the environment and transmit prion disease to susceptible hosts, making plants a plausible vector for prion diseases in wildlife, livestock, and humans. The potential for plants to serve as vectors for prion disease has implications for the disposal of infected carcasses, grazing practices, and the use and transport of potentially contaminated crop materials.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.cell.com/iscience/pdf/S2589-0042(23)02505-1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.cell.com/iscience/pdf/S2589-0042(23)02505-1.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(23)02505-1?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2589004223025051%3Fshowall%3Dtrue" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(23)02505-1?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2589004223025051%3Fshowall%3Dtrue</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Carrot plants as potential vectors for CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The PMCA analysis demonstrated CWD seeding activity in soils contaminated with CWD prions and in carrot plants (leaves and roots) grown on them. Bioassays showed that both plants and roots contained CWD prions sufficiently to induce disease. As expected, animals treated with prion-infected soils developed prion disease at shorter incubation periods (and complete attack rates) compared to plant components. We show that edible plant components can absorb prions from CWD-contaminated soils and transport them to their aerial parts. Our results indicate that edible plants could participate as vectors of CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“In addition, hay and straw from the United States and Canada must be accompanied by a certificate from a public veterinarian that the product has been harvested in states or provinces where Chronic Wasting Disease has not been detected on deer.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Regulation No. 1599 of 2018 on additional requirements for the import of hay and straw for used for animal feed.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Country Norway</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Type of law Regulation</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Source</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FAO , FAOLEX</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In addition, hay and straw from the United States and Canada must be accompanied by a certificate from a public veterinarian that the product has been harvested in states or provinces where Chronic Wasting Disease has not been detected on deer.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/nor189761.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/nor189761.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">THE tse prion aka mad cow type disease is not your normal pathogen. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">The TSE prion disease survives ashing to 600 degrees celsius, that’s around 1112 degrees farenheit. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">you cannot cook the TSE prion disease out of meat. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">you can take the ash and mix it with saline and inject that ash into a mouse, and the mouse will go down with TSE. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production as well. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">the TSE prion agent also survives Simulated Wastewater Treatment Processes. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">IN fact, you should also know that the TSE Prion agent will survive in the environment for years, if not decades. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">you can bury it and it will not go away. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">The TSE agent is capable of infected your water table i.e. Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">it’s not your ordinary pathogen you can just cook it out and be done</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">New studies on the heat resistance of hamster-adapted scrapie agent: Threshold survival after ashing at 600°C suggests an inorganic template of replication </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">A Quantitative Assessment of the Amount of Prion Diverted to Category 1 Materials and Wastewater During Processing </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Rapid assessment of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion inactivation by heat treatment in yellow grease produced in the industrial manufacturing process of meat and bone meals </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 2019 </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">BSE infectivity survives burial for five years with only limited spread</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf</a></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD, Real Estate and Property evaluations ?$?$?$</div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">THURSDAY, AUGUST 20, 2020 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Why is USDA "only" BSE TSE Prion testing 25,000 samples a year? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/08/why-is-usda-only-bse-tse-prion-testing.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/08/why-is-usda-only-bse-tse-prion-testing.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">SUNDAY, JANUARY 22, 2017 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Texas 85th Legislative Session 2017 Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Cervid Captive Breeder Industry </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/01/texas-85th-legislative-session-2017.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/01/texas-85th-legislative-session-2017.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, JANUARY 27, 2017 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TEXAS, Politicians, TAHC, TPWD, and the spread of CWD TSE Prion in Texas </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/01/texas-politicians-tahc-tpwd-and-spread.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/01/texas-politicians-tahc-tpwd-and-spread.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SUNDAY, MAY 14, 2017 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">85th Legislative Session 2017 AND THE TEXAS TWO STEP Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion, and paying to play $$$</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/05/85th-legislative-session-2017-and-texas.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/05/85th-legislative-session-2017-and-texas.html</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, AUGUST 02, 2016 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TEXAS TPWD Sets Public Hearings on Deer Movement Rule Proposals in Areas with CWD Rule Terry S. Singeltary Sr. comment submission </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/08/texas-tpwd-sets-public-hearings-on-deer.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/08/texas-tpwd-sets-public-hearings-on-deer.html</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SUNDAY, MAY 22, 2016 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TEXAS CWD DEER BREEDERS PLEA TO GOVERNOR ABBOTT TO CIRCUMVENT TPWD SOUND SCIENCE TO LET DISEASE SPREAD </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/05/texas-cwd-deer-breeders-plea-to.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/05/texas-cwd-deer-breeders-plea-to.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Wednesday, May 04, 2016 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TPWD proposes the repeal of §§65.90 -65.94 and new §§65.90 -65.99 Concerning Chronic Wasting Disease - Movement of Deer Singeltary Comment Submission </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/05/tpwd-proposes-repeal-of-6590-6594-and_4.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/05/tpwd-proposes-repeal-of-6590-6594-and_4.html</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Texas 84th Legislative Session Sunday, December 14, 2014 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** TEXAS 84th Legislature commencing this January, deer breeders are expected to advocate for bills that will seek to further deregulate their industry </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/12/texas-84th-legislature-commencing-this.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/12/texas-84th-legislature-commencing-this.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, DECEMBER 16, 2014 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Texas 84th Legislature 2015 H.R. No. 2597 Kuempel Deer Breeding Industry TAHC TPWD CWD TSE PRION </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/12/texas-84th-legislature-2015-hr-no-2597.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/12/texas-84th-legislature-2015-hr-no-2597.html</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><p class="ydp5564d663yiv0249940878ydp799386c5yiv5167733822ydpe6f5e68eyiv7861415460ydp1c57bc29yiv1534490491ydp9624c983yiv1716088967ydp8555fd9dyiv6760349735MsoNormal" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; outline: none !important;">Proposed Amendments to Disease Management and Response Regulations Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Singeltary Updated Submission October 20, 2023</span></p></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/10/proposed-amendments-to-disease_20.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/10/proposed-amendments-to-disease_20.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><div style="color: #111111; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important;">***> TEXAS HISTORY OF CWD <***</div><div style="color: #111111; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #111111; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Singeltary telling TAHC, that CWD was waltzing into Texas from WSMR around Trans Pecos region, starting around 2001, 2002, and every year, there after, until New Mexico finally shamed TAHC et al to test where i had been telling them to test for a decade. 2012 cwd was detected first right there where i had been trying to tell TAHC for 10 years. </div><div style="color: #111111; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #111111; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important;">***> Singeltary on Texas Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion History <***</div><div style="color: #111111; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #111111; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/08/texas-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/08/texas-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html</a> </div><div style="color: #111111; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #111111; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">THURSDAY, DECEMBER 7, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Cervid Update By State December 2023 (Long Version) </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(Short Version) </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion_7.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion_7.html</a> </div></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, DECEMBER 08, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">TEXAS CWD TSE PRION DIRE CONSEQUENCES ARE HERE! </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/texas-cwd-tse-prion-dire-consequences.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/texas-cwd-tse-prion-dire-consequences.html</a></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div></div></div>BSE ATYPICAL L-TYPE MAD COW CONFIRMED USA 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see my full report here;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Wednesday, May 24, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, United States of America Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Immediate notification</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">MAD CAMEL DISEASE UPDATE I.E. CAMEL PRION DISEASE</div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Camel prion disease: a new emerging disease in North Africa Update 2024<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">KEYNOTE 1</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Camel prion disease: a new emerging disease in North Africa</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Authors: Laura Pirisinu3 , Amara Abdelkader1 , Babelhadj Baaissa2 , Di Bari Michele Angelo3 , Bruno Rosalia3 , Chiappini Barbara3 , Vanni Ilaria3 , Nonno Romolo3 , Agrimi Umberto3 , Vaccari Gabriele3 , Pirisinu Laura3</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1 Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétrinaire de Sidi Thabet, Université Mannouba, Tunis, Tunisia 2 École Normale Supérieure Ouargla, Ouargla, Algeria 3 Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Food safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Rome, Italy Corresponding author: laura.pirisinu@iss.it</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In 2018, a new prion disease was identified in dromedary camels in Algeria and later in Tunisia, and named camel prion disease (CPrD).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Evidences obtained from passive surveillance in Algeria as well as the involvement of lymphoid tissue in CPrD pathogenesis concurred in suggesting the contagious nature of this disease, with potential impact on animal and human health.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The world camel population is estimated at almost 39 million heads, 87% of which is found in Africa. Dromedary husbandry is widespread throughout North and Central Africa, the Middle East, Asia and Australia. In some areas intensive camel farming is rapidly increasing. Camels represent vital sources of meat, milk and transportation for millions of people living in the most arid regions of the world. The emergence of a prion disease in a new species and in new geographical areas requires attention and investigations for understanding the characteristics, the origin and ecology of the disease and the risks in both animals and humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The available evidences will be discussed in light of their contribution to understanding the nature of CPrD and developing control strategies to limit its spread in animals and minimise human exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">POSTER A7 – Lymphoid tropism of prions in dromedary camels</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Authors: Rosalia Bruno 1 *, Baaissa Babelhadj 2 *, Laura Pirisinu1 , Geraldina Riccardi 1 , Romolo Nonno 1 , Umberto Agrimi 1</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">, Gabriele Vaccari 1 and Michele Angelo Di Bari 1 1 Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health; Italian National Institute of Health; Rome, Italy. 2 Ecole Normale Superieure Ouargla Laboratoire de Protection des Écosystèmes en Zones Arides et Semi Arides University Kasdi Merbah Ouargla, Algeria. Corresponding author: rosalia.bruno@iss.it</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Camel prion disease (CPrD) is an emerging disease of dromedary camels. We have previously shown PrPSc deposition in a lymph node of a CPrD-affected dromedary (Babelhadj et al. 2018). Here, we investigated the presence of PrPSc in lymph nodes, spleen, Peyer’s patches and RAMALT in four symptomatic (CNS+) and one asymptomatic (CNS-) Algerian dromedaries. We detected PrPSc deposition in all lymphoid tissues analyzed, regardless of the clinical status. Our results confirm the lymphoid tropism of CPrD and suggest that lymphoid involvement precedes neuroinvasion in CPrD, similarly to contagious TSEs such as classical scrapie and CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">POSTER A11 – Neuropathological characterization of camel prion disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Authors: Michele Angelo Di Bari1 , Baaissa Babelhadj2 , Geraldina Riccardi1 , Rosalia Bruno1 , Romolo Nonno1 , Umberto Agrimi1 , Gabriele Vaccari1 and Laura Pirisinu1</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1 Istituto Superiore di Sanità Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Rome, Italy 2 Ecole Normale Superieure Ouargla Laboratoire de Protection des Écosystèmes en Zones Arides et Semi Arides University Kasdi Merbah Ouargla, Ouargla, Algeria Corresponding author: michele.dibari@iss.it</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In 2018, we described and designed as Camel prion disease (CPrD), a novel prion disease in dromedary camel in Algeria. Herein, we present a detailed neuropathological description of the phenotype of CPrD, in terms of both spongiform change and PrPSc accumulation. The analysis of the brain of eleven CPrD cases from Algeria revealed widespread vacuolation and PrPSc deposition in subcortical areas, cerebellum and caudal brainstem, while cortices were variably affected. This study highlighted a homogeneous disease phenotype among the dromedary cases analyzed and allowed us to define the brain regions relevant for the neuropathological diagnosis of CPrD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230512215552/http://prioncongressbcn.ppmclab.com/book_abstracts_v4.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20230512215552/http://prioncongressbcn.ppmclab.com/book_abstracts_v4.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Friday, May 12, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Camel prion disease, a new emerging disease in North Africa, Lymphoid Tropism, Neuropathological Characterization Update 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">11th Iberian Congress on Prions Barcelona 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://prioncongressbcn.ppmclab.com/book_abstracts_v4.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://prioncongressbcn.ppmclab.com/book_abstracts_v4.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230512215552/http://prioncongressbcn.ppmclab.com/book_abstracts_v4.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20230512215552/http://prioncongressbcn.ppmclab.com/book_abstracts_v4.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2023/05/camel-prion-disease-new-emerging.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2023/05/camel-prion-disease-new-emerging.html</a></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bulletin.woah.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/OIE-News-December-2019-Camel-prion-disease.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bulletin.woah.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/OIE-News-December-2019-Camel-prion-disease.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Monday, November 13, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) Singeltary Another Request for Update 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://fdabse589.blogspot.com/2023/11/food-and-drug-administrations-bse-feed.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://fdabse589.blogspot.com/2023/11/food-and-drug-administrations-bse-feed.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 3, 2024 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PROCEEDINGS ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY SIXTH ANNUAL MEETING USAHA CWD, Scrapie, and BSE, October 2022 updated science 2024<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2024/01/proceedings-one-hundred-and-twenty.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2024/01/proceedings-one-hundred-and-twenty.html</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, DECEMBER 22, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Mad Cow That Stole Christmas, 20 Years Later</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Mad Cow That Stole Christmas, 20 Years Later, What Has Changed, Nothing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">THE USA has systematically covered up mad cow disease, in my honest opinion, the USA mad cow disease today, is Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion disease in Cervid, they can't cover that up. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2023/12/the-mad-cow-that-stole-christmas-23.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2023/12/the-mad-cow-that-stole-christmas-23.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PLEASE NOTE, CJD IS NOT 1 IN A MILLION!</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">***> CJD IS NOW 1 IN 5,000 GLOBALLY, COLLINGE ET AL 2023! <***</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Professor John Collinge on tackling prion diseases, sCJD accounts for around 1 in 5000 deaths worldwide</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 11, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Professor John Collinge on tackling prion diseases “The best-known human prion disease is sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), a rapidly progressive dementia which accounts for around 1 in 5000 deaths worldwide.” There is accumulating evidence also for iatrogenic AD. Understanding prion biology, and in particular how propagation of prions leads to neurodegeneration, is therefore of central research importance in medicine.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/brain-sciences/dementia-ucl-priority/professor-john-collinge-tackling-prion-diseases" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ucl.ac.uk/brain-sciences/dementia-ucl-priority/professor-john-collinge-tackling-prion-diseases</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html</a></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">MONDAY, DECEMBER 18, 2023</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Change in Epidemiology of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in the US, 2007-2020</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/change-in-epidemiology-of-creutzfeldt.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/change-in-epidemiology-of-creutzfeldt.html</a></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, DECEMBER 12, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE TSE PRION DISEASE UPDATE USA DECEMBER 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-tse-prion.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">all iatrogenic cjd is, is sporadic cjd, before the iatrogenic event is discovered, traced back, proven, documented, put into the academic domain, and then finally the public domain, this very seldom happens, thus problem solved, it's all sporadic cjd, PLUS, SPORADIC CJD HAS NOW BEEN LINKED TO ATYPICAL AND TYPICAL BSE, SCRAPIE, AND NOW CWD. ...terry</span></span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">NOW, again, think cwd, zoonosis to humans as some strain of sporadic cjd exposure, or what about hunters field dressing their deer, cervid, knives, utensils, cutting boards, etc., iatrogenic spread, what if?</span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">An investigation has been opened into the death of a scientist who was studying a transmissible and deadly disease CJD in Spain DEGENERATIVE DISEASES</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">An investigation has been opened into the death of a scientist who was studying a transmissible and deadly disease in Spain </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Three institutions are trying to ascertain the origin of the infectious Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease samples discovered in the biochemist’s laboratory. The 45-year-old investigator died in 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The University of Barcelona’s School of Medicine, in L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, where laboratory 4141 is located.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MASSILIANO MINOCRI</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Manuel Ansede</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MANUEL ANSEDE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Madrid - OCT 19, 2023 - 16:15 EDT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A prestigious Spanish researcher of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease died last year after experiencing symptoms consistent with this deadly ailment, as EL PAÍS has learned from multiple sources at the three institutions involved. Three months ago, the University of Barcelona opened an internal investigation to ascertain the origin of thousands of unauthorized samples, some of them infectious, discovered in a freezer in its laboratory 4141, where the deceased biochemist worked. He was a member of the Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) and the CIBER public consortium. These two institutions have joined the internal investigation, after noting concern among colleagues at the facility, who did not know the level of risk to which they were exposed without their knowledge. This neurodegenerative disease incubates silently for years, but when symptoms appear — rapid dementia and muscle stiffness — it is fatal. Life expectancy after diagnosis is barely six months. Its best-known animal equivalent is mad cow disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The biochemist joined the 4141 lab at the University of Barcelona in January 2018 as a principal investigator with a group of his own; his wife joined shortly after. Together, they identified characteristic substances in human cerebrospinal fluid, useful for the diagnosis of rapid dementia. In November 2020, the now deceased scientist began to feel unwell and asked to leave. After his colleagues found out that his symptoms were consistent with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, he demanded absolute privacy and decided to hide his diagnosis, according to the sources consulted for this article. He died at the age of 45.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">On December 18, 2020, the head of the 4141 laboratory, Isidre Ferrer, a professor of Pathology at the University of Barcelona and a member of IDIBELL, informed the directors of both institutions that suspicious samples of cerebrospinal fluid from people with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and other neurodegenerative types of dementia had been discovered by chance in a freezer at 80 degrees below zero, according to internal documentation to which EL PAÍS had access. The thousands of unauthorized samples from patients and animals were in a drawer reserved for the sick researcher’s group and lacked records indicating their presence. The University of Barcelona then ordered the immediate closure and decontamination of laboratory 4141, located in the School of Medicine at L’Hospitalet de Llobregat.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Doctor Gabriel Capellá, the director of IDIBELL, explains that they have identified “a maximum of eight people” who worked in the laboratory at that time, in addition to the deceased scientist and Isidre Ferrer. Some of these coworkers have required months of psychological care. The university’s safety office and IDIBELL’s prevention service determined that there was “an unacceptable risk,” although Capellá emphasizes that “there is no record of any occupational accident” in which a researcher could have been infected with contaminated material. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and other human transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are caused by abnormal proteins called prions, which accumulate in the brain and cause a microscopic sponge-like appearance. There are only one or two cases per million inhabitants, the vast majority of which are of unknown cause, but cases of the disease have also been reported after contact with surgical instruments contaminated by these prions.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The three institutions involved took more than two years to send the suspect samples for analysis to a specialized center, the CIC bioGUNE, in Derio, Spain. A spokeswoman for the University of Barcelona says that they sent them in December 2022 and the three organizations received the results in March 2023. Four months later, in July, the legal departments at the three institutions finally informed the 4141 laboratory workers that the Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease samples were potentially infectious, as feared. “You can debate whether we have been quick [in our response] or not, but we have been transparent. We are [part of] three institutions that had to agree, and we have acted as guarantors,” says Capellá. A similar situation also occurred in France; following the death of a researcher from Creutzfeldt-Jakob in 2019 and the discovery of another suspected case, all public laboratories investigating prion diseases decided to temporarily close in July 2021 to review their protocols.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Laboratory 4141 was not equipped to handle high biohazard samples. It did not even have a biosafety hood. At the end of 2018, the CIBER public consortium signed an agreement so that the group could work with these dangerous samples at the high-security laboratory of the Animal Health Research Center (CReSA) in Bellaterra, Spain, near Barcelona. According to the sources we consulted, there was no reason to have the contaminated material in laboratory 4141, beyond saving time during experiments, since the CReSA bunker is 30 kilometers (about 19 miles) away and required waiting one’s turn to use. Isidre Ferrer, the head of the facility at the time, who has since retired, prefers not to comment on the case until the internal investigation is completed, but he emphasizes that he was unaware of the existence of these dangerous samples.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The IDIBELL director recalls that the deceased scientist was “a promising and brilliant researcher.” From 2013 to 2017, he worked at the University Medical Center of Göttingen (Germany) under neurologist Inga Zerr, a leading international expert in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Physician Margarita Blázquez, who manages the CIBER public consortium, notes that the disease’s incubation period can last several years, so, if the deceased researcher really had it, he also could have become infected with it in Germany or at another of his previous laboratories. This newspaper has tried to contact the scientist’s widow via email but has not received a response. She asked to be discharged shortly after her husband did. The three institutions are now investigating whether the couple handled the dangerous samples without authorization in lab 4141. A third person affiliated with CIBER, a member of the now-deceased biochemist’s research group, worked with potentially infectious Creutzfeldt-Jakob samples without being informed that they were infectious.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The security office of the University of Barcelona believes that the samples would only have been a problem in the case of accidental inoculation or ingestion while handling them. But internal documents confirm the alarm the situation has caused on campus. “The laboratory technicians and investigators express their enormous concern about the fact that, so far, it has not been possible to determine the origin of the doctor’s illness. They are left to worry about whether they may suffer the same fate in a few years’ time as a result of uncontrolled contamination that may have been created in the laboratory,” according to the minutes of a December 22, 2020, meeting between workers and Carles Solsona, the director of the Department of Pathology at the University of Barcelona. “This fear causes them to suffer a state of permanent anguish, causing insomnia and irritability.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The IDIBELL director sent a message to the center’s entire staff on the 11th, five days after EL PAÍS informed him that it was investigating the case. Gabriel Capellá then told his workers of “a very serious incident that became known on campus for the first time at the end of 2020.″ With “deep dismay,” Capellá announced the researcher’s death “due to a possible prion condition,” with “a possible iatrogenic [a disease acquired by contact with contaminated materials during a medical procedure].” The director also reported finding “potentially dangerous samples” in a freezer. “Our priority is to ensure that this situation is handled rigorously and transparently to limit the damage to the reputation of our institutions,” he said.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Do you have more information about this case or other similar ones? You can write to us at mansede@elpais.es.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sign up for our weekly newsletter to get more English-language news coverage from EL PAÍS USA Edition</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://english.elpais.com/science-tech/2023-10-20/an-investigation-has-been-opened-into-the-death-of-a-scientist-who-was-studying-a-transmissible-and-deadly-disease-in-spain.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://english.elpais.com/science-tech/2023-10-20/an-investigation-has-been-opened-into-the-death-of-a-scientist-who-was-studying-a-transmissible-and-deadly-disease-in-spain.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Friendly fire, pass it forward, they call it iatrogenic cjd, or what i call 'tse prion poker', are you all in $$$</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">all iatrogenic cjd is, is sporadic cjd, before the iatrogenic event is discovered, traced back, proven, documented, put into the academic domain, and then finally the public domain, this very seldom happens, thus problem solved, it's all sporadic cjd...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Direct neural transmission of vCJD/BSE in macaque after finger incision CORRESPONDENCE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Direct neural transmission of vCJD/BSE in macaque after finger incision</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Jacqueline Mikol1 · Jérôme Delmotte1 · Dolorès Jouy1 · Elodie Vaysset1 · Charmaine Bastian1 · Jean‑Philippe Deslys1 ·</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Emmanuel Comoy1 Received: 10 July 2020 / Revised: 8 September 2020 / Accepted: 25 September 2020 / Published online: 6 October 2020 © The Author(s) 2020</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Non-human primates appeared as the closest model to study human iatrogenic prion diseases [14]: we report here the consequences of variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease/bovine spongiform encephalopathy (vCJD/BSE) inoculation in a cynomolgus macaque finger, with the demonstration of an original mode of propagation and the practical risk for professional exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The distal right middle finger handpad of a 4-year-old macaque was incised on both lateral sides to induce local inflammation, and then injected with the equivalent of 10 mg of a BSE, orally challenged macaque brain [18]. After an 18 months period of finger clumsiness, the clinical disease (behaviour abnormalities, fear, hyperesthesia, gait disturbances, shaking) began 7.5 years after inoculation and euthanasia took place 2 months later for welfare reasons. Motor conduction velocity of the right median nerve was reduced to one-third of the left counterpart and sensory potential was not detected.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Histological and biochemical studies were performed as previously described. All the elements of the triad were present [7–9]: spongiform change was moderate in neocortex, striatum, brain stem, mild in spinal cord but severe in thalamus and cerebellum; neuronal loss was globally moderate, but severe in cerebellum and sacral spinal cord (vacuolated neurons); gliosis was severe in thalamus, cerebellum and brain stem and moderate elsewhere (Supplementary Fig. 1). ELISA and western blot (WB) showed the expected accumulation of PrPres with BSE glycophoretic pattern at all levels of brain and spinal cord (Supplementary Fig. 2).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the brain, PrPd deposits were laminar into the cortical deep layers, massive into thalamus, basal ganglia, cerebellum, and brain stem. In spinal cord, PrPd was symmetrically distributed, intense in the Substantia gelatinosa and nucleus dorsal of Clarke while decreased at sacral level. Deposits were diverse into the whole CNS: synaptic, perineuronal, reticular aggregates, mini-plaques, plaques, and incomplete florid plaques. The retinal plexiform layers were labelled (Supplementary Fig. 1i). There were no amyloid or tau deposits.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Unusual PrPd deposits were observed along dendrites, short and long axons, neuritic threads tracing fne networks of straight lines or like strings of pearls (Supplementary Fig. 3). They were present into deep neocortex, basal ganglia, and motoneurons. Such long processes are not frequent but have been reported in human [13] and experimental studies [10, 22]. PrPd deposits were also noted as very mild into striato-pallidal projections, both limbs of internal capsule and fornix (Supplementary Fig. 3). The presence of PrPd in white matter has been reported (Supplementary text 4).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Peripherally, the expected PrPd was undetectable in lymphoid organs, including spleen, through biochemical or immunohistochemical analyses, while prion replication was detected in the peripheral nervous system (PNS): PrPd staining was visualized in many dorsal root ganglia (DRG) but only in nerves innervating the forelimb site of injection (median and ulnar nerves). At the cellular level, PrPd was limited to ganglia and satellite cells in DRG and Schwann cells (Scs) all along nerves whereas axons were never labelled (Fig. 1). Previously, using postmortem immunohistochemical studies (listed in Supplementary text 5), PrPd has been shown in peripheral nervous system in all forms of human neuropathies, albeit more frequently in vCJD, mostly in posterior root nerve fbres at adaxonal location and/or in ganglion and satellite cells. The restricted amount of PrPd was repeatedly underlined but, recently, prion RTQuiC was positive in all nerves examined [2]. PrPd has also been described, frst in scrapie [17] then in BSE, as limited “adaxonal deposits” or/and Sc deposits, with or without DRG cell involvement (review in [4] and Supplementary text 6). Previous studies of the mode of propagation of PrPd have reported variable observations and analyses depending on strains, host species and genotype (Supplementary text 6); the authors discussed the role of the sensory route of trafficking of prions, the modifications of axonal transport, the centrifugal versus centripetal spread of PrPd .</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">After peripheral infection, accumulation of infectious agent is reputed to occur in lymphoid tissues before direct neuroinvasion [18, 19], even with very little apparent peripheral lymphoreticular deposition [6, 20]. Here, there is no apparent replication/amplification of vCJD/BSE agent in the lymphoid tissues of the exposed macaque. In this model, the neural contamination occurred directly in the highly innervated finger while neuroinvasion appears to occur in Scs along the median nerve to the DRG, with the appearance of the classical labelling of ganglion cells which indicates the onset of the first level of neuronal infection. This model provides direct evidence of the hypothesis of a sequential infection of Scs from the periphery to the CNS, followed by a secondary diffusion into the spinal cord, as already considered by our group [15] and others [1, 3, 11, 12, 21]. It is to note that studies based on intra-sciatic nerve injections in hamsters [16] and transgenic mice [12] had established a rate of transport of infectivity of, respectively, 0.5–2 mm and 0.7 mm per day. This key role of Scs could explain both the low speed of propagation and the discrepancy between the paucity of PrPd into the distal part of the sensory nerves followed by the positivity of DRG, satellite cells and proximal roots.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In conclusion, we have observed that the exposure of a primate to vCJD/BSE through a distal finger lesion induces, after more than 7.5 years of silent incubation, a massive deposit of PrPd , strictly restricted to the nervous system and the eye.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our data suggest a new type of pure unique peripheral nervous contamination in which the Scs would have a major role in the mode of centripetal progression of PrPd in the peripheral nervous system. Moreover, considering the fact that, recently, “a variant CJD diagnosed 7.5 years after occupational exposure” (cryomicrotomy) in a technician was observed [5], this experimental case report supports the risk linked to professional exposure and reinforces the necessity of adequate measures of prevention. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-020-02231-w.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-020-02231-w.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Second death in France in a laboratory working on prions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease has killed a person who handled this infectious agent at Inrae in Toulouse. After a first death in 2019, a moratorium on work on this pathogen has been extended.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">By Hervé Morin</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease killed a few days ago a retired research technician from the National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment (Inrae), who had worked in Toulouse in contact of biological tissue infected with prions. This death sows consternation and concern in the scientific community working with these infectious agents. It follows the death, on June 17, 2019, of Emilie Jaumain, a 33-year-old laboratory technician, suffering from the same incurable neurodegenerative disease. The young woman is said to have contracted it in 2010, cutting herself while handling fragments of the brains of mice infected with prions, in another unit of INRAE, in Jouy-en-Josas.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Computer representation of part of a prion protein on a light micrograph of pyramidal nerve cells (neurons, in black) in the cerebellum of the brain. ALFRED PASIEKA / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Regarding the retiree from Toulouse, it will be necessary to determine whether she was the victim of a genetic or sporadic form of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, if the disease may have been caused by the ingestion of meat contaminated by the agent of encephalopathy. bovine spongiform (BSE, also called mad cow disease) or, as in the case of Emilie Jaumain, if accidental occupational exposure can be claimed. Prion diseases are caused by proteins taking an aberrant conformation, which gives them the property of replicating to form aggregates that are deleterious for neurons. There are around 150 cases per year in France, resulting in fatal degeneration of the central nervous system.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/sciences/article/2021/11/30/second-deces-en-france-dans-un-laboratoire-travaillant-sur-les-prions_6104124_1650684.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.lemonde.fr/sciences/article/2021/11/30/second-deces-en-france-dans-un-laboratoire-travaillant-sur-les-prions_6104124_1650684.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Temporary suspension of work on prions in French public research laboratories</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRESS RELEASE - The general directorates of ANSES, CEA, CNRS, INRAE and Inserm, have decided jointly and in agreement with the Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation to suspend as a precaution all their research and experimentation work relating to prion diseases, for a period of three months.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This precautionary measure is motivated by the knowledge of a possible new case of a person suffering from Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and who worked in a laboratory for research on prions.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Posted on July 27, 2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The suspension period put in place as of this day will make it possible to study the possibility of a link between the observed case and the person's former professional activity and to adapt, if necessary, the preventive measures in force in the research laboratories. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The person with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)1, whose form is not yet known, is a retired INRAE agent. This could be the second case of infectious CJD affecting a scientist who worked on prions, after that of an assistant engineer who died of the disease in 2019, and who was injured in 2010 during of an experiment.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Following this death, a general inspection mission was launched in July 2019 by the ministries of research and agriculture with French laboratories handling prions. Submitted in October 2020, the report concluded on the regulatory compliance of the laboratories visited as well as the presence of a risk control culture within the research teams.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research around prion proteins, with high public health issues, allows major advances in the understanding of the functioning of these infectious pathogens, and contributes to results that are transferable to other related degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Alzheimer's diseases. Parkinson's.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">At the level of each establishment, regular and transparent information will be provided to all the working communities concerned by this measure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1 The disease Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is one of prion diseases - still called encephalopathies subacute spongiform transmitted(TSE) - of diseases rare, characterized by a degeneration rapid and fatal the system nervous central. They are caused by the accumulation in the brain of a normally expressed protein but poorly conformed - the prion protein - which leads to the formation of deleterious aggregates for neurons. For now , no treatment will allow to change the course of these diseases. It can be of origin sporadic , form the most frequent , original genetic or finally to form infectious following a contamination. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.inserm.fr/information-en-sante/dossiers-information/maladies-prions-maladie-creutzfeldt-jakob" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.inserm.fr/information-en-sante/dossiers-information/maladies-prions-maladie-creutzfeldt-jakob</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.inrae.fr/actualites/suspension-provisoire-travaux-prions-laboratoires-recherche-publics-francais" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.inrae.fr/actualites/suspension-provisoire-travaux-prions-laboratoires-recherche-publics-francais</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">France issues moratorium on prion research after fatal brain disease strikes two lab workers</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">By Barbara CasassusJul. 28, 2021 , 4:35 AM</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PARIS—Five public research institutions in France have imposed a 3-month moratorium on the study of prions—a class of misfolding, infectious proteins that cause fatal brain diseases—after a retired lab worker who handled prions in the past was diagnosed with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), the most common prion disease in humans. An investigation is underway to find out whether the patient, who worked at a lab run by the National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), contracted the disease on the job.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">If so, it would be the second such case in France in the past few years. In June 2019, an INRAE lab worker named Émilie Jaumain died at age 33, 10 years after pricking her thumb during an experiment with prion-infected mice. Her family is now suing INRAE for manslaughter and endangering life; her illness had already led to tightened safety measures at French prion labs.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The aim of the moratorium, which affects nine labs, is to “study the possibility of a link with the [new patient’s] former professional activity and if necessary to adapt the preventative measures in force in research laboratories,” according to a joint press release issued by the five institutions yesterday.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“This is the right way to go in the circumstances,” says Ronald Melki, a structural biologist at a prion lab jointly operated by the French national research agency CNRS and the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA). “It is always wise to ask questions about the whole working process when something goes wrong.” "The occurrence of these harsh diseases in two of our scientific colleagues clearly affects the whole prion community, which is a small 'familial' community of less than 1000 people worldwide," Emmanuel Comoy, deputy director of CEA's Unit of Prion Disorders and Related Infectious Agents, writes in an email to Science. Although prion research already has strict safety protocols, "it necessarily reinforces the awareness of the risk linked to these infectious agents," he says.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In Jaumain’s case, there is little doubt she was infected on the job, according to a paper published in The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) in 2020. She had variant CJD (vCJD), a form typically caused by eating beef contaminated with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), or mad cow disease. But Europe’s BSE outbreak ended after 2000 and vCJD virtually disappeared; the chance that someone of Jaumain’s age in France would contract food-borne vCJD is “negligible or non-existent,” according to the paper.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A scientist with inside knowledge says the new patient, a woman who worked at INRAE’s Host-Pathogen Interactions and Immunity group in Toulouse, is still alive. French authorities were apparently alerted to her diagnosis late last week. The press release suggests it’s not yet clear whether the new case is vCJD or “classic” CJD, which is not known to be caused by prions from animals. Classic CJD strikes an estimated one person per million. Some 80% of cases are sporadic, meaning they have no known cause, but others are genetic or contracted from infected human tissues during transplantations. The two types of CJD can only be distinguished through a postmortem examination of brain tissue.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Lab infections are known to occur with many pathogens, but exposure to CJD-causing prions is unusually risky because there are no vaccines or treatments and the condition is universally fatal. And whereas most infections reveal themselves within days or weeks, CJD’s average incubation period is about 10 years.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">For Jaumain, who worked at INRAE’s Molecular Virology and Immunology Unit in Jouy-en-Josas, outside Paris, that long period of uncertainty began on 31 May 2010, when she stabbed her left thumb with a curved forceps while cleaning a cryostat—a machine that can cut tissues at very low temperatures—that she used to slice brain sections from transgenic mice infected with a sheep-adapted form of BSE. She pierced two layers of latex gloves and drew blood. “Émilie started worrying about the accident as soon as it had happened, and mentioned it to every doctor she saw,” says her widower, Armel Houel.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In November 2017, Jaumain developed a burning pain in her right shoulder and neck that worsened and spread to the right half of her body over the following 6 months, according to the NEJM paper. In January 2019, she became depressed and anxious, suffering memory impairment and hallucinations. “It was a descent into hell,” Houel says. She was diagnosed with “probable vCJD” in mid-March of that year and died 3 months later. A postmortem confirmed the diagnosis.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“The occurrence of these harsh diseases in two of our scientific colleagues clearly affects the whole prion community.” Emmanuel Comoy, French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">INRAE only recently admitted the likely link between Jaumain’s illness and the accident. “We recognize, without ambiguity, the hypothesis of a correlation between Emilie Jaumain-Houel’s accident … and her infection with vCJD,” INRAE chair and CEO Philippe Mauguin wrote in a 24 June letter to an association created by friends and colleagues to publicize Jaumain’s case and lobby for improvements in lab safety. (Science has obtained a copy of the letter, which has not been made public.)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Jaumain’s family has filed both criminal charges and an administrative suit against INRAE, alleging a range of problems at Jaumain’s lab. She had not been trained in handling dangerous prions or responding to accidents and did not wear both metal mesh and surgical gloves, as she was supposed to, says Julien Bensimhon, the family’s lawyer. The thumb should have been soaked in a bleach solution immediately, which did not happen, Bensimhon adds.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Independent reports by a company specializing in occupational safety and by government inspectors have found no safety violations at the lab; one of them said there was a “strong culture” of risk management. (Bensimhon calls the reports “biased.”)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The government inspectors’ report concluded that Jaumain’s accident was not unique, however. There had been at least 17 accidents among the 100 or so scientists and technicians in France working with prions in the previous decade, five of whom stabbed or cut themselves with contaminated syringes or blades. Another technician at the same lab had a fingerprick accident with prions in 2005, but has not developed vCJD symptoms so far, Bensimhon says. “It is shocking that no precautionary measures were taken then to ensure such an accident never happened again,” he says.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In Italy, too, the last person to die of vCJD, in 2016, was a lab worker with exposure to prion-infected brain tissue, according to last year’s NEJM paper, although an investigation did not find evidence of a lab accident. That patient and the lab they worked at have not been identified.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">After Jaumain’s diagnosis, “We contacted all the research prion labs in France to suggest they check their safety procedures and remind staff about the importance of respecting them,” says Stéphane Haïk, a neuroscientist at the Paris Brain Institute at Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital who helped diagnose Jaumain and is the corresponding author on the paper. Many labs tightened procedures, according to the government inspectors' report, for instance by introducing plastic scissors and scalpels, which are disposable and less sharp, and bite and cut-resistant gloves. A team of experts from the five research agencies is due to submit proposals for a guide to good practice in prion research to the French government at the end of this year.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The scientific community has long recognized that handling prions is dangerous and an occupational risk for neuropathologists, says neuropathologist Adriano Aguzzi of the University of Zurich. Aguzzi declined to comment on the French CJD cases, but told Science his lab never handles human or bovine prions for research purposes, only for diagnostics. “We conduct research only on mouse-adapted sheep prions, which have never been shown to be infectious to humans,” Aguzzi says. In a 2011 paper, his team reported that prions can spread through aerosols, at least in mice, which “may warrant re-thinking on prion biosafety guidelines in research and diagnostic laboratories,” they wrote. Aguzzi says he was “totally shocked” by the finding and introduced safety measures to prevent aerosol spread at his own lab, but the paper drew little attention elsewhere.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The moratorium will "obviously" cause delays in research, but given the very long incubation periods in prion diseases, the impact of a 3-month hiatus will be limited, Comoy says. His research team at CEA also works on other neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, and will shift some of its efforts to those.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Although Jaumain’s diagnosis upset many in the field, it hasn't led to an exodus among researchers in France, Haïk says: “I know of only one person who resigned because they were so worried.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">With reporting by Martin Enserink.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Posted in: EuropeHealthScientific Community</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">doi:10.1126/science.abl6587</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2021/07/france-issues-moratorium-prion-research-after-fatal-brain-disease-strikes-two-lab" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2021/07/france-issues-moratorium-prion-research-after-fatal-brain-disease-strikes-two-lab</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease Diagnosed 7.5 Years after Occupational Exposure</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease was identified in a technician who had cut her thumb while handling brain sections of mice infected with adapted BSE 7.5 years earlier. The long incubation period was similar to that of the transfusion-transmitted form of the disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease Diagnosed 7.5 Years after Occupational Exposure</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TO THE EDITOR:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We report a case of variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) that was plausibly related to accidental occupational exposure in a technician who had handled murine samples contaminated with the agent that causes bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) 7.5 years earlier.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In May 2010, when the patient was 24 years of age, she worked in a prion research laboratory, where she handled frozen sections of brain of transgenic mice that overexpressed the human prion protein with methionine at codon 129. The mice had been infected with a sheep-adapted form of BSE. During this process, she stabbed her thumb through a double pair of latex gloves with the sharp ends of a curved forceps used to handle the samples. Bleeding was noted at the puncture site.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In November 2017, she began having burning pain in the right shoulder and neck. The pain worsened and spread to the right half of her body during the following 6 months. In November 2018, an examination of a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obtained from the patient was normal. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain showed a slight increase in the fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) signal in the caudates and thalami (Fig. S1A and S1B in the Supplementary Appendix, available with the full text of this letter at NEJM.org). In January 2019, she became depressed and anxious and had memory impairment and visual hallucinations. There was hypertonia on the right side of her body. At that time, an analysis of CSF for 14-3-3 protein was negative. In March 2019, MRI showed an increased FLAIR signal in pulvinar and dorsomedial nuclei of thalami (Fig. S1C through S1E).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Figure 1.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Detection of Abnormal Prion Protein in Biologic Fluid Samples and Postmortem Findings.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The patient was found to be homozygous for methionine at codon 129 of the prion protein gene without mutation. An analysis of a sample of CSF on real-time quaking-induced conversion analysis was negative for a diagnosis of sporadic CJD. However, an analysis of plasma and CSF by means of protein misfolding cyclic amplification was positive for the diagnosis of variant CJD (Figure 1A and 1B). The patient died 19 months after the onset of symptoms. Neuropathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of variant CJD (Figure 1C and 1D). Western blot analysis showed the presence of type 2B protease-resistant prion protein in all sampled brain areas. The clinical characteristics of the patient and the postmortem neuropathological features were similar to those observed in 27 patients with variant CJD who had previously been reported in France.1 (Additional details are provided in the Supplementary Appendix.)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There are two potential explanations for this patient’s condition. Oral transmission from contaminated cattle products cannot be ruled out because the patient was born at the beginning of the French BSE outbreak in cattle. However, the last two patients who had confirmed variant CJD with methionine homozygosity at codon 129 in France and the United Kingdom died in 2014 and 2013, respectively, which makes oral transmission unlikely. In France, the risk of variant CJD in 2019 was negligible or nonexistent in the post-1969 birth cohort.2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Percutaneous exposure to prion-contaminated material is plausible in this patient, since the prion strain that she had handled was consistent with the development of variant CJD.3 The 7.5-year delay between the laboratory accident and her clinical symptoms is congruent with the incubation period in the transfusion-transmitted form of the disease. The ability of this strain to propagate through the peripheral route has been documented, and experimental studies with scrapie strains have shown that scarification and subcutaneous inoculation are effective routes.4,5 The last known Italian patient with variant CJD, who died in 2016, had had occupational contact with BSE-infected brain tissues, although subsequent investigation did not disclose a laboratory accident (Pocchiari M, Italian Registry of CJD: personal communication). Thus, the last two cases of variant CJD outside the United Kingdom have been associated with potential occupational exposure. Such cases highlight the need for improvements in the prevention of transmission of variant CJD and other prions that can affect humans in the laboratory and neurosurgery settings, as outlined in the Supplementary Appendix.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Jean-Philippe Brandel, M.D. Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">M. Bustuchina Vlaicu, M.D. Groupe Hospitalier Nord-Essonne, Orsay, France</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Audrey Culeux, B.Sc. INSERM Unité 1127, Paris, France</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Maxime Belondrade, M.Sc. Daisy Bougard, Ph.D. Etablissement Français du Sang, Montpellier, France</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Katarina Grznarova, Ph.D. Angeline Denouel, M.Sc. INSERM Unité 1127, Paris, France</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Isabelle Plu, M.D. Elodie Bouaziz-Amar, Pharm.D., Ph.D. Danielle Seilhean, M.D., Ph.D. Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Michèle Levasseur, M.D. Groupe Hospitalier Nord-Essonne, Orsay, France</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stéphane Haïk, M.D., Ph.D. INSERM Unité 1127, Paris, France stephane.haik@upmc.fr</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Supported by a grant (ANR-10-IAIHU-06) from Programme d’Investissements d’Avenir and Santé Publique France.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Disclosure forms provided by the authors are available with the full text of this letter at NEJM.org.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">5 References</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">July 2, 2020</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">N Engl J Med 2020; 383:83-85</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc2000687</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Metrics</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2000687" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2000687</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Friday, October 20, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">An investigation has been opened into the death of a scientist who was studying a transmissible and deadly disease CJD in Spain</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2023/10/an-investigation-has-been-opened-into.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2023/10/an-investigation-has-been-opened-into.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: whitesmoke; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">February 14, 2001<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: whitesmoke; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary, Sr</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author Affiliations</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">JAMA. 2001;285(6):733-734. doi:10-1001/pubs.JAMA-ISSN-0098-7484-285-6-jlt0214 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To the Editor: In their Research Letter, Dr Gibbons and colleagues1 reported that the annual US death rate due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has been stable since 1985. These estimates, however, are based only on reported cases, and do not include misdiagnosed or preclinical cases. It seems to me that misdiagnosis alone would drastically change these figures. An unknown number of persons with a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in fact may have CJD, although only a small number of these patients receive the postmortem examination necessary to make this diagnosis. Furthermore, only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies should be reportable nationwide and internationally.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1031186" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1031186</a></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">GOOD LUCK!</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">wasted days and wasted nights...FREDDY FENDER</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr. flounder9@verizon.net</div><div><br /></div></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37946824.post-54226163836395327852023-12-19T10:45:00.005-06:002023-12-19T10:45:52.407-06:00Nebraska CWD central and north-central November firearm deer season detected 31 positive cases in deer<p>Nebraska CWD central and north-central November firearm deer season detected 31 positive cases in deer</p><div style="outline: none !important;">Surveillance detects 31 positive CWD cases</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BY JERRY KANE ON DEC 19, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CONSERVATION NEWS, WILDLIFE NEWS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease surveillance conducted in central and north-central Nebraska during the November firearm deer season detected 31 positive cases in deer.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">603 samples were collected from harvested deer at check stations in the Sandhills, Keya Paha, Calamus East, Calamus West and Loup West Deer Management Units. CWD was detected for the first time in Rock, Blaine and Thomas counties.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD surveillance in Nebraska takes place in five to seven units each year, rotating to a different part of the state each year. To view the 2023 CWD results, identified by the deer seal number, visit OutdoorNebraska.gov; search for “CWD.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Currently, there is no strong evidence CWD poses a risk for humans; however, public health officials recommend that human exposure to the CWD infectious agent be avoided as they continue to evaluate any potential health risk. People should remain cautious in how they handle, process and consume deer. Hunters and commercial processors should avoid butchering or processing of deer that spreads spinal cord or brain tissue to meat or to the environment.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD is a prion disease that attacks the brain of infected deer, elk and moose. Animals in the late stages of CWD often are emaciated, show erratic behavior and exhibit neurological irregularities. However, due to the slow advancement of the disease, infected deer may not show symptoms. CWD always is fatal to the infected animal.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Hunters can help prevent the spread of CWD by using proper carcass disposal methods. CWD prions, the infectious proteins that transmit the disease, can remain viable for months or even years in the soil. Hunters should field dress animals at the place of kill, avoid spreading spinal cord or brain tissue to meat, and to dispose of the head (brain), spinal column and other bones at a licensed landfill.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD was first discovered in Colorado in 1967 and in Nebraska in 2000 in Kimball County. Since 1997, the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission has tested more than 57,000 deer and more than 400 elk, with 1,269 deer and 19 elk testing positive for CWD to date. At this time, CWD has been detected in free-ranging deer and elk in 57 counties. No population declines have been attributed to the disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">More in-depth information on CWD can be found at cwd-info.org or cdc.gov.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://outdoornebraska.gov/about/press-events/news/surveillance-detects-31-positive-cwd-cases/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://outdoornebraska.gov/about/press-events/news/surveillance-detects-31-positive-cwd-cases/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">***Nebraska CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(2020-Nebraska, to date, 815 deer and 14 elk have been detected with CWD...tss)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> 2023 Nebraska CWD TSE Prion, To Date, Since 1997, the Nebraska Game & Parks Commission (NGPC) has tested over 57,000 deer and over 400 elk, with 1,238 deer and 19 elk testing positive for CWD to date. At this time, CWD has been detected in free-ranging deer and elk in 54 counties. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://outdoornebraska.gov/conservation/conservation-challenges/wildlife-diseases/chronic-wasting-disease/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://outdoornebraska.gov/conservation/conservation-challenges/wildlife-diseases/chronic-wasting-disease/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://outdoornebraska.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/2023CWDmap-1024x663.jpg" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://outdoornebraska.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/2023CWDmap-1024x663.jpg</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2023-Nebraska Game & Parks Commission (NGPC) has tested over 57,000 deer and over 400 elk, with 1,238 deer and 19 elk testing positive for CWD to date. At this time, CWD has been detected in free-ranging deer and elk in 54 counties. In 2022, NGPC had 1065 deer samples and 83 elk samples tested. Of those, 274 deer and 1 elk were positive for CWD. At this time, no population declines have been attributed to the disease. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://outdoornebraska.gov/conservation/conservation-challenges/wildlife-diseases/chronic-wasting-disease/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://outdoornebraska.gov/conservation/conservation-challenges/wildlife-diseases/chronic-wasting-disease/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">HEADS UP, CWD TSE PRION TRANSMISSION NOW SHOW THAT CWD WILL TRANSMIT BY ORAL ROUTES TO;</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">MACAQUES, CATTLE, SHEEP, PIGS, AND CERVID...<span style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important;">BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) </span>mad cow feed ban does not stop all that! CWD transmits to cervid by oral routes with as little as 300NG!</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">the USA just had another mad cow case this year, worse yet it was the atypical L-type BSE, the most virulent strain of BSE, to date, and the USDA et al are testing less than 25K a year, a joke! see recent EFSA report at bottom.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Price of TSE Prion Poker goes up substantially, all you cattle ranchers and such, better pay close attention here...terry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of the chronic wasting disease agent from elk to cattle after oronasal exposure</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Justin Greenlee, Jifeng Bian, Zoe Lambert, Alexis Frese, and Eric Cassmann Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the susceptibility of cattle to chronic wasting disease agent from elk. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Cattle with the E211K polymorphism are susceptible to the CWD agent after oronasal exposure of 0.2 g of infectious material. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Cattle with the E211K polymorphism are susceptible to the CWD agent after oronasal exposure of 0.2 g of infectious material."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Strain characterization of chronic wasting disease in bovine-PrP transgenic mice </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Altogether, these results exhibit the diversity of CWD strains present in the panel of CWD isolates and the ability of at least some CWD isolates to infect bovine species. Cattle being one of the most important farming species, this ability represents a potential threat to both animal and human health, and consequently deserves further study. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Altogether, these results exhibit the diversity of CWD strains present in the panel of CWD isolates and the ability of at least some CWD isolates to infect bovine species. Cattle being one of the most important farming species, this ability represents a potential threat to both animal and human health, and consequently deserves further study."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Experimental transmission of the chronic wasting disease agent to swine after oral or intracranial inoculation</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Running Title: The chronic wasting disease agent transmits to swine</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">S. Jo Moore1,2 , M. Heather West Greenlee3 , Naveen Kondru3 , Sireesha Manne3 , Jodi D. Smith1,# , Robert A. Kunkle1 , Anumantha Kanthasamy3 , Justin J. Greenlee1*</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa, United States of America</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa, United States of America</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Current Address: Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa, United States of America * Corresponding author Email: justin.greenlee@ars.usda.gov</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">JVI Accepted Manuscript Posted Online 12 July 2017 J. Virol. doi:10.1128/JVI.00926-17</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This is a work of the U.S. Government and is not subject to copyright protection in the United States. Foreign copyrights may apply.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> on July 27, 2017 by guest http://jvi.asm.org/ Downloaded from</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a naturally occurring, fatal neurodegenerative disease of cervids. The potential for swine to serve as a host for the agent of chronic wasting disease is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the susceptibility of swine to the CWD agent following experimental oral or intracranial inoculation . Crossbred piglets were assigned to one of three groups: intracranially inoculated (n=20), orally inoculated (n=19), or non -inoculated (n=9). At approximately the age at which commercial pigs reach market weight, half of the pigs in each group were culled (‘market weight’ groups). The remaining pigs (‘aged’ groups) were allowed to incubate for up to 73 months post inoculation (MPI ). Tissues collected at necropsy were examined for disease -associated prion protein (PrPSc) by western blotting (WB), antigen -capture immunoassay (EIA), immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in vitro real -time quaking induced conversion (RT -QuIC). Brain samples from selected pigs were also bioassayed in mice expressing porcine prion protein. Four intracranially inoculated aged pigs and one orally inoculated aged pig were positive by EIA, IHC and/or WB. Using RT -QuIC, PrPSc was detected in lymphoid and/or brain tissue from one or more pigs in each inoculated group. Bioassay was positive in 4 out of 5 pigs assayed.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This study demonstrates that pigs can support low-level amplification of CWD prions, although the species barrier to CWD infection is relatively high. However, detection of infectivity in orally inoculated pigs using mouse bioassay raises the possibility that naturally exposed pigs could act as a reservoir of CWD infectivity.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Discussion</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the case of feral pigs, exposure to the agent of CWD through scavenging of CWD-affected cervid carcasses or through consumption of prion contaminated plants or soil could allow feral pigs to serve as reservoirs of CWD infectivity. The range and numbers of feral pigs is predicted to continue to increase due to the ability of pigs to adapt to many climates, reproduce year-round, and survive on a varied diet (55 ). The range of CWD-affected cervids also continues to spread, increasing the likelihood of overlap of ranges of feral pigs and CWD -affected environments.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We demonstrate here that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs inoculated intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 6 months after inoculation. Clinical disease suggestive of prion disease developed only in a single pig after a long (64 months) incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. However, the low amounts of PrPSc detected in the study pigs combined with the low attack rates in Tg002 mice suggest that there is a relatively strong species barrier to CWD prions in pigs.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/jvi.00926-17" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/jvi.00926-17</a></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">cwd scrapie pigs oral routes </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. <*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">>*** Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health. <*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CONFIDENTIAL</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">LINE TO TAKE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3. If questions on pharmaceuticals are raised at the Press conference, the suggested line to take is as follows:- </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> "There are no medicinal products licensed for use on the market which make use of UK-derived porcine tissues with which any hypothetical “high risk" ‘might be associated. The results of the recent experimental work at the CSM will be carefully examined by the CSM‘s Working Group on spongiform encephalopathy at its next meeting.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DO Hagger RM 1533 MT Ext 3201</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">While this clearly is a cause for concern we should not jump to the conclusion that this means that pigs will necessarily be infected by bone and meat meal fed by the oral route as is the case with cattle. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">we cannot rule out the possibility that unrecognised subclinical spongiform encephalopathy could be present in British pigs though there is no evidence for this: only with parenteral/implantable pharmaceuticals/devices is the theoretical risk to humans of sufficient concern to consider any action.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">May I, at the outset, reiterate that we should avoid dissemination of papers relating to this experimental finding to prevent premature release of the information. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3. It is particularly important that this information is not passed outside the Department, until Ministers have decided how they wish it to be handled. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">But it would be easier for us if pharmaceuticals/devices are not directly mentioned at all. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our records show that while some use is made of porcine materials in medicinal products, the only products which would appear to be in a hypothetically ''higher risk'' area are the adrenocorticotrophic hormone for which the source material comes from outside the United Kingdom, namely America China Sweden France and Germany. The products are manufactured by Ferring and Armour. A further product, ''Zenoderm Corium implant'' manufactured by Ethicon, makes use of porcine skin - which is not considered to be a ''high risk'' tissue, but one of its uses is described in the data sheet as ''in dural replacement''. This product is sourced from the United Kingdom.....</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a> </div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE--U.S. 50 STATE CONFERENCE CALL Jan. 9, 2001</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: Tue, 9 Jan 2001 16:49:00 -0800</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tseac.blogspot.com/2011/02/usa-50-state-bse-mad-cow-conference.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tseac.blogspot.com/2011/02/usa-50-state-bse-mad-cow-conference.html</a></div></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">CWD TO HUMANS, ZOONOSIS, ZOONOTIC, POTENTIAL, OR HAS IT ALREADY HAPPENED?</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Currently, there is scientific evidence to suggest that CWD has zoonotic potential; however, no confirmed cases of CWD have been found in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PART 2. TPWD CHAPTER 65. DIVISION 1. CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, 65.88</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission in a duly noticed meeting on May 25, 2023 adopted amendments to 31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, and §65.88, concerning Disease Detection and Response, without changes to the proposed text as published in the April 21, 2023, issue of the Texas Register (48 TexReg 2048). The rules will not be republished.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Currently, there is scientific evidence to suggest that CWD has zoonotic potential; however, no confirmed cases of CWD have been found in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Detection of chronic wasting disease prions in processed meats</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rebeca Benavente1 , Francisca Bravo1,2, J. Hunter Reed3 , Mitch Lockwood3 , Glenn Telling4 , Rodrigo Morales1,2 1 Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA; 2 Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins. Santiago, Chile; 3 Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Texas, USA. 4 Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: identify the presence of CWD prions in processed meats derived from elk. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: In this study, we analyzed different processed meats derived from a CWD-positive (pre-clinical) free-ranging elk. Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats. The presence of CWD-prions in these samples were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates. The same analyses were performed in grilled and boiled meats to evaluate the resistance of the infectious agent to these procedures. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Our results show positive prion detection in all the samples analyzed using deer and elk substrates. Surprisingly, cooked meats displayed increased seeding activities. This data suggests that CWD-prions are available to people even after meats are processed and cooked. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: These results suggest CWD prions are accessible to humans through meats, even after processing and cooking. Considering the fact that these samples were collected from already processed specimens, the availability of CWD prions to humans is probably underestimated. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH and USDA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Grant number: 1R01AI132695 and APP-20115 to RM </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We would like to thank TPWD personnel for providing us with valuable samples</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">"Our results show positive prion detection in all the samples analyzed using deer and elk substrates. Surprisingly, cooked meats displayed increased seeding activities."</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">end... </span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Fortuitous generation of a zoonotic cervid prion strain </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Manuel Camacho, Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Sydney Smith, Jieji Hu, Wanyun Tao, Ignazio Cali, Qingzhong Kong. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Whether CWD prions can infect humans remains unclear despite the very substantial scale and long history of human exposure of CWD in many states or provinces of USA and Canada. Multiple in vitro conversion experiments and in vivo animal studies indicate that the CWD-to-human transmission barrier is not unbreakable. A major long-term public health concern on CWD zoonosis is the emergence of highly zoonotic CWD strains. We aim to address the question of whether highly zoonotic CWD strains are possible. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: We inoculated several sCJD brain samples into cervidized transgenic mice (Tg12), which were intended as negative controls for bioassays of brain tissues from sCJD cases who had potentially been exposed to CWD. Some of the Tg12 mice became infected and their brain tissues were further examined by Western blot as well as serial passages in humanized or cervidized mice. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Passage of sCJDMM1 in transgenic mice expressing elk PrP (Tg12) resulted in a “cervidized” CJD strain that we termed CJDElkPrP. We observed 100% transmission of the original CJDElkPrP in transgenic mice expressing human PrP. We passaged CJDElkPrP two more times in the Tg12 mice. We found that such second and third passage CJDElkPrP prions retained 100% transmission rate in the humanized mice, despite that the natural elk CWD isolates and CJDElkPrP share the same elk PrP sequence. In contrast, we and others found zero or poor transmission of natural elk CWD isolates in humanized mice. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our data indicate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can retain zoonotic potential after serial passages in cervids, suggesting a very significant and serious long-term risk of CWD zoonosis given that the broad and continuing spread of CWD prions will provide fertile grounds for the emergence of zoonotic CWD strains over time. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O'Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples used in this study, respectively</div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">"Our data indicate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can retain zoonotic potential after serial passages in cervids, suggesting a very significant and serious long-term risk of CWD zoonosis given that the broad and continuing spread of CWD prions will provide fertile grounds for the emergence of zoonotic CWD strains over time."</span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A probable diagnostic marker for CWD infection in humans </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Manuel Camacho, Ignazio Cali, Qingzhong Kong. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Multiple in vitro CWD-seeded human PrP conversion experiments and some animal model studies indicate that the species barrier for CWD to human transmission can be overcome, but whether CWD prion can infect humans in real life remains controversial. The very limited understanding on the likely features of CWD infection in humans and the lack of a reliable diagnostic marker for identification of acquired human CWD cases contribute to this uncertainty. We aim to stablish such a reliable diagnostic marker for CWD infections in humans should they occur. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: A couple of PrPSc-positive spleens were identified from humanized transgenic mice inoculated with either CWD or sCJDMM1. Prions in these spleens were compared by bioassays in cervidized or humanized transgenic mice. A couple of PrPSc-positive spleens from UK sCJDMM1 patients were also examined similarly as controls with no exposure to CWD. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: We have detected two prion-positive spleens in humanized transgenic mice inoculated with some CWD isolates. Such experimentally generated splenic “humanized” CWD prions (termed eHuCWDsp) appear indistinguishable from prions in the brain of sCJDMM1 patients on Western blot. We compared eHuCWDsp with prions in the spleen from humanized mice infected with sCJDMM1 (termed sCJDMM1sp) by bioassays in cervidized or humanized transgenic mice. Significantly, we found that eHuCWDsp can efficiently infect not only the humanized mice but also cervidized transgenic mice, and cervidized mice infected by eHuCWDsp produced PrPSc and brain pathology that are practically identical to those of CWD-infected cervidized mice. In contrast, sCJDMM1sp, similar to prions from sCJDMM1 patient brains, is poorly transmissible in the cervidized mice. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that high transmissibility with CWD features of splenic prions in cervidized transgenic mice is unique to acquired human CWD prions, and it may serve as a reliable marker to identify the first acquired human CWD cases. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O'Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples used in this study, respectively.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2023 Experimental Oronasal Inoculation of the Chronic Wasting Disease Agent into White Tailed Deer </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author list: Sarah Zurbuchena,b , S. Jo Moorea,b , Jifeng Biana , Eric D. Cassmanna , and Justin J. Greenleea . a. Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, US b. Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, United States </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether white-tailed deer (WTD) are susceptible to inoculation of chronic wasting disease (CWD) via oronasal exposure. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and methods: Six male, neutered WTD were oronasally inoculated with brainstem material (10% w/v) from a CWD-positive wild-type WTD. The genotypes of five inoculated deer were Q95/G96 (wild-type). One inoculated deer was homozygous S at codon 96 (96SS). Cervidized (Tg12; M132 elk PrP) mice were inoculated with 1% w/v brainstem homogenate from either a 96GG WTD (n=10) or the 96SS WTD (n=10). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: All deer developed characteristic clinical signs of CWD including weight loss, regurgitation, and ataxia. The 96SS individual had a prolonged disease course and incubation period compared to the other deer. Western blots of the brainstem on all deer yielded similar molecular profiles. All deer had widespread lymphoid distribution of PrPCWD and neuropathologic lesions associated with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Both groups of mice had a 100% attack rate and developed clinical signs, including loss of body condition, ataxia, and loss of righting reflex. Mice inoculated with material from the 96SS deer had a significantly shorter incubation period than mice inoculated with material from 96GG deer (Welch two sample T-test, P<0.05). Serial dilutions of each inocula suggests that differences in incubation period were not due to a greater concentration of PrPCWD in the 96SS inoculum. Molecular profiles from western blot of brain homogenates from mice appeared similar regardless of inoculum and appear similar to those of deer used for inoculum. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: This study characterizes the lesions and clinical course of CWD in WTD inoculated in a similar manner to natural conditions. It supports previous findings that 96SS deer have a prolonged disease course. Further, it describes a first pass of inoculum from a 96SS deer in cervidized mice which shortened the incubation period. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection, analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We thank Ami Frank and Kevin Hassall for their technical contributions to this project.</div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">The detection and decontamination of chronic wasting disease prions during venison processing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Marissa S. Milstein1,2, Marc D. Schwabenlander1,2, Sarah C. Gresch1,2, Manci Li1,2, Stuart Lichtenberg1,2, Rachel Shoemaker1,2, Gage R. Rowden1,2, Jason C. Bartz2,3 , Tiffany M. Wolf2,4, Peter A. Larsen1,2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Presenting author: Tiffany M. Wolf 1 Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 2 Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 3 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA 4 Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: There is a growing concern that chronic wasting disease (CWD) prions in venison pose a risk to human health. CWD prions accumulate in infected deer tissues that commonly enter the human food chain through meat processing and consumption. The United States (US) Food and Drug Administration and US Department of Agriculture now formally consider CWD-positive venison unfit for human and animal consumption. Yet, the degree to which prion contamination occurs during routine venison processing is unknown. Here, we use environmental surface swab methods to: a) experimentally test meat processing equipment (i.e., stainless steel knives and polyethylene cutting boards) before and after processing CWD-positive venison and b) test the efficacy of five different disinfectant types (i.e., Dawn dish soap, Virkon-S, Briotech, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach) to determine prion decontamination efficacy.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: We used a real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay to determine CWD infection status of venison and to detect CWD prions in the swabs. We collected three swabs per surface and ran eight technical replicates on RT-QuIC.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: CWD prions were detected on all cutting boards (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8 and knives (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) used in processing CWD-positive venison, but not on those used for CWD-negative venison. After processing CWD-positive venison, allowing the surfaces to dry, and washing the cutting board with Dawn dish soap, we detected CWD prions on the cutting board surface (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) but not on the knife (n= 3, replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). Similar patterns were observed with Briotech (cutting board: n= 3; replicates= 7/8, 1/8, 0/8; knife: n= 3; replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). We did not detect CWD prions on the knives or cutting boards after disinfecting with Virkon-S, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: These preliminary results suggest that Dawn dish soap and Briotech do not reliably decontaminate CWD prions from these surfaces. Our data suggest that Virkon-S and various bleach concentrations are more effective in reducing prion contamination of meat processing surfaces; however, surface type may also influence the ability of prions to adsorb to surfaces, preventing complete decontamination. Our results will directly inform best practices to prevent the introduction of CWD prions into the human food chain during venison processing.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: Funding was provided by the Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund as recommended by the Legislative-Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources (LCCMR), the Rapid Agriculture Response Fund (#95385/RR257), and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Theme: Animal prion diseases</div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2023 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div></div></div></div></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">17 DETECTION OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE PRIONS IN PROCESSED MEATS.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rebeca Benavente1, Francisca Bravo1,2, Paulina Soto1,2, J. Hunter Reed3, Mitch Lockwood3, Rodrigo Morales1,2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA. 2Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile. 3Texas Parks and Wildlife, Austin, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease (CWD) remains unknown. Currently, there are no known natural cases of CWD transmission to humans but increasing evidence suggests that the host range of CWD is not confined only to cervid species. Alarmingly, recent experimental evidence suggests that certain CWD isolates can induce disease in non-human primates. While the CDC strongly recommends determining CWD status in animals prior to consumption, this practice is voluntary. Consequently, it is plausible that a proportion of the cervid meat entering the human food chain may be contaminated with CWD. Of additional concern is that traditional diagnostic techniques used to detect CWD have relatively low sensitivity and are only approved for use in tissues other than those typically ingested by humans. In this study, we analyzed different processed meats derived from a pre-clinical, CWD-positive free-ranging elk. Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats. CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates. Our results show positive prion detection in all products. To confirm the resilience of CWD-prions to traditional cooking methods, we grilled and boiled the meat products and evaluated them for any remnant PMCA seeding activity. Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking. Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our results show positive prion detection in all products.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">9 Carrot plants as potential vectors for CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Paulina Soto1,2, Francisca Bravo-Risi1,2, Claudio Soto1, Rodrigo Morales1,2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA. 2Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> We show that edible plant components can absorb prions from CWD-contaminated soils and transport them to their aerial parts.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our results indicate that edible plants could participate as vectors of CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of prion infectivity from CWD-infected macaque tissues to rodent models demonstrates the zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaoui1,2, Ginny Cheng1,2, Wiebke Wemheuer3, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer3, Sabine Gilch1,2, Hermann Schatzl1,2 1University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. 2Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada. 3Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Further passage to cervidized mice revealed transmission with a 100% attack rate.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our findings demonstrate that macaques, considered the best model for the zoonotic potential of prions, were infected upon CWD challenge, including the oral one.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">****> The disease manifested as atypical in macaques and initial transgenic mouse transmissions, but with infectivity present at all times, as unveiled in the bank vole model with an unusual tissue tropism.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Epidemiologic surveillance of prion disease among cervid hunters and people likely to have consumed venison contaminated with chronic wasting disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of Cervid Prions to Humanized Mice Demonstrates the Zoonotic Potential of CWD </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaouia, Irina Zemlyankinaa, Sheng Chun Changa, Maria Immaculata Arifina, Vincent Béringueb, Debbie McKenziec, Hermann M. Schatzla, and Sabine Gilcha </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Results: Here, we provide the strongest evidence supporting the zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and their possible phenotype in humans. Inoculation of mice expressing human PrPCwith deer CWD isolates (strains Wisc-1 and 116AG) resulted in atypical clinical manifestations in > 75% of the mice, with myoclonus as leading clinical sign. Most of tg650brain homogenates were positive for seeding activity in RT-QuIC. Clinical disease and presentation was transmissible to <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> mice and bank voles. Intriguingly, protease-resistant PrP in the brain of <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> mice resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon passage. Abnormal PrP aggregates upon infection with Wisc-1 were detectable in thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain/pons regions. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Unprecedented in human prion disease, feces of CWD-inoculated <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> mice harbored prion seeding activity and infectious prions, as shown by inoculation of bank voles and <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> with fecal homogenates. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Conclusions: This is the first evidence that CWD can infect humans and cause disease with a distinctive clinical presentation, signature, and tropism, which might be transmissible between humans while current diagnostic assays might fail to detect it. These findings have major implications for public health and CWD-management. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a> </div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">The finding that infectious PrPSc was shed in fecal material of CWD-infected humanized mice and induced clinical disease, different tropism, and typical three banding pattern-PrPres in bank voles that is transmissible upon second passage is highly concerning for public health. The fact that this biochemical signature in bank voles resembles that of the Wisc-1 original deer isolate and is different from that of bvWisc-1, in the migration profile and the glyco-form-ratio, is valid evidence that these results are not a product of contamination in our study. If CWD in humans is found to be contagious and transmissible among humans, as it is in cervids [57], the spread of the disease within humans might become endemic.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acta Neuropathol 144, 767–784 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 August 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaoui1 · Irina Zemlyankina1 · Sheng Chun Chang1 · Maria Immaculata Arifn1 · Vincent Béringue2 · Debbie McKenzie3 · Hermann M. Schatzl1 · Sabine Gilch1</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Received: 24 May 2022 / Revised: 5 August 2022 / Accepted: 7 August 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">© The Author(s) 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prions cause infectious and fatal neurodegenerative diseases in mammals. Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease of cervids, spreads efficiently among wild and farmed animals. Potential transmission to humans of CWD is a growing concern due to its increasing prevalence. Here, we provide evidence for a zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and its probable signature using mice expressing human prion protein (PrP) as an infection model. Inoculation of these mice with deer CWD isolates resulted in atypical clinical manifestation with prion seeding activity and efficient transmissible infectivity in the brain and, remarkably, in feces, but without classical neuropathological or Western blot appearances of prion diseases. Intriguingly, the protease-resistant PrP in the brain resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon second passage. Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Keywords Chronic wasting disease · CWD · Zoonotic potential · Prion strains · Zoonotic prions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">HIGHLIGHTS OF THIS STUDY</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">================================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In this study, we evaluated the zoonotic potential of CWD using a transgenic mouse model overexpressing human M129-PrPC (tg650 [12]). We inoculated tg650 mice intracerebrally with two deer CWD isolates, Wisc-1 and 116AG [22, 23, 27, 29]. We demonstrate that this transgenic line was susceptible to infection with CWD prions and displayed a distinct leading clinical sign, an atypical PrPSc signature and unusual fecal shedding of infectious prions. Importantly, these prions generated by the human PrP transgenic mice were transmissible upon passage. Our results are the first evidence of a zoonotic risk of CWD when using one of the most common CWD strains, Wisc-1/CWD1 for infection. We demonstrated in a human transgenic mouse model that the species barrier for transmission of CWD to humans is not absolute. The fact that its signature was not typical raises the questions whether CWD would manifest in humans as a subclinical infection, whether it would arise through direct or indirect transmission including an intermediate host, or a silent to uncovered human-to-human transmission, and whether current detection techniques will be suffcient to unveil its presence.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our findings strongly suggest that CWD should be regarded as an actual public health risk. Here, we use humanized mice to show that CWD prions can cross the species barrier to humans, and remarkably, infectious prions can be excreted in feces.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our results indicate that if CWD crosses the species-barrier to humans, it is unlikely to resemble the most common forms of human prion diseases with respect to clinical signs, tissue tropism and PrPSc signature. For instance, PrPSc in variable protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr), a sporadic form of human prion disease, and in the genetic form Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS) is defined by an atypical PK-resistant PrPSc fragment that is non-glycosylated and truncated at both C- and N-termini, with a molecular weight between 6 and 8 kDa [24, 44–46]. These biochemical features are unique and distinctive from PrPSc (PrP27-30) found in most other human or animal prion disease. The atypical PrPSc signature detected in brain homogenate of tg650 mice #321 (1st passage) and #3063 (2nd passage), and the 7–8 kDa fragment (Figs. 2, 4) are very similar to that of GSS, both in terms of migration profile and the N-terminal cleavage site.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD in humans might remain subclinical but with PrPSc deposits in the brain with an unusual morphology that does not resemble the patterns usually seen in different prion diseases (e.g., mouse #328; Fig. 3), clinical with untraceable abnormal PrP (e.g., mouse #327) but still transmissible and uncovered upon subsequent passage (e.g., mouse #3063; Fig. 4), or prions have other reservoirs than the usual ones, hence the presence of infectivity in feces (e.g., mouse #327) suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=================================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) Antonia Ricci Ana Allende Declan Bolton Marianne Chemaly Robert Davies Pablo Salvador Fernández Escámez ... See all authors </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">First published: 17 January 2018 <a href="https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">also, see; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers.. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Paper</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Cellular prion protein distribution in the vomeronasal organ, parotid, and scent glands of white-tailed deer and mule deer</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Anthony Ness, Aradhana Jacob, Kelsey Saboraki, Alicia Otero, Danielle Gushue, Diana Martinez Moreno, Melanie de Peña, Xinli Tang, Judd Aiken, Susan Lingle & Debbie McKenzieORCID Icon show less</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Pages 40-57 | Received 03 Feb 2022, Accepted 13 May 2022, Published online: 29 May 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Download citation</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ABSTRACT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting species of the cervidae family. CWD has an expanding geographic range and complex, poorly understood transmission mechanics. CWD is disproportionately prevalent in wild male mule deer and male white-tailed deer. Sex and species influences on CWD prevalence have been hypothesized to be related to animal behaviours that involve deer facial and body exocrine glands. Understanding CWD transmission potential requires a foundational knowledge of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) in glands associated with cervid behaviours. In this study, we characterized the presence and distribution of PrPC in six integumentary and two non-integumentary tissues of hunter-harvested mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (O. virginianus). We report that white-tailed deer expressed significantly more PrPC than their mule deer in the parotid, metatarsal, and interdigital glands. Females expressed more PrPC than males in the forehead and preorbital glands. The distribution of PrPC within the integumentary exocrine glands of the face and legs were localized to glandular cells, hair follicles, epidermis, and immune cell infiltrates. All tissues examined expressed sufficient quantities of PrPC to serve as possible sites of prion initial infection, propagation, and shedding.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ARS RESEARCH Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Publication Acceptance Date: 9/8/2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author item WANG, ZERUI - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item QIN, KEFENG - University Of Chicago item CAMACHO, MANUEL - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item SHEN, PINGPING - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item YUAN, JUE - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item Greenlee, Justin item CUI, LI - Jilin University item KONG, QINGZHONG - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item MASTRIANNI, JAMES - University Of Chicago item ZOU, WEN-QUAN - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Submitted to: Acta Neuropathologica Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 9/8/2021 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Interpretive Summary: Prion diseases are invariably fatal neurologic diseases for which there is no known prevention or cure. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease of deer and elk and is present in farmed and free ranging herds throughout North America. To date there is no clear evidence that the CWD agent could be transmitted to humans. This manuscript describes the use of an in vitro technique, cell-free serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA), to generate a CWD prion that is infectious to transgenic mice expressing the human prion protein. This study provides the first evidence that CWD prions may be able to cause misfolding in the human prion protein. This information will impact medical experts and those involved in making policy for farmed cervids and wildlife.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Technical Abstract: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a cervid spongiform encephalopathy or prion disease caused by the infectious prion or PrPSc, a misfolded conformer of cellular prion protein (PrPC). It has rapidly spread in North America and also has been found in Asia and Europe. In contrast to the zoonotic mad cow disease that is the first animal prion disease found transmissible to humans, the transmissibility of CWD to humans remains uncertain although most previous studies have suggested that humans may not be susceptible to CWD. Here we report the generation of an infectious human PrPSc by seeding CWD PrPSc in normal human brain PrPC through the in vitro cell-free serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA). Western blotting confirms that the sPMCA-induced proteinase K-resistant PrPSc is a human form, evidenced by a PrP-specific antibody that recognizes human but not cervid PrP. Remarkably, two lines of humanized transgenic (Tg) mice expressing human PrP-129Val/Val (VV) or -129Met/Met (MM) polymorphism develop prion disease at 233 ± 6 (mean ± SE) days post-inoculation (dpi) and 552 ± 27 dpi, respectively, upon intracerebral inoculation with the sPMCA-generated PrPSc. The brain of diseased Tg mice reveals the electrophoretic profile of PrPSc similar to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) MM1 or VV2 subtype but different neuropathological patterns. We believe that our study provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc is able to convert human PrPC into PrPSc in vitro and the CWD-derived human PrPSc mimics atypical sCJD subtypes in humanized Tg mice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''The brain of diseased Tg mice reveals the electrophoretic profile of PrPSc similar to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) MM1 or VV2 subtype but different neuropathological patterns.'' </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''We believe that our study provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc is able to convert human PrPC into PrPSc in vitro and the CWD-derived human PrPSc mimics atypical sCJD subtypes in humanized Tg mice.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published: 26 September 2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Zerui Wang, Kefeng Qin, Manuel V. Camacho, Ignazio Cali, Jue Yuan, Pingping Shen, Justin Greenlee, Qingzhong Kong, James A. Mastrianni & Wen-Quan Zou</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acta Neuropathologica Communications volume 9, Article number: 158 (2021)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a cervid prion disease caused by the accumulation of an infectious misfolded conformer (PrPSc) of cellular prion protein (PrPC). It has been spreading rapidly in North America and also found in Asia and Europe. Although bovine spongiform encephalopathy (i.e. mad cow disease) is the only animal prion disease known to be zoonotic, the transmissibility of CWD to humans remains uncertain. Here we report the generation of the first CWD-derived infectious human PrPSc by elk CWD PrPSc-seeded conversion of PrPC in normal human brain homogenates using in vitro protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA). Western blotting with human PrP selective antibody confirmed that the PMCA-generated protease-resistant PrPSc was derived from the human PrPC substrate. Two lines of humanized transgenic mice expressing human PrP with either Val or Met at the polymorphic codon 129 developed clinical prion disease following intracerebral inoculation with the PMCA-generated CWD-derived human PrPSc. Diseased mice exhibited distinct PrPSc patterns and neuropathological changes in the brain. Our study, using PMCA and animal bioassays, provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc can cross the species barrier to convert human PrPC into infectious PrPSc that can produce bona fide prion disease when inoculated into humanized transgenic mice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It is worth noting that the annual number of sporadic CJD (sCJD) cases in the USA has increased, with the total number of suspected and confirmed sCJD cases rising from 284 in 2003 to 511 in 2017 (https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cjd/occurrence-transmission.html). The greatly enhanced CJD surveillance and an aging population in the USA certainly contributed to the observed increase in annual sCJD case numbers in recent years, but the possibility cannot be excluded that some of the increased sCJD prevalence is linked to CWD exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the present study, using serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) assay we generate PrPSc by seeding CWD prions in normal human brain homogenates. Importantly, we reveal that two lines of humanized Tg mice expressing human PrP-129VV and 129MM develop prion diseases upon intracerebral inoculation of the abnormal PrP generated by sPMCA. We believe that our study provides the first opportunity to dissect the clinical, pathological and biochemical features of the CWD-derived human prion disease in two lines of humanized Tg mice expressing two major human PrP genotypes, respectively.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i thought i might share some news about cwd zoonosis that i got, that i cannot share or post to the public yet, i promised for various reasons, one that it will cause a shit storm for sure, but it was something i really already knew from previous studies, but, i was told that ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">==================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''As you can imagine, 2 and 5 (especially 5) may raise alarms. The evidence we have for 4 are not as strong or tight as I would like to have. At this point, please do not post any of the points publicly yet, but you can refer to points 1-3 in private discussions and all 5 points when discussing with relevant public officials to highlight the long-term risks of CWD zoonosis.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">====================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">so, i figure your as about as official as it gets, and i think this science is extremely important for you to know and to converse about with your officials. it's about to burn a whole in my pocket. this is about as close as it will ever get for cwd zoonosis to be proven in my time, this and what Canada Czub et al found with the Macaques, plus an old study from cjd surveillance unit back that showed cjd and a 9% increase in risk from folks that eat venison, i will post all this below for your files Sir. i remember back in the BSE nvCJD days, from when the first BSE case in bovine was confirmed around 1984 maybe 83, i forget the good vets named that screwed it up first, Carol something, but from 83ish to 95 96 when nvCJD was linked to humans from BSE in cattle, so that took 10 to 15 years. hell, at that rate, especially with Texas and cwd zoonsis, hell, i'll be dead before it's official, if ever, so here ya go Sir. there was a grant study on cwd zoonosis that had been going on for some time, i followed it over the years, then the grant date for said study had expired, so, i thought i would write the good Professor about said study i.e. Professor Kong, CWRU et al. i will post the grant study abstract first, and then after that, what reply i got back, about said study that i was told not to post/publish...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD ZOONOSIS GRANT FIRST;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Cervid to human prion transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Kong, Qingzhong </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Abstract Prion disease is transmissible and invariably fatal. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease affecting deer, elk and moose, and it is a widespread and expanding epidemic affecting 22 US States and 2 Canadian provinces so far. CWD poses the most serious zoonotic prion transmission risks in North America because of huge venison consumption (>6 million deer/elk hunted and consumed annually in the USA alone), significant prion infectivity in muscles and other tissues/fluids from CWD-affected cervids, and usually high levels of individual exposure to CWD resulting from consumption of the affected animal among often just family and friends. However, we still do not know whether CWD prions can infect humans in the brain or peripheral tissues or whether clinical/asymptomatic CWD zoonosis has already occurred, and we have no essays to reliably detect CWD infection in humans. We hypothesize that: (1) The classic CWD prion strain can infect humans at low levels in the brain and peripheral lymphoid tissues; (2) The cervid-to-human transmission barrier is dependent on the cervid prion strain and influenced by the host (human) prion protein (PrP) primary sequence; (3) Reliable essays can be established to detect CWD infection in humans; and (4) CWD transmission to humans has already occurred. We will test these hypotheses in 4 Aims using transgenic (Tg) mouse models and complementary in vitro approaches. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 1 will prove that the classical CWD strain may infect humans in brain or peripheral lymphoid tissues at low levels by conducting systemic bioassays in a set of humanized Tg mouse lines expressing common human PrP variants using a number of CWD isolates at varying doses and routes. Experimental human CWD samples will also be generated for Aim 3. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 2 will test the hypothesis that the cervid-to-human prion transmission barrier is dependent on prion strain and influenced by the host (human) PrP sequence by examining and comparing the transmission efficiency and phenotypes of several atypical/unusual CWD isolates/strains as well as a few prion strains from other species that have adapted to cervid PrP sequence, utilizing the same panel of humanized Tg mouse lines as in Aim 1. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 3 will establish reliable essays for detection and surveillance of CWD infection in humans by examining in details the clinical, pathological, biochemical and in vitro seeding properties of existing and future experimental human CWD samples generated from Aims 1-2 and compare them with those of common sporadic human Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) prions. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 4 will attempt to detect clinical CWD-affected human cases by examining a significant number of brain samples from prion-affected human subjects in the USA and Canada who have consumed venison from CWD-endemic areas utilizing the criteria and essays established in Aim 3. The findings from this proposal will greatly advance our understandings on the potential and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for CWD zoonosis and potentially discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Public Health Relevance There are significant and increasing human exposure to cervid prions because chronic wasting disease (CWD, a widespread and highly infectious prion disease among deer and elk in North America) continues spreading and consumption of venison remains popular, but our understanding on cervid-to-human prion transmission is still very limited, raising public health concerns. This proposal aims to define the zoonotic risks of cervid prions and set up and apply essays to detect CWD zoonosis using mouse models and in vitro methods. The findings will greatly expand our knowledge on the potentials and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for such infections and may discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Funding Agency Agency National Institute of Health (NIH) Institute National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Type Research Project (R01) Project # 1R01NS088604-01A1 Application # 9037884 Study Section Cellular and Molecular Biology of Neurodegeneration Study Section (CMND) Program Officer Wong, May Project Start 2015-09-30 Project End 2019-07-31 Budget Start 2015-09-30 Budget End 2016-07-31 Support Year 1 Fiscal Year 2015 Total Cost $337,507 Indirect Cost $118,756</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1#panel-abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1#panel-abstract</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Professor Kongs reply to me just this month about above grant study that has NOT been published in peer reveiw yet...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=================================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Here is a brief summary of our findings:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...can't post, made a promise...tss</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">On Sat, Apr 3, 2021 at 12:19 PM Terry Singeltary <flounder9@verizon.net> wrote:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">end...tss</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">==============</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD ZOONOSIS THE FULL MONTY TO DATE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">International Conference on Emerging Diseases, Outbreaks & Case Studies & 16th Annual Meeting on Influenza March 28-29, 2018 | Orlando, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Qingzhong Kong</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease prions from cervids</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease in cervids (mule deer, white-tailed deer, American elk, moose, and reindeer). It has become an epidemic in North America, and it has been detected in the Europe (Norway) since 2016. The widespread CWD and popular hunting and consumption of cervid meat and other products raise serious public health concerns, but questions remain on human susceptibility to CWD prions, especially on the potential difference in zoonotic potential among the various CWD prion strains. We have been working to address this critical question for well over a decade. We used CWD samples from various cervid species to inoculate transgenic mice expressing human or elk prion protein (PrP). We found infectious prions in the spleen or brain in a small fraction of CWD-inoculated transgenic mice expressing human PrP, indicating that humans are not completely resistant to CWD prions; this finding has significant ramifications on the public health impact of CWD prions. The influence of cervid PrP polymorphisms, the prion strain dependence of CWD-to-human transmission barrier, and the characterization of experimental human CWD prions will be discussed.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Speaker Biography Qingzhong Kong has completed his PhD from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst and Post-doctoral studies at Yale University. He is currently an Associate Professor of Pathology, Neurology and Regenerative Medicine. He has published over 50 original research papers in reputable journals (including Science Translational Medicine, JCI, PNAS and Cell Reports) and has been serving as an Editorial Board Member on seven scientific journals. He has multiple research interests, including public health risks of animal prions (CWD of cervids and atypical BSE of cattle), animal modeling of human prion diseases, mechanisms of prion replication and pathogenesis, etiology of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD) in humans, normal cellular PrP in the biology and pathology of multiple brain and peripheral diseases, proteins responsible for the α-cleavage of cellular PrP, as well as gene therapy and DNA vaccination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">qxk2@case.edu </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SUNDAY, JULY 25, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">North American and Norwegian Chronic Wasting Disease prions exhibit different potential for interspecies transmission and zoonotic risk </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''Our data suggest that reindeer and red deer from Norway could be the most transmissible CWD prions to other mammals, whereas North American CWD prions were more prone to generate human prions in vitro.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/north-american-and-norwegian-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/north-american-and-norwegian-chronic.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, JULY 19, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> U Calgary researchers at work on a vaccine against a fatal infectious disease affecting deer and potentially people</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/u-calgary-researchers-at-work-on.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/u-calgary-researchers-at-work-on.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE aka MAD COW DISEASE, was first discovered in 1984, and it took until 1995 to finally admit that BSE was causing nvCJD, the rest there is history, but that science is still evolving i.e. science now shows that indeed atypical L-type BSE, atypical Nor-98 Scrapie, and typical Scrapie are all zoonosis, zoonotic for humans, there from. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">HOW long are we going to wait for Chronic Wasting Disease, CWD TSE Prion of Cervid, and zoonosis, zoonotic tranmission to humans there from?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Studies have shown since 1994 that humans are susceptible to CWD TSE Prion, so, what's the hold up with making CWD a zoonotic zoonosis disease, the iatrogenic transmissions there from is not waiting for someone to make a decision.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P190 Human prion disease mortality rates by occurrence of chronic wasting disease in freeranging cervids, United States</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abrams JY (1), Maddox RA (1), Schonberger LB (1), Person MK (1), Appleby BS (2), Belay ED (1)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease of deer and elk that has been identified in freeranging cervids in 23 US states. While there is currently no epidemiological evidence for zoonotic transmission through the consumption of contaminated venison, studies suggest the CWD agent can cross the species barrier in experimental models designed to closely mimic humans. We compared rates of human prion disease in states with and without CWD to examine the possibility of undetermined zoonotic transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Death records from the National Center for Health Statistics, case records from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, and additional state case reports were combined to create a database of human prion disease cases from 2003-2015. Identification of CWD in each state was determined through reports of positive CWD tests by state wildlife agencies. Age- and race-adjusted mortality rates for human prion disease, excluding cases with known etiology, were determined for four categories of states based on CWD occurrence: highly endemic (>16 counties with CWD identified in free-ranging cervids); moderately endemic (3-10 counties with CWD); low endemic (1-2 counties with CWD); and no CWD states. States were counted as having no CWD until the year CWD was first identified. Analyses stratified by age, sex, and time period were also conducted to focus on subgroups for which zoonotic transmission would be more likely to be detected: cases <55 years old, male sex, and the latter half of the study (2010-2015).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Highly endemic states had a higher rate of prion disease mortality compared to non-CWD states (rate ratio [RR]: 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01 - 1.23), as did low endemic states (RR: 1.15, 95% CI = 1.04 - 1.27). Moderately endemic states did not have an elevated mortality rate (RR: 1.05, 95% CI = 0.93 - 1.17). In age-stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates among the <55 year old population were elevated for moderately endemic states (RR: 1.57, 95% CI = 1.10 – 2.24) while mortality rates were elevated among those ≥55 for highly endemic states (RR: 1.13, 95% CI = 1.02 - 1.26) and low endemic states (RR: 1.16, 95% CI = 1.04 - 1.29). In other stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates for males were only elevated for low endemic states (RR: 1.27, 95% CI = 1.10 - 1.48), and none of the categories of CWD-endemic states had elevated mortality rates for the latter time period (2010-2015).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">While higher prion disease mortality rates in certain categories of states with CWD in free-ranging cervids were noted, additional stratified analyses did not reveal markedly elevated rates for potentially sensitive subgroups that would be suggestive of zoonotic transmission. Unknown confounding factors or other biases may explain state-by-state differences in prion disease mortality.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P172 Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Prion Disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Wang H(1), Cohen M(1), Appleby BS(1,2)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio (2) National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Cleveland, Ohio.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion disease is a fatal progressive neurodegenerative disease due to deposition of an abnormal protease-resistant isoform of prion protein. Typical symptoms include rapidly progressive dementia, myoclonus, visual disturbance and hallucinations. Interestingly, in patients with prion disease, the abnormal protein canould also be found in the peripheral nervous system. Case reports of prion deposition in peripheral nerves have been reported. Peripheral nerve involvement is thought to be uncommon; however, little is known about the exact prevalence and features of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We reviewed autopsy-proven prion cases from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center that were diagnosed between September 2016 to March 2017. We collected information regarding prion protein diagnosis, demographics, comorbidities, clinical symptoms, physical exam, neuropathology, molecular subtype, genetics lab, brain MRI, image and EMG reports. Our study included 104 patients. Thirteen (12.5%) patients had either subjective symptoms or objective signs of peripheral neuropathy. Among these 13 patients, 3 had other known potential etiologies of peripheral neuropathy such as vitamin B12 deficiency or prior chemotherapy. Among 10 patients that had no other clear etiology, 3 (30%) had familial CJD. The most common sCJD subtype was MV1-2 (30%), followed by MM1-2 (20%). The Majority of cases wasere male (60%). Half of them had exposure to wild game. The most common subjective symptoms were tingling and/or numbness of distal extremities. The most common objective finding was diminished vibratory sensation in the feet. Half of them had an EMG with the findings ranging from fasciculations to axonal polyneuropathy or demyelinating polyneuropathy.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our study provides an overview of the pattern of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease. Among patients with peripheral neuropathy symptoms or signs, majority has polyneuropathy. It is important to document the baseline frequency of peripheral neuropathy in prion diseases as these symptoms may become important when conducting surveillance for potential novel zoonotic prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P177 PrP plaques in methionine homozygous Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abrams JY (1), Schonberger LB (1), Cali I (2), Cohen Y (2), Blevins JE (2), Maddox RA (1), Belay ED (1), Appleby BS (2), Cohen ML (2)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is widely believed to originate from de novo spontaneous conversion of normal prion protein (PrP) to its pathogenic form, but concern remains that some reported sporadic CJD cases may actually be caused by disease transmission via iatrogenic processes. For cases with methionine homozygosity (CJD-MM) at codon 129 of the PRNP gene, recent research has pointed to plaque-like PrP deposition as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission for a subset of cases. This phenotype is theorized to originate from specific iatrogenic source CJD types that comprise roughly a quarter of known CJD cases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We reviewed scientific literature for studies which described PrP plaques among CJD patients with known epidemiological links to iatrogenic transmission (receipt of cadaveric human grown hormone or dura mater), as well as in cases of reported sporadic CJD. The presence and description of plaques, along with CJD classification type and other contextual factors, were used to summarize the current evidence regarding plaques as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission. In addition, 523 cases of reported sporadic CJD cases in the US from January 2013 through September 2017 were assessed for presence of PrP plaques.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We identified four studies describing 52 total cases of CJD-MM among either dura mater recipients or growth hormone recipients, of which 30 were identified as having PrP plaques. While sporadic cases were not generally described as having plaques, we did identify case reports which described plaques among sporadic MM2 cases as well as case reports of plaques exclusively in white matter among sporadic MM1 cases. Among the 523 reported sporadic CJD cases, 0 of 366 MM1 cases had plaques, 2 of 48 MM2 cases had kuru plaques, and 4 of 109 MM1+2 cases had either kuru plaques or both kuru and florid plaques. Medical chart review of the six reported sporadic CJD cases with plaques did not reveal clinical histories suggestive of potential iatrogenic transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PrP plaques occur much more frequently for iatrogenic CJD-MM cases compared to sporadic CJDMM cases. Plaques may indicate iatrogenic transmission for CJD-MM cases without a type 2 Western blot fragment. The study results suggest the absence of significant misclassifications of iatrogenic CJD as sporadic. To our knowledge, this study is the first to describe grey matter kuru plaques in apparently sporadic CJD-MM patients with a type 2 Western blot fragment.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P180 Clinico-pathological analysis of human prion diseases in a brain bank series</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ximelis T (1), Aldecoa I (1,2), Molina-Porcel L (1,3), Grau-Rivera O (4), Ferrer I (5), Nos C (6), Gelpi E (1,7), Sánchez-Valle R (1,4)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobanc-Hospital ClÃnic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (2) Pathological Service of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (3) EAIA Trastorns Cognitius, Centre Emili Mira, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain (4) Department of Neurology of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (5) Institute of Neuropathology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona (6) General subdirectorate of Surveillance and Response to Emergencies in Public Health, Department of Public Health in Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain (7) Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background and objective:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Neurological Tissue Bank (NTB) of the Hospital Clínic-Institut d‘Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain is the reference center in Catalonia for the neuropathological study of prion diseases in the region since 2001. The aim of this study is to analyse the characteristics of the confirmed prion diseases registered at the NTB during the last 15 years.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We reviewed retrospectively all neuropathologically confirmed cases registered during the period January 2001 to December 2016.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">176 cases (54,3% female, mean age: 67,5 years and age range: 25-86 years) of neuropathological confirmed prion diseases have been studied at the NTB. 152 cases corresponded to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), 10 to genetic CJD, 10 to Fatal Familial Insomnia, 2 to GerstmannSträussler-Scheinker disease, and 2 cases to variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr). Within sCJD subtypes the MM1 subtype was the most frequent, followed by the VV2 histotype.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Clinical and neuropathological diagnoses agreed in 166 cases (94%). The clinical diagnosis was not accurate in 10 patients with definite prion disease: 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Fronto-temporal dementia (FTD), 1 Niemann-Pick‘s disease, 1 Lewy Body‘s Disease, 2 Alzheimer‘s disease, 1 Cortico-basal syndrome and 2 undetermined dementia. Among patients with VPSPr, 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and the other one with FTD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Concomitant pathologies are frequent in older age groups, mainly AD neuropathological changes were observed in these subjects.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Discussion:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A wide spectrum of human prion diseases have been identified in the NTB being the relative frequencies and main characteristics like other published series. There is a high rate of agreement between clinical and neuropathological diagnoses with prion diseases. These findings show the importance that public health has given to prion diseases during the past 15 years. Continuous surveillance of human prion disease allows identification of new emerging phenotypes. Brain tissue samples from these donors are available to the scientific community. For more information please visit:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P192 Prion amplification techniques for the rapid evaluation of surface decontamination procedures</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Bruyere-Ostells L (1), Mayran C (1), Belondrade M (1), Boublik Y (2), Haïk S (3), Fournier-Wirth C (1), Nicot S (1), Bougard D (1)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Pathogenesis and control of chronic infections, Etablissement Français du Sang, Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (2) Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (3) Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) or prion diseases are a group of incurable and always fatal neurodegenerative disorders including Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases (CJD) in humans. These pathologies include sporadic (sCJD), genetic and acquired (variant CJD) forms. By the past, sCJD and vCJD were transmitted by different prion contaminated biological materials to patients resulting in more than 400 iatrogenic cases (iCJD). The atypical nature and the biochemical properties of the infectious agent, formed by abnormal prion protein or PrPTSE, make it particularly resistant to conventional decontamination procedures. In addition, PrPTSE is widely distributed throughout the organism before clinical onset in vCJD and can also be detected in some peripheral tissues in sporadic CJD. Risk of iatrogenic transmission of CJD by contaminated medical device remains thus a concern for healthcare facilities. Bioassay is the gold standard method to evaluate the efficacy of prion decontamination procedures but is time-consuming and expensive. Here, we propose to compare in vitro prion amplification techniques: Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) and Real-Time Quaking Induced Conversion (RT-QuIC) for the detection of residual prions on surface after decontamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stainless steel wires, by mimicking the surface of surgical instruments, were proposed as a carrier model of prions for inactivation studies. To determine the sensitivity of the two amplification techniques on wires (Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC), steel wires were therefore contaminated with serial dilutions of brain homogenates (BH) from a 263k infected hamster and from a patient with sCJD (MM1 subtype). We then compared the different standard decontamination procedures including partially and fully efficient treatments by detecting the residual seeding activity on 263K and sCJD contaminated wires. We completed our study by the evaluation of marketed reagents endorsed for prion decontamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The two amplification techniques can detect minute quantities of PrPTSE adsorbed onto a single wire. 8/8 wires contaminated with a 10-6 dilution of 263k BH and 1/6 with the 10-8 dilution are positive with Surf-PMCA. Similar performances were obtained with Surf-QuIC on 263K: 10/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilution and 1/8 wires contaminated with 10-8 dilution are positive. Regarding the human sCJD-MM1 prion, Surf-QuIC allows us to detect 16/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilutions and 14/16 with 10-7 . Results obtained after decontamination treatments are very similar between 263K and sCJD prions. Efficiency of marketed treatments to remove prions is lower than expected.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC are very sensitive methods for the detection of prions on wires and could be applied to prion decontamination studies for rapid evaluation of new treatments. Sodium hypochlorite is the only product to efficiently remove seeding activity of both 263K and sCJD prions.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WA2 Oral transmission of CWD into Cynomolgus macaques: signs of atypical disease, prion conversion and infectivity in macaques and bio-assayed transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Schatzl HM (1, 2), Hannaoui S (1, 2), Cheng Y-C (1, 2), Gilch S (1, 2), Beekes M (3), SchulzSchaeffer W (4), Stahl-Hennig C (5) and Czub S (2, 6)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) University of Calgary, Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada (2) University of Calgary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calgary, Canada, (3) Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany, (4) University of Homburg/Saar, Homburg, Germany, (5) German Primate Center, Goettingen, Germany, (6) Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), Lethbridge, Canada.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To date, BSE is the only example of interspecies transmission of an animal prion disease into humans. The potential zoonotic transmission of CWD is an alarming issue and was addressed by many groups using a variety of in vitro and in vivo experimental systems. Evidence from these studies indicated a substantial, if not absolute, species barrier, aligning with the absence of epidemiological evidence suggesting transmission into humans. Studies in non-human primates were not conclusive so far, with oral transmission into new-world monkeys and no transmission into old-world monkeys. Our consortium has challenged 18 Cynomolgus macaques with characterized CWD material, focusing on oral transmission with muscle tissue. Some macaques have orally received a total of 5 kg of muscle material over a period of 2 years. After 5-7 years of incubation time some animals showed clinical symptoms indicative of prion disease, and prion neuropathology and PrPSc deposition were found in spinal cord and brain of euthanized animals. PrPSc in immunoblot was weakly detected in some spinal cord materials and various tissues tested positive in RT-QuIC, including lymph node and spleen homogenates. To prove prion infectivity in the macaque tissues, we have intracerebrally inoculated 2 lines of transgenic mice, expressing either elk or human PrP. At least 3 TgElk mice, receiving tissues from 2 different macaques, showed clinical signs of a progressive prion disease and brains were positive in immunoblot and RT-QuIC. Tissues (brain, spinal cord and spleen) from these and preclinical mice are currently tested using various read-outs and by second passage in mice. Transgenic mice expressing human PrP were so far negative for clear clinical prion disease (some mice >300 days p.i.). In parallel, the same macaque materials are inoculated into bank voles. Taken together, there is strong evidence of transmissibility of CWD orally into macaques and from macaque tissues into transgenic mouse models, although with an incomplete attack rate. The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology. Our ongoing studies will show whether the transmission of CWD into macaques and passage in transgenic mice represents a form of non-adaptive prion amplification, and whether macaque-adapted prions have the potential to infect mice expressing human PrP. The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">See also poster P103</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WA16 Monitoring Potential CWD Transmission to Humans</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Belay ED</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The spread of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in animals has raised concerns about increasing human exposure to the CWD agent via hunting and venison consumption, potentially facilitating CWD transmission to humans. Several studies have explored this possibility, including limited epidemiologic studies, in vitro experiments, and laboratory studies using various types of animal models. Most human exposures to the CWD agent in the United States would be expected to occur in association with deer and elk hunting in CWD-endemic areas. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) collaborated with state health departments in Colorado, Wisconsin, and Wyoming to identify persons at risk of CWD exposure and to monitor their vital status over time. Databases were established of persons who hunted in Colorado and Wyoming and those who reported consumption of venison from deer that later tested positive in Wisconsin. Information from the databases is periodically cross-checked with mortality data to determine the vital status and causes of death for deceased persons. Long-term follow-up of these hunters is needed to assess their risk of development of a prion disease linked to CWD exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P166 Characterization of CJD strain profiles in venison consumers and non-consumers from Alberta and Saskatchewan</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stephanie Booth (1,2), Lise Lamoureux (1), Debra Sorensen (1), Jennifer L. Myskiw (1,2), Megan Klassen (1,2), Michael Coulthart (3), Valerie Sim (4)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg (2) Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (3) Canadian CJD Surveillance System, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (4) Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is spreading rapidly through wild cervid populations in the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. While this has implications for tourism and hunting, there is also concern over possible zoonotic transmission to humans who eat venison from infected deer. Whilst there is no evidence of any human cases of CWD to date, the Canadian CJD Surveillance System (CJDSS) in Canada is staying vigilant. When variant CJD occurred following exposure to BSE, the unique biochemical fingerprint of the pathologic PrP enabled a causal link to be confirmed. However, we cannot be sure what phenotype human CWD prions would present with, or indeed, whether this would be distinct from that see in sporadic CJD. Therefore we are undertaking a systematic analysis of the molecular diversity of CJD cases of individuals who resided in Alberta and Saskatchewan at their time of death comparing venison consumers and non-consumers, using a variety of clinical, imaging, pathological and biochemical markers. Our initial objective is to develop novel biochemical methodologies that will extend the baseline glycoform and genetic polymorphism typing that is already completed by the CJDSS. Firstly, we are reviewing MRI, EEG and pathology information from over 40 cases of CJD to select clinically affected areas for further investigation. Biochemical analysis will include assessment of the levels of protease sensitive and resistant prion protein, glycoform typing using 2D gel electrophoresis, testing seeding capabilities and kinetics of aggregation by quaking-induced conversion, and determining prion oligomer size distributions with asymmetric flow field fractionation with in-line light scattering. Progress and preliminary data will be presented. Ultimately, we intend to further define the relationship between PrP structure and disease phenotype and establish a baseline for the identification of future atypical CJD cases that may arise as a result of exposure to CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Source Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/</a> </div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Volume 24, Number 8—August 2018 </span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-size: 30.2px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 3px; outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Research Susceptibility of Human Prion Protein to Conversion by Chronic Wasting Disease Prions</span></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Marcelo A. BarriaComments to Author , Adriana Libori, Gordon Mitchell, and Mark W. Head Author affiliations: National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (M.A. Barria, A. Libori, M.W. Head); National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Scrapie and CWD, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (G. Mitchell)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal neurodegenerative disease and a serious animal health issue for deer and elk in North America. The identification of the first cases of CWD among free-ranging reindeer and moose in Europe brings back into focus the unresolved issue of whether CWD can be zoonotic like bovine spongiform encephalopathy. We used a cell-free seeded protein misfolding assay to determine whether CWD prions from elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer in North America can convert the human prion protein to the disease-associated form. We found that prions can convert, but the efficiency of conversion is affected by polymorphic variation in the cervid and human prion protein genes. In view of the similarity of reindeer, elk, and white-tailed deer in North America to reindeer, red deer, and roe deer, respectively, in Europe, a more comprehensive and thorough assessment of the zoonotic potential of CWD might be warranted.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Discussion Characterization of the transmission properties of CWD and evaluation of their zoonotic potential are important for public health purposes. Given that CWD affects several members of the family Cervidae, it seems reasonable to consider whether the zoonotic potential of CWD prions could be affected by factors such as CWD strain, cervid species, geographic location, and Prnp–PRNP polymorphic variation. We have previously used an in vitro conversion assay (PMCA) to investigate the susceptibility of the human PrP to conversion to its disease-associated form by several animal prion diseases, including CWD (15,16,22). The sensitivity of our molecular model for the detection of zoonotic conversion depends on the combination of 1) the action of proteinase K to degrade the abundant human PrPC that constitutes the substrate while only N terminally truncating any human PrPres produced and 2) the presence of the 3F4 epitope on human but not cervid PrP. In effect, this degree of sensitivity means that any human PrPres formed during the PMCA reaction can be detected down to the limit of Western blot sensitivity. In contrast, if other antibodies that detect both cervid and human PrP are used, such as 6H4, then newly formed human PrPres must be detected as a measurable increase in PrPres over the amount remaining in the reaction product from the cervid seed. Although best known for the efficient amplification of prions in research and diagnostic contexts, the variation of the PMCA method employed in our study is optimized for the definitive detection of zoonotic reaction products of inherently inefficient conversion reactions conducted across species barriers. By using this system, we previously made and reported the novel observation that elk CWD prions could convert human PrPC from human brain and could also convert recombinant human PrPC expressed in transgenic mice and eukaryotic cell cultures (15).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A previous publication suggested that mule deer PrPSc was unable to convert humanized transgenic substrate in PMCA assays (23) and required a further step of in vitro conditioning in deer substrate PMCA before it was able to cross the deer–human molecular barrier (24). However, prions from other species, such as elk (15) and reindeer affected by CWD, appear to be compatible with the human protein in a single round of amplification (as shown in our study). These observations suggest that different deer species affected by CWD could present differing degrees of the olecular compatibility with the normal form of human PrP.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The contribution of the polymorphism at codon 129 of the human PrP gene has been extensively studied and is recognized as a risk factor for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (4). In cervids, the equivalent codon corresponds to the position 132 encoding methionine or leucine. This polymorphism in the elk gene has been shown to play an important role in CWD susceptibility (25,26). We have investigated the effect of this cervid Prnp polymorphism on the conversion of the humanized transgenic substrate according to the variation in the equivalent PRNP codon 129 polymorphism. Interestingly, only the homologs methionine homozygous seed–substrate reactions could readily convert the human PrP, whereas the heterozygous elk PrPSc was unable to do so, even though comparable amounts of PrPres were used to seed the reaction. In addition, we observed only low levels of human PrPres formation in the reactions seeded with the homozygous methionine (132 MM) and the heterozygous (132 ML) seeds incubated with the other 2 human polymorphic substrates (129 MV and 129 VV). The presence of the amino acid leucine at position 132 of the elk Prnp gene has been attributed to a lower degree of prion conversion compared with methionine on the basis of experiments in mice made transgenic for these polymorphic variants (26). Considering the differences observed for the amplification of the homozygous human methionine substrate by the 2 polymorphic elk seeds (MM and ML), reappraisal of the susceptibility of human PrPC by the full range of cervid polymorphic variants affected by CWD would be warranted.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In light of the recent identification of the first cases of CWD in Europe in a free-ranging reindeer (R. tarandus) in Norway (2), we also decided to evaluate the in vitro conversion potential of CWD in 2 experimentally infected reindeer (18). Formation of human PrPres was readily detectable after a single round of PMCA, and in all 3 humanized polymorphic substrates (MM, MV, and VV). This finding suggests that CWD prions from reindeer could be more compatible with human PrPC generally and might therefore present a greater risk for zoonosis than, for example, CWD prions from white-tailed deer. A more comprehensive comparison of CWD in the affected species, coupled with the polymorphic variations in the human and deer PRNP–Prnp genes, in vivo and in vitro, will be required before firm conclusions can be drawn. Analysis of the Prnp sequence of the CWD reindeer in Norway was reported to be identical to the specimens used in our study (2). This finding raises the possibility of a direct comparison of zoonotic potential between CWD acquired in the wild and that produced in a controlled laboratory setting. (Table).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The prion hypothesis proposes that direct molecular interaction between PrPSc and PrPC is necessary for conversion and prion replication. Accordingly, polymorphic variants of the PrP of host and agent might play a role in determining compatibility and potential zoonotic risk. In this study, we have examined the capacity of the human PrPC to support in vitro conversion by elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer CWD PrPSc. Our data confirm that elk CWD prions can convert the human PrPC, at least in vitro, and show that the homologous PRNP polymorphisms at codon 129 and 132 in humans and cervids affect conversion efficiency. Other species affected by CWD, particularly caribou or reindeer, also seem able to convert the human PrP. It will be important to determine whether other polymorphic variants found in other CWD-affected Cervidae or perhaps other factors (17) exert similar effects on the ability to convert human PrP and thus affect their zoonotic potential.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dr. Barria is a research scientist working at the National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh. His research has focused on understanding the molecular basis of a group of fatal neurologic disorders called prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgments We thank Aru Balachandran for originally providing cervid brain tissues, Abigail Diack and Jean Manson for providing mouse brain tissue, and James Ironside for his critical reading of the manuscript at an early stage.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This report is independent research commissioned and funded by the United Kingdom’s Department of Health Policy Research Programme and the Government of Scotland. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Department of Health or the Government of Scotland.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author contributions: The study was conceived and designed by M.A.B. and M.W.H. The experiments were conducted by M.A.B. and A.L. Chronic wasting disease brain specimens were provided by G.M. The manuscript was written by M.A.B. and M.W.H. All authors contributed to the editing and revision of the manuscript.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion</a></div></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Prion 2017 Conference Abstracts</span></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none !important;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">First evidence of intracranial and peroral transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) into Cynomolgus macaques: a work in progress Stefanie Czub1, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer2, Christiane Stahl-Hennig3, Michael Beekes4, Hermann Schaetzl5 and Dirk Motzkus6 1 </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine/Canadian Food Inspection Agency; 2Universitatsklinikum des Saarlandes und Medizinische Fakultat der Universitat des Saarlandes; 3 Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen; 4 Robert-Koch-Institut Berlin; 5 University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; 6 presently: Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center; previously: Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">This is a progress report of a project which started in 2009. </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">21 cynomolgus macaques were challenged with characterized CWD material from white-tailed deer (WTD) or elk by intracerebral (ic), oral, and skin exposure routes. Additional blood transfusion experiments are supposed to assess the CWD contamination risk of human blood product. Challenge materials originated from symptomatic cervids for ic, skin scarification and partially per oral routes (WTD brain). Challenge material for feeding of muscle derived from preclinical WTD and from preclinical macaques for blood transfusion experiments. We have confirmed that the CWD challenge material contained at least two different CWD agents (brain material) as well as CWD prions in muscle-associated nerves. </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Here we present first data on a group of animals either challenged ic with steel wires or per orally and sacrificed with incubation times ranging from 4.5 to 6.9 years at postmortem. Three animals displayed signs of mild clinical disease, including anxiety, apathy, ataxia and/or tremor. In four animals wasting was observed, two of those had confirmed diabetes. All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals. Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuiC) and PET-blot assays to further substantiate these findings are on the way, as well as bioassays in bank voles and transgenic mice. </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">At present, a total of 10 animals are sacrificed and read-outs are ongoing. Preclinical incubation of the remaining macaques covers a range <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">from 6.4 to 7.10</span> years. Based on the species barrier and an incubation time of > 5 years for BSE in macaques and about 10 years for scrapie in macaques, we expected an onset of clinical disease beyond 6 years post inoculation. </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">PRION 2017 DECIPHERING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS ABSTRACTS REFERENCE</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 23, 2019 </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion and THE FEAST 2003 CDC an updated review of the science 2019 </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 04, 2014 </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Six-year follow-up of a point-source exposure to CWD contaminated venison in an Upstate New York community: risk behaviours and health outcomes 2005–2011 Authors, though, acknowledged the study was limited in geography and sample size and so it couldn't draw a conclusion about the risk to humans. They recommended more study. Dr. Ermias Belay was the report's principal author but he said New York and Oneida County officials are following the proper course by not launching a study. "There's really nothing to monitor presently. No one's sick," Belay said, noting the disease's incubation period in deer and elk is measured in years. " </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Transmission Studies Mule deer transmissions of CWD were by intracerebral inoculation and compared with natural cases {the following was written but with a single line marked through it ''first passage (by this route)}....TSS resulted in a more rapidly progressive clinical disease with repeated episodes of synocopy ending in coma. One control animal became affected, it is believed through contamination of inoculum (?saline). Further CWD transmissions were carried out by Dick Marsh into ferret, mink and squirrel monkey. Transmission occurred in ALL of these species with the shortest incubation period in the ferret. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip.... </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Prion Infectivity in Fat of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease▿ </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Brent Race#, Kimberly Meade-White#, Richard Race and Bruce Chesebro* + Author Affiliations In mice, prion infectivity was recently detected in fat. Since ruminant fat is consumed by humans and fed to animals, we determined infectivity titers in fat from two CWD-infected deer. Deer fat devoid of muscle contained low levels of CWD infectivity and might be a risk factor for prion infection of other species. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Prions in Skeletal Muscles of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease Here bioassays in transgenic mice expressing cervid prion protein revealed the presence of infectious prions in skeletal muscles of CWD-infected deer, demonstrating that humans consuming or handling meat from CWD-infected deer are at risk to prion exposure. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> *** now, let’s see what the authors said about this casual link, personal communications years ago, and then the latest on the zoonotic potential from CWD to humans from the TOKYO PRION 2016 CONFERENCE. see where it is stated NO STRONG evidence. so, does this mean there IS casual evidence ???? “Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans” </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">From: TSS Subject: CWD aka MAD DEER/ELK TO HUMANS ??? </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Date: September 30, 2002 at 7:06 am PST </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">From: "Belay, Ermias" </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">To: Cc: "Race, Richard (NIH)" ; ; "Belay, Ermias" </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Sent: Monday, September 30, 2002 9:22 AM Subject: RE: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Dear Sir/Madam, In the Archives of Neurology you quoted (the abstract of which was attached to your email), we did not say CWD in humans will present like variant CJD.. That assumption would be wrong. I encourage you to read the whole article and call me if you have questions or need more clarification (phone: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">404-639-3091</span></span>). </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Also, we do not claim that "no-one has ever been infected with prion disease from eating venison." Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans in the article you quoted or in any other forum is limited to the patients we investigated. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Ermias Belay, M.D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">-----Original Message----- From: </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Sent: Sunday, September 29, 2002 10:15 AM To: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">rr26k@nih.gov</span></span>; <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">rrace@niaid.nih.gov</span></span>; <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">ebb8@CDC.GOV</span></span> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Subject: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Sunday, November 10, 2002 6:26 PM .......snip........end..............TSS </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Thursday, April 03, 2008 </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease 2008 1: Vet Res. 2008 Apr 3;39(4):41 A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease Sigurdson CJ. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip... *** twenty-seven CJD patients who regularly consumed venison were reported to the Surveillance Center***, </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip... full text ; </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">sporadic, spontaneous CJD, 85%+ of all human TSE, did not just happen. never in scientific literature has this been proven. if one looks up the word sporadic or spontaneous at pubmed, you will get a laundry list of disease that are classified in such a way; </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">sporadic = 54,983 hits </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic</a><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">spontaneous = 325,650 hits </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous</a><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">key word here is 'reported'. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can't, and it's as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it's being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. ...terry </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people.<br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;">key word here is ‘reported’. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can’t, and it’s as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it’s being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. …terry</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;">*** These results would seem to suggest that CWD does indeed have zoonotic potential, at least as judged by the compatibility of CWD prions and their human PrPC target. Furthermore, extrapolation from this simple in vitro assay suggests that if zoonotic CWD occurred, it would most likely effect those of the PRNP codon 129-MM genotype and that the PrPres type would be similar to that found in the most common subtype of sCJD (MM1).***</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys</a></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true</a></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: white; color: #196ad4; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD TSE PRION AND ZOONOTIC, ZOONOSIS, POTENTIAL</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: Re: DEER SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY SURVEY & HOUND STUDY </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: Fri, 18 Oct 2002 23:12:22 +0100 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: Steve Dealler </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Organization: Netscape Online member </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: BSE-L@ References: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dear Terry,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">An excellent piece of review as this literature is desperately difficult to get back from Government sites.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">What happened with the deer was that an association between deer meat eating and sporadic CJD was found in about 1993. The evidence was not great but did not disappear after several years of asking CJD cases what they had eaten. I think that the work into deer disease largely stopped because it was not helpful to the UK industry...and no specific cases were reported. Well, if you dont look adequately like they are in USA currenly then you wont find any!</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Steve Dealler </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM THIRD ANNUAL REPORT AUGUST 1994</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Consumption of venison and veal was much less widespread among both cases and controls. For both of these meats there was evidence of a trend with increasing frequency of consumption being associated with increasing risk of CJD. (not nvCJD, but sporadic CJD...tss) These associations were largely unchanged when attention was restricted to pairs with data obtained from relatives. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Table 9 presents the results of an analysis of these data.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is STRONG evidence of an association between ‘’regular’’ veal eating and risk of CJD (p = .0.01).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Individuals reported to eat veal on average at least once a year appear to be at 13 TIMES THE RISK of individuals who have never eaten veal.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is, however, a very wide confidence interval around this estimate. There is no strong evidence that eating veal less than once per year is associated with increased risk of CJD (p = 0.51).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is some evidence that risk of CJD INCREASES WITH INCREASING FREQUENCY OF LAMB EATING (p = 0.02).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The evidence for such an association between beef eating and CJD is weaker (p = 0.14). When only controls for whom a relative was interviewed are included, this evidence becomes a little STRONGER (p = 0.08).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It was found that when veal was included in the model with another exposure, the association between veal and CJD remained statistically significant (p = < 0.05 for all exposures), while the other exposures ceased to be statistically significant (p = > 0.05).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In conclusion, an analysis of dietary histories revealed statistical associations between various meats/animal products and INCREASED RISK OF CJD. When some account was taken of possible confounding, the association between VEAL EATING AND RISK OF CJD EMERGED AS THE STRONGEST OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS STATISTICALLY. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the study in the USA, a range of foodstuffs were associated with an increased risk of CJD, including liver consumption which was associated with an apparent SIX-FOLD INCREASE IN THE RISK OF CJD. By comparing the data from 3 studies in relation to this particular dietary factor, the risk of liver consumption became non-significant with an odds ratio of 1.2 (PERSONAL COMMUNICATION, PROFESSOR A. HOFMAN. ERASMUS UNIVERSITY, ROTTERDAM). (???...TSS)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full report ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stephen Dealler is a consultant medical microbiologist <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">deal@airtime.co.uk</span> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE Inquiry Steve Dealler</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Management In Confidence</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE: Private Submission of Bovine Brain Dealler</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> MAD DOGS AND ENGLISHMEN BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, CJD, TSE PRION A REVIEW 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> ''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> In conclusion, sensory symptoms and loss of reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome can be explained by neuropathological changes in the spinal cord. We conclude that the sensory symptoms and loss of lower limb reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome is due to pathology in the caudal spinal cord. <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology.<*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD. <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals.<*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids.'' Scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease (II) <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, MAY 11, 2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">> A Unique Presentation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in a Patient Consuming Deer Antler Velvet <</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusion</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We believe that our patient’s case of CJD is highly suspicious for cervid etiology given the circumstances of the case as well as the strong evidence of plausibility reported in published literature. This is the first known case of CJD in a patient who had consumed deer antler velvet. Despite the confirmed diagnosis of CJD, a causal relationship between the patient’s disease and his consumption of deer antler velvet cannot be definitively concluded.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Supplemental data including molecular tissue sample analysis and autopsy findings could yield further supporting evidence. Given this patient’s clinical resemblance to CBD and the known histological similarities of CBD with CJD, clinicians should consider both diseases in the differential diagnosis of patients with a similarly esoteric presentation. Regardless of the origin of this patient’s disease, it is clear that the potential for prion transmission from cervids to humans should be further investigated by the academic community with considerable urgency.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''We believe that our patient’s case of CJD is highly suspicious for cervid etiology given the circumstances of the case as well as the strong evidence of plausibility reported in published literature. This is the first known case of CJD in a patient who had consumed deer antler velvet. Despite the confirmed diagnosis of CJD, a causal relationship between the patient’s disease and his consumption of deer antler velvet cannot be definitively concluded.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE: A Unique Presentation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in a Patient Consuming Deer Antler Velvet</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i was warning England and the BSE Inquiry about just this, way back in 1998, and was ask to supply information to the BSE Inquiry. for anyone that might be interested, see;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary submission to the BSE Inquiry on CJD and Nutritional Supplements 1998</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ABOUT that deer antler spray and CWD TSE PRION... I have been screaming this since my neighbors mom died from cjd, and she had been taking a supplement that contained bovine brain, bovine eyeball, and other SRMs specified risk materials, the most high risk for mad cow disease. just saying...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I made a submission to the BSE Inquiry long ago during the BSE Inquiry days, and they seemed pretty interested.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sender: "Patricia Cantos"</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: "Terry S Singeltary Sr. (E-mail)"</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: Your submission to the Inquiry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: Fri, 3 Jul 1998 10:10:05 +0100 3 July 1998</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Mr Terry S Singeltary Sr. E-Mail: Flounder at <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">wt.net</span> Ref: E2979</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dear Mr Singeltary, Thank you for your E-mail message of the 30th of June 1998 providing the Inquiry with your further comments. Thank you for offering to provide the Inquiry with any test results on the nutritional supplements your mother was taking before she died. As requested I am sending you our general Information Pack and a copy of the Chairman's letter. Please contact me if your system cannot read the attachments. Regarding your question, the Inquiry is looking into many aspects of the scientific evidence on BSE and nvCJD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I would refer you to the transcripts of evidence we have already heard which are found on our internet site at ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">http://www.bse.org.uk</span>.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Could you please provide the Inquiry with a copy of the press article you refer to in your e-mail? If not an approximate date for the article so that we can locate it? In the meantime, thank you for you comments. Please do not hesitate to contact me on... snip...end...tss</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">everyone I tell this too gets it screwed up...MY MOTHER WAS NOT TAKING THOSE SUPPLEMENTS IPLEX (that I ever knew of). this was my neighbors mother that died exactly one year previously and to the day of sporadic CJD that was diagnosed as Alzheimer’s at first. my mother died exactly a year later from the Heidenhain Variant of Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease hvCJD, and exceedingly rare strains of the ever growing sporadic CJD’s. both cases confirmed. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">kind regards, terry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TSEs i.e. mad cow disease's BSE/BASE and NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS IPLEX, mad by standard process; vacuum dried bovine BRAIN, bone meal, bovine EYE, veal Bone, bovine liver powder, bovine adrenal, vacuum dried bovine kidney, and vacuum dried porcine stomach. also; what about potential mad cow candy bars ? see their potential mad cow candy bar list too... THESE are just a few of MANY of just this ONE COMPANY...TSS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''So, in sum, dietary supplements sold in the United States often contain ruminant tissues from undisclosed sources. Personally, I am rather squeamish and I don't think I would be eating prostate or testicle or pituitary, but I am also a little bit wary of consuming products with those glands, not just out of personal repugnance but simply out of a health concern.'' DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION CENTER FOR BIOLOGICS EVALUATION AND RESEARCH TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES ADVISORY COMMITTEE Friday, January 19, 2001</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15 Open Public Hearing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">16 DR. FREAS: We are opening the open public hearing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 now. We have received one response to speak in this</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">18 afternoon's open public hearing. That is from Dr. Scott</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">19 Norton. If Dr. Norton is here, would you please come</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">20 forward. You can either use the podium or the microphone,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">21 whichever is your choice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 DR. NORTON: I am Scott Norton and I am a</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23 physician in the Washington D.C. area. I am here speaking</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">24 as a private citizen today.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">25 I first became concerned about the presence of 231</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1 tissues from ruminant animals in dietary supplements about</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2 six months ago and expressed my concern in a letter that was 3 published in New England Journal of Medicine in July of Year 4 2000. 5 A couple of the products that I had looked at, and 6 examined their labels, that raised these concerns I brought 7 in right here. I will just read some of the organs that are 8 found in one that is called Male Power. Deer antler, 9 pancreas, orchic--despite what we just heard that the FDA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">10 prefers the term "testicular tissue" to be written on the</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">11 labels, I have never seen a dietary supplement say</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">12 "testicle." They always say "orchis" or "orchic" which may</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">13 sound rather flowery to the etymologically impaired--thymus,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">14 adrenal, heart, lymph node, prostate, spleen and pituitary.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15 There are actually seventeen organs in that particular</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">16 product.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 There is another product that is called Brain</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">18 Nutrition that tells us that it is vitamins and minerals</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">19 essential for important brain function. It does not mention</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">20 that there is any glandulars on at least the bold print. 21 But if you look at the small print on the back, we learn</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 that it has brain extract and pituitary extract, raw, in</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23 there.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">24 We know that many of the organs that can be found</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">25 in the dietary supplements do fall in that list of organs</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">232</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1 that are suspect for contamination with TSEs, the labels, in 2 nearly all cases, identify neither the animal source nor the 3 geographic location from which the organs were derived. I 4 have seen one line that did specify from New Zealand cattle 5 but no other manufacturer will list either the species or 6 the geographic location. 7 The FDA's and the USDA's import alerts that we 8 just learned about prohibit the use of these organs in 9 foods, medicines and medical devices. But my reading of the</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">10 alert, 17-04, suggests that DSHEA does allow some loopholes</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">11 for these tissues to possible slip in.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">12 I will just read <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">from 17-04</span> that we heard. On the</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">13 first page, it says that, "This alert does not establish any</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">14 obligations on regulated entities." I love seeing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15 legislation that starts out with that caveat.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">16 Then it says, further, "The USDA regulations do</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 not apply to bovine-derived materials intended for human</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">18 consumption as finished dietary supplements." We also learn</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">19 that the prohibition, or the import alert, is limited to</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">20 bulk lots of these tissues, completed tissues, from BSE-</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">21 derived countries. It does not mention if it is not a bulk</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 import or if it is raw materials rather than finished</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23 materials.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">24 Further, we know that it is strongly recommended</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">25 but not actually prohibited in the language here. So I have</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">233</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1 not taken the assurances from that import alert that Dr. 2 Moore was trying to convey to us. 3 So, in sum, dietary supplements sold in the United 4 States often contain ruminant tissues from undisclosed 5 sources. Personally, I am rather squeamish and I don't 6 think I would be eating prostate or testicle or pituitary, 7 but I am also a little bit wary of consuming products with 8 those glands, not just out of personal repugnance but simply 9 out of a health concern.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">10 So my question to the advisory committee is this;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">11 is my caution reasonable and, if it is, should we take</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">12 further efforts to inform, or even protect, the American</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">13 public from such exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">14 I was curious about Dr.</span> Moore's remarks. I sensed</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15 two messages. One was the initial reassurance that FDA has</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">16 the regulatory authority but then I also learned that it is</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 the manufacturer's responsibility to provide those 18 assurances, that the FDA doesn't actually inspect.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">19 I think that the FDA commissioners from Harvey</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">20 Wylie to David Kessler would say that that track record has</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">21 proven itself.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 Thank you very much.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23 [Applause.]</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">24 DR. BROWN: Thanks, Dr. Norton. 25 Committee Discussion snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 But I think that we could exhibit some quite 18 reasonable concern about blood donors who are taking dietary 19 supplements that contain a certain amount of unspecified- 20 origin brain, brain-related, brain and pituitary material. 21 If they have done this for more than a sniff or something 22 like that, then, perhaps, they should be deferred as blood 23 donors. 24 That is probably worse than spending six months in 25 the U.K. 1/19/01 3681t2.rtf(845) page 501 <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/cber01.htm</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Advisory Committees: CBER 2001 Meeting Documents</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see actual paper;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20110616...ov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t2.rtf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20110616...ov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t2.rtf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Mar03/031403/96N-0417-EC-2.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Mar03/031403/96N-0417-EC-2.htm</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_07.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_07.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">-------- Original Message --------</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: METABOLIFE AND TSEs GAO-03-494 ''URGENT DATA''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: Thu, 01 May 2003 11:23:01 -0500</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: NelliganJ at <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">gao.gov</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The General Accounting Office (GAO) today released the following reports and testimonies:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">REPORTS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1. Dietary Supplements: Review of Health-Related Call Records for Users of Metabolife 356. GAO-03-494, <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">March 31.</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-03-494" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-03-494</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see updated url link;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050205084229/http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20050205084229/http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">GREETINGS GAO:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i was surprised that i did not see any listing of bovine tissue in metabolife on it's label. have they ceased using these desiccated tissues???</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i see that the lable on this product METABOLIFE 356, does not state that it has any tissues of desiccated bovine organs? i no the product use to, so i am curious if they have ceased the use of the tissues of cattle they use to use (see below)???</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">METABOLIFE 356 BOVINE COMPLEX/GLANDULAR SYSTEM OVARIES, PROSTATE, SCROTUM AND ADRENAL USDA SOURCE CATTLE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i tried warning them years ago of this potential threat of CJD/TSEs;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: Randy Smith To: "'flounder at <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">wt.net</span>'" Subject: Metabolife Date: Mon, 7 Dec 1998 14:21:35 -0800</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dear Sir,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We are looking at reformulation. I agree that slow virus diseases present a problem in some areas of the world.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our product uses healthy USDA inspected cattle for the glandular extract.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">If you have any links to more information on this subject I would like to examine them.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Thank you for your interest and concern,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dr. Smith ============</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see full text links of this archived information ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/03/chronic-wasting-disease-prions-in-elk.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/03/chronic-wasting-disease-prions-in-elk.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/ohio-division-of-wildlife-confirms.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/ohio-division-of-wildlife-confirms.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/124/additional-cases-marion-wyandot-counties" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/124/additional-cases-marion-wyandot-counties</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">with that, there is abundance of other scientific studies that show it's very likely CWD will or already has, transmit to humans, it's just that no one wants to believe it, they simply don't want it to happen, neither do i, but in the real world, imo, it's already happened and is being masked as sporadic CJD imo, you can see this science archived here, skroll down to about the halfway point of this blog on the recent cases of cwd in Texas;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see about half way down to;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> PRION CONFERENCE 2022 ABSTRACTS CWD TSE PrP ZOONOSIS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/texas-cwd-now-confirmed-505-cervid-101.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/texas-cwd-now-confirmed-505-cervid-101.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">***> creutzfeldt jakob disease IS NOT ONE IN A MILLION!<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">***> 2023 COLLINGE ET AL, CJD is about 1 IN 5,000!</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Professor John Collinge on tackling prion diseases, sCJD accounts for around 1 in 5000 deaths worldwide</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 11, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Professor John Collinge on tackling prion diseases </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“The best-known human prion disease is sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), a rapidly progressive dementia which accounts for around 1 in 5000 deaths worldwide.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is accumulating evidence also for iatrogenic AD. Understanding prion biology, and in particular how propagation of prions leads to neurodegeneration, is therefore of central research importance in medicine.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/brain-sciences/dementia-ucl-priority/professor-john-collinge-tackling-prion-diseases" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ucl.ac.uk/brain-sciences/dementia-ucl-priority/professor-john-collinge-tackling-prion-diseases</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;">February 14, 2001<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary, Sr</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author Affiliations</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">JAMA. 2001;285(6):733-734. doi:10-1001/pubs.JAMA-ISSN-0098-7484-285-6-jlt0214 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To the Editor: In their Research Letter, Dr Gibbons and colleagues1 reported that the annual US death rate due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has been stable since 1985. These estimates, however, are based only on reported cases, and do not include misdiagnosed or preclinical cases. It seems to me that misdiagnosis alone would drastically change these figures. An unknown number of persons with a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in fact may have CJD, although only a small number of these patients receive the postmortem examination necessary to make this diagnosis. Furthermore, only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies should be reportable nationwide and internationally.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1031186" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1031186</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, DECEMBER 18, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">***> Change in Epidemiology of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in the US, 2007-2020 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/change-in-epidemiology-of-creutzfeldt.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/change-in-epidemiology-of-creutzfeldt.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION CONFERENCE 2023 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS FOR CWD TSE PRION</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD TSE PRION CERVID ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation."</div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Detection of prions in soils contaminated by multiple routes</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stuart Siegfried Lichtenberg1,2 , Heather Inzalaco3 , Sam Thomas4 , Dan Storm5 , Dan Walsh6</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A. 2Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A. 3 Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A 4Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A. 5Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, U.S.A. 6U.S. Geological Survey, Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, U.S.A.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Free-ranging animals afflicted with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies frequently shed infectious prions into the broader environment. The quintessential example is chronic wasting disease, the TSE of cervids. Over the course of the disease, an infected animal will shed infectious prions in blood, urine, saliva, and feces. Upon death, the total prion load interred in the animal’s tissues will be deposited wherever the animal falls. This contamination creates substantial risk to naïve animals, and likely contributes to disease spread. Identification and quantification of prions at contamination hotspots is essential for any attempt at mitigation of environmental transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: Surfactant extraction of soils followed by precipitation yields a sample that is amenable to analysis by real-time quaking induced conversion. However, differences in extraction yield are apparent depending on the properties of the matrix from which the prions are being extracted, principally soil clay content.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: We are able to detect prion seeding activity at multiple types of environmental hotspots, including carcass sites, contaminated captive facilities, and scrapes (i.e. urine and saliva). Differences in relative prion concentration vary depending on the nature and source of the contamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Detection of prions in the environment is of the utmost importance for controlling chronic wasting disease spread. Here, we have demonstrated a viable method for detection of prions in complex environmental matrices. However, it is quite likely that this method underestimates the total infectious prion load in a contaminated sample, due to incomplete recovery of infectious prions. Further refinements are necessary for accurate quantification of prions in such samples, and to account for the intrinsic heterogeneities found in the broader environment.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">The detection and decontamination of chronic wasting disease prions during venison processing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Marissa S. Milstein1,2, Marc D. Schwabenlander1,2, Sarah C. Gresch1,2, Manci Li1,2, Stuart Lichtenberg1,2, Rachel Shoemaker1,2, Gage R. Rowden1,2, Jason C. Bartz2,3 , Tiffany M. Wolf2,4, Peter A. Larsen1,2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Presenting author: Tiffany M. Wolf 1 Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 2 Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 3 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA 4 Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: There is a growing concern that chronic wasting disease (CWD) prions in venison pose a risk to human health. CWD prions accumulate in infected deer tissues that commonly enter the human food chain through meat processing and consumption. The United States (US) Food and Drug Administration and US Department of Agriculture now formally consider CWD-positive venison unfit for human and animal consumption. Yet, the degree to which prion contamination occurs during routine venison processing is unknown. Here, we use environmental surface swab methods to: a) experimentally test meat processing equipment (i.e., stainless steel knives and polyethylene cutting boards) before and after processing CWD-positive venison and b) test the efficacy of five different disinfectant types (i.e., Dawn dish soap, Virkon-S, Briotech, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach) to determine prion decontamination efficacy.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: We used a real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay to determine CWD infection status of venison and to detect CWD prions in the swabs. We collected three swabs per surface and ran eight technical replicates on RT-QuIC.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: CWD prions were detected on all cutting boards (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8 and knives (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) used in processing CWD-positive venison, but not on those used for CWD-negative venison. After processing CWD-positive venison, allowing the surfaces to dry, and washing the cutting board with Dawn dish soap, we detected CWD prions on the cutting board surface (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) but not on the knife (n= 3, replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). Similar patterns were observed with Briotech (cutting board: n= 3; replicates= 7/8, 1/8, 0/8; knife: n= 3; replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). We did not detect CWD prions on the knives or cutting boards after disinfecting with Virkon-S, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: These preliminary results suggest that Dawn dish soap and Briotech do not reliably decontaminate CWD prions from these surfaces. Our data suggest that Virkon-S and various bleach concentrations are more effective in reducing prion contamination of meat processing surfaces; however, surface type may also influence the ability of prions to adsorb to surfaces, preventing complete decontamination. Our results will directly inform best practices to prevent the introduction of CWD prions into the human food chain during venison processing.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: Funding was provided by the Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund as recommended by the Legislative-Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources (LCCMR), the Rapid Agriculture Response Fund (#95385/RR257), and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Theme: Animal prion diseases</div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2023 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Nine of these recurrences occurred 14–21 years after culling, apparently as the result of environmental contamination, but outside entry could not always be absolutely excluded. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY Volume 87, Issue 12</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years Free</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82011-0" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82011-0</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Rapid recontamination of a farm building occurs after attempted prion removal</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">First published: 19 January 2019 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The data illustrates the difficulty in decontaminating farm buildings from scrapie, and demonstrates the likely contribution of farm dust to the recontamination of these environments to levels that are capable of causing disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This study clearly demonstrates the difficulty in removing scrapie infectivity from the farm environment. Practical and effective prion decontamination methods are still urgently required for decontamination of scrapie infectivity from farms that have had cases of scrapie and this is particularly relevant for scrapiepositive goatherds, which currently have limited genetic resistance to scrapie within commercial breeds.24 This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***>This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Front. Vet. Sci., 14 September 2015 | <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Objects in contact with classical scrapie sheep act as a reservoir for scrapie transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In conclusion, the results in the current study indicate that removal of furniture that had been in contact with scrapie-infected animals should be recommended, particularly since cleaning and decontamination may not effectively remove scrapie infectivity (31), even though infectivity declines considerably if the pasture and the field furniture have not been in contact with scrapie-infected sheep for several months. As sPMCA failed to detect PrPSc in furniture that was subjected to weathering, even though exposure led to infection in sheep, this method may not always be reliable in predicting the risk of scrapie infection through environmental contamination. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">172. Establishment of PrPCWD extraction and detection methods in the farm soil</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our studies showed that PrPCWD persist in 0.001% CWD contaminated soil for at least 4 year and natural CWD-affected farm soil. When cervid reintroduced into CWD outbreak farm, the strict decontamination procedures of the infectious agent should be performed in the environment of CWD-affected cervid habitat.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">SUBJECT MATTER: Chronic Wasting Disease Carcass Disposal Dumpster Management and Biosecurity</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BACKGROUND INFORMATION:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">State and tribal wildlife agencies may identify collection points (dumpsters) within an identified chronic wasting disease (CWD) management zone for the disposal of hunter-harvested cervid carcasses to remove potentially infected carcasses off the landscape for disposal by an approved method (Gillin & Mawdsley, 2018, chap.14). However, depending on their placement and maintenance these dumpsters could potentially increase the risk of CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In several different states, photographic evidence has shown dumpsters in state identified CWD management zones overflowing with deer carcasses and limbs scattered on the land nearby. This could provide an opportunity for scavengers to potentially move infected carcass material to non-infected zones or increase contamination of the ground material around the dumpster’s location.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Federal guidance does not explicitly address uniform standards for collection locations for carcasses of free-ranging cervids; however, the United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services Program Standards on CWD outlines procedures for carcass disposal, equipment sanitation, and decontamination of premises for captive cervid facilities.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">RESOLUTION:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The United States Animal Health Association urges the Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (AFWA), Wildlife Health Committee to further refine the AFWA Technical Report on Best Management Practices for Prevention, Surveillance, and Management of Chronic Wasting Disease; Chapter 14, Carcass Disposal to address the placement and management of chronic wasting disease carcass disposal dumpsters or other carcass collection containers.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Reference:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1. Gillin, Colin M., and Mawdsley, Jonathan R. (eds.). 2018. AFWA Technical Report on Best Management Practices for Surveillance, Management and Control of Chronic Wasting Disease. Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Washington, D. C. 111 pp. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.usaha.org/upload/Resolution/2022/2022_Resolution_30_CWD_Dumpste.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.usaha.org/upload/Resolution/2022/2022_Resolution_30_CWD_Dumpste.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;">THE tse prion aka mad cow type disease is not your normal pathogen. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The TSE prion disease survives ashing to 600 degrees celsius, that’s around 1112 degrees farenheit. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">you cannot cook the TSE prion disease out of meat. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">you can take the ash and mix it with saline and inject that ash into a mouse, and the mouse will go down with TSE. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production as well. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">the TSE prion agent also survives Simulated Wastewater Treatment Processes. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">IN fact, you should also know that the TSE Prion agent will survive in the environment for years, if not decades. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">you can bury it and it will not go away. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The TSE agent is capable of infected your water table i.e. Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">it’s not your ordinary pathogen you can just cook it out and be done with. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> that’s what’s so worrisome about Iatrogenic mode of transmission, a simple autoclave will not kill this TSE prion agent. I’m thinking tools used to dress a deer, knives with wooden handles, carcass disposal, burial only 3ft, scavengers, exposure of Cwd to soil and surrounding area, plants intake, …I could go on…Terry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994 Jun;57(6):757-8 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease to a chimpanzee by electrodes contaminated during neurosurgery. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Asher DM, Kobrine A, Amyx HL, Sulima MP, Gajdusek DC. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Laboratory of Central Nervous System Studies, National Institute of </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Bethesda, MD 20892. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stereotactic multicontact electrodes used to probe the cerebral cortex of a middle aged woman with progressive dementia were previously implicated in the accidental transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) to two younger patients. The diagnoses of CJD have been confirmed for all three cases. More than two years after their last use in humans, after three cleanings and repeated sterilisation in ethanol and formaldehyde vapour, the electrodes were implanted in the cortex of a chimpanzee. Eighteen months later the animal became ill with CJD. This finding serves to re-emphasise the potential danger posed by reuse of instruments contaminated with the agents of spongiform encephalopathies, even after scrupulous attempts to clean them. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PMID: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">8006664</span> [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8006664?dopt=Abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8006664?dopt=Abstract</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">New studies on the heat resistance of hamster-adapted scrapie agent: Threshold survival after ashing at 600°C suggests an inorganic template of replication </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A Quantitative Assessment of the Amount of Prion Diverted to Category 1 Materials and Wastewater During Processing </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rapid assessment of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion inactivation by heat treatment in yellow grease produced in the industrial manufacturing process of meat and bone meals </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 2019 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE infectivity survives burial for five years with only limited spread</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">5 or 6 years quarantine is NOT LONG ENOUGH FOR CWD TSE PRION !!!</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">QUARANTINE NEEDS TO BE 21 YEARS FOR CWD TSE PRION !</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">You can take this communication from my old files with how ever many grains of salt you wish…Terry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, APRIL 30, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Should Property Evaluations Contain Scrapie, CWD, TSE PRION Environmental Contamination of the land?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Confidential!!!!</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> As early as 1992-3 there had been long studies conducted on small pastures containing scrapie infected sheep at the sheep research station associated with the Neuropathogenesis Unit in Edinburgh, Scotland. Whether these are documented...I don't know. But personal recounts both heard and recorded in a daily journal indicate that leaving the pastures free and replacing the topsoil completely at least 2 feet of thickness each year for SEVEN years....and then when very clean (proven scrapie free) sheep were placed on these small pastures.... the new sheep also broke out with scrapie and passed it to offspring. I am not sure that TSE contaminated ground could ever be free of the agent!! A very frightening revelation!!!</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">---end personal email early BSE days---end...tss</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">and so it seems...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Scrapie Agent (Strain 263K) Can Transmit Disease via the Oral Route after Persistence in Soil over Years</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published: May 9, 2007</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our results showed that 263K scrapie agent can persist in soil at least over 29 months. Strikingly, not only the contaminated soil itself retained high levels of infectivity, as evidenced by oral administration to Syrian hamsters, but also feeding of aqueous soil extracts was able to induce disease in the reporter animals. We could also demonstrate that PrPSc in soil, extracted after 21 months, provides a catalytically active seed in the protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) reaction. PMCA opens therefore a perspective for considerably improving the detectability of prions in soil samples from the field.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0000435" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0000435</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dr. Paul Brown Scrapie Soil Test BSE Inquiry Document</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090505211734/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/Seac07/tab03.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090505211734/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/Seac07/tab03.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Trucking CWD TSE PrP</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Friday, December 14, 2012 <div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with CWD prion. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing, footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible. For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant uncertainty associated with these estimates. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists and returning GB residents. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://webarchive.nationa... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published: 06 September 2021<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Chronic wasting disease: a cervid prion infection looming to spillover</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Alicia Otero, Camilo Duque Velásquez, Judd Aiken & Debbie McKenzie </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Veterinary Research volume 52, Article number: 115 (2021) </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-021-00986-y" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-021-00986-y</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">THURSDAY, DECEMBER 7, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Cervid Update By State December 2023 (Long Version) </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(Short Version) </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion_7.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion_7.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37946824.post-14721896353838371442023-12-16T11:25:00.007-06:002023-12-16T11:30:01.394-06:00Virginia Chronic Wasting Disease Detected for First Time in Carroll County<div style="background-color: white; outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Virginia Chronic Wasting Disease Detected for First Time in Carroll County</span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">For Immediate Release</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">December 15, 2023</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Contact:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Alexandra Lombard alexandra.lombard@dwr.virginia.gov 540-315-6145</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Chronic Wasting Disease Detected for First Time in Carroll County</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Richmond, VA — The Virginia Department of Wildlife Resources (DWR) has recently confirmed the presence of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in an adult male deer legally harvested near Dugspur, in Carroll County, VA. This marks the first confirmed case of CWD in Carroll County, although the county is already included in Disease Management Area 3 (DMA3) due to previous detections in neighboring counties.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">The deer in question was brought to a taxidermist in October 2023, and DWR obtained the sample shortly thereafter as part of the Department’s proactive CWD surveillance efforts. After confirmatory testing at a separate lab and verification of the exact location of harvest, DWR has arranged for additional sample collection from the general area. No regulatory changes will be implemented until the conclusion of the 2023–2024 deer hunting season.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">As a reminder, whole carcasses and high-risk tissues from deer harvested in Carroll County may not be transported outside of DMA3 boundaries. Hunters in Carroll County can choose to have their deer tested for CWD at no cost by bringing the head to a CWD drop site or a participating meat processor in DMA3. Refrigerator locations and participating processors can be found through the new interactive testing map or in this DMA3 drop site list.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">For additional information about hunting in DMA3, please visit: What You Need To Know About Hunting in Disease Management Area 3.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">In addition to increased testing in Carroll County, the DWR aims to enhance CWD testing in neighboring Wythe County. To achieve this, a voluntary refrigerator drop location has been established at the Wytheville State Fish Hatchery. Hunters in Wythe County can utilize this location to have their harvested deer tested at no cost. However, it is important to note that deer harvested in DMA3 must remain within the DMA and are not eligible to be brought into Wythe County at this time.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">To aid in the tracking and management of CWD, DWR encourages hunters to continue hunting and to electively test harvested deer. The DWR has been closely monitoring CWD prevalence and spread in northwestern Virginia (DMA1 and DMA2) since 2002. DMA3 in southern Virginia was added after a positive detection in Montgomery County in 2020. Over the past five years, the DWR has been conducting CWD surveillance across the rest of the state with the assistance of cooperating taxidermists. From 2009 to the end of the 2022-2023 hunting season, a total of 181 positive cases of CWD have been detected in Virginia, with only 11 cases in DMA3. DWR is appreciative of the support and cooperation demonstrated by taxidermists, processors, and hunters who aid in this sampling effort. This assistance is critical to the success of the ongoing statewide CWD monitoring, surveillance, and prevention efforts.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">CWD has been confirmed in at least 32 U.S. states, three Canadian provinces, northern Europe, and South Korea. In North America, this incurable disease is found in deer, elk, and moose. It is a slow-acting and progressive neurologic disease that ultimately results in the death of the animal. The disease-causing agent, known as a prion, is spread through the urine, feces, and saliva of infected animals. Infected animals may not exhibit any symptoms of CWD for 16 months to two years after exposure. Clinical signs of CWD may include staggering, abnormal posture, lowered head, drooling, confusion, and marked weight loss. While there is no evidence that CWD can be transmitted naturally to humans, pets, or livestock, there is still much unknown about the potential for transmission to humans. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that hunters test all deer harvested from known CWD- positive areas and refrain from consuming meat from animals that test positive.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">For more information about CWD regulations, maps of affected states, and general information about CWD, please visit the DWR website. To report a sick deer, please call the Wildlife Helpline at 1-855-571- 9003.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://dwr.virginia.gov/media/press-release/chronic-wasting-disease-detected-for-first-time-in-carroll-county/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://dwr.virginia.gov/media/press-release/chronic-wasting-disease-detected-for-first-time-in-carroll-county/</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">***Virginia CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">(2020-Virginia, to date, has detected 84 CWD-positive deer have been detected in Virginia in Frederick and northern Shenandoah counties...tss)</div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">***2023 Virginia CWD TSE Prion, Since 2009, a total of 179 CWD-positive deer have been confirmed in Virginia.</div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.eregulations.com/virginia/hunting/deer-hunting-cwd#" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.eregulations.com/virginia/hunting/deer-hunting-cwd#</a><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">UPDATE!</div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: none !important;">For Immediate Release</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">December 15, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Contact:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Alexandra Lombard alexandra.lombard@dwr.virginia.gov 540-315-6145</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease Detected for First Time in Carroll County</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Richmond, VA — The Virginia Department of Wildlife Resources (DWR) has recently confirmed the presence of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in an adult male deer legally harvested near Dugspur, in Carroll County, VA. This marks the first confirmed case of CWD in Carroll County, although the county is already included in Disease Management Area 3 (DMA3) due to previous detections in neighboring counties.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The deer in question was brought to a taxidermist in October 2023, and DWR obtained the sample shortly thereafter as part of the Department’s proactive CWD surveillance efforts. After confirmatory testing at a separate lab and verification of the exact location of harvest, DWR has arranged for additional sample collection from the general area. No regulatory changes will be implemented until the conclusion of the 2023–2024 deer hunting season.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">As a reminder, whole carcasses and high-risk tissues from deer harvested in Carroll County may not be transported outside of DMA3 boundaries. Hunters in Carroll County can choose to have their deer tested for CWD at no cost by bringing the head to a CWD drop site or a participating meat processor in DMA3. Refrigerator locations and participating processors can be found through the new interactive testing map or in this DMA3 drop site list.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">For additional information about hunting in DMA3, please visit: What You Need To Know About Hunting in Disease Management Area 3.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In addition to increased testing in Carroll County, the DWR aims to enhance CWD testing in neighboring Wythe County. To achieve this, a voluntary refrigerator drop location has been established at the Wytheville State Fish Hatchery. Hunters in Wythe County can utilize this location to have their harvested deer tested at no cost. However, it is important to note that deer harvested in DMA3 must remain within the DMA and are not eligible to be brought into Wythe County at this time.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To aid in the tracking and management of CWD, DWR encourages hunters to continue hunting and to electively test harvested deer. The DWR has been closely monitoring CWD prevalence and spread in northwestern Virginia (DMA1 and DMA2) since 2002. DMA3 in southern Virginia was added after a positive detection in Montgomery County in 2020. Over the past five years, the DWR has been conducting CWD surveillance across the rest of the state with the assistance of cooperating taxidermists. From 2009 to the end of the 2022-2023 hunting season, a total of 181 positive cases of CWD have been detected in Virginia, with only 11 cases in DMA3. DWR is appreciative of the support and cooperation demonstrated by taxidermists, processors, and hunters who aid in this sampling effort. This assistance is critical to the success of the ongoing statewide CWD monitoring, surveillance, and prevention efforts.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD has been confirmed in at least 32 U.S. states, three Canadian provinces, northern Europe, and South Korea. In North America, this incurable disease is found in deer, elk, and moose. It is a slow-acting and progressive neurologic disease that ultimately results in the death of the animal. The disease-causing agent, known as a prion, is spread through the urine, feces, and saliva of infected animals. Infected animals may not exhibit any symptoms of CWD for 16 months to two years after exposure. Clinical signs of CWD may include staggering, abnormal posture, lowered head, drooling, confusion, and marked weight loss. While there is no evidence that CWD can be transmitted naturally to humans, pets, or livestock, there is still much unknown about the potential for transmission to humans. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that hunters test all deer harvested from known CWD- positive areas and refrain from consuming meat from animals that test positive.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">For more information about CWD regulations, maps of affected states, and general information about CWD, please visit the DWR website. To report a sick deer, please call the Wildlife Helpline at 1-855-571- 9003.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://dwr.virginia.gov/media/press-release/chronic-wasting-disease-detected-for-first-time-in-carroll-county/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://dwr.virginia.gov/media/press-release/chronic-wasting-disease-detected-for-first-time-in-carroll-county/</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">Lombard added that DWR recorded 47 positive cases during the 2022-23 season, and staff performed a similar amount of testing as in previous years. </div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dwr.virginia.gov/blog/2023-cwd-update/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dwr.virginia.gov/blog/2023-cwd-update/</a><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dwr.virginia.gov/wildlife/diseases/cwd/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dwr.virginia.gov/wildlife/diseases/cwd/</a><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: #26282a; outline: none;">***> CWD 2023 LATEST ENVIRONMENTAL AND ZOONOSIS FACTORS!</div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #26282a; outline: none;"><div class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dI_ZkbNhI ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dD_FY ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dW_6D6F" style="outline: none; width: 857.401px;"><div class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dmsg-body ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dP_wpofO ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dmq_AS" style="outline: none;"><div class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766djb_0 ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dX_6MGW ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dN_6Fd5" style="outline: none;"><div id="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Transmission of prion infectivity from CWD-infected macaque tissues to rodent models demonstrates the zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> Further passage to cervidized mice revealed transmission with a 100% attack rate.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> Our findings demonstrate that macaques, considered the best model for the zoonotic potential of prions, were infected upon CWD challenge, including the oral one.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">****> The disease manifested as atypical in macaques and initial transgenic mouse transmissions, but with infectivity present at all times, as unveiled in the bank vole model with an unusual tissue tropism.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> Epidemiologic surveillance of prion disease among cervid hunters and people likely to have consumed venison contaminated with chronic wasting disease</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=====</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><p class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">17 DETECTION OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE PRIONS IN PROCESSED MEATS.</span></p><p class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">***> Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats.</span></p><p class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">***> CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates.</span></p><p class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">***> Our results show positive prion detection in all products.</span></p><p class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">***> Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking.</span></p><p class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">***> Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products.</span></p></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Transmission of Cervid Prions to Humanized Mice Demonstrates the Zoonotic Potential of CWD </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> Unprecedented in human prion disease, feces of CWD-inoculated <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">tg650</span> mice harbored prion seeding activity and infectious prions, as shown by inoculation of bank voles and <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">tg650</span> with fecal homogenates. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> Conclusions: This is the first evidence that CWD can infect humans and cause disease with a distinctive clinical presentation, signature, and tropism, which might be transmissible between humans while current diagnostic assays might fail to detect it. These findings have major implications for public health and CWD-management.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">The finding that infectious PrPSc was shed in fecal material of CWD-infected humanized mice and induced clinical disease, different tropism, and typical three banding pattern-PrPres in bank voles that is transmissible upon second passage is highly concerning for public health. The fact that this biochemical signature in bank voles resembles that of the Wisc-1 original deer isolate and is different from that of bvWisc-1, in the migration profile and the glyco-form-ratio, is valid evidence that these results are not a product of contamination in our study. If CWD in humans is found to be contagious and transmissible among humans, as it is in cervids [57], the spread of the disease within humans might become endemic.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"></div><div style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">If CWD in humans is found to be contagious and transmissible among humans, as it is in cervids [57], the spread of the disease within humans might become endemic.</span></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf</a></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><p class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">***> Price of TSE Prion Poker goes up substantially, all you cattle ranchers and such, better pay close attention here...terry <***</span></p><p class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Transmission of the chronic wasting disease agent from elk to cattle after oronasal exposure</span></p><p class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Conclusions: Cattle with the E211K polymorphism are susceptible to the CWD agent after oronasal exposure of 0.2 g of infectious material. </span></p><p class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">=====end</span></p><p class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Strain characterization of chronic wasting disease in bovine-PrP transgenic mice </span></p><p class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Conclusions: Altogether, these results exhibit the diversity of CWD strains present in the panel of CWD isolates and the ability of at least some CWD isolates to infect bovine species. Cattle being one of the most important farming species, this ability represents a potential threat to both animal and human health, and consequently deserves further study. </span></p><p class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">=====end</span></p><p class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><div style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><p class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Our data indicate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can retain zoonotic potential after serial passages in cervids, suggesting a very significant and serious long-term risk of CWD zoonosis given that the broad and continuing spread of CWD prions will provide fertile grounds for the emergence of zoonotic CWD strains over time. </span></p><p class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></span></p><p class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /><span class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span></p><p class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Detection of chronic wasting disease prions in processed meats</span></p><p class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Results: Our results show positive prion detection in all the samples analyzed using deer and elk substrates. Surprisingly, cooked meats displayed increased seeding activities. This data suggests that CWD-prions are available to people even after meats are processed and cooked. </span></p><p class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Conclusions: These results suggest CWD prions are accessible to humans through meats, even after processing and cooking. Considering the fact that these samples were collected from already processed specimens, the availability of CWD prions to humans is probably underestimated. </span></p><p class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">PRION 2023 ; </span></p><div style="outline: none;"><p class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span></p></div><p class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a><span class="ydp91f2c19ayiv0675243752ydp6bde766dyiv1296087273s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #26282a; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">The detection and decontamination of chronic wasting disease prions during venison processing</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Marissa S. Milstein1,2, Marc D. Schwabenlander1,2, Sarah C. Gresch1,2, Manci Li1,2, Stuart Lichtenberg1,2, Rachel Shoemaker1,2, Gage R. Rowden1,2, Jason C. Bartz2,3 , Tiffany M. Wolf2,4, Peter A. Larsen1,2</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Presenting author: Tiffany M. Wolf 1 Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 2 Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 3 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA 4 Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Aims: There is a growing concern that chronic wasting disease (CWD) prions in venison pose a risk to human health. CWD prions accumulate in infected deer tissues that commonly enter the human food chain through meat processing and consumption. The United States (US) Food and Drug Administration and US Department of Agriculture now formally consider CWD-positive venison unfit for human and animal consumption. Yet, the degree to which prion contamination occurs during routine venison processing is unknown. Here, we use environmental surface swab methods to: a) experimentally test meat processing equipment (i.e., stainless steel knives and polyethylene cutting boards) before and after processing CWD-positive venison and b) test the efficacy of five different disinfectant types (i.e., Dawn dish soap, Virkon-S, Briotech, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach) to determine prion decontamination efficacy.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Materials and Methods: We used a real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay to determine CWD infection status of venison and to detect CWD prions in the swabs. We collected three swabs per surface and ran eight technical replicates on RT-QuIC.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results: CWD prions were detected on all cutting boards (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8 and knives (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) used in processing CWD-positive venison, but not on those used for CWD-negative venison. After processing CWD-positive venison, allowing the surfaces to dry, and washing the cutting board with Dawn dish soap, we detected CWD prions on the cutting board surface (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) but not on the knife (n= 3, replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). Similar patterns were observed with Briotech (cutting board: n= 3; replicates= 7/8, 1/8, 0/8; knife: n= 3; replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). We did not detect CWD prions on the knives or cutting boards after disinfecting with Virkon-S, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions: These preliminary results suggest that Dawn dish soap and Briotech do not reliably decontaminate CWD prions from these surfaces. Our data suggest that Virkon-S and various bleach concentrations are more effective in reducing prion contamination of meat processing surfaces; however, surface type may also influence the ability of prions to adsorb to surfaces, preventing complete decontamination. Our results will directly inform best practices to prevent the introduction of CWD prions into the human food chain during venison processing.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Acknowledgement: Funding was provided by the Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund as recommended by the Legislative-Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources (LCCMR), the Rapid Agriculture Response Fund (#95385/RR257), and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Theme: Animal prion diseases</div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">=====end</div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Prion 2023 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">''Currently, there is scientific evidence to suggest that CWD has zoonotic potential; however, no confirmed cases of CWD have been found in humans.''</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PART 2. TPWD CHAPTER 65. DIVISION 1. CWD</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, 65.88</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission in a duly noticed meeting on May 25, 2023 adopted amendments to 31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, and §65.88, concerning Disease Detection and Response, without changes to the proposed text as published in the April 21, 2023, issue of the Texas Register (48 TexReg 2048). The rules will not be republished.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Currently, there is scientific evidence to suggest that CWD has zoonotic potential; however, no confirmed cases of CWD have been found in humans.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">17 DETECTION OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE PRIONS IN PROCESSED MEATS.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Rebeca Benavente1, Francisca Bravo1,2, Paulina Soto1,2, J. Hunter Reed3, Mitch Lockwood3, Rodrigo Morales1,2</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">1Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA. 2Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile. 3Texas Parks and Wildlife, Austin, USA</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease (CWD) remains unknown. Currently, there are no known natural cases of CWD transmission to humans but increasing evidence suggests that the host range of CWD is not confined only to cervid species. Alarmingly, recent experimental evidence suggests that certain CWD isolates can induce disease in non-human primates. While the CDC strongly recommends determining CWD status in animals prior to consumption, this practice is voluntary. Consequently, it is plausible that a proportion of the cervid meat entering the human food chain may be contaminated with CWD. Of additional concern is that traditional diagnostic techniques used to detect CWD have relatively low sensitivity and are only approved for use in tissues other than those typically ingested by humans. In this study, we analyzed different processed meats derived from a pre-clinical, CWD-positive free-ranging elk. Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats. CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates. Our results show positive prion detection in all products. To confirm the resilience of CWD-prions to traditional cooking methods, we grilled and boiled the meat products and evaluated them for any remnant PMCA seeding activity. Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking. Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> Our results show positive prion detection in all products.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=====</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">9 Carrot plants as potential vectors for CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Paulina Soto1,2, Francisca Bravo-Risi1,2, Claudio Soto1, Rodrigo Morales1,2</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">1Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA. 2Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> We show that edible plant components can absorb prions from CWD-contaminated soils and transport them to their aerial parts.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> Our results indicate that edible plants could participate as vectors of CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=====</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Transmission of prion infectivity from CWD-infected macaque tissues to rodent models demonstrates the zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Samia Hannaoui1,2, Ginny Cheng1,2, Wiebke Wemheuer3, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer3, Sabine Gilch1,2, Hermann Schatzl1,2 1University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. 2Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada. 3Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> Further passage to cervidized mice revealed transmission with a 100% attack rate.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> Our findings demonstrate that macaques, considered the best model for the zoonotic potential of prions, were infected upon CWD challenge, including the oral one.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">****> The disease manifested as atypical in macaques and initial transgenic mouse transmissions, but with infectivity present at all times, as unveiled in the bank vole model with an unusual tissue tropism.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> Epidemiologic surveillance of prion disease among cervid hunters and people likely to have consumed venison contaminated with chronic wasting disease</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=====</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Transmission of Cervid Prions to Humanized Mice Demonstrates the Zoonotic Potential of CWD </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Samia Hannaouia, Irina Zemlyankinaa, Sheng Chun Changa, Maria Immaculata Arifina, Vincent Béringueb, Debbie McKenziec, Hermann M. Schatzla, and Sabine Gilcha </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> Results: Here, we provide the strongest evidence supporting the zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and their possible phenotype in humans. Inoculation of mice expressing human PrPCwith deer CWD isolates (strains Wisc-1 and 116AG) resulted in atypical clinical manifestations in > 75% of the mice, with myoclonus as leading clinical sign. Most of tg650brain homogenates were positive for seeding activity in RT-QuIC. Clinical disease and presentation was transmissible to <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">tg650</span> mice and bank voles. Intriguingly, protease-resistant PrP in the brain of <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">tg650</span> mice resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon passage. Abnormal PrP aggregates upon infection with Wisc-1 were detectable in thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain/pons regions. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> Unprecedented in human prion disease, feces of CWD-inoculated <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">tg650</span> mice harbored prion seeding activity and infectious prions, as shown by inoculation of bank voles and <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">tg650</span> with fecal homogenates. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> Conclusions: This is the first evidence that CWD can infect humans and cause disease with a distinctive clinical presentation, signature, and tropism, which might be transmissible between humans while current diagnostic assays might fail to detect it. These findings have major implications for public health and CWD-management. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a> </div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">The finding that infectious PrPSc was shed in fecal material of CWD-infected humanized mice and induced clinical disease, different tropism, and typical three banding pattern-PrPres in bank voles that is transmissible upon second passage is highly concerning for public health. The fact that this biochemical signature in bank voles resembles that of the Wisc-1 original deer isolate and is different from that of bvWisc-1, in the migration profile and the glyco-form-ratio, is valid evidence that these results are not a product of contamination in our study. If CWD in humans is found to be contagious and transmissible among humans, as it is in cervids [57], the spread of the disease within humans might become endemic.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Acta Neuropathol 144, 767–784 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Published</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">22 August 2022</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Samia Hannaoui1 · Irina Zemlyankina1 · Sheng Chun Chang1 · Maria Immaculata Arifn1 · Vincent Béringue2 · Debbie McKenzie3 · Hermann M. Schatzl1 · Sabine Gilch1</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Received: 24 May 2022 / Revised: 5 August 2022 / Accepted: 7 August 2022</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">© The Author(s) 2022</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Prions cause infectious and fatal neurodegenerative diseases in mammals. Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease of cervids, spreads efficiently among wild and farmed animals. Potential transmission to humans of CWD is a growing concern due to its increasing prevalence. Here, we provide evidence for a zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and its probable signature using mice expressing human prion protein (PrP) as an infection model. Inoculation of these mice with deer CWD isolates resulted in atypical clinical manifestation with prion seeding activity and efficient transmissible infectivity in the brain and, remarkably, in feces, but without classical neuropathological or Western blot appearances of prion diseases. Intriguingly, the protease-resistant PrP in the brain resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon second passage. Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Keywords Chronic wasting disease · CWD · Zoonotic potential · Prion strains · Zoonotic prions</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">HIGHLIGHTS OF THIS STUDY</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">================================</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In this study, we evaluated the zoonotic potential of CWD using a transgenic mouse model overexpressing human M129-PrPC (tg650 [12]). We inoculated tg650 mice intracerebrally with two deer CWD isolates, Wisc-1 and 116AG [22, 23, 27, 29]. We demonstrate that this transgenic line was susceptible to infection with CWD prions and displayed a distinct leading clinical sign, an atypical PrPSc signature and unusual fecal shedding of infectious prions. Importantly, these prions generated by the human PrP transgenic mice were transmissible upon passage. Our results are the first evidence of a zoonotic risk of CWD when using one of the most common CWD strains, Wisc-1/CWD1 for infection. We demonstrated in a human transgenic mouse model that the species barrier for transmission of CWD to humans is not absolute. The fact that its signature was not typical raises the questions whether CWD would manifest in humans as a subclinical infection, whether it would arise through direct or indirect transmission including an intermediate host, or a silent to uncovered human-to-human transmission, and whether current detection techniques will be suffcient to unveil its presence.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Our findings strongly suggest that CWD should be regarded as an actual public health risk. Here, we use humanized mice to show that CWD prions can cross the species barrier to humans, and remarkably, infectious prions can be excreted in feces.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Our results indicate that if CWD crosses the species-barrier to humans, it is unlikely to resemble the most common forms of human prion diseases with respect to clinical signs, tissue tropism and PrPSc signature. For instance, PrPSc in variable protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr), a sporadic form of human prion disease, and in the genetic form Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS) is defined by an atypical PK-resistant PrPSc fragment that is non-glycosylated and truncated at both C- and N-termini, with a molecular weight between 6 and 8 kDa [24, 44–46]. These biochemical features are unique and distinctive from PrPSc (PrP27-30) found in most other human or animal prion disease. The atypical PrPSc signature detected in brain homogenate of tg650 mice #321 (1st passage) and #3063 (2nd passage), and the 7–8 kDa fragment (Figs. 2, 4) are very similar to that of GSS, both in terms of migration profile and the N-terminal cleavage site.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CWD in humans might remain subclinical but with PrPSc deposits in the brain with an unusual morphology that does not resemble the patterns usually seen in different prion diseases (e.g., mouse #328; Fig. 3), clinical with untraceable abnormal PrP (e.g., mouse #327) but still transmissible and uncovered upon subsequent passage (e.g., mouse #3063; Fig. 4), or prions have other reservoirs than the usual ones, hence the presence of infectivity in feces (e.g., mouse #327) suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=================================</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">PRION CONFERENCE 2023 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS FOR CWD TSE PRION</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">CWD TSE PRION CERVID ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS 2023</div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="color: black; outline: none;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none;">"Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation."</div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Detection of prions in soils contaminated by multiple routes</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Stuart Siegfried Lichtenberg1,2 , Heather Inzalaco3 , Sam Thomas4 , Dan Storm5 , Dan Walsh6</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">1Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A. 2Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A. 3 Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A 4Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A. 5Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, U.S.A. 6U.S. Geological Survey, Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, U.S.A.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Aims: Free-ranging animals afflicted with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies frequently shed infectious prions into the broader environment. The quintessential example is chronic wasting disease, the TSE of cervids. Over the course of the disease, an infected animal will shed infectious prions in blood, urine, saliva, and feces. Upon death, the total prion load interred in the animal’s tissues will be deposited wherever the animal falls. This contamination creates substantial risk to naïve animals, and likely contributes to disease spread. Identification and quantification of prions at contamination hotspots is essential for any attempt at mitigation of environmental transmission.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Materials and Methods: Surfactant extraction of soils followed by precipitation yields a sample that is amenable to analysis by real-time quaking induced conversion. However, differences in extraction yield are apparent depending on the properties of the matrix from which the prions are being extracted, principally soil clay content.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results: We are able to detect prion seeding activity at multiple types of environmental hotspots, including carcass sites, contaminated captive facilities, and scrapes (i.e. urine and saliva). Differences in relative prion concentration vary depending on the nature and source of the contamination.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions: Detection of prions in the environment is of the utmost importance for controlling chronic wasting disease spread. Here, we have demonstrated a viable method for detection of prions in complex environmental matrices. However, it is quite likely that this method underestimates the total infectious prion load in a contaminated sample, due to incomplete recovery of infectious prions. Further refinements are necessary for accurate quantification of prions in such samples, and to account for the intrinsic heterogeneities found in the broader environment.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Funded by: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">"Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation."</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">=====end</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="color: black; outline: none; text-align: justify;">***> Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years</div><div style="color: black; outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="color: black; outline: none; text-align: justify;">***> Nine of these recurrences occurred 14–21 years after culling, apparently as the result of environmental contamination, but outside entry could not always be absolutely excluded. </div><div style="color: black; outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="color: black; outline: none; text-align: justify;">JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY Volume 87, Issue 12</div><div style="color: black; outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="color: black; outline: none; text-align: justify;">Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years Free</div><div style="color: black; outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="color: black; outline: none; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82011-0" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82011-0</a></div><div style="color: black; outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">Rapid recontamination of a farm building occurs after attempted prion removal</div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">First published: 19 January 2019 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054</a></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">The data illustrates the difficulty in decontaminating farm buildings from scrapie, and demonstrates the likely contribution of farm dust to the recontamination of these environments to levels that are capable of causing disease.</div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">This study clearly demonstrates the difficulty in removing scrapie infectivity from the farm environment. Practical and effective prion decontamination methods are still urgently required for decontamination of scrapie infectivity from farms that have had cases of scrapie and this is particularly relevant for scrapiepositive goatherds, which currently have limited genetic resistance to scrapie within commercial breeds.24 This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids.</div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054</a></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">***>This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids.</div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/</a> </div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">Front. Vet. Sci., 14 September 2015 | <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">Objects in contact with classical scrapie sheep act as a reservoir for scrapie transmission</div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">In conclusion, the results in the current study indicate that removal of furniture that had been in contact with scrapie-infected animals should be recommended, particularly since cleaning and decontamination may not effectively remove scrapie infectivity (31), even though infectivity declines considerably if the pasture and the field furniture have not been in contact with scrapie-infected sheep for several months. As sPMCA failed to detect PrPSc in furniture that was subjected to weathering, even though exposure led to infection in sheep, this method may not always be reliable in predicting the risk of scrapie infection through environmental contamination. </div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full</a></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">172. Establishment of PrPCWD extraction and detection methods in the farm soil</div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">Conclusions: Our studies showed that PrPCWD persist in 0.001% CWD contaminated soil for at least 4 year and natural CWD-affected farm soil. When cervid reintroduced into CWD outbreak farm, the strict decontamination procedures of the infectious agent should be performed in the environment of CWD-affected cervid habitat.</div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">SUBJECT MATTER: Chronic Wasting Disease Carcass Disposal Dumpster Management and Biosecurity</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">BACKGROUND INFORMATION:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">State and tribal wildlife agencies may identify collection points (dumpsters) within an identified chronic wasting disease (CWD) management zone for the disposal of hunter-harvested cervid carcasses to remove potentially infected carcasses off the landscape for disposal by an approved method (Gillin & Mawdsley, 2018, chap.14). However, depending on their placement and maintenance these dumpsters could potentially increase the risk of CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In several different states, photographic evidence has shown dumpsters in state identified CWD management zones overflowing with deer carcasses and limbs scattered on the land nearby. This could provide an opportunity for scavengers to potentially move infected carcass material to non-infected zones or increase contamination of the ground material around the dumpster’s location.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Federal guidance does not explicitly address uniform standards for collection locations for carcasses of free-ranging cervids; however, the United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services Program Standards on CWD outlines procedures for carcass disposal, equipment sanitation, and decontamination of premises for captive cervid facilities.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">RESOLUTION:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The United States Animal Health Association urges the Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (AFWA), Wildlife Health Committee to further refine the AFWA Technical Report on Best Management Practices for Prevention, Surveillance, and Management of Chronic Wasting Disease; Chapter 14, Carcass Disposal to address the placement and management of chronic wasting disease carcass disposal dumpsters or other carcass collection containers.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Reference:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">1. Gillin, Colin M., and Mawdsley, Jonathan R. (eds.). 2018. AFWA Technical Report on Best Management Practices for Surveillance, Management and Control of Chronic Wasting Disease. Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Washington, D. C. 111 pp. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.usaha.org/upload/Resolution/2022/2022_Resolution_30_CWD_Dumpste.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.usaha.org/upload/Resolution/2022/2022_Resolution_30_CWD_Dumpste.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">THE tse prion aka mad cow type disease is not your normal pathogen. </div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">The TSE prion disease survives ashing to 600 degrees celsius, that’s around 1112 degrees farenheit. </div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">you cannot cook the TSE prion disease out of meat. </div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">you can take the ash and mix it with saline and inject that ash into a mouse, and the mouse will go down with TSE. </div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production as well. </div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">the TSE prion agent also survives Simulated Wastewater Treatment Processes. </div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">IN fact, you should also know that the TSE Prion agent will survive in the environment for years, if not decades. </div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">you can bury it and it will not go away. </div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">The TSE agent is capable of infected your water table i.e. Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area. </div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">it’s not your ordinary pathogen you can just cook it out and be done with. </div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">***> that’s what’s so worrisome about Iatrogenic mode of transmission, a simple autoclave will not kill this TSE prion agent. I’m thinking tools used to dress a deer, knives with wooden handles, carcass disposal, burial only 3ft, scavengers, exposure of Cwd to soil and surrounding area, plants intake, …I could go on…Terry</div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">1: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994 Jun;57(6):757-8 </div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">***> Transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease to a chimpanzee by electrodes contaminated during neurosurgery. </div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Asher DM, Kobrine A, Amyx HL, Sulima MP, Gajdusek DC. </div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">Laboratory of Central Nervous System Studies, National Institute of </div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, </div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">Bethesda, MD 20892. </div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">Stereotactic multicontact electrodes used to probe the cerebral cortex of a middle aged woman with progressive dementia were previously implicated in the accidental transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) to two younger patients. The diagnoses of CJD have been confirmed for all three cases. More than two years after their last use in humans, after three cleanings and repeated sterilisation in ethanol and formaldehyde vapour, the electrodes were implanted in the cortex of a chimpanzee. Eighteen months later the animal became ill with CJD. This finding serves to re-emphasise the potential danger posed by reuse of instruments contaminated with the agents of spongiform encephalopathies, even after scrupulous attempts to clean them. </div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">PMID: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">8006664</span> [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] </div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8006664?dopt=Abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8006664?dopt=Abstract</a></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">New studies on the heat resistance of hamster-adapted scrapie agent: Threshold survival after ashing at 600°C suggests an inorganic template of replication </div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full</a></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production </div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/</a></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area </div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">A Quantitative Assessment of the Amount of Prion Diverted to Category 1 Materials and Wastewater During Processing </div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract</a></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">Rapid assessment of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion inactivation by heat treatment in yellow grease produced in the industrial manufacturing process of meat and bone meals </div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 2019 </div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">BSE infectivity survives burial for five years with only limited spread</div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">5 or 6 years quarantine is NOT LONG ENOUGH FOR CWD TSE PRION !!!</div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">QUARANTINE NEEDS TO BE 21 YEARS FOR CWD TSE PRION !</div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">You can take this communication from my old files with how ever many grains of salt you wish…Terry</div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">FRIDAY, APRIL 30, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">Should Property Evaluations Contain Scrapie, CWD, TSE PRION Environmental Contamination of the land?</div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">***> Confidential!!!!</div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">***> As early as 1992-3 there had been long studies conducted on small pastures containing scrapie infected sheep at the sheep research station associated with the Neuropathogenesis Unit in Edinburgh, Scotland. Whether these are documented...I don't know. But personal recounts both heard and recorded in a daily journal indicate that leaving the pastures free and replacing the topsoil completely at least 2 feet of thickness each year for SEVEN years....and then when very clean (proven scrapie free) sheep were placed on these small pastures.... the new sheep also broke out with scrapie and passed it to offspring. I am not sure that TSE contaminated ground could ever be free of the agent!! A very frightening revelation!!!</div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">---end personal email early BSE days---end...tss</div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">and so it seems...</div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">Scrapie Agent (Strain 263K) Can Transmit Disease via the Oral Route after Persistence in Soil over Years</div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">Published: May 9, 2007</div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">Our results showed that 263K scrapie agent can persist in soil at least over 29 months. Strikingly, not only the contaminated soil itself retained high levels of infectivity, as evidenced by oral administration to Syrian hamsters, but also feeding of aqueous soil extracts was able to induce disease in the reporter animals. We could also demonstrate that PrPSc in soil, extracted after 21 months, provides a catalytically active seed in the protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) reaction. PMCA opens therefore a perspective for considerably improving the detectability of prions in soil samples from the field.</div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0000435" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0000435</a></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">Dr. Paul Brown Scrapie Soil Test BSE Inquiry Document</div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090505211734/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/Seac07/tab03.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090505211734/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/Seac07/tab03.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">Trucking CWD TSE PrP</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">Friday, December 14, 2012 <div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008). </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with CWD prion. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing, footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible. For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant uncertainty associated with these estimates. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists and returning GB residents. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">http://webarchive.nationa... </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="color: black; outline: none;" /></div></div></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">Published: 06 September 2021<br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">***> Chronic wasting disease: a cervid prion infection looming to spillover</div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">Alicia Otero, Camilo Duque Velásquez, Judd Aiken & Debbie McKenzie </div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">Veterinary Research volume 52, Article number: 115 (2021) </div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-021-00986-y" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-021-00986-y</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) Antonia Ricci Ana Allende Declan Bolton Marianne Chemaly Robert Davies Pablo Salvador Fernández Escámez ... See all authors </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">First published: 17 January 2018 <a href="https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">also, see; </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers.. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Research Paper</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Cellular prion protein distribution in the vomeronasal organ, parotid, and scent glands of white-tailed deer and mule deer</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Anthony Ness, Aradhana Jacob, Kelsey Saboraki, Alicia Otero, Danielle Gushue, Diana Martinez Moreno, Melanie de Peña, Xinli Tang, Judd Aiken, Susan Lingle & Debbie McKenzieORCID Icon show less</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Pages 40-57 | Received 03 Feb 2022, Accepted 13 May 2022, Published online: 29 May 2022</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Download citation</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">ABSTRACT</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting species of the cervidae family. CWD has an expanding geographic range and complex, poorly understood transmission mechanics. CWD is disproportionately prevalent in wild male mule deer and male white-tailed deer. Sex and species influences on CWD prevalence have been hypothesized to be related to animal behaviours that involve deer facial and body exocrine glands. Understanding CWD transmission potential requires a foundational knowledge of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) in glands associated with cervid behaviours. In this study, we characterized the presence and distribution of PrPC in six integumentary and two non-integumentary tissues of hunter-harvested mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (O. virginianus). We report that white-tailed deer expressed significantly more PrPC than their mule deer in the parotid, metatarsal, and interdigital glands. Females expressed more PrPC than males in the forehead and preorbital glands. The distribution of PrPC within the integumentary exocrine glands of the face and legs were localized to glandular cells, hair follicles, epidermis, and immune cell infiltrates. All tissues examined expressed sufficient quantities of PrPC to serve as possible sites of prion initial infection, propagation, and shedding.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">ARS RESEARCH Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Publication Acceptance Date: 9/8/2021</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Title: Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Author item WANG, ZERUI - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item QIN, KEFENG - University Of Chicago item CAMACHO, MANUEL - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item SHEN, PINGPING - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item YUAN, JUE - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item Greenlee, Justin item CUI, LI - Jilin University item KONG, QINGZHONG - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item MASTRIANNI, JAMES - University Of Chicago item ZOU, WEN-QUAN - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Submitted to: Acta Neuropathologica Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 9/8/2021 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Interpretive Summary: Prion diseases are invariably fatal neurologic diseases for which there is no known prevention or cure. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease of deer and elk and is present in farmed and free ranging herds throughout North America. To date there is no clear evidence that the CWD agent could be transmitted to humans. This manuscript describes the use of an in vitro technique, cell-free serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA), to generate a CWD prion that is infectious to transgenic mice expressing the human prion protein. This study provides the first evidence that CWD prions may be able to cause misfolding in the human prion protein. This information will impact medical experts and those involved in making policy for farmed cervids and wildlife.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Technical Abstract: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a cervid spongiform encephalopathy or prion disease caused by the infectious prion or PrPSc, a misfolded conformer of cellular prion protein (PrPC). It has rapidly spread in North America and also has been found in Asia and Europe. In contrast to the zoonotic mad cow disease that is the first animal prion disease found transmissible to humans, the transmissibility of CWD to humans remains uncertain although most previous studies have suggested that humans may not be susceptible to CWD. Here we report the generation of an infectious human PrPSc by seeding CWD PrPSc in normal human brain PrPC through the in vitro cell-free serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA). Western blotting confirms that the sPMCA-induced proteinase K-resistant PrPSc is a human form, evidenced by a PrP-specific antibody that recognizes human but not cervid PrP. Remarkably, two lines of humanized transgenic (Tg) mice expressing human PrP-129Val/Val (VV) or -129Met/Met (MM) polymorphism develop prion disease at 233 ± 6 (mean ± SE) days post-inoculation (dpi) and 552 ± 27 dpi, respectively, upon intracerebral inoculation with the sPMCA-generated PrPSc. The brain of diseased Tg mice reveals the electrophoretic profile of PrPSc similar to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) MM1 or VV2 subtype but different neuropathological patterns. We believe that our study provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc is able to convert human PrPC into PrPSc in vitro and the CWD-derived human PrPSc mimics atypical sCJD subtypes in humanized Tg mice.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">''The brain of diseased Tg mice reveals the electrophoretic profile of PrPSc similar to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) MM1 or VV2 subtype but different neuropathological patterns.'' </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">''We believe that our study provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc is able to convert human PrPC into PrPSc in vitro and the CWD-derived human PrPSc mimics atypical sCJD subtypes in humanized Tg mice.''</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Published: 26 September 2021</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Zerui Wang, Kefeng Qin, Manuel V. Camacho, Ignazio Cali, Jue Yuan, Pingping Shen, Justin Greenlee, Qingzhong Kong, James A. Mastrianni & Wen-Quan Zou</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Acta Neuropathologica Communications volume 9, Article number: 158 (2021)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a cervid prion disease caused by the accumulation of an infectious misfolded conformer (PrPSc) of cellular prion protein (PrPC). It has been spreading rapidly in North America and also found in Asia and Europe. Although bovine spongiform encephalopathy (i.e. mad cow disease) is the only animal prion disease known to be zoonotic, the transmissibility of CWD to humans remains uncertain. Here we report the generation of the first CWD-derived infectious human PrPSc by elk CWD PrPSc-seeded conversion of PrPC in normal human brain homogenates using in vitro protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA). Western blotting with human PrP selective antibody confirmed that the PMCA-generated protease-resistant PrPSc was derived from the human PrPC substrate. Two lines of humanized transgenic mice expressing human PrP with either Val or Met at the polymorphic codon 129 developed clinical prion disease following intracerebral inoculation with the PMCA-generated CWD-derived human PrPSc. Diseased mice exhibited distinct PrPSc patterns and neuropathological changes in the brain. Our study, using PMCA and animal bioassays, provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc can cross the species barrier to convert human PrPC into infectious PrPSc that can produce bona fide prion disease when inoculated into humanized transgenic mice.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">It is worth noting that the annual number of sporadic CJD (sCJD) cases in the USA has increased, with the total number of suspected and confirmed sCJD cases rising from 284 in 2003 to 511 in 2017 (https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cjd/occurrence-transmission.html). The greatly enhanced CJD surveillance and an aging population in the USA certainly contributed to the observed increase in annual sCJD case numbers in recent years, but the possibility cannot be excluded that some of the increased sCJD prevalence is linked to CWD exposure.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In the present study, using serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) assay we generate PrPSc by seeding CWD prions in normal human brain homogenates. Importantly, we reveal that two lines of humanized Tg mice expressing human PrP-129VV and 129MM develop prion diseases upon intracerebral inoculation of the abnormal PrP generated by sPMCA. We believe that our study provides the first opportunity to dissect the clinical, pathological and biochemical features of the CWD-derived human prion disease in two lines of humanized Tg mice expressing two major human PrP genotypes, respectively.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">i thought i might share some news about cwd zoonosis that i got, that i cannot share or post to the public yet, i promised for various reasons, one that it will cause a shit storm for sure, but it was something i really already knew from previous studies, but, i was told that ;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">==================</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">''As you can imagine, 2 and 5 (especially 5) may raise alarms. The evidence we have for 4 are not as strong or tight as I would like to have. At this point, please do not post any of the points publicly yet, but you can refer to points 1-3 in private discussions and all 5 points when discussing with relevant public officials to highlight the long-term risks of CWD zoonosis.''</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">====================</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">so, i figure your as about as official as it gets, and i think this science is extremely important for you to know and to converse about with your officials. it's about to burn a whole in my pocket. this is about as close as it will ever get for cwd zoonosis to be proven in my time, this and what Canada Czub et al found with the Macaques, plus an old study from cjd surveillance unit back that showed cjd and a 9% increase in risk from folks that eat venison, i will post all this below for your files Sir. i remember back in the BSE nvCJD days, from when the first BSE case in bovine was confirmed around 1984 maybe 83, i forget the good vets named that screwed it up first, Carol something, but from 83ish to 95 96 when nvCJD was linked to humans from BSE in cattle, so that took 10 to 15 years. hell, at that rate, especially with Texas and cwd zoonsis, hell, i'll be dead before it's official, if ever, so here ya go Sir. there was a grant study on cwd zoonosis that had been going on for some time, i followed it over the years, then the grant date for said study had expired, so, i thought i would write the good Professor about said study i.e. Professor Kong, CWRU et al. i will post the grant study abstract first, and then after that, what reply i got back, about said study that i was told not to post/publish...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CWD ZOONOSIS GRANT FIRST;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=====</div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Cervid to human prion transmission</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Kong, Qingzhong </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> Abstract Prion disease is transmissible and invariably fatal. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease affecting deer, elk and moose, and it is a widespread and expanding epidemic affecting 22 US States and 2 Canadian provinces so far. CWD poses the most serious zoonotic prion transmission risks in North America because of huge venison consumption (>6 million deer/elk hunted and consumed annually in the USA alone), significant prion infectivity in muscles and other tissues/fluids from CWD-affected cervids, and usually high levels of individual exposure to CWD resulting from consumption of the affected animal among often just family and friends. However, we still do not know whether CWD prions can infect humans in the brain or peripheral tissues or whether clinical/asymptomatic CWD zoonosis has already occurred, and we have no essays to reliably detect CWD infection in humans. We hypothesize that: (1) The classic CWD prion strain can infect humans at low levels in the brain and peripheral lymphoid tissues; (2) The cervid-to-human transmission barrier is dependent on the cervid prion strain and influenced by the host (human) prion protein (PrP) primary sequence; (3) Reliable essays can be established to detect CWD infection in humans; and (4) CWD transmission to humans has already occurred. We will test these hypotheses in 4 Aims using transgenic (Tg) mouse models and complementary in vitro approaches. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Aim 1 will prove that the classical CWD strain may infect humans in brain or peripheral lymphoid tissues at low levels by conducting systemic bioassays in a set of humanized Tg mouse lines expressing common human PrP variants using a number of CWD isolates at varying doses and routes. Experimental human CWD samples will also be generated for Aim 3. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Aim 2 will test the hypothesis that the cervid-to-human prion transmission barrier is dependent on prion strain and influenced by the host (human) PrP sequence by examining and comparing the transmission efficiency and phenotypes of several atypical/unusual CWD isolates/strains as well as a few prion strains from other species that have adapted to cervid PrP sequence, utilizing the same panel of humanized Tg mouse lines as in Aim 1. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Aim 3 will establish reliable essays for detection and surveillance of CWD infection in humans by examining in details the clinical, pathological, biochemical and in vitro seeding properties of existing and future experimental human CWD samples generated from Aims 1-2 and compare them with those of common sporadic human Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) prions. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Aim 4 will attempt to detect clinical CWD-affected human cases by examining a significant number of brain samples from prion-affected human subjects in the USA and Canada who have consumed venison from CWD-endemic areas utilizing the criteria and essays established in Aim 3. The findings from this proposal will greatly advance our understandings on the potential and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for CWD zoonosis and potentially discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Public Health Relevance There are significant and increasing human exposure to cervid prions because chronic wasting disease (CWD, a widespread and highly infectious prion disease among deer and elk in North America) continues spreading and consumption of venison remains popular, but our understanding on cervid-to-human prion transmission is still very limited, raising public health concerns. This proposal aims to define the zoonotic risks of cervid prions and set up and apply essays to detect CWD zoonosis using mouse models and in vitro methods. The findings will greatly expand our knowledge on the potentials and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for such infections and may discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> Funding Agency Agency National Institute of Health (NIH) Institute National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Type Research Project (R01) Project # 1R01NS088604-01A1 Application # 9037884 Study Section Cellular and Molecular Biology of Neurodegeneration Study Section (CMND) Program Officer Wong, May Project Start 2015-09-30 Project End 2019-07-31 Budget Start 2015-09-30 Budget End 2016-07-31 Support Year 1 Fiscal Year 2015 Total Cost $337,507 Indirect Cost $118,756</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1#panel-abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1#panel-abstract</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Professor Kongs reply to me just this month about above grant study that has NOT been published in peer reveiw yet...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=================================</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Here is a brief summary of our findings:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...can't post, made a promise...tss</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">On Sat, Apr 3, 2021 at 12:19 PM Terry Singeltary <flounder9@verizon.net> wrote:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">end...tss</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">==============</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CWD ZOONOSIS THE FULL MONTY TO DATE</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">International Conference on Emerging Diseases, Outbreaks & Case Studies & 16th Annual Meeting on Influenza March 28-29, 2018 | Orlando, USA</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Qingzhong Kong</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease prions from cervids</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease in cervids (mule deer, white-tailed deer, American elk, moose, and reindeer). It has become an epidemic in North America, and it has been detected in the Europe (Norway) since 2016. The widespread CWD and popular hunting and consumption of cervid meat and other products raise serious public health concerns, but questions remain on human susceptibility to CWD prions, especially on the potential difference in zoonotic potential among the various CWD prion strains. We have been working to address this critical question for well over a decade. We used CWD samples from various cervid species to inoculate transgenic mice expressing human or elk prion protein (PrP). We found infectious prions in the spleen or brain in a small fraction of CWD-inoculated transgenic mice expressing human PrP, indicating that humans are not completely resistant to CWD prions; this finding has significant ramifications on the public health impact of CWD prions. The influence of cervid PrP polymorphisms, the prion strain dependence of CWD-to-human transmission barrier, and the characterization of experimental human CWD prions will be discussed.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Speaker Biography Qingzhong Kong has completed his PhD from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst and Post-doctoral studies at Yale University. He is currently an Associate Professor of Pathology, Neurology and Regenerative Medicine. He has published over 50 original research papers in reputable journals (including Science Translational Medicine, JCI, PNAS and Cell Reports) and has been serving as an Editorial Board Member on seven scientific journals. He has multiple research interests, including public health risks of animal prions (CWD of cervids and atypical BSE of cattle), animal modeling of human prion diseases, mechanisms of prion replication and pathogenesis, etiology of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD) in humans, normal cellular PrP in the biology and pathology of multiple brain and peripheral diseases, proteins responsible for the α-cleavage of cellular PrP, as well as gene therapy and DNA vaccination.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">qxk2@case.edu </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SUNDAY, JULY 25, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">North American and Norwegian Chronic Wasting Disease prions exhibit different potential for interspecies transmission and zoonotic risk </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">''Our data suggest that reindeer and red deer from Norway could be the most transmissible CWD prions to other mammals, whereas North American CWD prions were more prone to generate human prions in vitro.''</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/north-american-and-norwegian-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/north-american-and-norwegian-chronic.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">MONDAY, JULY 19, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> U Calgary researchers at work on a vaccine against a fatal infectious disease affecting deer and potentially people</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/u-calgary-researchers-at-work-on.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/u-calgary-researchers-at-work-on.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">BSE aka MAD COW DISEASE, was first discovered in 1984, and it took until 1995 to finally admit that BSE was causing nvCJD, the rest there is history, but that science is still evolving i.e. science now shows that indeed atypical L-type BSE, atypical Nor-98 Scrapie, and typical Scrapie are all zoonosis, zoonotic for humans, there from. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">HOW long are we going to wait for Chronic Wasting Disease, CWD TSE Prion of Cervid, and zoonosis, zoonotic tranmission to humans there from?</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Studies have shown since 1994 that humans are susceptible to CWD TSE Prion, so, what's the hold up with making CWD a zoonotic zoonosis disease, the iatrogenic transmissions there from is not waiting for someone to make a decision.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">P190 Human prion disease mortality rates by occurrence of chronic wasting disease in freeranging cervids, United States</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Abrams JY (1), Maddox RA (1), Schonberger LB (1), Person MK (1), Appleby BS (2), Belay ED (1)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Background</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease of deer and elk that has been identified in freeranging cervids in 23 US states. While there is currently no epidemiological evidence for zoonotic transmission through the consumption of contaminated venison, studies suggest the CWD agent can cross the species barrier in experimental models designed to closely mimic humans. We compared rates of human prion disease in states with and without CWD to examine the possibility of undetermined zoonotic transmission.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Methods</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Death records from the National Center for Health Statistics, case records from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, and additional state case reports were combined to create a database of human prion disease cases from 2003-2015. Identification of CWD in each state was determined through reports of positive CWD tests by state wildlife agencies. Age- and race-adjusted mortality rates for human prion disease, excluding cases with known etiology, were determined for four categories of states based on CWD occurrence: highly endemic (>16 counties with CWD identified in free-ranging cervids); moderately endemic (3-10 counties with CWD); low endemic (1-2 counties with CWD); and no CWD states. States were counted as having no CWD until the year CWD was first identified. Analyses stratified by age, sex, and time period were also conducted to focus on subgroups for which zoonotic transmission would be more likely to be detected: cases <55 years old, male sex, and the latter half of the study (2010-2015).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Highly endemic states had a higher rate of prion disease mortality compared to non-CWD states (rate ratio [RR]: 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01 - 1.23), as did low endemic states (RR: 1.15, 95% CI = 1.04 - 1.27). Moderately endemic states did not have an elevated mortality rate (RR: 1.05, 95% CI = 0.93 - 1.17). In age-stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates among the <55 year old population were elevated for moderately endemic states (RR: 1.57, 95% CI = 1.10 – 2.24) while mortality rates were elevated among those ≥55 for highly endemic states (RR: 1.13, 95% CI = 1.02 - 1.26) and low endemic states (RR: 1.16, 95% CI = 1.04 - 1.29). In other stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates for males were only elevated for low endemic states (RR: 1.27, 95% CI = 1.10 - 1.48), and none of the categories of CWD-endemic states had elevated mortality rates for the latter time period (2010-2015).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">While higher prion disease mortality rates in certain categories of states with CWD in free-ranging cervids were noted, additional stratified analyses did not reveal markedly elevated rates for potentially sensitive subgroups that would be suggestive of zoonotic transmission. Unknown confounding factors or other biases may explain state-by-state differences in prion disease mortality.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=====</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">P172 Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Prion Disease</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Wang H(1), Cohen M(1), Appleby BS(1,2)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">(1) University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio (2) National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Cleveland, Ohio.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Prion disease is a fatal progressive neurodegenerative disease due to deposition of an abnormal protease-resistant isoform of prion protein. Typical symptoms include rapidly progressive dementia, myoclonus, visual disturbance and hallucinations. Interestingly, in patients with prion disease, the abnormal protein canould also be found in the peripheral nervous system. Case reports of prion deposition in peripheral nerves have been reported. Peripheral nerve involvement is thought to be uncommon; however, little is known about the exact prevalence and features of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">We reviewed autopsy-proven prion cases from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center that were diagnosed between September 2016 to March 2017. We collected information regarding prion protein diagnosis, demographics, comorbidities, clinical symptoms, physical exam, neuropathology, molecular subtype, genetics lab, brain MRI, image and EMG reports. Our study included 104 patients. Thirteen (12.5%) patients had either subjective symptoms or objective signs of peripheral neuropathy. Among these 13 patients, 3 had other known potential etiologies of peripheral neuropathy such as vitamin B12 deficiency or prior chemotherapy. Among 10 patients that had no other clear etiology, 3 (30%) had familial CJD. The most common sCJD subtype was MV1-2 (30%), followed by MM1-2 (20%). The Majority of cases wasere male (60%). Half of them had exposure to wild game. The most common subjective symptoms were tingling and/or numbness of distal extremities. The most common objective finding was diminished vibratory sensation in the feet. Half of them had an EMG with the findings ranging from fasciculations to axonal polyneuropathy or demyelinating polyneuropathy.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Our study provides an overview of the pattern of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease. Among patients with peripheral neuropathy symptoms or signs, majority has polyneuropathy. It is important to document the baseline frequency of peripheral neuropathy in prion diseases as these symptoms may become important when conducting surveillance for potential novel zoonotic prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=====</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">P177 PrP plaques in methionine homozygous Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Abrams JY (1), Schonberger LB (1), Cali I (2), Cohen Y (2), Blevins JE (2), Maddox RA (1), Belay ED (1), Appleby BS (2), Cohen ML (2)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Background</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is widely believed to originate from de novo spontaneous conversion of normal prion protein (PrP) to its pathogenic form, but concern remains that some reported sporadic CJD cases may actually be caused by disease transmission via iatrogenic processes. For cases with methionine homozygosity (CJD-MM) at codon 129 of the PRNP gene, recent research has pointed to plaque-like PrP deposition as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission for a subset of cases. This phenotype is theorized to originate from specific iatrogenic source CJD types that comprise roughly a quarter of known CJD cases.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Methods</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">We reviewed scientific literature for studies which described PrP plaques among CJD patients with known epidemiological links to iatrogenic transmission (receipt of cadaveric human grown hormone or dura mater), as well as in cases of reported sporadic CJD. The presence and description of plaques, along with CJD classification type and other contextual factors, were used to summarize the current evidence regarding plaques as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission. In addition, 523 cases of reported sporadic CJD cases in the US from January 2013 through September 2017 were assessed for presence of PrP plaques.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">We identified four studies describing 52 total cases of CJD-MM among either dura mater recipients or growth hormone recipients, of which 30 were identified as having PrP plaques. While sporadic cases were not generally described as having plaques, we did identify case reports which described plaques among sporadic MM2 cases as well as case reports of plaques exclusively in white matter among sporadic MM1 cases. Among the 523 reported sporadic CJD cases, 0 of 366 MM1 cases had plaques, 2 of 48 MM2 cases had kuru plaques, and 4 of 109 MM1+2 cases had either kuru plaques or both kuru and florid plaques. Medical chart review of the six reported sporadic CJD cases with plaques did not reveal clinical histories suggestive of potential iatrogenic transmission.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PrP plaques occur much more frequently for iatrogenic CJD-MM cases compared to sporadic CJDMM cases. Plaques may indicate iatrogenic transmission for CJD-MM cases without a type 2 Western blot fragment. The study results suggest the absence of significant misclassifications of iatrogenic CJD as sporadic. To our knowledge, this study is the first to describe grey matter kuru plaques in apparently sporadic CJD-MM patients with a type 2 Western blot fragment.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=====</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">P180 Clinico-pathological analysis of human prion diseases in a brain bank series</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Ximelis T (1), Aldecoa I (1,2), Molina-Porcel L (1,3), Grau-Rivera O (4), Ferrer I (5), Nos C (6), Gelpi E (1,7), Sánchez-Valle R (1,4)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">(1) Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobanc-Hospital ClÃnic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (2) Pathological Service of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (3) EAIA Trastorns Cognitius, Centre Emili Mira, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain (4) Department of Neurology of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (5) Institute of Neuropathology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona (6) General subdirectorate of Surveillance and Response to Emergencies in Public Health, Department of Public Health in Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain (7) Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Background and objective:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The Neurological Tissue Bank (NTB) of the Hospital Clínic-Institut d‘Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain is the reference center in Catalonia for the neuropathological study of prion diseases in the region since 2001. The aim of this study is to analyse the characteristics of the confirmed prion diseases registered at the NTB during the last 15 years.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Methods:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">We reviewed retrospectively all neuropathologically confirmed cases registered during the period January 2001 to December 2016.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">176 cases (54,3% female, mean age: 67,5 years and age range: 25-86 years) of neuropathological confirmed prion diseases have been studied at the NTB. 152 cases corresponded to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), 10 to genetic CJD, 10 to Fatal Familial Insomnia, 2 to GerstmannSträussler-Scheinker disease, and 2 cases to variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr). Within sCJD subtypes the MM1 subtype was the most frequent, followed by the VV2 histotype.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Clinical and neuropathological diagnoses agreed in 166 cases (94%). The clinical diagnosis was not accurate in 10 patients with definite prion disease: 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Fronto-temporal dementia (FTD), 1 Niemann-Pick‘s disease, 1 Lewy Body‘s Disease, 2 Alzheimer‘s disease, 1 Cortico-basal syndrome and 2 undetermined dementia. Among patients with VPSPr, 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and the other one with FTD.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Concomitant pathologies are frequent in older age groups, mainly AD neuropathological changes were observed in these subjects.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Discussion:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">A wide spectrum of human prion diseases have been identified in the NTB being the relative frequencies and main characteristics like other published series. There is a high rate of agreement between clinical and neuropathological diagnoses with prion diseases. These findings show the importance that public health has given to prion diseases during the past 15 years. Continuous surveillance of human prion disease allows identification of new emerging phenotypes. Brain tissue samples from these donors are available to the scientific community. For more information please visit:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=====</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">P192 Prion amplification techniques for the rapid evaluation of surface decontamination procedures</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Bruyere-Ostells L (1), Mayran C (1), Belondrade M (1), Boublik Y (2), Haïk S (3), Fournier-Wirth C (1), Nicot S (1), Bougard D (1)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">(1) Pathogenesis and control of chronic infections, Etablissement Français du Sang, Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (2) Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (3) Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Aims:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) or prion diseases are a group of incurable and always fatal neurodegenerative disorders including Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases (CJD) in humans. These pathologies include sporadic (sCJD), genetic and acquired (variant CJD) forms. By the past, sCJD and vCJD were transmitted by different prion contaminated biological materials to patients resulting in more than 400 iatrogenic cases (iCJD). The atypical nature and the biochemical properties of the infectious agent, formed by abnormal prion protein or PrPTSE, make it particularly resistant to conventional decontamination procedures. In addition, PrPTSE is widely distributed throughout the organism before clinical onset in vCJD and can also be detected in some peripheral tissues in sporadic CJD. Risk of iatrogenic transmission of CJD by contaminated medical device remains thus a concern for healthcare facilities. Bioassay is the gold standard method to evaluate the efficacy of prion decontamination procedures but is time-consuming and expensive. Here, we propose to compare in vitro prion amplification techniques: Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) and Real-Time Quaking Induced Conversion (RT-QuIC) for the detection of residual prions on surface after decontamination.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Methods:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Stainless steel wires, by mimicking the surface of surgical instruments, were proposed as a carrier model of prions for inactivation studies. To determine the sensitivity of the two amplification techniques on wires (Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC), steel wires were therefore contaminated with serial dilutions of brain homogenates (BH) from a 263k infected hamster and from a patient with sCJD (MM1 subtype). We then compared the different standard decontamination procedures including partially and fully efficient treatments by detecting the residual seeding activity on 263K and sCJD contaminated wires. We completed our study by the evaluation of marketed reagents endorsed for prion decontamination.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The two amplification techniques can detect minute quantities of PrPTSE adsorbed onto a single wire. 8/8 wires contaminated with a 10-6 dilution of 263k BH and 1/6 with the 10-8 dilution are positive with Surf-PMCA. Similar performances were obtained with Surf-QuIC on 263K: 10/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilution and 1/8 wires contaminated with 10-8 dilution are positive. Regarding the human sCJD-MM1 prion, Surf-QuIC allows us to detect 16/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilutions and 14/16 with 10-7 . Results obtained after decontamination treatments are very similar between 263K and sCJD prions. Efficiency of marketed treatments to remove prions is lower than expected.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC are very sensitive methods for the detection of prions on wires and could be applied to prion decontamination studies for rapid evaluation of new treatments. Sodium hypochlorite is the only product to efficiently remove seeding activity of both 263K and sCJD prions.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=====</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">WA2 Oral transmission of CWD into Cynomolgus macaques: signs of atypical disease, prion conversion and infectivity in macaques and bio-assayed transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Schatzl HM (1, 2), Hannaoui S (1, 2), Cheng Y-C (1, 2), Gilch S (1, 2), Beekes M (3), SchulzSchaeffer W (4), Stahl-Hennig C (5) and Czub S (2, 6)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">(1) University of Calgary, Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada (2) University of Calgary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calgary, Canada, (3) Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany, (4) University of Homburg/Saar, Homburg, Germany, (5) German Primate Center, Goettingen, Germany, (6) Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), Lethbridge, Canada.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">To date, BSE is the only example of interspecies transmission of an animal prion disease into humans. The potential zoonotic transmission of CWD is an alarming issue and was addressed by many groups using a variety of in vitro and in vivo experimental systems. Evidence from these studies indicated a substantial, if not absolute, species barrier, aligning with the absence of epidemiological evidence suggesting transmission into humans. Studies in non-human primates were not conclusive so far, with oral transmission into new-world monkeys and no transmission into old-world monkeys. Our consortium has challenged 18 Cynomolgus macaques with characterized CWD material, focusing on oral transmission with muscle tissue. Some macaques have orally received a total of 5 kg of muscle material over a period of 2 years. After 5-7 years of incubation time some animals showed clinical symptoms indicative of prion disease, and prion neuropathology and PrPSc deposition were found in spinal cord and brain of euthanized animals. PrPSc in immunoblot was weakly detected in some spinal cord materials and various tissues tested positive in RT-QuIC, including lymph node and spleen homogenates. To prove prion infectivity in the macaque tissues, we have intracerebrally inoculated 2 lines of transgenic mice, expressing either elk or human PrP. At least 3 TgElk mice, receiving tissues from 2 different macaques, showed clinical signs of a progressive prion disease and brains were positive in immunoblot and RT-QuIC. Tissues (brain, spinal cord and spleen) from these and preclinical mice are currently tested using various read-outs and by second passage in mice. Transgenic mice expressing human PrP were so far negative for clear clinical prion disease (some mice >300 days p.i.). In parallel, the same macaque materials are inoculated into bank voles. Taken together, there is strong evidence of transmissibility of CWD orally into macaques and from macaque tissues into transgenic mouse models, although with an incomplete attack rate. The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology. Our ongoing studies will show whether the transmission of CWD into macaques and passage in transgenic mice represents a form of non-adaptive prion amplification, and whether macaque-adapted prions have the potential to infect mice expressing human PrP. The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">See also poster P103</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=====</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">WA16 Monitoring Potential CWD Transmission to Humans</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Belay ED</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The spread of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in animals has raised concerns about increasing human exposure to the CWD agent via hunting and venison consumption, potentially facilitating CWD transmission to humans. Several studies have explored this possibility, including limited epidemiologic studies, in vitro experiments, and laboratory studies using various types of animal models. Most human exposures to the CWD agent in the United States would be expected to occur in association with deer and elk hunting in CWD-endemic areas. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) collaborated with state health departments in Colorado, Wisconsin, and Wyoming to identify persons at risk of CWD exposure and to monitor their vital status over time. Databases were established of persons who hunted in Colorado and Wyoming and those who reported consumption of venison from deer that later tested positive in Wisconsin. Information from the databases is periodically cross-checked with mortality data to determine the vital status and causes of death for deceased persons. Long-term follow-up of these hunters is needed to assess their risk of development of a prion disease linked to CWD exposure.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=====</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">P166 Characterization of CJD strain profiles in venison consumers and non-consumers from Alberta and Saskatchewan</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Stephanie Booth (1,2), Lise Lamoureux (1), Debra Sorensen (1), Jennifer L. Myskiw (1,2), Megan Klassen (1,2), Michael Coulthart (3), Valerie Sim (4)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">(1) Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg (2) Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (3) Canadian CJD Surveillance System, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (4) Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is spreading rapidly through wild cervid populations in the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. While this has implications for tourism and hunting, there is also concern over possible zoonotic transmission to humans who eat venison from infected deer. Whilst there is no evidence of any human cases of CWD to date, the Canadian CJD Surveillance System (CJDSS) in Canada is staying vigilant. When variant CJD occurred following exposure to BSE, the unique biochemical fingerprint of the pathologic PrP enabled a causal link to be confirmed. However, we cannot be sure what phenotype human CWD prions would present with, or indeed, whether this would be distinct from that see in sporadic CJD. Therefore we are undertaking a systematic analysis of the molecular diversity of CJD cases of individuals who resided in Alberta and Saskatchewan at their time of death comparing venison consumers and non-consumers, using a variety of clinical, imaging, pathological and biochemical markers. Our initial objective is to develop novel biochemical methodologies that will extend the baseline glycoform and genetic polymorphism typing that is already completed by the CJDSS. Firstly, we are reviewing MRI, EEG and pathology information from over 40 cases of CJD to select clinically affected areas for further investigation. Biochemical analysis will include assessment of the levels of protease sensitive and resistant prion protein, glycoform typing using 2D gel electrophoresis, testing seeding capabilities and kinetics of aggregation by quaking-induced conversion, and determining prion oligomer size distributions with asymmetric flow field fractionation with in-line light scattering. Progress and preliminary data will be presented. Ultimately, we intend to further define the relationship between PrP structure and disease phenotype and establish a baseline for the identification of future atypical CJD cases that may arise as a result of exposure to CWD.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=====</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Source Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/</a> </div></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; outline: none; text-align: justify;">Volume 24, Number 8—August 2018 </span><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><div style="font-size: 30.2px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 3px; outline: none;"><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; outline: none; text-align: justify;">Research Susceptibility of Human Prion Protein to Conversion by Chronic Wasting Disease Prions</span></div></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none; text-align: justify;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Marcelo A. BarriaComments to Author , Adriana Libori, Gordon Mitchell, and Mark W. Head Author affiliations: National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (M.A. Barria, A. Libori, M.W. Head); National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Scrapie and CWD, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (G. Mitchell)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Abstract Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal neurodegenerative disease and a serious animal health issue for deer and elk in North America. The identification of the first cases of CWD among free-ranging reindeer and moose in Europe brings back into focus the unresolved issue of whether CWD can be zoonotic like bovine spongiform encephalopathy. We used a cell-free seeded protein misfolding assay to determine whether CWD prions from elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer in North America can convert the human prion protein to the disease-associated form. We found that prions can convert, but the efficiency of conversion is affected by polymorphic variation in the cervid and human prion protein genes. In view of the similarity of reindeer, elk, and white-tailed deer in North America to reindeer, red deer, and roe deer, respectively, in Europe, a more comprehensive and thorough assessment of the zoonotic potential of CWD might be warranted.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Discussion Characterization of the transmission properties of CWD and evaluation of their zoonotic potential are important for public health purposes. Given that CWD affects several members of the family Cervidae, it seems reasonable to consider whether the zoonotic potential of CWD prions could be affected by factors such as CWD strain, cervid species, geographic location, and Prnp–PRNP polymorphic variation. We have previously used an in vitro conversion assay (PMCA) to investigate the susceptibility of the human PrP to conversion to its disease-associated form by several animal prion diseases, including CWD (15,16,22). The sensitivity of our molecular model for the detection of zoonotic conversion depends on the combination of 1) the action of proteinase K to degrade the abundant human PrPC that constitutes the substrate while only N terminally truncating any human PrPres produced and 2) the presence of the 3F4 epitope on human but not cervid PrP. In effect, this degree of sensitivity means that any human PrPres formed during the PMCA reaction can be detected down to the limit of Western blot sensitivity. In contrast, if other antibodies that detect both cervid and human PrP are used, such as 6H4, then newly formed human PrPres must be detected as a measurable increase in PrPres over the amount remaining in the reaction product from the cervid seed. Although best known for the efficient amplification of prions in research and diagnostic contexts, the variation of the PMCA method employed in our study is optimized for the definitive detection of zoonotic reaction products of inherently inefficient conversion reactions conducted across species barriers. By using this system, we previously made and reported the novel observation that elk CWD prions could convert human PrPC from human brain and could also convert recombinant human PrPC expressed in transgenic mice and eukaryotic cell cultures (15).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">A previous publication suggested that mule deer PrPSc was unable to convert humanized transgenic substrate in PMCA assays (23) and required a further step of in vitro conditioning in deer substrate PMCA before it was able to cross the deer–human molecular barrier (24). However, prions from other species, such as elk (15) and reindeer affected by CWD, appear to be compatible with the human protein in a single round of amplification (as shown in our study). These observations suggest that different deer species affected by CWD could present differing degrees of the olecular compatibility with the normal form of human PrP.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The contribution of the polymorphism at codon 129 of the human PrP gene has been extensively studied and is recognized as a risk factor for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (4). In cervids, the equivalent codon corresponds to the position 132 encoding methionine or leucine. This polymorphism in the elk gene has been shown to play an important role in CWD susceptibility (25,26). We have investigated the effect of this cervid Prnp polymorphism on the conversion of the humanized transgenic substrate according to the variation in the equivalent PRNP codon 129 polymorphism. Interestingly, only the homologs methionine homozygous seed–substrate reactions could readily convert the human PrP, whereas the heterozygous elk PrPSc was unable to do so, even though comparable amounts of PrPres were used to seed the reaction. In addition, we observed only low levels of human PrPres formation in the reactions seeded with the homozygous methionine (132 MM) and the heterozygous (132 ML) seeds incubated with the other 2 human polymorphic substrates (129 MV and 129 VV). The presence of the amino acid leucine at position 132 of the elk Prnp gene has been attributed to a lower degree of prion conversion compared with methionine on the basis of experiments in mice made transgenic for these polymorphic variants (26). Considering the differences observed for the amplification of the homozygous human methionine substrate by the 2 polymorphic elk seeds (MM and ML), reappraisal of the susceptibility of human PrPC by the full range of cervid polymorphic variants affected by CWD would be warranted.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In light of the recent identification of the first cases of CWD in Europe in a free-ranging reindeer (R. tarandus) in Norway (2), we also decided to evaluate the in vitro conversion potential of CWD in 2 experimentally infected reindeer (18). Formation of human PrPres was readily detectable after a single round of PMCA, and in all 3 humanized polymorphic substrates (MM, MV, and VV). This finding suggests that CWD prions from reindeer could be more compatible with human PrPC generally and might therefore present a greater risk for zoonosis than, for example, CWD prions from white-tailed deer. A more comprehensive comparison of CWD in the affected species, coupled with the polymorphic variations in the human and deer PRNP–Prnp genes, in vivo and in vitro, will be required before firm conclusions can be drawn. Analysis of the Prnp sequence of the CWD reindeer in Norway was reported to be identical to the specimens used in our study (2). This finding raises the possibility of a direct comparison of zoonotic potential between CWD acquired in the wild and that produced in a controlled laboratory setting. (Table).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The prion hypothesis proposes that direct molecular interaction between PrPSc and PrPC is necessary for conversion and prion replication. Accordingly, polymorphic variants of the PrP of host and agent might play a role in determining compatibility and potential zoonotic risk. In this study, we have examined the capacity of the human PrPC to support in vitro conversion by elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer CWD PrPSc. Our data confirm that elk CWD prions can convert the human PrPC, at least in vitro, and show that the homologous PRNP polymorphisms at codon 129 and 132 in humans and cervids affect conversion efficiency. Other species affected by CWD, particularly caribou or reindeer, also seem able to convert the human PrP. It will be important to determine whether other polymorphic variants found in other CWD-affected Cervidae or perhaps other factors (17) exert similar effects on the ability to convert human PrP and thus affect their zoonotic potential.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Dr. Barria is a research scientist working at the National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh. His research has focused on understanding the molecular basis of a group of fatal neurologic disorders called prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Acknowledgments We thank Aru Balachandran for originally providing cervid brain tissues, Abigail Diack and Jean Manson for providing mouse brain tissue, and James Ironside for his critical reading of the manuscript at an early stage.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">This report is independent research commissioned and funded by the United Kingdom’s Department of Health Policy Research Programme and the Government of Scotland. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Department of Health or the Government of Scotland.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Author contributions: The study was conceived and designed by M.A.B. and M.W.H. The experiments were conducted by M.A.B. and A.L. Chronic wasting disease brain specimens were provided by G.M. The manuscript was written by M.A.B. and M.W.H. All authors contributed to the editing and revision of the manuscript.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion</a></div></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; outline: none;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #222222; outline: none;">Prion 2017 Conference Abstracts</span></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; outline: none;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none;"><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">First evidence of intracranial and peroral transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) into Cynomolgus macaques: a work in progress Stefanie Czub1, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer2, Christiane Stahl-Hennig3, Michael Beekes4, Hermann Schaetzl5 and Dirk Motzkus6 1 </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine/Canadian Food Inspection Agency; 2Universitatsklinikum des Saarlandes und Medizinische Fakultat der Universitat des Saarlandes; 3 Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen; 4 Robert-Koch-Institut Berlin; 5 University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; 6 presently: Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center; previously: Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">This is a progress report of a project which started in 2009. </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">21 cynomolgus macaques were challenged with characterized CWD material from white-tailed deer (WTD) or elk by intracerebral (ic), oral, and skin exposure routes. Additional blood transfusion experiments are supposed to assess the CWD contamination risk of human blood product. Challenge materials originated from symptomatic cervids for ic, skin scarification and partially per oral routes (WTD brain). Challenge material for feeding of muscle derived from preclinical WTD and from preclinical macaques for blood transfusion experiments. We have confirmed that the CWD challenge material contained at least two different CWD agents (brain material) as well as CWD prions in muscle-associated nerves. </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Here we present first data on a group of animals either challenged ic with steel wires or per orally and sacrificed with incubation times ranging from 4.5 to 6.9 years at postmortem. Three animals displayed signs of mild clinical disease, including anxiety, apathy, ataxia and/or tremor. In four animals wasting was observed, two of those had confirmed diabetes. All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals. Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuiC) and PET-blot assays to further substantiate these findings are on the way, as well as bioassays in bank voles and transgenic mice. </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">At present, a total of 10 animals are sacrificed and read-outs are ongoing. Preclinical incubation of the remaining macaques covers a range <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">from 6.4 to 7.10</span> years. Based on the species barrier and an incubation time of > 5 years for BSE in macaques and about 10 years for scrapie in macaques, we expected an onset of clinical disease beyond 6 years post inoculation. </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">PRION 2017 DECIPHERING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS ABSTRACTS REFERENCE</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available. </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 23, 2019 </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion and THE FEAST 2003 CDC an updated review of the science 2019 </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 04, 2014 </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Six-year follow-up of a point-source exposure to CWD contaminated venison in an Upstate New York community: risk behaviours and health outcomes 2005–2011 Authors, though, acknowledged the study was limited in geography and sample size and so it couldn't draw a conclusion about the risk to humans. They recommended more study. Dr. Ermias Belay was the report's principal author but he said New York and Oneida County officials are following the proper course by not launching a study. "There's really nothing to monitor presently. No one's sick," Belay said, noting the disease's incubation period in deer and elk is measured in years. " </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Transmission Studies Mule deer transmissions of CWD were by intracerebral inoculation and compared with natural cases {the following was written but with a single line marked through it ''first passage (by this route)}....TSS resulted in a more rapidly progressive clinical disease with repeated episodes of synocopy ending in coma. One control animal became affected, it is believed through contamination of inoculum (?saline). Further CWD transmissions were carried out by Dick Marsh into ferret, mink and squirrel monkey. Transmission occurred in ALL of these species with the shortest incubation period in the ferret. </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">snip.... </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Prion Infectivity in Fat of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease▿ </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Brent Race#, Kimberly Meade-White#, Richard Race and Bruce Chesebro* + Author Affiliations In mice, prion infectivity was recently detected in fat. Since ruminant fat is consumed by humans and fed to animals, we determined infectivity titers in fat from two CWD-infected deer. Deer fat devoid of muscle contained low levels of CWD infectivity and might be a risk factor for prion infection of other species. </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Prions in Skeletal Muscles of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease Here bioassays in transgenic mice expressing cervid prion protein revealed the presence of infectious prions in skeletal muscles of CWD-infected deer, demonstrating that humans consuming or handling meat from CWD-infected deer are at risk to prion exposure. </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"> *** now, let’s see what the authors said about this casual link, personal communications years ago, and then the latest on the zoonotic potential from CWD to humans from the TOKYO PRION 2016 CONFERENCE. see where it is stated NO STRONG evidence. so, does this mean there IS casual evidence ???? “Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans” </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">From: TSS Subject: CWD aka MAD DEER/ELK TO HUMANS ??? </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Date: September 30, 2002 at 7:06 am PST </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">From: "Belay, Ermias" </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">To: Cc: "Race, Richard (NIH)" ; ; "Belay, Ermias" </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Sent: Monday, September 30, 2002 9:22 AM Subject: RE: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Dear Sir/Madam, In the Archives of Neurology you quoted (the abstract of which was attached to your email), we did not say CWD in humans will present like variant CJD.. That assumption would be wrong. I encourage you to read the whole article and call me if you have questions or need more clarification (phone: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">404-639-3091</span></span>). </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Also, we do not claim that "no-one has ever been infected with prion disease from eating venison." Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans in the article you quoted or in any other forum is limited to the patients we investigated. </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Ermias Belay, M.D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">-----Original Message----- From: </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Sent: Sunday, September 29, 2002 10:15 AM To: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">rr26k@nih.gov</span></span>; <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">rrace@niaid.nih.gov</span></span>; <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">ebb8@CDC.GOV</span></span> </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Subject: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Sunday, November 10, 2002 6:26 PM .......snip........end..............TSS </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Thursday, April 03, 2008 </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease 2008 1: Vet Res. 2008 Apr 3;39(4):41 A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease Sigurdson CJ. </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">snip... *** twenty-seven CJD patients who regularly consumed venison were reported to the Surveillance Center***, </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">snip... full text ; </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people. </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">sporadic, spontaneous CJD, 85%+ of all human TSE, did not just happen. never in scientific literature has this been proven. if one looks up the word sporadic or spontaneous at pubmed, you will get a laundry list of disease that are classified in such a way; </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">sporadic = 54,983 hits </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic</a><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">spontaneous = 325,650 hits </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous</a><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">key word here is 'reported'. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can't, and it's as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it's being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. ...terry </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people.<br style="outline: none;" /></span></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; outline: none;"><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none;">key word here is ‘reported’. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can’t, and it’s as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it’s being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. …terry</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none;">*** These results would seem to suggest that CWD does indeed have zoonotic potential, at least as judged by the compatibility of CWD prions and their human PrPC target. Furthermore, extrapolation from this simple in vitro assay suggests that if zoonotic CWD occurred, it would most likely effect those of the PRNP codon 129-MM genotype and that the PrPres type would be similar to that found in the most common subtype of sCJD (MM1).***</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys</a></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true</a></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: white; color: #196ad4; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">CWD TSE PRION AND ZOONOTIC, ZOONOSIS, POTENTIAL</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Subject: Re: DEER SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY SURVEY & HOUND STUDY </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Date: Fri, 18 Oct 2002 23:12:22 +0100 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">From: Steve Dealler </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Organization: Netscape Online member </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">To: BSE-L@ References: </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Dear Terry,</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">An excellent piece of review as this literature is desperately difficult to get back from Government sites.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">What happened with the deer was that an association between deer meat eating and sporadic CJD was found in about 1993. The evidence was not great but did not disappear after several years of asking CJD cases what they had eaten. I think that the work into deer disease largely stopped because it was not helpful to the UK industry...and no specific cases were reported. Well, if you dont look adequately like they are in USA currenly then you wont find any!</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Steve Dealler </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">====</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM THIRD ANNUAL REPORT AUGUST 1994</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Consumption of venison and veal was much less widespread among both cases and controls. For both of these meats there was evidence of a trend with increasing frequency of consumption being associated with increasing risk of CJD. (not nvCJD, but sporadic CJD...tss) These associations were largely unchanged when attention was restricted to pairs with data obtained from relatives. ...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Table 9 presents the results of an analysis of these data.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">There is STRONG evidence of an association between ‘’regular’’ veal eating and risk of CJD (p = .0.01).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Individuals reported to eat veal on average at least once a year appear to be at 13 TIMES THE RISK of individuals who have never eaten veal.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">There is, however, a very wide confidence interval around this estimate. There is no strong evidence that eating veal less than once per year is associated with increased risk of CJD (p = 0.51).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">There is some evidence that risk of CJD INCREASES WITH INCREASING FREQUENCY OF LAMB EATING (p = 0.02).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The evidence for such an association between beef eating and CJD is weaker (p = 0.14). When only controls for whom a relative was interviewed are included, this evidence becomes a little STRONGER (p = 0.08).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">It was found that when veal was included in the model with another exposure, the association between veal and CJD remained statistically significant (p = < 0.05 for all exposures), while the other exposures ceased to be statistically significant (p = > 0.05).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In conclusion, an analysis of dietary histories revealed statistical associations between various meats/animal products and INCREASED RISK OF CJD. When some account was taken of possible confounding, the association between VEAL EATING AND RISK OF CJD EMERGED AS THE STRONGEST OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS STATISTICALLY. ...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In the study in the USA, a range of foodstuffs were associated with an increased risk of CJD, including liver consumption which was associated with an apparent SIX-FOLD INCREASE IN THE RISK OF CJD. By comparing the data from 3 studies in relation to this particular dietary factor, the risk of liver consumption became non-significant with an odds ratio of 1.2 (PERSONAL COMMUNICATION, PROFESSOR A. HOFMAN. ERASMUS UNIVERSITY, ROTTERDAM). (???...TSS)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...see full report ;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Stephen Dealler is a consultant medical microbiologist <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">deal@airtime.co.uk</span> </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">BSE Inquiry Steve Dealler</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Management In Confidence</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">BSE: Private Submission of Bovine Brain Dealler</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 2019</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> MAD DOGS AND ENGLISHMEN BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, CJD, TSE PRION A REVIEW 2019</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> ''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> In conclusion, sensory symptoms and loss of reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome can be explained by neuropathological changes in the spinal cord. We conclude that the sensory symptoms and loss of lower limb reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome is due to pathology in the caudal spinal cord. <***</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology.<*** </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD. <***</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals.<*** </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids.'' Scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease (II) <***</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: arial; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">TUESDAY, MAY 11, 2021</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">> A Unique Presentation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in a Patient Consuming Deer Antler Velvet <</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusion</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">We believe that our patient’s case of CJD is highly suspicious for cervid etiology given the circumstances of the case as well as the strong evidence of plausibility reported in published literature. This is the first known case of CJD in a patient who had consumed deer antler velvet. Despite the confirmed diagnosis of CJD, a causal relationship between the patient’s disease and his consumption of deer antler velvet cannot be definitively concluded.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Supplemental data including molecular tissue sample analysis and autopsy findings could yield further supporting evidence. Given this patient’s clinical resemblance to CBD and the known histological similarities of CBD with CJD, clinicians should consider both diseases in the differential diagnosis of patients with a similarly esoteric presentation. Regardless of the origin of this patient’s disease, it is clear that the potential for prion transmission from cervids to humans should be further investigated by the academic community with considerable urgency.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">''We believe that our patient’s case of CJD is highly suspicious for cervid etiology given the circumstances of the case as well as the strong evidence of plausibility reported in published literature. This is the first known case of CJD in a patient who had consumed deer antler velvet. Despite the confirmed diagnosis of CJD, a causal relationship between the patient’s disease and his consumption of deer antler velvet cannot be definitively concluded.''</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE: A Unique Presentation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in a Patient Consuming Deer Antler Velvet</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">i was warning England and the BSE Inquiry about just this, way back in 1998, and was ask to supply information to the BSE Inquiry. for anyone that might be interested, see;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Singeltary submission to the BSE Inquiry on CJD and Nutritional Supplements 1998</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">ABOUT that deer antler spray and CWD TSE PRION... I have been screaming this since my neighbors mom died from cjd, and she had been taking a supplement that contained bovine brain, bovine eyeball, and other SRMs specified risk materials, the most high risk for mad cow disease. just saying...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">I made a submission to the BSE Inquiry long ago during the BSE Inquiry days, and they seemed pretty interested.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Sender: "Patricia Cantos"</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">To: "Terry S Singeltary Sr. (E-mail)"</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Subject: Your submission to the Inquiry</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Date: Fri, 3 Jul 1998 10:10:05 +0100 3 July 1998</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Mr Terry S Singeltary Sr. E-Mail: Flounder at <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">wt.net</span> Ref: E2979</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Dear Mr Singeltary, Thank you for your E-mail message of the 30th of June 1998 providing the Inquiry with your further comments. Thank you for offering to provide the Inquiry with any test results on the nutritional supplements your mother was taking before she died. As requested I am sending you our general Information Pack and a copy of the Chairman's letter. Please contact me if your system cannot read the attachments. Regarding your question, the Inquiry is looking into many aspects of the scientific evidence on BSE and nvCJD.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">I would refer you to the transcripts of evidence we have already heard which are found on our internet site at ;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">http://www.bse.org.uk</span>.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Could you please provide the Inquiry with a copy of the press article you refer to in your e-mail? If not an approximate date for the article so that we can locate it? In the meantime, thank you for you comments. Please do not hesitate to contact me on... snip...end...tss</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">everyone I tell this too gets it screwed up...MY MOTHER WAS NOT TAKING THOSE SUPPLEMENTS IPLEX (that I ever knew of). this was my neighbors mother that died exactly one year previously and to the day of sporadic CJD that was diagnosed as Alzheimer’s at first. my mother died exactly a year later from the Heidenhain Variant of Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease hvCJD, and exceedingly rare strains of the ever growing sporadic CJD’s. both cases confirmed. ...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">kind regards, terry</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">TSEs i.e. mad cow disease's BSE/BASE and NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS IPLEX, mad by standard process; vacuum dried bovine BRAIN, bone meal, bovine EYE, veal Bone, bovine liver powder, bovine adrenal, vacuum dried bovine kidney, and vacuum dried porcine stomach. also; what about potential mad cow candy bars ? see their potential mad cow candy bar list too... THESE are just a few of MANY of just this ONE COMPANY...TSS</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">''So, in sum, dietary supplements sold in the United States often contain ruminant tissues from undisclosed sources. Personally, I am rather squeamish and I don't think I would be eating prostate or testicle or pituitary, but I am also a little bit wary of consuming products with those glands, not just out of personal repugnance but simply out of a health concern.'' DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION CENTER FOR BIOLOGICS EVALUATION AND RESEARCH TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES ADVISORY COMMITTEE Friday, January 19, 2001</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">15 Open Public Hearing</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">16 DR. FREAS: We are opening the open public hearing</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">17 now. We have received one response to speak in this</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">18 afternoon's open public hearing. That is from Dr. Scott</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">19 Norton. If Dr. Norton is here, would you please come</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">20 forward. You can either use the podium or the microphone,</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">21 whichever is your choice.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">22 DR. NORTON: I am Scott Norton and I am a</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">23 physician in the Washington D.C. area. I am here speaking</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">24 as a private citizen today.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">25 I first became concerned about the presence of 231</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">1 tissues from ruminant animals in dietary supplements about</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">2 six months ago and expressed my concern in a letter that was 3 published in New England Journal of Medicine in July of Year 4 2000. 5 A couple of the products that I had looked at, and 6 examined their labels, that raised these concerns I brought 7 in right here. I will just read some of the organs that are 8 found in one that is called Male Power. Deer antler, 9 pancreas, orchic--despite what we just heard that the FDA</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">10 prefers the term "testicular tissue" to be written on the</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">11 labels, I have never seen a dietary supplement say</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">12 "testicle." They always say "orchis" or "orchic" which may</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">13 sound rather flowery to the etymologically impaired--thymus,</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">14 adrenal, heart, lymph node, prostate, spleen and pituitary.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">15 There are actually seventeen organs in that particular</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">16 product.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">17 There is another product that is called Brain</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">18 Nutrition that tells us that it is vitamins and minerals</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">19 essential for important brain function. It does not mention</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">20 that there is any glandulars on at least the bold print. 21 But if you look at the small print on the back, we learn</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">22 that it has brain extract and pituitary extract, raw, in</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">23 there.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">24 We know that many of the organs that can be found</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">25 in the dietary supplements do fall in that list of organs</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">232</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">1 that are suspect for contamination with TSEs, the labels, in 2 nearly all cases, identify neither the animal source nor the 3 geographic location from which the organs were derived. I 4 have seen one line that did specify from New Zealand cattle 5 but no other manufacturer will list either the species or 6 the geographic location. 7 The FDA's and the USDA's import alerts that we 8 just learned about prohibit the use of these organs in 9 foods, medicines and medical devices. But my reading of the</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">10 alert, 17-04, suggests that DSHEA does allow some loopholes</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">11 for these tissues to possible slip in.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">12 I will just read <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">from 17-04</span> that we heard. On the</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">13 first page, it says that, "This alert does not establish any</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">14 obligations on regulated entities." I love seeing</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">15 legislation that starts out with that caveat.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">16 Then it says, further, "The USDA regulations do</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">17 not apply to bovine-derived materials intended for human</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">18 consumption as finished dietary supplements." We also learn</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">19 that the prohibition, or the import alert, is limited to</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">20 bulk lots of these tissues, completed tissues, from BSE-</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">21 derived countries. It does not mention if it is not a bulk</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">22 import or if it is raw materials rather than finished</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">23 materials.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">24 Further, we know that it is strongly recommended</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">25 but not actually prohibited in the language here. So I have</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">233</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">1 not taken the assurances from that import alert that Dr. 2 Moore was trying to convey to us. 3 So, in sum, dietary supplements sold in the United 4 States often contain ruminant tissues from undisclosed 5 sources. Personally, I am rather squeamish and I don't 6 think I would be eating prostate or testicle or pituitary, 7 but I am also a little bit wary of consuming products with 8 those glands, not just out of personal repugnance but simply 9 out of a health concern.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">10 So my question to the advisory committee is this;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">11 is my caution reasonable and, if it is, should we take</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">12 further efforts to inform, or even protect, the American</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">13 public from such exposure.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">14 I was curious about Dr.</span> Moore's remarks. I sensed</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">15 two messages. One was the initial reassurance that FDA has</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">16 the regulatory authority but then I also learned that it is</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">17 the manufacturer's responsibility to provide those 18 assurances, that the FDA doesn't actually inspect.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">19 I think that the FDA commissioners from Harvey</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">20 Wylie to David Kessler would say that that track record has</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">21 proven itself.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">22 Thank you very much.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">23 [Applause.]</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">24 DR. BROWN: Thanks, Dr. Norton. 25 Committee Discussion snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">17 But I think that we could exhibit some quite 18 reasonable concern about blood donors who are taking dietary 19 supplements that contain a certain amount of unspecified- 20 origin brain, brain-related, brain and pituitary material. 21 If they have done this for more than a sniff or something 22 like that, then, perhaps, they should be deferred as blood 23 donors. 24 That is probably worse than spending six months in 25 the U.K. 1/19/01 3681t2.rtf(845) page 501 <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/cber01.htm</span></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Advisory Committees: CBER 2001 Meeting Documents</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">see actual paper;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20110616...ov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t2.rtf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20110616...ov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t2.rtf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Mar03/031403/96N-0417-EC-2.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Mar03/031403/96N-0417-EC-2.htm</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_07.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_07.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">-------- Original Message --------</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Subject: METABOLIFE AND TSEs GAO-03-494 ''URGENT DATA''</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Date: Thu, 01 May 2003 11:23:01 -0500</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">To: NelliganJ at <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">gao.gov</span></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The General Accounting Office (GAO) today released the following reports and testimonies:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">REPORTS</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">1. Dietary Supplements: Review of Health-Related Call Records for Users of Metabolife 356. GAO-03-494, <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">March 31.</span></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-03-494" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-03-494</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">see updated url link;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050205084229/http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20050205084229/http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">GREETINGS GAO:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">i was surprised that i did not see any listing of bovine tissue in metabolife on it's label. have they ceased using these desiccated tissues???</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">i see that the lable on this product METABOLIFE 356, does not state that it has any tissues of desiccated bovine organs? i no the product use to, so i am curious if they have ceased the use of the tissues of cattle they use to use (see below)???</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">METABOLIFE 356 BOVINE COMPLEX/GLANDULAR SYSTEM OVARIES, PROSTATE, SCROTUM AND ADRENAL USDA SOURCE CATTLE</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">i tried warning them years ago of this potential threat of CJD/TSEs;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">From: Randy Smith To: "'flounder at <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">wt.net</span>'" Subject: Metabolife Date: Mon, 7 Dec 1998 14:21:35 -0800</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Dear Sir,</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">We are looking at reformulation. I agree that slow virus diseases present a problem in some areas of the world.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Our product uses healthy USDA inspected cattle for the glandular extract.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">If you have any links to more information on this subject I would like to examine them.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Thank you for your interest and concern,</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Dr. Smith ============</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">see full text links of this archived information ;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/03/chronic-wasting-disease-prions-in-elk.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/03/chronic-wasting-disease-prions-in-elk.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/ohio-division-of-wildlife-confirms.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/ohio-division-of-wildlife-confirms.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/124/additional-cases-marion-wyandot-counties" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/124/additional-cases-marion-wyandot-counties</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">with that, there is abundance of other scientific studies that show it's very likely CWD will or already has, transmit to humans, it's just that no one wants to believe it, they simply don't want it to happen, neither do i, but in the real world, imo, it's already happened and is being masked as sporadic CJD imo, you can see this science archived here, skroll down to about the halfway point of this blog on the recent cases of cwd in Texas;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">see about half way down to;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> PRION CONFERENCE 2022 ABSTRACTS CWD TSE PrP ZOONOSIS</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/texas-cwd-now-confirmed-505-cervid-101.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/texas-cwd-now-confirmed-505-cervid-101.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">***> creutzfeldt jakob disease IS NOT ONE IN A MILLION!<br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">***> 2023 COLLINGE ET AL, CJD is about 1 IN 5,000!</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Professor John Collinge on tackling prion diseases, sCJD accounts for around 1 in 5000 deaths worldwide</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 11, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Professor John Collinge on tackling prion diseases </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">“The best-known human prion disease is sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), a rapidly progressive dementia which accounts for around 1 in 5000 deaths worldwide.”</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">There is accumulating evidence also for iatrogenic AD. Understanding prion biology, and in particular how propagation of prions leads to neurodegeneration, is therefore of central research importance in medicine.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/brain-sciences/dementia-ucl-priority/professor-john-collinge-tackling-prion-diseases" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ucl.ac.uk/brain-sciences/dementia-ucl-priority/professor-john-collinge-tackling-prion-diseases</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none;">February 14, 2001<br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Terry S. Singeltary, Sr</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Author Affiliations</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">JAMA. 2001;285(6):733-734. doi:10-1001/pubs.JAMA-ISSN-0098-7484-285-6-jlt0214 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">To the Editor: In their Research Letter, Dr Gibbons and colleagues1 reported that the annual US death rate due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has been stable since 1985. These estimates, however, are based only on reported cases, and do not include misdiagnosed or preclinical cases. It seems to me that misdiagnosis alone would drastically change these figures. An unknown number of persons with a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in fact may have CJD, although only a small number of these patients receive the postmortem examination necessary to make this diagnosis. Furthermore, only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies should be reportable nationwide and internationally.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1031186" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1031186</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">FRIDAY, DECEMBER 08, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">TEXAS CWD TSE PRION DIRE CONSEQUENCES ARE HERE! </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/texas-cwd-tse-prion-dire-consequences.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/texas-cwd-tse-prion-dire-consequences.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">THURSDAY, DECEMBER 7, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Cervid Update By State December 2023 (Long Version) </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">(Short Version) </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion_7.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion_7.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">OLD CWD TIMELINE FOR VIRGINIA 2009-2021</div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dwr.virginia.gov/wildlife/diseases/cwd/tracking-cwd-in-virginia/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dwr.virginia.gov/wildlife/diseases/cwd/tracking-cwd-in-virginia/</a><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">Virginia Chronic Wasting Disease Detected for the First Time in Fairfax County</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">For Immediate Release</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">January 17, 2023</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">Contact:</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">Alexandra Lombard, DWR Wildlife Health Coordinator</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">Alexandra.Lombard@dwr.virginia.gov</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">540-315-6145</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease Detected for the First Time in Fairfax County</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">Richmond, VA — The Virginia Department of Wildlife Resources (DWR) has confirmed chronic wasting disease (CWD) in an adult male deer legally harvested in Vienna, Fairfax County. The deer was brought to a taxidermist in late October of 2022 and DWR obtained the sample shortly thereafter as part of the Department’s proactive statewide CWD surveillance efforts. At the time of harvest, no outward signs of disease were noted, and the deer appeared to be in good condition. Because this is the first CWD-positive detection in Fairfax County, a county bordering Disease Management Area 2 (DMA2), the DWR conducted an extensive forensic investigation to confirm the harvest location of this deer.</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">No regulatory changes will be made until the conclusion of the 2022–2023 deer hunting season.</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">Until then, the following are strongly recommended:</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">Carcass transport: do not transport whole deer carcasses or any parts containing brain or spinal cord tissue out of Fairfax County to a non-DMA county (please see https://dwr.virginia.gov/wildlife/diseases/cwd/transporting-carcasses-into-within-and-out-of-dma2/ ). Carcass disposal: Double-bag deer parts and place directly in a landfill or a trash receptacle to be picked up with the regular trash collection. REMINDER: It is illegal to feed deer at any time of the year in Fairfax County.</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">CWD Testing: </div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">Hunters in Fairfax County may choose to get deer tested for CWD at no cost by bringing the head to a CWD drop site in DMA2, which includes neighboring Loudoun County. Sites in DMA2 can be found here: <a href="https://dwr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/media/DMA2-Refrigerators-2022.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dwr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/media/DMA2-Refrigerators-2022.pdf</a> . DWR will identify additional drop sites in Fairfax County ahead of the 2023–2024 hunting season.</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">Hunters are encouraged to continue hunting deer. Hunter-harvested deer are essential to tracking CWD. Hunting regulations and season dates can be found here: <a href="https://dwr.virginia.gov/hunting/regulations/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dwr.virginia.gov/hunting/regulations/</a> .</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">Thanks to the Fairfax County Deer Management Program, extensive CWD testing has been conducted throughout the county for the past few years. Since the 2019–2020 season, over 750 deer have been tested, with this being the only detection to date in the county.</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">The DWR has been closely monitoring CWD prevalence and spread in northwestern Virginia (DMA1 and DMA2) for over thirteen years. DMA3 in southern Virginia was added after a positive detection in Montgomery County in 2020. Across the rest of the state, DWR has been conducting CWD surveillance for the past five years with the assistance of cooperating taxidermists. From 2009 to the end of the 2021–2022 hunting season, 134 positive cases of CWD have been detected in Virginia. The Department is very appreciative of the support and cooperation demonstrated by taxidermists, processors and hunters who aid in this sampling effort. As evidenced by this newly diagnosed CWD positive deer, this assistance is critical to the success of our ongoing statewide CWD monitoring, surveillance and prevention efforts.</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">CWD has been confirmed in at least twenty-nine states, three Canadian provinces, northern Europe, and South Korea. In North America, this incurable disease is found in deer, elk and moose. It is a slow-acting and progressive neurologic disease that ultimately results in death of the animal. The disease-causing agent, called a prion, is spread through the urine, feces, and saliva of infected animals. Infected animals may not develop any symptoms of CWD for several months to over a year after exposure. Clinical signs of CWD may be staggering, abnormal posture, lowered head, drooling, confusion, and marked weight loss.</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">There is no evidence that CWD can be transmitted naturally to humans, pets or livestock. However, there is still much that is unknown about the potential for transmission to humans. Although the CWD diagnostic tests are not food-safety tests, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that hunters test all deer harvested from known CWD-positive areas and not consume meat from animals that test positive.</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">Regulations pertaining to CWD, maps of affected states and information about CWD can be found on the DWR website at: <a href="https://dwr.virginia.gov/wildlife/diseases/cwd/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dwr.virginia.gov/wildlife/diseases/cwd/</a> . If you would like to report a sick deer, please call our Wildlife Helpline at 1-855-571-9003.</div><div style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dwr.virginia.gov/media/press-release/chronic-wasting-disease-detected-for-the-first-time-in-fairfax-county/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dwr.virginia.gov/media/press-release/chronic-wasting-disease-detected-for-the-first-time-in-fairfax-county/</a><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dwr.virginia.gov/blog/2023-deer-season-forecast/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dwr.virginia.gov/blog/2023-deer-season-forecast/</a><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"> </div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dwr.virginia.gov/wildlife/diseases/cwd/cwd-information-for-hunters/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dwr.virginia.gov/wildlife/diseases/cwd/cwd-information-for-hunters/</a><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://experience.arcgis.com/experience/6805eec0b6534f3cb6bc6c85ddcc2ee0/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://experience.arcgis.com/experience/6805eec0b6534f3cb6bc6c85ddcc2ee0/</a><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">Virginia OUTDATED CWD INFORMATION</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dwr.virginia.gov/wildlife/diseases/cwd/tracking-cwd-in-virginia/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dwr.virginia.gov/wildlife/diseases/cwd/tracking-cwd-in-virginia/</a><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">HUNTING &TRAPPING IN VIRGINIA July 2020-June 2021</div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">CWD Surveillance in Virginia</div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is an infectious, fatal, neurologic disease of deer. </div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">Since 2009, a total of 84 CWD-positive deer have been detected in Virginia in Frederick and northern Shenandoah counties. </div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">An additional four CWD positive deer have been detected in Clarke (2), Culpeper (1), and Fauquier (1) counties. </div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">The success of the Department’s CWD surveillance and management efforts hinge directly on hunter participation. DWR greatly appreciates hunters’ cooperation and assistance in this effort.</div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">Disease Management Area Boundaries</div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dwr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/media/2020-2021-Virginia-Hunting-and-Trapping-Regulations-Digest.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dwr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/media/2020-2021-Virginia-Hunting-and-Trapping-Regulations-Digest.pdf</a></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">In 2020, Disease Management Area 1 (DMA1) will include Frederick, Shenandoah, Warren, and Clarke counties. DMA2 will include Culpeper, Fauquier, Loudoun, Madison, Orange, Page, and Rappahannock counties.</div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">HUNTING &TRAPPING IN VIRGINIA July 2020-June 2021</div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dwr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/media/2020-2021-Virginia-Hunting-and-Trapping-Regulations-Digest.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dwr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/media/2020-2021-Virginia-Hunting-and-Trapping-Regulations-Digest.pdf</a></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease</div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">• Chronic wasting disease (CWD) has been found in Clarke and Fauquier counties.</div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">• Disease Management Area 2 (DMA2) has been expanded to include Fauquier, Loudoun, Page, and Rappahannock counties, in addition to Culpeper, Madison, and Orange counties (see page 39).</div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">• Whole deer carcasses, and parts containing brain or spinal cord tissue, originating from a Disease Management Area (DMA) cannot be transported to any county not designated as a DMA (see pages 39-40).</div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">• Whole deer carcasses, and parts containing brain or spinal cord tissue, originating from DMA1 may be transported only within DMA1 (see pages 39-40).</div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">• Whole deer carcasses, and parts containing brain or spinal cord tissue, originating from DMA2 may be transported anywhere within both DMA1 and DMA2 (see pages 39-40).</div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">• All deer killed in Culpeper, Madison, and Shenandoah counties on November 14, 2020 must be brought to a designated CWD sample station to be tested for CWD (see pag</div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">e 39).</div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">• Feeding of deer is now prohibited year round in Prince William County (see page 19). </div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) was confirmed by the Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries (DGIF) in 14 deer in Frederick County and two deer in Shenandoah County during the 2017 deer hunting season. Fifteen of the deer were harvested by hunters and one deer was killed by a vehicle. Approximately 1,500 deer from Frederick, Clarke, Warren, and Shenandoah counties were tested for CWD during the 2017 hunting season. Since 2009, 38 CWD-positive deer have been confirmed in Frederick (35) and Shenandoah (3) Counties.</div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dwr.virginia.gov/blog/16-new-cwd-positive-white-tailed-deer-in-northwest-virginia/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dwr.virginia.gov/blog/16-new-cwd-positive-white-tailed-deer-in-northwest-virginia/</a></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">Nine new cases of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) were detected in Frederick County during the 2016 deer hunting season. Seven were deer harvested by hunters and two were killed by vehicles. All of the new cases were detected in the same general areas as previous cases. In total, 22 CWD-positive deer have been detected in Virginia since CWD was first discovered in western Frederick County in fall 2009. </div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dwr.virginia.gov/blog/nine-new-cwd-positives-confirmed-in-frederick-county/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dwr.virginia.gov/blog/nine-new-cwd-positives-confirmed-in-frederick-county/</a></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">CWD Surveillance in Virginia Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) is an infectious, fatal, neurologic disease of deer. Since 2009, a total of 67 CWD-positive deer have been detected in Virginia in western Frederick and northern Shenandoah counties. In fall 2018, CWD was detected for the first time in a single deer in Culpeper County. </div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dwr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019-2020-Virginia-Hunting-and-Trapping-Regulations-Digest.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dwr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019-2020-Virginia-Hunting-and-Trapping-Regulations-Digest.pdf</a></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">As of April 2019, the Department has diagnosed 68 positive cases of CWD in Virginia since 2009.</div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dwr.virginia.gov/wildlife/diseases/cwd/tracking-cwd-in-virginia/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dwr.virginia.gov/wildlife/diseases/cwd/tracking-cwd-in-virginia/</a></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">In fall 2018, the Department worked with fifty permitted taxidermists across the state to enhance Virginia’s CWD surveillance. Of the more than 1,600 samples submitted by participating taxidermists, CWD was only detected in one deer harvested in Culpeper County. </div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dwr.virginia.gov/wildlife/diseases/cwd/2018-cwd-surveillance-and-monitoring/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dwr.virginia.gov/wildlife/diseases/cwd/2018-cwd-surveillance-and-monitoring/</a></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dwr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014-cwd-response-plan.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dwr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014-cwd-response-plan.pdf</a></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dwr.virginia.gov/wildlife/diseases/cwd/cwd-information-for-hunters/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dwr.virginia.gov/wildlife/diseases/cwd/cwd-information-for-hunters/</a></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 18, 2020 </div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">Virginia DWR hunter-harvested CWD positive deer was recently confirmed in Loudoun County </div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/11/virginia-dwr-hunter-harvested-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/11/virginia-dwr-hunter-harvested-cwd.html</a></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 2020 </div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">Virginia DGIF say 21 new cases of CWD TSE Prion confirmed in white-tailed deer in northwest Virginia throughout 2019 </div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/02/virginia-dgif-say-21-new-cases-of-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/02/virginia-dgif-say-21-new-cases-of-cwd.html</a></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, APRIL 23, 2019 </div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">Virginia DGIF CWD TSE Prion As April 2019 the Department has diagnosed 68 positive cases since 2009 </div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/04/virginia-dgif-cwd-tse-prion-as-april.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/04/virginia-dgif-cwd-tse-prion-as-april.html</a></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 13, 2019 </div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">Virginia DGIF REPORTS 28 NEW CWD-POSITIVE WHITE-TAILED DEER IN NORTHWEST VIRGINIA </div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/virginia-dgif-reports-28-new-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/virginia-dgif-reports-28-new-cwd.html</a></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 09, 2018 </div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">Virginia 2017 Hunt Confirms 16 Cases Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion </div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/02/virginia-2017-hunt-confirms-16-cases.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/02/virginia-2017-hunt-confirms-16-cases.html</a></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">Sunday, July 17, 2016 </div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;">Virginia Chronic Wasting Disease CWD As of March 2016 has diagnosed 13 CWD-positive white-tailed deer </div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/07/virginia-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-as.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/07/virginia-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-as.html</a></div><div style="color: #29303b; outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline-color: currentcolor; outline-style: initial; outline-width: initial !important; outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37946824.post-75812045487392929262023-12-15T15:13:00.006-06:002023-12-15T15:25:07.759-06:00Alabama Detects 2 More Cases of CWD, Total To Date 5 Confirmed<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Alabama Detects 2 More Cases of CWD, Total To Date 5 Confirmed</span></p><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; outline: none;"><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">*** Alabama CWD TSE Prion 2023</div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">(2020, Alabama, to date, has detected NO cases of CWD TSE Prion...tss)</div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">*** Alabama CWD TSE Prion 2023 TO DATE 5 CASES CONFIRMED</div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Alabama Two Additional Cases of CWD Confirmed in Northern Lauderdale County</div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Press release December 15, 2023 Contact: Marianne Gauldin, (334) 242-3469</div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Alabama Two Additional Cases of CWD Confirmed in Northern Lauderdale County</div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Two Additional Cases of CWD Confirmed in Northern Lauderdale County The Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (ADCNR) announces that two additional cases of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in hunter harvested, white-tailed deer have been confirmed in northern Lauderdale County in northwest Alabama. The two additional deer bring Alabama’s total number of confirmed CWD cases to five.</div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">CWD in Alabama’s deer herd was first detected in Lauderdale County in January 2022. After the first case was confirmed, all of Lauderdale and Colbert counties were designated as a CWD Management Zone (CMZ).</div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">So far during the 2023-2024 hunting season, samples have been collected from more than 1,700 white-tailed deer harvested statewide with 420 of those samples collected within the CMZ. One of the positive samples was submitted during the second CMZ mandatory sampling weekend (December 2-3). The other positive sample was voluntarily submitted at a drop-off sampling location by a hunter as part of ADCNR's ongoing CWD monitoring efforts. The next mandatory sampling weekend in the buffer zone of the CMZ is January 6-7, 2024.</div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">“I would like to thank hunters for their continued support by providing a robust number of samples for CWD testing since the disease was first detected in Alabama,” said Chris Blankenship, ADCNR Commissioner. “Hunters are our most important partners in the management of CWD as we move forward with future deer seasons. We also thank the Alabama Department of Agriculture and Industries for their continued partnership with statewide CWD monitoring. Their assistance by testing the samples allows us to better serve our constituents by providing them with timely information on the distribution and extent of CWD in Alabama.”</div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">CWD is a member of the group of diseases called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). Among cervids, CWD is a progressive, fatal disease that commonly results in altered behavior due to microscopic changes of the brain of affected animals. An animal may carry the disease for years without outward indication. In latter stages of the disease, signs may include listlessness, lowering of the head, weight loss, repetitive walking in set patterns and a lack of responsiveness.</div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">It is important that hunters be familiar with Alabama’s CWD regulation and the CWD regulations in other states. To review Alabama’s regulation and the latest information about CWD in the state, visit www.outdooralabama.com/cwd-info.</div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">ADCNR promotes wise stewardship, management and enjoyment of Alabama’s natural resources through four divisions: Marine Resources, State Lands, State Parks, and Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries. Learn more at www.outdooralabama.com.</div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">###</div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">CMZ map attached (includes locations of positive cases)</div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">CMZ zone map 12-15-23.jpg </div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://www.outdooralabama.com/sites/default/files/CMZ%20zone%20map%2012-15-23.jpg" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.outdooralabama.com/sites/default/files/CMZ%20zone%20map%2012-15-23.jpg</a></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://www.outdooralabama.com/articles/two-additional-cases-cwd-confirmed-northern-lauderdale-county" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.outdooralabama.com/articles/two-additional-cases-cwd-confirmed-northern-lauderdale-county</a></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://www.outdooralabama.com/articles/mandatory-cwd-testing-dates-announced-lauderdale-and-colbert-counties" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.outdooralabama.com/articles/mandatory-cwd-testing-dates-announced-lauderdale-and-colbert-counties</a></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Posted: February 16, 2023</div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Third Case of CWD Confirmed in Lauderdale County </div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">The Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (ADCNR) announces that a third case of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in a hunter harvested, white-tailed deer has been confirmed in Lauderdale County in northwest, Alabama. The first two cases of CWD in Alabama’s deer herd were detected in Lauderdale County in early 2022.</div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Samples were collected from more than 3,500 white-tailed deer harvested statewide with over 1,100 of those samples collected within the CMZ during the 2022-2023 hunting season. More than 98% of all samples collected within the CMZ have been tested by the Alabama Department of Agriculture and Industries and the results have been received by ADCNR. Currently, only one positive has been detected this season. The positive sample was voluntarily submitted by a hunter as part of ADCNR's ongoing CWD monitoring efforts.</div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://www.outdooralabama.com/articles/third-case-cwd-confirmed-lauderdale-county" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.outdooralabama.com/articles/third-case-cwd-confirmed-lauderdale-county</a></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="http://www.outdooralabama.com/cwd/latest-cwd-information" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.outdooralabama.com/cwd/latest-cwd-information</a></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/02/alabama-third-case-of-cwd-confirmed-in.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/02/alabama-third-case-of-cwd-confirmed-in.html</a></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/</a></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, DECEMBER 15, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Alabama Detects 2 More Cases of CWD, Total To Date 5 Confirmed</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/alabama-detects-2-more-cases-of-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/alabama-detects-2-more-cases-of-cwd.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 17, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Alabama Third Case of CWD Confirmed in Lauderdale County</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/02/alabama-third-case-of-cwd-confirmed-in.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/02/alabama-third-case-of-cwd-confirmed-in.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, MARCH 08, 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Alabama Second Case of CWD Confirmed in Northwest</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/03/alabama-second-case-of-cwd-confirmed-in.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/03/alabama-second-case-of-cwd-confirmed-in.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, JANUARY 07, 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ALABAMA DETECTS FIRST CASE CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION Lauderdale County</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/01/alabama-detects-first-case-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/01/alabama-detects-first-case-chronic.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Alabama Division of Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE STRATEGIC SURVEILLANCE AND RESPONSE PLAN (SSRP) April 2020</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD would be detrimental to the health of the white-tailed deer herd in Alabama and there is no effective treatment to eradicate the disease once it is established. As a result, the Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries Division has developed a CWD Strategic Surveillance and Response Plan (SSRP) to monitor for CWD and minimize risk of disease spread for white-tailed deer within Alabama.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.outdooralabama.com/sites/default/files/CWD/WFF%20CWD%20Strategic%20Surveillance%20and%20Response%20Plan%20-%20Master%20Draft%204-01-2020%20.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.outdooralabama.com/sites/default/files/CWD/WFF%20CWD%20Strategic%20Surveillance%20and%20Response%20Plan%20-%20Master%20Draft%204-01-2020%20.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Farmed Cervid</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.usaha.org/farmed-cervidae" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.usaha.org/farmed-cervidae</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Scrapie</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://agi.alabama.gov/divisions/animal-industries/scrapie" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://agi.alabama.gov/divisions/animal-industries/scrapie</a> </div></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">FRIDAY, JANUARY 18, 2019 </div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Alabama WFF Ramps Up Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Sampling Effort</div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/01/alabama-wff-ramps-up-chronic-wasting.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/01/alabama-wff-ramps-up-chronic-wasting.html</a></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">THURSDAY, JULY 20, 2017 </div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Alabama Atypical BSE CJD CWD TSE Prion Update</div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://bseusa.blogspot.com/2017/07/alabama-atypical-bse-cjd-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bseusa.blogspot.com/2017/07/alabama-atypical-bse-cjd-cwd-tse-prion.html</a></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">TUESDAY, MARCH 29, 2016 </div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">ALABAMA CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION SURVEILLANCE AND TESTING PROGRAM?</div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/alabama-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/alabama-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html</a></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 01, 2012 </div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">ALABAMA BIG BUCK PROJECT, A CWD TSE PRION ACCIDENT WAITING TO HAPPEN ALABAMA BIG BUCK PROJECT, A CWD ACCIDENT WAITING TO HAPPEN</div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/11/alabama-big-buck-project-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/11/alabama-big-buck-project-cwd-tse-prion.html</a></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">ALABAMA MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE</div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">e) "Big Jim's" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6;</div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Product manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006</div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Alabama Farmers Cooperative, Inc., Decatur, AL, by telephone, fax, email and visit on June 9, 2006. FDA initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">REASON Animal and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein not labeled as </div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">"Do not feed to ruminants".</div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 tons</div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">DISTRIBUTION AL and FL</div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006</div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060821195949/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20060821195949/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</a></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">CWD TRANSMITS BY ORAL ROUTES TO MACAQUES, CATTLE, SHEEP, PIGS, AND CERVID...BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) mad cow feed ban does not stop all that! </div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">CWD transmits to cervid by oral routes with as little as 300NG! </div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">PLoS One. 2020; 15(8): e0237410.</div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Published online 2020 Aug 20. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237410</div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">PMCID: PMC7446902</div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">PMID: 32817706</div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Very low oral exposure to prions of brain or saliva origin can transmit chronic wasting disease</div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">We orally inoculated white-tailed deer with either single or multiple divided doses of prions of brain or saliva origin and monitored infection by serial longitudinal tissue biopsies spanning over two years. We report that oral exposure to as little as 300 nanograms (ng) of CWD-positive brain or to saliva containing seeding activity equivalent to 300 ng of CWD-positive brain, were sufficient to transmit CWD disease. </div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">These studies suggest that the CWD minimum infectious dose approximates 100 to 300 ng CWD-positive brain (or saliva equivalent), and that CWD infection appears to conform more with a threshold than a cumulative dose dynamic.</div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7446902/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7446902/</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">FRIDAY, JULY 07, 2023 </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">TME, 589.2000 (21 C.F.R. 589.2000), atypical L-BSE, who’s testing MINK for TSE? </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/07/tme-5892000-21-cfr-5892000-atypical-l.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/07/tme-5892000-21-cfr-5892000-atypical-l.html</a></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">CWD BY STATE 2023</div><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 28, 2023 </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">EFSA TSE Report 2022 First published 28 November 2023</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">The European Union summary report on surveillance for the presence of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) in 2022 </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2023/11/efsa-tse-report-2022-first-published-28.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2023/11/efsa-tse-report-2022-first-published-28.html</a></div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">PLEASE NOTE, USDA ET AL ONLY TESTING <25k CATTLE FOR MAD COW DISEASE, woefully inadequate, yet USDA just documented a case Atypical L-Type BSE, the most virulent strain to date...</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">Monday, May 22, 2023 </span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">BSE TSE Prion MAD COW TESTING IN THE USA COMPARED TO OTHER COUNTRIES? </span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2023/05/bse-tse-prion-mad-cow-testing-in-usa.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2023/05/bse-tse-prion-mad-cow-testing-in-usa.html</a> </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Wednesday, May 24, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, United States of America Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Immediate notification<br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/5067" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/5067</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html</a></div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/125/wahis-woah-oie-immediate-notification" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/125/wahis-woah-oie-immediate-notification</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">SATURDAY, MAY 20, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Tennessee State Veterinarian Alerts Cattle Owners to Disease Detection Mad Cow atypical L-Type BSE<br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/05/tennessee-state-veterinarian-alerts.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/05/tennessee-state-veterinarian-alerts.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/123/tennessee-veterinarian-alerts-cattle-confirmed" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/123/tennessee-veterinarian-alerts-cattle-confirmed</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div>MAY 19, 2023</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/newsroom/stakeholder-info/sa_by_date/sa-2023/bse" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/newsroom/stakeholder-info/sa_by_date/sa-2023/bse</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">APPRX. 2 weeks before the recent mad cow case was confirmed in the USA, in Tennessee, atypical L-Type BSE, I submitted this to the APHIS et al;</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Document APHIS-2023-0027-0001 BSE Singeltary Comment Submission May 2, 2023</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">''said 'burden' cost, will be a heavy burden to bear, if we fail with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion disease, that is why this information collection is so critical''...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">FRIDAY, JANUARY 20, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SCRAPIE IN THE UNITED STATES </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2023/01/epidemiology-of-scrapie-in-united-states.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2023/01/epidemiology-of-scrapie-in-united-states.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 25, 2022 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">USA National Scrapie Eradication Program (NSEP) 2021 to 2003 A Year by Year Review<br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="http://https//scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2022/11/usa-national-scrapie-eradication.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2022/11/usa-national-scrapie-eradication.html</a></div></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 03, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Scrapie TSE Prion United States of America a Review February 2021 Singeltary et al</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/02/scrapie-tse-prion-united-states-of.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/02/scrapie-tse-prion-united-states-of.html</a> </div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Experimental transmission of the chronic wasting disease agent to swine after oral or intracranial inoculation</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Running Title: The chronic wasting disease agent transmits to swine</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">S. Jo Moore1,2 , M. Heather West Greenlee3 , Naveen Kondru3 , Sireesha Manne3 , Jodi D. Smith1,# , Robert A. Kunkle1 , Anumantha Kanthasamy3 , Justin J. Greenlee1*</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa, United States of America</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa, United States of America</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Current Address: Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa, United States of America * Corresponding author Email: justin.greenlee@ars.usda.gov</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">JVI Accepted Manuscript Posted Online 12 July 2017 J. Virol. doi:10.1128/JVI.00926-17</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">This is a work of the U.S. Government and is not subject to copyright protection in the United States. Foreign copyrights may apply.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> on July 27, 2017 by guest http://jvi.asm.org/ Downloaded from</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a naturally occurring, fatal neurodegenerative disease of cervids. The potential for swine to serve as a host for the agent of chronic wasting disease is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the susceptibility of swine to the CWD agent following experimental oral or intracranial inoculation . Crossbred piglets were assigned to one of three groups: intracranially inoculated (n=20), orally inoculated (n=19), or non -inoculated (n=9). At approximately the age at which commercial pigs reach market weight, half of the pigs in each group were culled (‘market weight’ groups). The remaining pigs (‘aged’ groups) were allowed to incubate for up to 73 months post inoculation (MPI ). Tissues collected at necropsy were examined for disease -associated prion protein (PrPSc) by western blotting (WB), antigen -capture immunoassay (EIA), immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in vitro real -time quaking induced conversion (RT -QuIC). Brain samples from selected pigs were also bioassayed in mice expressing porcine prion protein. Four intracranially inoculated aged pigs and one orally inoculated aged pig were positive by EIA, IHC and/or WB. Using RT -QuIC, PrPSc was detected in lymphoid and/or brain tissue from one or more pigs in each inoculated group. Bioassay was positive in 4 out of 5 pigs assayed.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">This study demonstrates that pigs can support low-level amplification of CWD prions, although the species barrier to CWD infection is relatively high. However, detection of infectivity in orally inoculated pigs using mouse bioassay raises the possibility that naturally exposed pigs could act as a reservoir of CWD infectivity.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Discussion</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In the case of feral pigs, exposure to the agent of CWD through scavenging of CWD-affected cervid carcasses or through consumption of prion contaminated plants or soil could allow feral pigs to serve as reservoirs of CWD infectivity. The range and numbers of feral pigs is predicted to continue to increase due to the ability of pigs to adapt to many climates, reproduce year-round, and survive on a varied diet (55 ). The range of CWD-affected cervids also continues to spread, increasing the likelihood of overlap of ranges of feral pigs and CWD -affected environments.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">We demonstrate here that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs inoculated intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 6 months after inoculation. Clinical disease suggestive of prion disease developed only in a single pig after a long (64 months) incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. However, the low amounts of PrPSc detected in the study pigs combined with the low attack rates in Tg002 mice suggest that there is a relatively strong species barrier to CWD prions in pigs.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/jvi.00926-17" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/jvi.00926-17</a></div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div></div></div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">cwd scrapie pigs oral routes </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. <*** </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">>*** Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health. <*** </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%). </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CONFIDENTIAL</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">LINE TO TAKE</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">3. If questions on pharmaceuticals are raised at the Press conference, the suggested line to take is as follows:- </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> "There are no medicinal products licensed for use on the market which make use of UK-derived porcine tissues with which any hypothetical “high risk" ‘might be associated. The results of the recent experimental work at the CSM will be carefully examined by the CSM‘s Working Group on spongiform encephalopathy at its next meeting.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DO Hagger RM 1533 MT Ext 3201</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">While this clearly is a cause for concern we should not jump to the conclusion that this means that pigs will necessarily be infected by bone and meat meal fed by the oral route as is the case with cattle. ...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">we cannot rule out the possibility that unrecognised subclinical spongiform encephalopathy could be present in British pigs though there is no evidence for this: only with parenteral/implantable pharmaceuticals/devices is the theoretical risk to humans of sufficient concern to consider any action.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">May I, at the outset, reiterate that we should avoid dissemination of papers relating to this experimental finding to prevent premature release of the information. ...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">3. It is particularly important that this information is not passed outside the Department, until Ministers have decided how they wish it to be handled. ...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">But it would be easier for us if pharmaceuticals/devices are not directly mentioned at all. ...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Our records show that while some use is made of porcine materials in medicinal products, the only products which would appear to be in a hypothetically ''higher risk'' area are the adrenocorticotrophic hormone for which the source material comes from outside the United Kingdom, namely America China Sweden France and Germany. The products are manufactured by Ferring and Armour. A further product, ''Zenoderm Corium implant'' manufactured by Ethicon, makes use of porcine skin - which is not considered to be a ''high risk'' tissue, but one of its uses is described in the data sheet as ''in dural replacement''. This product is sourced from the United Kingdom.....</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a> </div></div></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">BSE--U.S. 50 STATE CONFERENCE CALL Jan. 9, 2001</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Date: Tue, 9 Jan 2001 16:49:00 -0800</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">To: BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://tseac.blogspot.com/2011/02/usa-50-state-bse-mad-cow-conference.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://tseac.blogspot.com/2011/02/usa-50-state-bse-mad-cow-conference.html</a></div></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">TUESDAY, DECEMBER 12, 2023 </span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE TSE PRION DISEASE UPDATE USA DECEMBER 2023 </span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-tse-prion.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">SATURDAY, JULY 22, 2023 <br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Alzheimer's Disease Update<br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://betaamyloidcjd.blogspot.com/2023/07/alzheimers-disease-update.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://betaamyloidcjd.blogspot.com/2023/07/alzheimers-disease-update.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;" /></div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr., Bacliff, Texas, USA, 77518, flounder9@verizon.net</div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37946824.post-67723064235874024252023-12-08T15:17:00.004-06:002023-12-08T15:17:42.051-06:00Minnesota CWD TSE Prion Statewide CWD Positive Wild Deer (2010-Present) 252 and Counting<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Minnesota CWD TSE Prion Statewide CWD Positive Wild Deer (2010-Present) 252 and Counting</span></p><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">News release: CWD detected in a wild deer near Wabasha in southeastern Minnesota</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">November 27, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A deer harvested during the opening weekend of firearms season near Wabasha in southeastern Minnesota has tested positive for chronic wasting disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The hunter harvested the adult male deer in deer permit area (DPA) 342, within the southeastern Minnesota CWD surveillance zone where hunters were required to have their deer tested for CWD during the opening weekend of firearms season.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Minnesota Department of Natural Resources had added DPA 342 to the CWD surveillance zone this year in response to detections of CWD in wild deer in bordering Buffalo County, Wisconsin in 2022.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“This discovery in southeastern Minnesota, while unwelcome news, highlights the importance and necessity of our disease surveillance efforts,” said Erik Hildebrand, Minnesota DNR wildlife health supervisor. “We truly appreciate hunters’ help in combatting CWD by getting their deer tested for CWD when required and complying with carcass movement restrictions. Results of these efforts help limit disease spread and protect the health of Minnesota’s white-tailed deer.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">With the new discovery, the DNR’s current CWD response plan calls for three years of mandatory testing to help determine the potential prevalence of the disease in DPA 342 and surrounding DPAs.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Much of southeastern Minnesota includes areas where CWD has been found in wild deer, or areas that are considered at risk for disease transmission. Statewide, the Minnesota DNR has tested more than 130,000 deer since 2002. As of Nov. 27, 236 have tested positive. Most of those cases occurred in southeastern Minnesota. These data indicate the disease remains relatively rare in Minnesota. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Within DPAs where CWD has been detected, the DNR uses multiple management actions designed to help mitigate disease spread, including carcass movement restrictions, dumpsters, a deer feeding and attractants ban, and sometimes increased hunting opportunities with increased bag limits.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Complete CWD test results are available on the Minnesota DNR’s CWD test results webpage. Any additional deer harvested during the 2023 deer seasons in Minnesota that test positive for CWD will be reported on this webpage. The DNR will directly notify any hunter who harvests a deer that tests positive.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD affects cervids, which include white-tailed deer, moose and elk, and has no known cure. It is found in more than half of the states in the U.S.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">More information about CWD, what the DNR is doing to limit disease spread and protect the health of Minnesota’s white-tailed deer, and information for hunters about current and upcoming hunting seasons, is available on the Minnesota DNR website.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/news/2023/11/27/cwd-detected-wild-deer-near-wabasha-southeastern-minnesota" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/news/2023/11/27/cwd-detected-wild-deer-near-wabasha-southeastern-minnesota</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Statewide CWD-Positive Wild Deer (2010-Present) 252</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/cwdcheck/index.html#map" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/cwdcheck/index.html#map</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 11, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Minnesota Farmed Cervidae Bills HF 1202, SF 1526, (HF2814 DEAD) Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/02/minnesota-farmed-cervidae-bills-hf-1202.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/02/minnesota-farmed-cervidae-bills-hf-1202.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, MARCH 22, 2022 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Minnesota CWD detected in a wild deer in Grand Rapids prompts DNR to update disease response plan</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/03/minnesota-cwd-detected-in-wild-deer-in.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/03/minnesota-cwd-detected-in-wild-deer-in.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, JUNE 11, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Minnesota Deer farming drives predicament over CWD-infested dump site on public land</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/06/minnesota-deer-farming-drives.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/06/minnesota-deer-farming-drives.html</a> </div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">THURSDAY, DECEMBER 7, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Cervid Update By State December 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;">(Long Version) </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(Short Version) <br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion_7.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion_7.html</a></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION CONFERENCE 2023 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS FOR CWD TSE PRION</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">CWD TSE PRION CERVID ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation."</div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Detection of prions in soils contaminated by multiple routes</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stuart Siegfried Lichtenberg1,2 , Heather Inzalaco3 , Sam Thomas4 , Dan Storm5 , Dan Walsh6</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A. 2Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A. 3 Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A 4Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A. 5Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, U.S.A. 6U.S. Geological Survey, Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, U.S.A.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Free-ranging animals afflicted with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies frequently shed infectious prions into the broader environment. The quintessential example is chronic wasting disease, the TSE of cervids. Over the course of the disease, an infected animal will shed infectious prions in blood, urine, saliva, and feces. Upon death, the total prion load interred in the animal’s tissues will be deposited wherever the animal falls. This contamination creates substantial risk to naïve animals, and likely contributes to disease spread. Identification and quantification of prions at contamination hotspots is essential for any attempt at mitigation of environmental transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: Surfactant extraction of soils followed by precipitation yields a sample that is amenable to analysis by real-time quaking induced conversion. However, differences in extraction yield are apparent depending on the properties of the matrix from which the prions are being extracted, principally soil clay content.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: We are able to detect prion seeding activity at multiple types of environmental hotspots, including carcass sites, contaminated captive facilities, and scrapes (i.e. urine and saliva). Differences in relative prion concentration vary depending on the nature and source of the contamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Detection of prions in the environment is of the utmost importance for controlling chronic wasting disease spread. Here, we have demonstrated a viable method for detection of prions in complex environmental matrices. However, it is quite likely that this method underestimates the total infectious prion load in a contaminated sample, due to incomplete recovery of infectious prions. Further refinements are necessary for accurate quantification of prions in such samples, and to account for the intrinsic heterogeneities found in the broader environment.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">The detection and decontamination of chronic wasting disease prions during venison processing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Marissa S. Milstein1,2, Marc D. Schwabenlander1,2, Sarah C. Gresch1,2, Manci Li1,2, Stuart Lichtenberg1,2, Rachel Shoemaker1,2, Gage R. Rowden1,2, Jason C. Bartz2,3 , Tiffany M. Wolf2,4, Peter A. Larsen1,2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Presenting author: Tiffany M. Wolf 1 Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 2 Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 3 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA 4 Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: There is a growing concern that chronic wasting disease (CWD) prions in venison pose a risk to human health. CWD prions accumulate in infected deer tissues that commonly enter the human food chain through meat processing and consumption. The United States (US) Food and Drug Administration and US Department of Agriculture now formally consider CWD-positive venison unfit for human and animal consumption. Yet, the degree to which prion contamination occurs during routine venison processing is unknown. Here, we use environmental surface swab methods to: a) experimentally test meat processing equipment (i.e., stainless steel knives and polyethylene cutting boards) before and after processing CWD-positive venison and b) test the efficacy of five different disinfectant types (i.e., Dawn dish soap, Virkon-S, Briotech, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach) to determine prion decontamination efficacy.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: We used a real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay to determine CWD infection status of venison and to detect CWD prions in the swabs. We collected three swabs per surface and ran eight technical replicates on RT-QuIC.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: CWD prions were detected on all cutting boards (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8 and knives (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) used in processing CWD-positive venison, but not on those used for CWD-negative venison. After processing CWD-positive venison, allowing the surfaces to dry, and washing the cutting board with Dawn dish soap, we detected CWD prions on the cutting board surface (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) but not on the knife (n= 3, replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). Similar patterns were observed with Briotech (cutting board: n= 3; replicates= 7/8, 1/8, 0/8; knife: n= 3; replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). We did not detect CWD prions on the knives or cutting boards after disinfecting with Virkon-S, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: These preliminary results suggest that Dawn dish soap and Briotech do not reliably decontaminate CWD prions from these surfaces. Our data suggest that Virkon-S and various bleach concentrations are more effective in reducing prion contamination of meat processing surfaces; however, surface type may also influence the ability of prions to adsorb to surfaces, preventing complete decontamination. Our results will directly inform best practices to prevent the introduction of CWD prions into the human food chain during venison processing.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: Funding was provided by the Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund as recommended by the Legislative-Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources (LCCMR), the Rapid Agriculture Response Fund (#95385/RR257), and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Theme: Animal prion diseases</div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2023 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> Nine of these recurrences occurred 14–21 years after culling, apparently as the result of environmental contamination, but outside entry could not always be absolutely excluded. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY Volume 87, Issue 12</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years Free</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82011-0" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82011-0</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Rapid recontamination of a farm building occurs after attempted prion removal</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">First published: 19 January 2019 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">The data illustrates the difficulty in decontaminating farm buildings from scrapie, and demonstrates the likely contribution of farm dust to the recontamination of these environments to levels that are capable of causing disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">This study clearly demonstrates the difficulty in removing scrapie infectivity from the farm environment. Practical and effective prion decontamination methods are still urgently required for decontamination of scrapie infectivity from farms that have had cases of scrapie and this is particularly relevant for scrapiepositive goatherds, which currently have limited genetic resistance to scrapie within commercial breeds.24 This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids.</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***>This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids.</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Front. Vet. Sci., 14 September 2015 | <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Objects in contact with classical scrapie sheep act as a reservoir for scrapie transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">In conclusion, the results in the current study indicate that removal of furniture that had been in contact with scrapie-infected animals should be recommended, particularly since cleaning and decontamination may not effectively remove scrapie infectivity (31), even though infectivity declines considerably if the pasture and the field furniture have not been in contact with scrapie-infected sheep for several months. As sPMCA failed to detect PrPSc in furniture that was subjected to weathering, even though exposure led to infection in sheep, this method may not always be reliable in predicting the risk of scrapie infection through environmental contamination. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">172. Establishment of PrPCWD extraction and detection methods in the farm soil</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Conclusions: Our studies showed that PrPCWD persist in 0.001% CWD contaminated soil for at least 4 year and natural CWD-affected farm soil. When cervid reintroduced into CWD outbreak farm, the strict decontamination procedures of the infectious agent should be performed in the environment of CWD-affected cervid habitat.</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">SUBJECT MATTER: Chronic Wasting Disease Carcass Disposal Dumpster Management and Biosecurity</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BACKGROUND INFORMATION:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">State and tribal wildlife agencies may identify collection points (dumpsters) within an identified chronic wasting disease (CWD) management zone for the disposal of hunter-harvested cervid carcasses to remove potentially infected carcasses off the landscape for disposal by an approved method (Gillin & Mawdsley, 2018, chap.14). However, depending on their placement and maintenance these dumpsters could potentially increase the risk of CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In several different states, photographic evidence has shown dumpsters in state identified CWD management zones overflowing with deer carcasses and limbs scattered on the land nearby. This could provide an opportunity for scavengers to potentially move infected carcass material to non-infected zones or increase contamination of the ground material around the dumpster’s location.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Federal guidance does not explicitly address uniform standards for collection locations for carcasses of free-ranging cervids; however, the United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services Program Standards on CWD outlines procedures for carcass disposal, equipment sanitation, and decontamination of premises for captive cervid facilities.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">RESOLUTION:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The United States Animal Health Association urges the Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (AFWA), Wildlife Health Committee to further refine the AFWA Technical Report on Best Management Practices for Prevention, Surveillance, and Management of Chronic Wasting Disease; Chapter 14, Carcass Disposal to address the placement and management of chronic wasting disease carcass disposal dumpsters or other carcass collection containers.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Reference:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1. Gillin, Colin M., and Mawdsley, Jonathan R. (eds.). 2018. AFWA Technical Report on Best Management Practices for Surveillance, Management and Control of Chronic Wasting Disease. Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Washington, D. C. 111 pp. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.usaha.org/upload/Resolution/2022/2022_Resolution_30_CWD_Dumpste.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.usaha.org/upload/Resolution/2022/2022_Resolution_30_CWD_Dumpste.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">THE tse prion aka mad cow type disease is not your normal pathogen. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">The TSE prion disease survives ashing to 600 degrees celsius, that’s around 1112 degrees farenheit. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">you cannot cook the TSE prion disease out of meat. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">you can take the ash and mix it with saline and inject that ash into a mouse, and the mouse will go down with TSE. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production as well. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">the TSE prion agent also survives Simulated Wastewater Treatment Processes. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">IN fact, you should also know that the TSE Prion agent will survive in the environment for years, if not decades. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">you can bury it and it will not go away. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">The TSE agent is capable of infected your water table i.e. Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">it’s not your ordinary pathogen you can just cook it out and be done with. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> that’s what’s so worrisome about Iatrogenic mode of transmission, a simple autoclave will not kill this TSE prion agent. I’m thinking tools used to dress a deer, knives with wooden handles, carcass disposal, burial only 3ft, scavengers, exposure of Cwd to soil and surrounding area, plants intake, …I could go on…Terry</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">1: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994 Jun;57(6):757-8 </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> Transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease to a chimpanzee by electrodes contaminated during neurosurgery. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Asher DM, Kobrine A, Amyx HL, Sulima MP, Gajdusek DC. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Laboratory of Central Nervous System Studies, National Institute of </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Bethesda, MD 20892. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Stereotactic multicontact electrodes used to probe the cerebral cortex of a middle aged woman with progressive dementia were previously implicated in the accidental transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) to two younger patients. The diagnoses of CJD have been confirmed for all three cases. More than two years after their last use in humans, after three cleanings and repeated sterilisation in ethanol and formaldehyde vapour, the electrodes were implanted in the cortex of a chimpanzee. Eighteen months later the animal became ill with CJD. This finding serves to re-emphasise the potential danger posed by reuse of instruments contaminated with the agents of spongiform encephalopathies, even after scrupulous attempts to clean them. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">PMID: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">8006664</span> [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8006664?dopt=Abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8006664?dopt=Abstract</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">New studies on the heat resistance of hamster-adapted scrapie agent: Threshold survival after ashing at 600°C suggests an inorganic template of replication </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">A Quantitative Assessment of the Amount of Prion Diverted to Category 1 Materials and Wastewater During Processing </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Rapid assessment of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion inactivation by heat treatment in yellow grease produced in the industrial manufacturing process of meat and bone meals </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 2019 </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">BSE infectivity survives burial for five years with only limited spread</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">5 or 6 years quarantine is NOT LONG ENOUGH FOR CWD TSE PRION !!!</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">QUARANTINE NEEDS TO BE 21 YEARS FOR CWD TSE PRION !</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">You can take this communication from my old files with how ever many grains of salt you wish…Terry</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">FRIDAY, APRIL 30, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Should Property Evaluations Contain Scrapie, CWD, TSE PRION Environmental Contamination of the land?</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> Confidential!!!!</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> As early as 1992-3 there had been long studies conducted on small pastures containing scrapie infected sheep at the sheep research station associated with the Neuropathogenesis Unit in Edinburgh, Scotland. Whether these are documented...I don't know. But personal recounts both heard and recorded in a daily journal indicate that leaving the pastures free and replacing the topsoil completely at least 2 feet of thickness each year for SEVEN years....and then when very clean (proven scrapie free) sheep were placed on these small pastures.... the new sheep also broke out with scrapie and passed it to offspring. I am not sure that TSE contaminated ground could ever be free of the agent!! A very frightening revelation!!!</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">---end personal email early BSE days---end...tss</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">and so it seems...</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Scrapie Agent (Strain 263K) Can Transmit Disease via the Oral Route after Persistence in Soil over Years</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Published: May 9, 2007</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Our results showed that 263K scrapie agent can persist in soil at least over 29 months. Strikingly, not only the contaminated soil itself retained high levels of infectivity, as evidenced by oral administration to Syrian hamsters, but also feeding of aqueous soil extracts was able to induce disease in the reporter animals. We could also demonstrate that PrPSc in soil, extracted after 21 months, provides a catalytically active seed in the protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) reaction. PMCA opens therefore a perspective for considerably improving the detectability of prions in soil samples from the field.</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0000435" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0000435</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Dr. Paul Brown Scrapie Soil Test BSE Inquiry Document</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090505211734/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/Seac07/tab03.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090505211734/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/Seac07/tab03.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Trucking CWD TSE PrP</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Friday, December 14, 2012 <div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with CWD prion. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing, footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible. For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant uncertainty associated with these estimates. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists and returning GB residents. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://webarchive.nationa... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Published: 06 September 2021<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> Chronic wasting disease: a cervid prion infection looming to spillover</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Alicia Otero, Camilo Duque Velásquez, Judd Aiken & Debbie McKenzie </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Veterinary Research volume 52, Article number: 115 (2021) </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-021-00986-y" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-021-00986-y</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Detection of chronic wasting disease prions in processed meats</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rebeca Benavente1 , Francisca Bravo1,2, J. Hunter Reed3 , Mitch Lockwood3 , Glenn Telling4 , Rodrigo Morales1,2 1 Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA; 2 Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins. Santiago, Chile; 3 Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Texas, USA. 4 Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: identify the presence of CWD prions in processed meats derived from elk. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: In this study, we analyzed different processed meats derived from a CWD-positive (pre-clinical) free-ranging elk. Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats. The presence of CWD-prions in these samples were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates. The same analyses were performed in grilled and boiled meats to evaluate the resistance of the infectious agent to these procedures. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Our results show positive prion detection in all the samples analyzed using deer and elk substrates. Surprisingly, cooked meats displayed increased seeding activities. This data suggests that CWD-prions are available to people even after meats are processed and cooked. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: These results suggest CWD prions are accessible to humans through meats, even after processing and cooking. Considering the fact that these samples were collected from already processed specimens, the availability of CWD prions to humans is probably underestimated. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH and USDA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Grant number: 1R01AI132695 and APP-20115 to RM </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We would like to thank TPWD personnel for providing us with valuable samples</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">"Our results show positive prion detection in all the samples analyzed using deer and elk substrates. Surprisingly, cooked meats displayed increased seeding activities."</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">end... </span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Fortuitous generation of a zoonotic cervid prion strain </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Manuel Camacho, Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Sydney Smith, Jieji Hu, Wanyun Tao, Ignazio Cali, Qingzhong Kong. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Whether CWD prions can infect humans remains unclear despite the very substantial scale and long history of human exposure of CWD in many states or provinces of USA and Canada. Multiple in vitro conversion experiments and in vivo animal studies indicate that the CWD-to-human transmission barrier is not unbreakable. A major long-term public health concern on CWD zoonosis is the emergence of highly zoonotic CWD strains. We aim to address the question of whether highly zoonotic CWD strains are possible. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: We inoculated several sCJD brain samples into cervidized transgenic mice (Tg12), which were intended as negative controls for bioassays of brain tissues from sCJD cases who had potentially been exposed to CWD. Some of the Tg12 mice became infected and their brain tissues were further examined by Western blot as well as serial passages in humanized or cervidized mice. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Passage of sCJDMM1 in transgenic mice expressing elk PrP (Tg12) resulted in a “cervidized” CJD strain that we termed CJDElkPrP. We observed 100% transmission of the original CJDElkPrP in transgenic mice expressing human PrP. We passaged CJDElkPrP two more times in the Tg12 mice. We found that such second and third passage CJDElkPrP prions retained 100% transmission rate in the humanized mice, despite that the natural elk CWD isolates and CJDElkPrP share the same elk PrP sequence. In contrast, we and others found zero or poor transmission of natural elk CWD isolates in humanized mice. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our data indicate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can retain zoonotic potential after serial passages in cervids, suggesting a very significant and serious long-term risk of CWD zoonosis given that the broad and continuing spread of CWD prions will provide fertile grounds for the emergence of zoonotic CWD strains over time. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O'Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples used in this study, respectively</div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">"Our data indicate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can retain zoonotic potential after serial passages in cervids, suggesting a very significant and serious long-term risk of CWD zoonosis given that the broad and continuing spread of CWD prions will provide fertile grounds for the emergence of zoonotic CWD strains over time."</span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A probable diagnostic marker for CWD infection in humans </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Manuel Camacho, Ignazio Cali, Qingzhong Kong. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Multiple in vitro CWD-seeded human PrP conversion experiments and some animal model studies indicate that the species barrier for CWD to human transmission can be overcome, but whether CWD prion can infect humans in real life remains controversial. The very limited understanding on the likely features of CWD infection in humans and the lack of a reliable diagnostic marker for identification of acquired human CWD cases contribute to this uncertainty. We aim to stablish such a reliable diagnostic marker for CWD infections in humans should they occur. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: A couple of PrPSc-positive spleens were identified from humanized transgenic mice inoculated with either CWD or sCJDMM1. Prions in these spleens were compared by bioassays in cervidized or humanized transgenic mice. A couple of PrPSc-positive spleens from UK sCJDMM1 patients were also examined similarly as controls with no exposure to CWD. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: We have detected two prion-positive spleens in humanized transgenic mice inoculated with some CWD isolates. Such experimentally generated splenic “humanized” CWD prions (termed eHuCWDsp) appear indistinguishable from prions in the brain of sCJDMM1 patients on Western blot. We compared eHuCWDsp with prions in the spleen from humanized mice infected with sCJDMM1 (termed sCJDMM1sp) by bioassays in cervidized or humanized transgenic mice. Significantly, we found that eHuCWDsp can efficiently infect not only the humanized mice but also cervidized transgenic mice, and cervidized mice infected by eHuCWDsp produced PrPSc and brain pathology that are practically identical to those of CWD-infected cervidized mice. In contrast, sCJDMM1sp, similar to prions from sCJDMM1 patient brains, is poorly transmissible in the cervidized mice. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that high transmissibility with CWD features of splenic prions in cervidized transgenic mice is unique to acquired human CWD prions, and it may serve as a reliable marker to identify the first acquired human CWD cases. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O'Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples used in this study, respectively.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2023 Experimental Oronasal Inoculation of the Chronic Wasting Disease Agent into White Tailed Deer </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author list: Sarah Zurbuchena,b , S. Jo Moorea,b , Jifeng Biana , Eric D. Cassmanna , and Justin J. Greenleea . a. Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, US b. Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, United States </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether white-tailed deer (WTD) are susceptible to inoculation of chronic wasting disease (CWD) via oronasal exposure. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and methods: Six male, neutered WTD were oronasally inoculated with brainstem material (10% w/v) from a CWD-positive wild-type WTD. The genotypes of five inoculated deer were Q95/G96 (wild-type). One inoculated deer was homozygous S at codon 96 (96SS). Cervidized (Tg12; M132 elk PrP) mice were inoculated with 1% w/v brainstem homogenate from either a 96GG WTD (n=10) or the 96SS WTD (n=10). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: All deer developed characteristic clinical signs of CWD including weight loss, regurgitation, and ataxia. The 96SS individual had a prolonged disease course and incubation period compared to the other deer. Western blots of the brainstem on all deer yielded similar molecular profiles. All deer had widespread lymphoid distribution of PrPCWD and neuropathologic lesions associated with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Both groups of mice had a 100% attack rate and developed clinical signs, including loss of body condition, ataxia, and loss of righting reflex. Mice inoculated with material from the 96SS deer had a significantly shorter incubation period than mice inoculated with material from 96GG deer (Welch two sample T-test, P<0.05). Serial dilutions of each inocula suggests that differences in incubation period were not due to a greater concentration of PrPCWD in the 96SS inoculum. Molecular profiles from western blot of brain homogenates from mice appeared similar regardless of inoculum and appear similar to those of deer used for inoculum. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: This study characterizes the lesions and clinical course of CWD in WTD inoculated in a similar manner to natural conditions. It supports previous findings that 96SS deer have a prolonged disease course. Further, it describes a first pass of inoculum from a 96SS deer in cervidized mice which shortened the incubation period. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection, analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We thank Ami Frank and Kevin Hassall for their technical contributions to this project.</div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">The detection and decontamination of chronic wasting disease prions during venison processing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Marissa S. Milstein1,2, Marc D. Schwabenlander1,2, Sarah C. Gresch1,2, Manci Li1,2, Stuart Lichtenberg1,2, Rachel Shoemaker1,2, Gage R. Rowden1,2, Jason C. Bartz2,3 , Tiffany M. Wolf2,4, Peter A. Larsen1,2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Presenting author: Tiffany M. Wolf 1 Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 2 Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 3 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA 4 Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: There is a growing concern that chronic wasting disease (CWD) prions in venison pose a risk to human health. CWD prions accumulate in infected deer tissues that commonly enter the human food chain through meat processing and consumption. The United States (US) Food and Drug Administration and US Department of Agriculture now formally consider CWD-positive venison unfit for human and animal consumption. Yet, the degree to which prion contamination occurs during routine venison processing is unknown. Here, we use environmental surface swab methods to: a) experimentally test meat processing equipment (i.e., stainless steel knives and polyethylene cutting boards) before and after processing CWD-positive venison and b) test the efficacy of five different disinfectant types (i.e., Dawn dish soap, Virkon-S, Briotech, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach) to determine prion decontamination efficacy.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: We used a real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay to determine CWD infection status of venison and to detect CWD prions in the swabs. We collected three swabs per surface and ran eight technical replicates on RT-QuIC.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: CWD prions were detected on all cutting boards (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8 and knives (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) used in processing CWD-positive venison, but not on those used for CWD-negative venison. After processing CWD-positive venison, allowing the surfaces to dry, and washing the cutting board with Dawn dish soap, we detected CWD prions on the cutting board surface (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) but not on the knife (n= 3, replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). Similar patterns were observed with Briotech (cutting board: n= 3; replicates= 7/8, 1/8, 0/8; knife: n= 3; replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). We did not detect CWD prions on the knives or cutting boards after disinfecting with Virkon-S, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: These preliminary results suggest that Dawn dish soap and Briotech do not reliably decontaminate CWD prions from these surfaces. Our data suggest that Virkon-S and various bleach concentrations are more effective in reducing prion contamination of meat processing surfaces; however, surface type may also influence the ability of prions to adsorb to surfaces, preventing complete decontamination. Our results will directly inform best practices to prevent the introduction of CWD prions into the human food chain during venison processing.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: Funding was provided by the Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund as recommended by the Legislative-Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources (LCCMR), the Rapid Agriculture Response Fund (#95385/RR257), and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Theme: Animal prion diseases</div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2023 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">''Currently, there is scientific evidence to suggest that CWD has zoonotic potential; however, no confirmed cases of CWD have been found in humans.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PART 2. TPWD CHAPTER 65. DIVISION 1. CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, 65.88</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission in a duly noticed meeting on May 25, 2023 adopted amendments to 31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, and §65.88, concerning Disease Detection and Response, without changes to the proposed text as published in the April 21, 2023, issue of the Texas Register (48 TexReg 2048). The rules will not be republished.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Currently, there is scientific evidence to suggest that CWD has zoonotic potential; however, no confirmed cases of CWD have been found in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 DETECTION OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE PRIONS IN PROCESSED MEATS.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rebeca Benavente1, Francisca Bravo1,2, Paulina Soto1,2, J. Hunter Reed3, Mitch Lockwood3, Rodrigo Morales1,2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA. 2Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile. 3Texas Parks and Wildlife, Austin, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease (CWD) remains unknown. Currently, there are no known natural cases of CWD transmission to humans but increasing evidence suggests that the host range of CWD is not confined only to cervid species. Alarmingly, recent experimental evidence suggests that certain CWD isolates can induce disease in non-human primates. While the CDC strongly recommends determining CWD status in animals prior to consumption, this practice is voluntary. Consequently, it is plausible that a proportion of the cervid meat entering the human food chain may be contaminated with CWD. Of additional concern is that traditional diagnostic techniques used to detect CWD have relatively low sensitivity and are only approved for use in tissues other than those typically ingested by humans. In this study, we analyzed different processed meats derived from a pre-clinical, CWD-positive free-ranging elk. Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats. CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates. Our results show positive prion detection in all products. To confirm the resilience of CWD-prions to traditional cooking methods, we grilled and boiled the meat products and evaluated them for any remnant PMCA seeding activity. Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking. Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our results show positive prion detection in all products.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">9 Carrot plants as potential vectors for CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Paulina Soto1,2, Francisca Bravo-Risi1,2, Claudio Soto1, Rodrigo Morales1,2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA. 2Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> We show that edible plant components can absorb prions from CWD-contaminated soils and transport them to their aerial parts.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our results indicate that edible plants could participate as vectors of CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of prion infectivity from CWD-infected macaque tissues to rodent models demonstrates the zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaoui1,2, Ginny Cheng1,2, Wiebke Wemheuer3, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer3, Sabine Gilch1,2, Hermann Schatzl1,2 1University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. 2Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada. 3Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Further passage to cervidized mice revealed transmission with a 100% attack rate.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our findings demonstrate that macaques, considered the best model for the zoonotic potential of prions, were infected upon CWD challenge, including the oral one.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">****> The disease manifested as atypical in macaques and initial transgenic mouse transmissions, but with infectivity present at all times, as unveiled in the bank vole model with an unusual tissue tropism.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Epidemiologic surveillance of prion disease among cervid hunters and people likely to have consumed venison contaminated with chronic wasting disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of Cervid Prions to Humanized Mice Demonstrates the Zoonotic Potential of CWD </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaouia, Irina Zemlyankinaa, Sheng Chun Changa, Maria Immaculata Arifina, Vincent Béringueb, Debbie McKenziec, Hermann M. Schatzla, and Sabine Gilcha </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Results: Here, we provide the strongest evidence supporting the zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and their possible phenotype in humans. Inoculation of mice expressing human PrPCwith deer CWD isolates (strains Wisc-1 and 116AG) resulted in atypical clinical manifestations in > 75% of the mice, with myoclonus as leading clinical sign. Most of tg650brain homogenates were positive for seeding activity in RT-QuIC. Clinical disease and presentation was transmissible to <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> mice and bank voles. Intriguingly, protease-resistant PrP in the brain of <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> mice resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon passage. Abnormal PrP aggregates upon infection with Wisc-1 were detectable in thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain/pons regions. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Unprecedented in human prion disease, feces of CWD-inoculated <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> mice harbored prion seeding activity and infectious prions, as shown by inoculation of bank voles and <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> with fecal homogenates. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Conclusions: This is the first evidence that CWD can infect humans and cause disease with a distinctive clinical presentation, signature, and tropism, which might be transmissible between humans while current diagnostic assays might fail to detect it. These findings have major implications for public health and CWD-management. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a> </div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">The finding that infectious PrPSc was shed in fecal material of CWD-infected humanized mice and induced clinical disease, different tropism, and typical three banding pattern-PrPres in bank voles that is transmissible upon second passage is highly concerning for public health. The fact that this biochemical signature in bank voles resembles that of the Wisc-1 original deer isolate and is different from that of bvWisc-1, in the migration profile and the glyco-form-ratio, is valid evidence that these results are not a product of contamination in our study. If CWD in humans is found to be contagious and transmissible among humans, as it is in cervids [57], the spread of the disease within humans might become endemic.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acta Neuropathol 144, 767–784 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 August 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaoui1 · Irina Zemlyankina1 · Sheng Chun Chang1 · Maria Immaculata Arifn1 · Vincent Béringue2 · Debbie McKenzie3 · Hermann M. Schatzl1 · Sabine Gilch1</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Received: 24 May 2022 / Revised: 5 August 2022 / Accepted: 7 August 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">© The Author(s) 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prions cause infectious and fatal neurodegenerative diseases in mammals. Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease of cervids, spreads efficiently among wild and farmed animals. Potential transmission to humans of CWD is a growing concern due to its increasing prevalence. Here, we provide evidence for a zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and its probable signature using mice expressing human prion protein (PrP) as an infection model. Inoculation of these mice with deer CWD isolates resulted in atypical clinical manifestation with prion seeding activity and efficient transmissible infectivity in the brain and, remarkably, in feces, but without classical neuropathological or Western blot appearances of prion diseases. Intriguingly, the protease-resistant PrP in the brain resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon second passage. Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Keywords Chronic wasting disease · CWD · Zoonotic potential · Prion strains · Zoonotic prions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">HIGHLIGHTS OF THIS STUDY</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">================================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In this study, we evaluated the zoonotic potential of CWD using a transgenic mouse model overexpressing human M129-PrPC (tg650 [12]). We inoculated tg650 mice intracerebrally with two deer CWD isolates, Wisc-1 and 116AG [22, 23, 27, 29]. We demonstrate that this transgenic line was susceptible to infection with CWD prions and displayed a distinct leading clinical sign, an atypical PrPSc signature and unusual fecal shedding of infectious prions. Importantly, these prions generated by the human PrP transgenic mice were transmissible upon passage. Our results are the first evidence of a zoonotic risk of CWD when using one of the most common CWD strains, Wisc-1/CWD1 for infection. We demonstrated in a human transgenic mouse model that the species barrier for transmission of CWD to humans is not absolute. The fact that its signature was not typical raises the questions whether CWD would manifest in humans as a subclinical infection, whether it would arise through direct or indirect transmission including an intermediate host, or a silent to uncovered human-to-human transmission, and whether current detection techniques will be suffcient to unveil its presence.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our findings strongly suggest that CWD should be regarded as an actual public health risk. Here, we use humanized mice to show that CWD prions can cross the species barrier to humans, and remarkably, infectious prions can be excreted in feces.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our results indicate that if CWD crosses the species-barrier to humans, it is unlikely to resemble the most common forms of human prion diseases with respect to clinical signs, tissue tropism and PrPSc signature. For instance, PrPSc in variable protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr), a sporadic form of human prion disease, and in the genetic form Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS) is defined by an atypical PK-resistant PrPSc fragment that is non-glycosylated and truncated at both C- and N-termini, with a molecular weight between 6 and 8 kDa [24, 44–46]. These biochemical features are unique and distinctive from PrPSc (PrP27-30) found in most other human or animal prion disease. The atypical PrPSc signature detected in brain homogenate of tg650 mice #321 (1st passage) and #3063 (2nd passage), and the 7–8 kDa fragment (Figs. 2, 4) are very similar to that of GSS, both in terms of migration profile and the N-terminal cleavage site.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD in humans might remain subclinical but with PrPSc deposits in the brain with an unusual morphology that does not resemble the patterns usually seen in different prion diseases (e.g., mouse #328; Fig. 3), clinical with untraceable abnormal PrP (e.g., mouse #327) but still transmissible and uncovered upon subsequent passage (e.g., mouse #3063; Fig. 4), or prions have other reservoirs than the usual ones, hence the presence of infectivity in feces (e.g., mouse #327) suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=================================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) Antonia Ricci Ana Allende Declan Bolton Marianne Chemaly Robert Davies Pablo Salvador Fernández Escámez ... See all authors </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">First published: 17 January 2018 <a href="https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">also, see; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers.. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Paper</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Cellular prion protein distribution in the vomeronasal organ, parotid, and scent glands of white-tailed deer and mule deer</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Anthony Ness, Aradhana Jacob, Kelsey Saboraki, Alicia Otero, Danielle Gushue, Diana Martinez Moreno, Melanie de Peña, Xinli Tang, Judd Aiken, Susan Lingle & Debbie McKenzieORCID Icon show less</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Pages 40-57 | Received 03 Feb 2022, Accepted 13 May 2022, Published online: 29 May 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Download citation</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ABSTRACT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting species of the cervidae family. CWD has an expanding geographic range and complex, poorly understood transmission mechanics. CWD is disproportionately prevalent in wild male mule deer and male white-tailed deer. Sex and species influences on CWD prevalence have been hypothesized to be related to animal behaviours that involve deer facial and body exocrine glands. Understanding CWD transmission potential requires a foundational knowledge of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) in glands associated with cervid behaviours. In this study, we characterized the presence and distribution of PrPC in six integumentary and two non-integumentary tissues of hunter-harvested mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (O. virginianus). We report that white-tailed deer expressed significantly more PrPC than their mule deer in the parotid, metatarsal, and interdigital glands. Females expressed more PrPC than males in the forehead and preorbital glands. The distribution of PrPC within the integumentary exocrine glands of the face and legs were localized to glandular cells, hair follicles, epidermis, and immune cell infiltrates. All tissues examined expressed sufficient quantities of PrPC to serve as possible sites of prion initial infection, propagation, and shedding.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ARS RESEARCH Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Publication Acceptance Date: 9/8/2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author item WANG, ZERUI - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item QIN, KEFENG - University Of Chicago item CAMACHO, MANUEL - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item SHEN, PINGPING - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item YUAN, JUE - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item Greenlee, Justin item CUI, LI - Jilin University item KONG, QINGZHONG - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item MASTRIANNI, JAMES - University Of Chicago item ZOU, WEN-QUAN - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Submitted to: Acta Neuropathologica Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 9/8/2021 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Interpretive Summary: Prion diseases are invariably fatal neurologic diseases for which there is no known prevention or cure. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease of deer and elk and is present in farmed and free ranging herds throughout North America. To date there is no clear evidence that the CWD agent could be transmitted to humans. This manuscript describes the use of an in vitro technique, cell-free serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA), to generate a CWD prion that is infectious to transgenic mice expressing the human prion protein. This study provides the first evidence that CWD prions may be able to cause misfolding in the human prion protein. This information will impact medical experts and those involved in making policy for farmed cervids and wildlife.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Technical Abstract: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a cervid spongiform encephalopathy or prion disease caused by the infectious prion or PrPSc, a misfolded conformer of cellular prion protein (PrPC). It has rapidly spread in North America and also has been found in Asia and Europe. In contrast to the zoonotic mad cow disease that is the first animal prion disease found transmissible to humans, the transmissibility of CWD to humans remains uncertain although most previous studies have suggested that humans may not be susceptible to CWD. Here we report the generation of an infectious human PrPSc by seeding CWD PrPSc in normal human brain PrPC through the in vitro cell-free serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA). Western blotting confirms that the sPMCA-induced proteinase K-resistant PrPSc is a human form, evidenced by a PrP-specific antibody that recognizes human but not cervid PrP. Remarkably, two lines of humanized transgenic (Tg) mice expressing human PrP-129Val/Val (VV) or -129Met/Met (MM) polymorphism develop prion disease at 233 ± 6 (mean ± SE) days post-inoculation (dpi) and 552 ± 27 dpi, respectively, upon intracerebral inoculation with the sPMCA-generated PrPSc. The brain of diseased Tg mice reveals the electrophoretic profile of PrPSc similar to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) MM1 or VV2 subtype but different neuropathological patterns. We believe that our study provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc is able to convert human PrPC into PrPSc in vitro and the CWD-derived human PrPSc mimics atypical sCJD subtypes in humanized Tg mice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''The brain of diseased Tg mice reveals the electrophoretic profile of PrPSc similar to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) MM1 or VV2 subtype but different neuropathological patterns.'' </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''We believe that our study provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc is able to convert human PrPC into PrPSc in vitro and the CWD-derived human PrPSc mimics atypical sCJD subtypes in humanized Tg mice.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published: 26 September 2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Zerui Wang, Kefeng Qin, Manuel V. Camacho, Ignazio Cali, Jue Yuan, Pingping Shen, Justin Greenlee, Qingzhong Kong, James A. Mastrianni & Wen-Quan Zou</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acta Neuropathologica Communications volume 9, Article number: 158 (2021)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a cervid prion disease caused by the accumulation of an infectious misfolded conformer (PrPSc) of cellular prion protein (PrPC). It has been spreading rapidly in North America and also found in Asia and Europe. Although bovine spongiform encephalopathy (i.e. mad cow disease) is the only animal prion disease known to be zoonotic, the transmissibility of CWD to humans remains uncertain. Here we report the generation of the first CWD-derived infectious human PrPSc by elk CWD PrPSc-seeded conversion of PrPC in normal human brain homogenates using in vitro protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA). Western blotting with human PrP selective antibody confirmed that the PMCA-generated protease-resistant PrPSc was derived from the human PrPC substrate. Two lines of humanized transgenic mice expressing human PrP with either Val or Met at the polymorphic codon 129 developed clinical prion disease following intracerebral inoculation with the PMCA-generated CWD-derived human PrPSc. Diseased mice exhibited distinct PrPSc patterns and neuropathological changes in the brain. Our study, using PMCA and animal bioassays, provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc can cross the species barrier to convert human PrPC into infectious PrPSc that can produce bona fide prion disease when inoculated into humanized transgenic mice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It is worth noting that the annual number of sporadic CJD (sCJD) cases in the USA has increased, with the total number of suspected and confirmed sCJD cases rising from 284 in 2003 to 511 in 2017 (https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cjd/occurrence-transmission.html). The greatly enhanced CJD surveillance and an aging population in the USA certainly contributed to the observed increase in annual sCJD case numbers in recent years, but the possibility cannot be excluded that some of the increased sCJD prevalence is linked to CWD exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the present study, using serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) assay we generate PrPSc by seeding CWD prions in normal human brain homogenates. Importantly, we reveal that two lines of humanized Tg mice expressing human PrP-129VV and 129MM develop prion diseases upon intracerebral inoculation of the abnormal PrP generated by sPMCA. We believe that our study provides the first opportunity to dissect the clinical, pathological and biochemical features of the CWD-derived human prion disease in two lines of humanized Tg mice expressing two major human PrP genotypes, respectively.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i thought i might share some news about cwd zoonosis that i got, that i cannot share or post to the public yet, i promised for various reasons, one that it will cause a shit storm for sure, but it was something i really already knew from previous studies, but, i was told that ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">==================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''As you can imagine, 2 and 5 (especially 5) may raise alarms. The evidence we have for 4 are not as strong or tight as I would like to have. At this point, please do not post any of the points publicly yet, but you can refer to points 1-3 in private discussions and all 5 points when discussing with relevant public officials to highlight the long-term risks of CWD zoonosis.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">====================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">so, i figure your as about as official as it gets, and i think this science is extremely important for you to know and to converse about with your officials. it's about to burn a whole in my pocket. this is about as close as it will ever get for cwd zoonosis to be proven in my time, this and what Canada Czub et al found with the Macaques, plus an old study from cjd surveillance unit back that showed cjd and a 9% increase in risk from folks that eat venison, i will post all this below for your files Sir. i remember back in the BSE nvCJD days, from when the first BSE case in bovine was confirmed around 1984 maybe 83, i forget the good vets named that screwed it up first, Carol something, but from 83ish to 95 96 when nvCJD was linked to humans from BSE in cattle, so that took 10 to 15 years. hell, at that rate, especially with Texas and cwd zoonsis, hell, i'll be dead before it's official, if ever, so here ya go Sir. there was a grant study on cwd zoonosis that had been going on for some time, i followed it over the years, then the grant date for said study had expired, so, i thought i would write the good Professor about said study i.e. Professor Kong, CWRU et al. i will post the grant study abstract first, and then after that, what reply i got back, about said study that i was told not to post/publish...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD ZOONOSIS GRANT FIRST;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Cervid to human prion transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Kong, Qingzhong </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Abstract Prion disease is transmissible and invariably fatal. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease affecting deer, elk and moose, and it is a widespread and expanding epidemic affecting 22 US States and 2 Canadian provinces so far. CWD poses the most serious zoonotic prion transmission risks in North America because of huge venison consumption (>6 million deer/elk hunted and consumed annually in the USA alone), significant prion infectivity in muscles and other tissues/fluids from CWD-affected cervids, and usually high levels of individual exposure to CWD resulting from consumption of the affected animal among often just family and friends. However, we still do not know whether CWD prions can infect humans in the brain or peripheral tissues or whether clinical/asymptomatic CWD zoonosis has already occurred, and we have no essays to reliably detect CWD infection in humans. We hypothesize that: (1) The classic CWD prion strain can infect humans at low levels in the brain and peripheral lymphoid tissues; (2) The cervid-to-human transmission barrier is dependent on the cervid prion strain and influenced by the host (human) prion protein (PrP) primary sequence; (3) Reliable essays can be established to detect CWD infection in humans; and (4) CWD transmission to humans has already occurred. We will test these hypotheses in 4 Aims using transgenic (Tg) mouse models and complementary in vitro approaches. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 1 will prove that the classical CWD strain may infect humans in brain or peripheral lymphoid tissues at low levels by conducting systemic bioassays in a set of humanized Tg mouse lines expressing common human PrP variants using a number of CWD isolates at varying doses and routes. Experimental human CWD samples will also be generated for Aim 3. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 2 will test the hypothesis that the cervid-to-human prion transmission barrier is dependent on prion strain and influenced by the host (human) PrP sequence by examining and comparing the transmission efficiency and phenotypes of several atypical/unusual CWD isolates/strains as well as a few prion strains from other species that have adapted to cervid PrP sequence, utilizing the same panel of humanized Tg mouse lines as in Aim 1. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 3 will establish reliable essays for detection and surveillance of CWD infection in humans by examining in details the clinical, pathological, biochemical and in vitro seeding properties of existing and future experimental human CWD samples generated from Aims 1-2 and compare them with those of common sporadic human Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) prions. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 4 will attempt to detect clinical CWD-affected human cases by examining a significant number of brain samples from prion-affected human subjects in the USA and Canada who have consumed venison from CWD-endemic areas utilizing the criteria and essays established in Aim 3. The findings from this proposal will greatly advance our understandings on the potential and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for CWD zoonosis and potentially discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Public Health Relevance There are significant and increasing human exposure to cervid prions because chronic wasting disease (CWD, a widespread and highly infectious prion disease among deer and elk in North America) continues spreading and consumption of venison remains popular, but our understanding on cervid-to-human prion transmission is still very limited, raising public health concerns. This proposal aims to define the zoonotic risks of cervid prions and set up and apply essays to detect CWD zoonosis using mouse models and in vitro methods. The findings will greatly expand our knowledge on the potentials and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for such infections and may discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Funding Agency Agency National Institute of Health (NIH) Institute National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Type Research Project (R01) Project # 1R01NS088604-01A1 Application # 9037884 Study Section Cellular and Molecular Biology of Neurodegeneration Study Section (CMND) Program Officer Wong, May Project Start 2015-09-30 Project End 2019-07-31 Budget Start 2015-09-30 Budget End 2016-07-31 Support Year 1 Fiscal Year 2015 Total Cost $337,507 Indirect Cost $118,756</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1#panel-abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1#panel-abstract</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Professor Kongs reply to me just this month about above grant study that has NOT been published in peer reveiw yet...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=================================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Here is a brief summary of our findings:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...can't post, made a promise...tss</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">On Sat, Apr 3, 2021 at 12:19 PM Terry Singeltary <flounder9@verizon.net> wrote:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">end...tss</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">==============</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD ZOONOSIS THE FULL MONTY TO DATE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">International Conference on Emerging Diseases, Outbreaks & Case Studies & 16th Annual Meeting on Influenza March 28-29, 2018 | Orlando, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Qingzhong Kong</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease prions from cervids</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease in cervids (mule deer, white-tailed deer, American elk, moose, and reindeer). It has become an epidemic in North America, and it has been detected in the Europe (Norway) since 2016. The widespread CWD and popular hunting and consumption of cervid meat and other products raise serious public health concerns, but questions remain on human susceptibility to CWD prions, especially on the potential difference in zoonotic potential among the various CWD prion strains. We have been working to address this critical question for well over a decade. We used CWD samples from various cervid species to inoculate transgenic mice expressing human or elk prion protein (PrP). We found infectious prions in the spleen or brain in a small fraction of CWD-inoculated transgenic mice expressing human PrP, indicating that humans are not completely resistant to CWD prions; this finding has significant ramifications on the public health impact of CWD prions. The influence of cervid PrP polymorphisms, the prion strain dependence of CWD-to-human transmission barrier, and the characterization of experimental human CWD prions will be discussed.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Speaker Biography Qingzhong Kong has completed his PhD from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst and Post-doctoral studies at Yale University. He is currently an Associate Professor of Pathology, Neurology and Regenerative Medicine. He has published over 50 original research papers in reputable journals (including Science Translational Medicine, JCI, PNAS and Cell Reports) and has been serving as an Editorial Board Member on seven scientific journals. He has multiple research interests, including public health risks of animal prions (CWD of cervids and atypical BSE of cattle), animal modeling of human prion diseases, mechanisms of prion replication and pathogenesis, etiology of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD) in humans, normal cellular PrP in the biology and pathology of multiple brain and peripheral diseases, proteins responsible for the α-cleavage of cellular PrP, as well as gene therapy and DNA vaccination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">qxk2@case.edu </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SUNDAY, JULY 25, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">North American and Norwegian Chronic Wasting Disease prions exhibit different potential for interspecies transmission and zoonotic risk </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''Our data suggest that reindeer and red deer from Norway could be the most transmissible CWD prions to other mammals, whereas North American CWD prions were more prone to generate human prions in vitro.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/north-american-and-norwegian-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/north-american-and-norwegian-chronic.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, JULY 19, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> U Calgary researchers at work on a vaccine against a fatal infectious disease affecting deer and potentially people</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/u-calgary-researchers-at-work-on.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/u-calgary-researchers-at-work-on.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE aka MAD COW DISEASE, was first discovered in 1984, and it took until 1995 to finally admit that BSE was causing nvCJD, the rest there is history, but that science is still evolving i.e. science now shows that indeed atypical L-type BSE, atypical Nor-98 Scrapie, and typical Scrapie are all zoonosis, zoonotic for humans, there from. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">HOW long are we going to wait for Chronic Wasting Disease, CWD TSE Prion of Cervid, and zoonosis, zoonotic tranmission to humans there from?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Studies have shown since 1994 that humans are susceptible to CWD TSE Prion, so, what's the hold up with making CWD a zoonotic zoonosis disease, the iatrogenic transmissions there from is not waiting for someone to make a decision.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P190 Human prion disease mortality rates by occurrence of chronic wasting disease in freeranging cervids, United States</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abrams JY (1), Maddox RA (1), Schonberger LB (1), Person MK (1), Appleby BS (2), Belay ED (1)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease of deer and elk that has been identified in freeranging cervids in 23 US states. While there is currently no epidemiological evidence for zoonotic transmission through the consumption of contaminated venison, studies suggest the CWD agent can cross the species barrier in experimental models designed to closely mimic humans. We compared rates of human prion disease in states with and without CWD to examine the possibility of undetermined zoonotic transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Death records from the National Center for Health Statistics, case records from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, and additional state case reports were combined to create a database of human prion disease cases from 2003-2015. Identification of CWD in each state was determined through reports of positive CWD tests by state wildlife agencies. Age- and race-adjusted mortality rates for human prion disease, excluding cases with known etiology, were determined for four categories of states based on CWD occurrence: highly endemic (>16 counties with CWD identified in free-ranging cervids); moderately endemic (3-10 counties with CWD); low endemic (1-2 counties with CWD); and no CWD states. States were counted as having no CWD until the year CWD was first identified. Analyses stratified by age, sex, and time period were also conducted to focus on subgroups for which zoonotic transmission would be more likely to be detected: cases <55 years old, male sex, and the latter half of the study (2010-2015).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Highly endemic states had a higher rate of prion disease mortality compared to non-CWD states (rate ratio [RR]: 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01 - 1.23), as did low endemic states (RR: 1.15, 95% CI = 1.04 - 1.27). Moderately endemic states did not have an elevated mortality rate (RR: 1.05, 95% CI = 0.93 - 1.17). In age-stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates among the <55 year old population were elevated for moderately endemic states (RR: 1.57, 95% CI = 1.10 – 2.24) while mortality rates were elevated among those ≥55 for highly endemic states (RR: 1.13, 95% CI = 1.02 - 1.26) and low endemic states (RR: 1.16, 95% CI = 1.04 - 1.29). In other stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates for males were only elevated for low endemic states (RR: 1.27, 95% CI = 1.10 - 1.48), and none of the categories of CWD-endemic states had elevated mortality rates for the latter time period (2010-2015).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">While higher prion disease mortality rates in certain categories of states with CWD in free-ranging cervids were noted, additional stratified analyses did not reveal markedly elevated rates for potentially sensitive subgroups that would be suggestive of zoonotic transmission. Unknown confounding factors or other biases may explain state-by-state differences in prion disease mortality.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P172 Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Prion Disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Wang H(1), Cohen M(1), Appleby BS(1,2)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio (2) National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Cleveland, Ohio.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion disease is a fatal progressive neurodegenerative disease due to deposition of an abnormal protease-resistant isoform of prion protein. Typical symptoms include rapidly progressive dementia, myoclonus, visual disturbance and hallucinations. Interestingly, in patients with prion disease, the abnormal protein canould also be found in the peripheral nervous system. Case reports of prion deposition in peripheral nerves have been reported. Peripheral nerve involvement is thought to be uncommon; however, little is known about the exact prevalence and features of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We reviewed autopsy-proven prion cases from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center that were diagnosed between September 2016 to March 2017. We collected information regarding prion protein diagnosis, demographics, comorbidities, clinical symptoms, physical exam, neuropathology, molecular subtype, genetics lab, brain MRI, image and EMG reports. Our study included 104 patients. Thirteen (12.5%) patients had either subjective symptoms or objective signs of peripheral neuropathy. Among these 13 patients, 3 had other known potential etiologies of peripheral neuropathy such as vitamin B12 deficiency or prior chemotherapy. Among 10 patients that had no other clear etiology, 3 (30%) had familial CJD. The most common sCJD subtype was MV1-2 (30%), followed by MM1-2 (20%). The Majority of cases wasere male (60%). Half of them had exposure to wild game. The most common subjective symptoms were tingling and/or numbness of distal extremities. The most common objective finding was diminished vibratory sensation in the feet. Half of them had an EMG with the findings ranging from fasciculations to axonal polyneuropathy or demyelinating polyneuropathy.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our study provides an overview of the pattern of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease. Among patients with peripheral neuropathy symptoms or signs, majority has polyneuropathy. It is important to document the baseline frequency of peripheral neuropathy in prion diseases as these symptoms may become important when conducting surveillance for potential novel zoonotic prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P177 PrP plaques in methionine homozygous Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abrams JY (1), Schonberger LB (1), Cali I (2), Cohen Y (2), Blevins JE (2), Maddox RA (1), Belay ED (1), Appleby BS (2), Cohen ML (2)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is widely believed to originate from de novo spontaneous conversion of normal prion protein (PrP) to its pathogenic form, but concern remains that some reported sporadic CJD cases may actually be caused by disease transmission via iatrogenic processes. For cases with methionine homozygosity (CJD-MM) at codon 129 of the PRNP gene, recent research has pointed to plaque-like PrP deposition as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission for a subset of cases. This phenotype is theorized to originate from specific iatrogenic source CJD types that comprise roughly a quarter of known CJD cases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We reviewed scientific literature for studies which described PrP plaques among CJD patients with known epidemiological links to iatrogenic transmission (receipt of cadaveric human grown hormone or dura mater), as well as in cases of reported sporadic CJD. The presence and description of plaques, along with CJD classification type and other contextual factors, were used to summarize the current evidence regarding plaques as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission. In addition, 523 cases of reported sporadic CJD cases in the US from January 2013 through September 2017 were assessed for presence of PrP plaques.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We identified four studies describing 52 total cases of CJD-MM among either dura mater recipients or growth hormone recipients, of which 30 were identified as having PrP plaques. While sporadic cases were not generally described as having plaques, we did identify case reports which described plaques among sporadic MM2 cases as well as case reports of plaques exclusively in white matter among sporadic MM1 cases. Among the 523 reported sporadic CJD cases, 0 of 366 MM1 cases had plaques, 2 of 48 MM2 cases had kuru plaques, and 4 of 109 MM1+2 cases had either kuru plaques or both kuru and florid plaques. Medical chart review of the six reported sporadic CJD cases with plaques did not reveal clinical histories suggestive of potential iatrogenic transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PrP plaques occur much more frequently for iatrogenic CJD-MM cases compared to sporadic CJDMM cases. Plaques may indicate iatrogenic transmission for CJD-MM cases without a type 2 Western blot fragment. The study results suggest the absence of significant misclassifications of iatrogenic CJD as sporadic. To our knowledge, this study is the first to describe grey matter kuru plaques in apparently sporadic CJD-MM patients with a type 2 Western blot fragment.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P180 Clinico-pathological analysis of human prion diseases in a brain bank series</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ximelis T (1), Aldecoa I (1,2), Molina-Porcel L (1,3), Grau-Rivera O (4), Ferrer I (5), Nos C (6), Gelpi E (1,7), Sánchez-Valle R (1,4)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobanc-Hospital ClÃnic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (2) Pathological Service of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (3) EAIA Trastorns Cognitius, Centre Emili Mira, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain (4) Department of Neurology of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (5) Institute of Neuropathology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona (6) General subdirectorate of Surveillance and Response to Emergencies in Public Health, Department of Public Health in Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain (7) Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background and objective:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Neurological Tissue Bank (NTB) of the Hospital Clínic-Institut d‘Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain is the reference center in Catalonia for the neuropathological study of prion diseases in the region since 2001. The aim of this study is to analyse the characteristics of the confirmed prion diseases registered at the NTB during the last 15 years.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We reviewed retrospectively all neuropathologically confirmed cases registered during the period January 2001 to December 2016.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">176 cases (54,3% female, mean age: 67,5 years and age range: 25-86 years) of neuropathological confirmed prion diseases have been studied at the NTB. 152 cases corresponded to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), 10 to genetic CJD, 10 to Fatal Familial Insomnia, 2 to GerstmannSträussler-Scheinker disease, and 2 cases to variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr). Within sCJD subtypes the MM1 subtype was the most frequent, followed by the VV2 histotype.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Clinical and neuropathological diagnoses agreed in 166 cases (94%). The clinical diagnosis was not accurate in 10 patients with definite prion disease: 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Fronto-temporal dementia (FTD), 1 Niemann-Pick‘s disease, 1 Lewy Body‘s Disease, 2 Alzheimer‘s disease, 1 Cortico-basal syndrome and 2 undetermined dementia. Among patients with VPSPr, 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and the other one with FTD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Concomitant pathologies are frequent in older age groups, mainly AD neuropathological changes were observed in these subjects.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Discussion:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A wide spectrum of human prion diseases have been identified in the NTB being the relative frequencies and main characteristics like other published series. There is a high rate of agreement between clinical and neuropathological diagnoses with prion diseases. These findings show the importance that public health has given to prion diseases during the past 15 years. Continuous surveillance of human prion disease allows identification of new emerging phenotypes. Brain tissue samples from these donors are available to the scientific community. For more information please visit:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P192 Prion amplification techniques for the rapid evaluation of surface decontamination procedures</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Bruyere-Ostells L (1), Mayran C (1), Belondrade M (1), Boublik Y (2), Haïk S (3), Fournier-Wirth C (1), Nicot S (1), Bougard D (1)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Pathogenesis and control of chronic infections, Etablissement Français du Sang, Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (2) Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (3) Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) or prion diseases are a group of incurable and always fatal neurodegenerative disorders including Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases (CJD) in humans. These pathologies include sporadic (sCJD), genetic and acquired (variant CJD) forms. By the past, sCJD and vCJD were transmitted by different prion contaminated biological materials to patients resulting in more than 400 iatrogenic cases (iCJD). The atypical nature and the biochemical properties of the infectious agent, formed by abnormal prion protein or PrPTSE, make it particularly resistant to conventional decontamination procedures. In addition, PrPTSE is widely distributed throughout the organism before clinical onset in vCJD and can also be detected in some peripheral tissues in sporadic CJD. Risk of iatrogenic transmission of CJD by contaminated medical device remains thus a concern for healthcare facilities. Bioassay is the gold standard method to evaluate the efficacy of prion decontamination procedures but is time-consuming and expensive. Here, we propose to compare in vitro prion amplification techniques: Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) and Real-Time Quaking Induced Conversion (RT-QuIC) for the detection of residual prions on surface after decontamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stainless steel wires, by mimicking the surface of surgical instruments, were proposed as a carrier model of prions for inactivation studies. To determine the sensitivity of the two amplification techniques on wires (Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC), steel wires were therefore contaminated with serial dilutions of brain homogenates (BH) from a 263k infected hamster and from a patient with sCJD (MM1 subtype). We then compared the different standard decontamination procedures including partially and fully efficient treatments by detecting the residual seeding activity on 263K and sCJD contaminated wires. We completed our study by the evaluation of marketed reagents endorsed for prion decontamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The two amplification techniques can detect minute quantities of PrPTSE adsorbed onto a single wire. 8/8 wires contaminated with a 10-6 dilution of 263k BH and 1/6 with the 10-8 dilution are positive with Surf-PMCA. Similar performances were obtained with Surf-QuIC on 263K: 10/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilution and 1/8 wires contaminated with 10-8 dilution are positive. Regarding the human sCJD-MM1 prion, Surf-QuIC allows us to detect 16/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilutions and 14/16 with 10-7 . Results obtained after decontamination treatments are very similar between 263K and sCJD prions. Efficiency of marketed treatments to remove prions is lower than expected.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC are very sensitive methods for the detection of prions on wires and could be applied to prion decontamination studies for rapid evaluation of new treatments. Sodium hypochlorite is the only product to efficiently remove seeding activity of both 263K and sCJD prions.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WA2 Oral transmission of CWD into Cynomolgus macaques: signs of atypical disease, prion conversion and infectivity in macaques and bio-assayed transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Schatzl HM (1, 2), Hannaoui S (1, 2), Cheng Y-C (1, 2), Gilch S (1, 2), Beekes M (3), SchulzSchaeffer W (4), Stahl-Hennig C (5) and Czub S (2, 6)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) University of Calgary, Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada (2) University of Calgary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calgary, Canada, (3) Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany, (4) University of Homburg/Saar, Homburg, Germany, (5) German Primate Center, Goettingen, Germany, (6) Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), Lethbridge, Canada.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To date, BSE is the only example of interspecies transmission of an animal prion disease into humans. The potential zoonotic transmission of CWD is an alarming issue and was addressed by many groups using a variety of in vitro and in vivo experimental systems. Evidence from these studies indicated a substantial, if not absolute, species barrier, aligning with the absence of epidemiological evidence suggesting transmission into humans. Studies in non-human primates were not conclusive so far, with oral transmission into new-world monkeys and no transmission into old-world monkeys. Our consortium has challenged 18 Cynomolgus macaques with characterized CWD material, focusing on oral transmission with muscle tissue. Some macaques have orally received a total of 5 kg of muscle material over a period of 2 years. After 5-7 years of incubation time some animals showed clinical symptoms indicative of prion disease, and prion neuropathology and PrPSc deposition were found in spinal cord and brain of euthanized animals. PrPSc in immunoblot was weakly detected in some spinal cord materials and various tissues tested positive in RT-QuIC, including lymph node and spleen homogenates. To prove prion infectivity in the macaque tissues, we have intracerebrally inoculated 2 lines of transgenic mice, expressing either elk or human PrP. At least 3 TgElk mice, receiving tissues from 2 different macaques, showed clinical signs of a progressive prion disease and brains were positive in immunoblot and RT-QuIC. Tissues (brain, spinal cord and spleen) from these and preclinical mice are currently tested using various read-outs and by second passage in mice. Transgenic mice expressing human PrP were so far negative for clear clinical prion disease (some mice >300 days p.i.). In parallel, the same macaque materials are inoculated into bank voles. Taken together, there is strong evidence of transmissibility of CWD orally into macaques and from macaque tissues into transgenic mouse models, although with an incomplete attack rate. The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology. Our ongoing studies will show whether the transmission of CWD into macaques and passage in transgenic mice represents a form of non-adaptive prion amplification, and whether macaque-adapted prions have the potential to infect mice expressing human PrP. The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">See also poster P103</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WA16 Monitoring Potential CWD Transmission to Humans</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Belay ED</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The spread of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in animals has raised concerns about increasing human exposure to the CWD agent via hunting and venison consumption, potentially facilitating CWD transmission to humans. Several studies have explored this possibility, including limited epidemiologic studies, in vitro experiments, and laboratory studies using various types of animal models. Most human exposures to the CWD agent in the United States would be expected to occur in association with deer and elk hunting in CWD-endemic areas. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) collaborated with state health departments in Colorado, Wisconsin, and Wyoming to identify persons at risk of CWD exposure and to monitor their vital status over time. Databases were established of persons who hunted in Colorado and Wyoming and those who reported consumption of venison from deer that later tested positive in Wisconsin. Information from the databases is periodically cross-checked with mortality data to determine the vital status and causes of death for deceased persons. Long-term follow-up of these hunters is needed to assess their risk of development of a prion disease linked to CWD exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P166 Characterization of CJD strain profiles in venison consumers and non-consumers from Alberta and Saskatchewan</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stephanie Booth (1,2), Lise Lamoureux (1), Debra Sorensen (1), Jennifer L. Myskiw (1,2), Megan Klassen (1,2), Michael Coulthart (3), Valerie Sim (4)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg (2) Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (3) Canadian CJD Surveillance System, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (4) Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is spreading rapidly through wild cervid populations in the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. While this has implications for tourism and hunting, there is also concern over possible zoonotic transmission to humans who eat venison from infected deer. Whilst there is no evidence of any human cases of CWD to date, the Canadian CJD Surveillance System (CJDSS) in Canada is staying vigilant. When variant CJD occurred following exposure to BSE, the unique biochemical fingerprint of the pathologic PrP enabled a causal link to be confirmed. However, we cannot be sure what phenotype human CWD prions would present with, or indeed, whether this would be distinct from that see in sporadic CJD. Therefore we are undertaking a systematic analysis of the molecular diversity of CJD cases of individuals who resided in Alberta and Saskatchewan at their time of death comparing venison consumers and non-consumers, using a variety of clinical, imaging, pathological and biochemical markers. Our initial objective is to develop novel biochemical methodologies that will extend the baseline glycoform and genetic polymorphism typing that is already completed by the CJDSS. Firstly, we are reviewing MRI, EEG and pathology information from over 40 cases of CJD to select clinically affected areas for further investigation. Biochemical analysis will include assessment of the levels of protease sensitive and resistant prion protein, glycoform typing using 2D gel electrophoresis, testing seeding capabilities and kinetics of aggregation by quaking-induced conversion, and determining prion oligomer size distributions with asymmetric flow field fractionation with in-line light scattering. Progress and preliminary data will be presented. Ultimately, we intend to further define the relationship between PrP structure and disease phenotype and establish a baseline for the identification of future atypical CJD cases that may arise as a result of exposure to CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Source Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/</a> </div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Volume 24, Number 8—August 2018 </span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-size: 30.2px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 3px; outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Research Susceptibility of Human Prion Protein to Conversion by Chronic Wasting Disease Prions</span></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Marcelo A. BarriaComments to Author , Adriana Libori, Gordon Mitchell, and Mark W. Head Author affiliations: National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (M.A. Barria, A. Libori, M.W. Head); National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Scrapie and CWD, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (G. Mitchell)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal neurodegenerative disease and a serious animal health issue for deer and elk in North America. The identification of the first cases of CWD among free-ranging reindeer and moose in Europe brings back into focus the unresolved issue of whether CWD can be zoonotic like bovine spongiform encephalopathy. We used a cell-free seeded protein misfolding assay to determine whether CWD prions from elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer in North America can convert the human prion protein to the disease-associated form. We found that prions can convert, but the efficiency of conversion is affected by polymorphic variation in the cervid and human prion protein genes. In view of the similarity of reindeer, elk, and white-tailed deer in North America to reindeer, red deer, and roe deer, respectively, in Europe, a more comprehensive and thorough assessment of the zoonotic potential of CWD might be warranted.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Discussion Characterization of the transmission properties of CWD and evaluation of their zoonotic potential are important for public health purposes. Given that CWD affects several members of the family Cervidae, it seems reasonable to consider whether the zoonotic potential of CWD prions could be affected by factors such as CWD strain, cervid species, geographic location, and Prnp–PRNP polymorphic variation. We have previously used an in vitro conversion assay (PMCA) to investigate the susceptibility of the human PrP to conversion to its disease-associated form by several animal prion diseases, including CWD (15,16,22). The sensitivity of our molecular model for the detection of zoonotic conversion depends on the combination of 1) the action of proteinase K to degrade the abundant human PrPC that constitutes the substrate while only N terminally truncating any human PrPres produced and 2) the presence of the 3F4 epitope on human but not cervid PrP. In effect, this degree of sensitivity means that any human PrPres formed during the PMCA reaction can be detected down to the limit of Western blot sensitivity. In contrast, if other antibodies that detect both cervid and human PrP are used, such as 6H4, then newly formed human PrPres must be detected as a measurable increase in PrPres over the amount remaining in the reaction product from the cervid seed. Although best known for the efficient amplification of prions in research and diagnostic contexts, the variation of the PMCA method employed in our study is optimized for the definitive detection of zoonotic reaction products of inherently inefficient conversion reactions conducted across species barriers. By using this system, we previously made and reported the novel observation that elk CWD prions could convert human PrPC from human brain and could also convert recombinant human PrPC expressed in transgenic mice and eukaryotic cell cultures (15).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A previous publication suggested that mule deer PrPSc was unable to convert humanized transgenic substrate in PMCA assays (23) and required a further step of in vitro conditioning in deer substrate PMCA before it was able to cross the deer–human molecular barrier (24). However, prions from other species, such as elk (15) and reindeer affected by CWD, appear to be compatible with the human protein in a single round of amplification (as shown in our study). These observations suggest that different deer species affected by CWD could present differing degrees of the olecular compatibility with the normal form of human PrP.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The contribution of the polymorphism at codon 129 of the human PrP gene has been extensively studied and is recognized as a risk factor for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (4). In cervids, the equivalent codon corresponds to the position 132 encoding methionine or leucine. This polymorphism in the elk gene has been shown to play an important role in CWD susceptibility (25,26). We have investigated the effect of this cervid Prnp polymorphism on the conversion of the humanized transgenic substrate according to the variation in the equivalent PRNP codon 129 polymorphism. Interestingly, only the homologs methionine homozygous seed–substrate reactions could readily convert the human PrP, whereas the heterozygous elk PrPSc was unable to do so, even though comparable amounts of PrPres were used to seed the reaction. In addition, we observed only low levels of human PrPres formation in the reactions seeded with the homozygous methionine (132 MM) and the heterozygous (132 ML) seeds incubated with the other 2 human polymorphic substrates (129 MV and 129 VV). The presence of the amino acid leucine at position 132 of the elk Prnp gene has been attributed to a lower degree of prion conversion compared with methionine on the basis of experiments in mice made transgenic for these polymorphic variants (26). Considering the differences observed for the amplification of the homozygous human methionine substrate by the 2 polymorphic elk seeds (MM and ML), reappraisal of the susceptibility of human PrPC by the full range of cervid polymorphic variants affected by CWD would be warranted.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In light of the recent identification of the first cases of CWD in Europe in a free-ranging reindeer (R. tarandus) in Norway (2), we also decided to evaluate the in vitro conversion potential of CWD in 2 experimentally infected reindeer (18). Formation of human PrPres was readily detectable after a single round of PMCA, and in all 3 humanized polymorphic substrates (MM, MV, and VV). This finding suggests that CWD prions from reindeer could be more compatible with human PrPC generally and might therefore present a greater risk for zoonosis than, for example, CWD prions from white-tailed deer. A more comprehensive comparison of CWD in the affected species, coupled with the polymorphic variations in the human and deer PRNP–Prnp genes, in vivo and in vitro, will be required before firm conclusions can be drawn. Analysis of the Prnp sequence of the CWD reindeer in Norway was reported to be identical to the specimens used in our study (2). This finding raises the possibility of a direct comparison of zoonotic potential between CWD acquired in the wild and that produced in a controlled laboratory setting. (Table).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The prion hypothesis proposes that direct molecular interaction between PrPSc and PrPC is necessary for conversion and prion replication. Accordingly, polymorphic variants of the PrP of host and agent might play a role in determining compatibility and potential zoonotic risk. In this study, we have examined the capacity of the human PrPC to support in vitro conversion by elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer CWD PrPSc. Our data confirm that elk CWD prions can convert the human PrPC, at least in vitro, and show that the homologous PRNP polymorphisms at codon 129 and 132 in humans and cervids affect conversion efficiency. Other species affected by CWD, particularly caribou or reindeer, also seem able to convert the human PrP. It will be important to determine whether other polymorphic variants found in other CWD-affected Cervidae or perhaps other factors (17) exert similar effects on the ability to convert human PrP and thus affect their zoonotic potential.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dr. Barria is a research scientist working at the National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh. His research has focused on understanding the molecular basis of a group of fatal neurologic disorders called prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgments We thank Aru Balachandran for originally providing cervid brain tissues, Abigail Diack and Jean Manson for providing mouse brain tissue, and James Ironside for his critical reading of the manuscript at an early stage.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This report is independent research commissioned and funded by the United Kingdom’s Department of Health Policy Research Programme and the Government of Scotland. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Department of Health or the Government of Scotland.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author contributions: The study was conceived and designed by M.A.B. and M.W.H. The experiments were conducted by M.A.B. and A.L. Chronic wasting disease brain specimens were provided by G.M. The manuscript was written by M.A.B. and M.W.H. All authors contributed to the editing and revision of the manuscript.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion</a></div></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Prion 2017 Conference Abstracts</span></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none !important;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">First evidence of intracranial and peroral transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) into Cynomolgus macaques: a work in progress Stefanie Czub1, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer2, Christiane Stahl-Hennig3, Michael Beekes4, Hermann Schaetzl5 and Dirk Motzkus6 1 </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine/Canadian Food Inspection Agency; 2Universitatsklinikum des Saarlandes und Medizinische Fakultat der Universitat des Saarlandes; 3 Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen; 4 Robert-Koch-Institut Berlin; 5 University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; 6 presently: Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center; previously: Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">This is a progress report of a project which started in 2009. </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">21 cynomolgus macaques were challenged with characterized CWD material from white-tailed deer (WTD) or elk by intracerebral (ic), oral, and skin exposure routes. Additional blood transfusion experiments are supposed to assess the CWD contamination risk of human blood product. Challenge materials originated from symptomatic cervids for ic, skin scarification and partially per oral routes (WTD brain). Challenge material for feeding of muscle derived from preclinical WTD and from preclinical macaques for blood transfusion experiments. We have confirmed that the CWD challenge material contained at least two different CWD agents (brain material) as well as CWD prions in muscle-associated nerves. </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Here we present first data on a group of animals either challenged ic with steel wires or per orally and sacrificed with incubation times ranging from 4.5 to 6.9 years at postmortem. Three animals displayed signs of mild clinical disease, including anxiety, apathy, ataxia and/or tremor. In four animals wasting was observed, two of those had confirmed diabetes. All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals. Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuiC) and PET-blot assays to further substantiate these findings are on the way, as well as bioassays in bank voles and transgenic mice. </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">At present, a total of 10 animals are sacrificed and read-outs are ongoing. Preclinical incubation of the remaining macaques covers a range <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">from 6.4 to 7.10</span> years. Based on the species barrier and an incubation time of > 5 years for BSE in macaques and about 10 years for scrapie in macaques, we expected an onset of clinical disease beyond 6 years post inoculation. </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">PRION 2017 DECIPHERING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS ABSTRACTS REFERENCE</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 23, 2019 </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion and THE FEAST 2003 CDC an updated review of the science 2019 </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 04, 2014 </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Six-year follow-up of a point-source exposure to CWD contaminated venison in an Upstate New York community: risk behaviours and health outcomes 2005–2011 Authors, though, acknowledged the study was limited in geography and sample size and so it couldn't draw a conclusion about the risk to humans. They recommended more study. Dr. Ermias Belay was the report's principal author but he said New York and Oneida County officials are following the proper course by not launching a study. "There's really nothing to monitor presently. No one's sick," Belay said, noting the disease's incubation period in deer and elk is measured in years. " </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Transmission Studies Mule deer transmissions of CWD were by intracerebral inoculation and compared with natural cases {the following was written but with a single line marked through it ''first passage (by this route)}....TSS resulted in a more rapidly progressive clinical disease with repeated episodes of synocopy ending in coma. One control animal became affected, it is believed through contamination of inoculum (?saline). Further CWD transmissions were carried out by Dick Marsh into ferret, mink and squirrel monkey. Transmission occurred in ALL of these species with the shortest incubation period in the ferret. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip.... </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Prion Infectivity in Fat of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease▿ </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Brent Race#, Kimberly Meade-White#, Richard Race and Bruce Chesebro* + Author Affiliations In mice, prion infectivity was recently detected in fat. Since ruminant fat is consumed by humans and fed to animals, we determined infectivity titers in fat from two CWD-infected deer. Deer fat devoid of muscle contained low levels of CWD infectivity and might be a risk factor for prion infection of other species. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Prions in Skeletal Muscles of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease Here bioassays in transgenic mice expressing cervid prion protein revealed the presence of infectious prions in skeletal muscles of CWD-infected deer, demonstrating that humans consuming or handling meat from CWD-infected deer are at risk to prion exposure. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> *** now, let’s see what the authors said about this casual link, personal communications years ago, and then the latest on the zoonotic potential from CWD to humans from the TOKYO PRION 2016 CONFERENCE. see where it is stated NO STRONG evidence. so, does this mean there IS casual evidence ???? “Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans” </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">From: TSS Subject: CWD aka MAD DEER/ELK TO HUMANS ??? </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Date: September 30, 2002 at 7:06 am PST </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">From: "Belay, Ermias" </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">To: Cc: "Race, Richard (NIH)" ; ; "Belay, Ermias" </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Sent: Monday, September 30, 2002 9:22 AM Subject: RE: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Dear Sir/Madam, In the Archives of Neurology you quoted (the abstract of which was attached to your email), we did not say CWD in humans will present like variant CJD.. That assumption would be wrong. I encourage you to read the whole article and call me if you have questions or need more clarification (phone: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">404-639-3091</span></span>). </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Also, we do not claim that "no-one has ever been infected with prion disease from eating venison." Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans in the article you quoted or in any other forum is limited to the patients we investigated. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Ermias Belay, M.D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">-----Original Message----- From: </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Sent: Sunday, September 29, 2002 10:15 AM To: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">rr26k@nih.gov</span></span>; <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">rrace@niaid.nih.gov</span></span>; <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">ebb8@CDC.GOV</span></span> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Subject: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Sunday, November 10, 2002 6:26 PM .......snip........end..............TSS </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Thursday, April 03, 2008 </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease 2008 1: Vet Res. 2008 Apr 3;39(4):41 A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease Sigurdson CJ. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip... *** twenty-seven CJD patients who regularly consumed venison were reported to the Surveillance Center***, </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip... full text ; </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">sporadic, spontaneous CJD, 85%+ of all human TSE, did not just happen. never in scientific literature has this been proven. if one looks up the word sporadic or spontaneous at pubmed, you will get a laundry list of disease that are classified in such a way; </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">sporadic = 54,983 hits </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic</a><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">spontaneous = 325,650 hits </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous</a><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">key word here is 'reported'. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can't, and it's as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it's being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. ...terry </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people.<br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;">key word here is ‘reported’. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can’t, and it’s as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it’s being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. …terry</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;">*** These results would seem to suggest that CWD does indeed have zoonotic potential, at least as judged by the compatibility of CWD prions and their human PrPC target. Furthermore, extrapolation from this simple in vitro assay suggests that if zoonotic CWD occurred, it would most likely effect those of the PRNP codon 129-MM genotype and that the PrPres type would be similar to that found in the most common subtype of sCJD (MM1).***</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys</a></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true</a></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: white; color: #196ad4; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD TSE PRION AND ZOONOTIC, ZOONOSIS, POTENTIAL</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: Re: DEER SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY SURVEY & HOUND STUDY </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: Fri, 18 Oct 2002 23:12:22 +0100 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: Steve Dealler </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Organization: Netscape Online member </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: BSE-L@ References: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dear Terry,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">An excellent piece of review as this literature is desperately difficult to get back from Government sites.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">What happened with the deer was that an association between deer meat eating and sporadic CJD was found in about 1993. The evidence was not great but did not disappear after several years of asking CJD cases what they had eaten. I think that the work into deer disease largely stopped because it was not helpful to the UK industry...and no specific cases were reported. Well, if you dont look adequately like they are in USA currenly then you wont find any!</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Steve Dealler </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM THIRD ANNUAL REPORT AUGUST 1994</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Consumption of venison and veal was much less widespread among both cases and controls. For both of these meats there was evidence of a trend with increasing frequency of consumption being associated with increasing risk of CJD. (not nvCJD, but sporadic CJD...tss) These associations were largely unchanged when attention was restricted to pairs with data obtained from relatives. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Table 9 presents the results of an analysis of these data.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is STRONG evidence of an association between ‘’regular’’ veal eating and risk of CJD (p = .0.01).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Individuals reported to eat veal on average at least once a year appear to be at 13 TIMES THE RISK of individuals who have never eaten veal.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is, however, a very wide confidence interval around this estimate. There is no strong evidence that eating veal less than once per year is associated with increased risk of CJD (p = 0.51).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is some evidence that risk of CJD INCREASES WITH INCREASING FREQUENCY OF LAMB EATING (p = 0.02).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The evidence for such an association between beef eating and CJD is weaker (p = 0.14). When only controls for whom a relative was interviewed are included, this evidence becomes a little STRONGER (p = 0.08).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It was found that when veal was included in the model with another exposure, the association between veal and CJD remained statistically significant (p = < 0.05 for all exposures), while the other exposures ceased to be statistically significant (p = > 0.05).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In conclusion, an analysis of dietary histories revealed statistical associations between various meats/animal products and INCREASED RISK OF CJD. When some account was taken of possible confounding, the association between VEAL EATING AND RISK OF CJD EMERGED AS THE STRONGEST OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS STATISTICALLY. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the study in the USA, a range of foodstuffs were associated with an increased risk of CJD, including liver consumption which was associated with an apparent SIX-FOLD INCREASE IN THE RISK OF CJD. By comparing the data from 3 studies in relation to this particular dietary factor, the risk of liver consumption became non-significant with an odds ratio of 1.2 (PERSONAL COMMUNICATION, PROFESSOR A. HOFMAN. ERASMUS UNIVERSITY, ROTTERDAM). (???...TSS)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full report ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stephen Dealler is a consultant medical microbiologist <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">deal@airtime.co.uk</span> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE Inquiry Steve Dealler</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Management In Confidence</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE: Private Submission of Bovine Brain Dealler</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> MAD DOGS AND ENGLISHMEN BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, CJD, TSE PRION A REVIEW 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> ''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> In conclusion, sensory symptoms and loss of reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome can be explained by neuropathological changes in the spinal cord. We conclude that the sensory symptoms and loss of lower limb reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome is due to pathology in the caudal spinal cord. <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology.<*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD. <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals.<*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids.'' Scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease (II) <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, MAY 11, 2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">> A Unique Presentation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in a Patient Consuming Deer Antler Velvet <</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusion</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We believe that our patient’s case of CJD is highly suspicious for cervid etiology given the circumstances of the case as well as the strong evidence of plausibility reported in published literature. This is the first known case of CJD in a patient who had consumed deer antler velvet. Despite the confirmed diagnosis of CJD, a causal relationship between the patient’s disease and his consumption of deer antler velvet cannot be definitively concluded.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Supplemental data including molecular tissue sample analysis and autopsy findings could yield further supporting evidence. Given this patient’s clinical resemblance to CBD and the known histological similarities of CBD with CJD, clinicians should consider both diseases in the differential diagnosis of patients with a similarly esoteric presentation. Regardless of the origin of this patient’s disease, it is clear that the potential for prion transmission from cervids to humans should be further investigated by the academic community with considerable urgency.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''We believe that our patient’s case of CJD is highly suspicious for cervid etiology given the circumstances of the case as well as the strong evidence of plausibility reported in published literature. This is the first known case of CJD in a patient who had consumed deer antler velvet. Despite the confirmed diagnosis of CJD, a causal relationship between the patient’s disease and his consumption of deer antler velvet cannot be definitively concluded.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE: A Unique Presentation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in a Patient Consuming Deer Antler Velvet</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i was warning England and the BSE Inquiry about just this, way back in 1998, and was ask to supply information to the BSE Inquiry. for anyone that might be interested, see;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary submission to the BSE Inquiry on CJD and Nutritional Supplements 1998</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ABOUT that deer antler spray and CWD TSE PRION... I have been screaming this since my neighbors mom died from cjd, and she had been taking a supplement that contained bovine brain, bovine eyeball, and other SRMs specified risk materials, the most high risk for mad cow disease. just saying...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I made a submission to the BSE Inquiry long ago during the BSE Inquiry days, and they seemed pretty interested.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sender: "Patricia Cantos"</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: "Terry S Singeltary Sr. (E-mail)"</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: Your submission to the Inquiry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: Fri, 3 Jul 1998 10:10:05 +0100 3 July 1998</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Mr Terry S Singeltary Sr. E-Mail: Flounder at <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">wt.net</span> Ref: E2979</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dear Mr Singeltary, Thank you for your E-mail message of the 30th of June 1998 providing the Inquiry with your further comments. Thank you for offering to provide the Inquiry with any test results on the nutritional supplements your mother was taking before she died. As requested I am sending you our general Information Pack and a copy of the Chairman's letter. Please contact me if your system cannot read the attachments. Regarding your question, the Inquiry is looking into many aspects of the scientific evidence on BSE and nvCJD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I would refer you to the transcripts of evidence we have already heard which are found on our internet site at ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">http://www.bse.org.uk</span>.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Could you please provide the Inquiry with a copy of the press article you refer to in your e-mail? If not an approximate date for the article so that we can locate it? In the meantime, thank you for you comments. Please do not hesitate to contact me on... snip...end...tss</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">everyone I tell this too gets it screwed up...MY MOTHER WAS NOT TAKING THOSE SUPPLEMENTS IPLEX (that I ever knew of). this was my neighbors mother that died exactly one year previously and to the day of sporadic CJD that was diagnosed as Alzheimer’s at first. my mother died exactly a year later from the Heidenhain Variant of Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease hvCJD, and exceedingly rare strains of the ever growing sporadic CJD’s. both cases confirmed. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">kind regards, terry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TSEs i.e. mad cow disease's BSE/BASE and NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS IPLEX, mad by standard process; vacuum dried bovine BRAIN, bone meal, bovine EYE, veal Bone, bovine liver powder, bovine adrenal, vacuum dried bovine kidney, and vacuum dried porcine stomach. also; what about potential mad cow candy bars ? see their potential mad cow candy bar list too... THESE are just a few of MANY of just this ONE COMPANY...TSS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''So, in sum, dietary supplements sold in the United States often contain ruminant tissues from undisclosed sources. Personally, I am rather squeamish and I don't think I would be eating prostate or testicle or pituitary, but I am also a little bit wary of consuming products with those glands, not just out of personal repugnance but simply out of a health concern.'' DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION CENTER FOR BIOLOGICS EVALUATION AND RESEARCH TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES ADVISORY COMMITTEE Friday, January 19, 2001</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15 Open Public Hearing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">16 DR. FREAS: We are opening the open public hearing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 now. We have received one response to speak in this</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">18 afternoon's open public hearing. That is from Dr. Scott</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">19 Norton. If Dr. Norton is here, would you please come</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">20 forward. You can either use the podium or the microphone,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">21 whichever is your choice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 DR. NORTON: I am Scott Norton and I am a</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23 physician in the Washington D.C. area. I am here speaking</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">24 as a private citizen today.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">25 I first became concerned about the presence of 231</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1 tissues from ruminant animals in dietary supplements about</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2 six months ago and expressed my concern in a letter that was 3 published in New England Journal of Medicine in July of Year 4 2000. 5 A couple of the products that I had looked at, and 6 examined their labels, that raised these concerns I brought 7 in right here. I will just read some of the organs that are 8 found in one that is called Male Power. Deer antler, 9 pancreas, orchic--despite what we just heard that the FDA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">10 prefers the term "testicular tissue" to be written on the</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">11 labels, I have never seen a dietary supplement say</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">12 "testicle." They always say "orchis" or "orchic" which may</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">13 sound rather flowery to the etymologically impaired--thymus,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">14 adrenal, heart, lymph node, prostate, spleen and pituitary.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15 There are actually seventeen organs in that particular</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">16 product.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 There is another product that is called Brain</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">18 Nutrition that tells us that it is vitamins and minerals</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">19 essential for important brain function. It does not mention</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">20 that there is any glandulars on at least the bold print. 21 But if you look at the small print on the back, we learn</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 that it has brain extract and pituitary extract, raw, in</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23 there.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">24 We know that many of the organs that can be found</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">25 in the dietary supplements do fall in that list of organs</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">232</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1 that are suspect for contamination with TSEs, the labels, in 2 nearly all cases, identify neither the animal source nor the 3 geographic location from which the organs were derived. I 4 have seen one line that did specify from New Zealand cattle 5 but no other manufacturer will list either the species or 6 the geographic location. 7 The FDA's and the USDA's import alerts that we 8 just learned about prohibit the use of these organs in 9 foods, medicines and medical devices. But my reading of the</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">10 alert, 17-04, suggests that DSHEA does allow some loopholes</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">11 for these tissues to possible slip in.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">12 I will just read <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">from 17-04</span> that we heard. On the</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">13 first page, it says that, "This alert does not establish any</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">14 obligations on regulated entities." I love seeing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15 legislation that starts out with that caveat.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">16 Then it says, further, "The USDA regulations do</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 not apply to bovine-derived materials intended for human</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">18 consumption as finished dietary supplements." We also learn</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">19 that the prohibition, or the import alert, is limited to</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">20 bulk lots of these tissues, completed tissues, from BSE-</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">21 derived countries. It does not mention if it is not a bulk</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 import or if it is raw materials rather than finished</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23 materials.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">24 Further, we know that it is strongly recommended</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">25 but not actually prohibited in the language here. So I have</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">233</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1 not taken the assurances from that import alert that Dr. 2 Moore was trying to convey to us. 3 So, in sum, dietary supplements sold in the United 4 States often contain ruminant tissues from undisclosed 5 sources. Personally, I am rather squeamish and I don't 6 think I would be eating prostate or testicle or pituitary, 7 but I am also a little bit wary of consuming products with 8 those glands, not just out of personal repugnance but simply 9 out of a health concern.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">10 So my question to the advisory committee is this;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">11 is my caution reasonable and, if it is, should we take</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">12 further efforts to inform, or even protect, the American</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">13 public from such exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">14 I was curious about Dr.</span> Moore's remarks. I sensed</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15 two messages. One was the initial reassurance that FDA has</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">16 the regulatory authority but then I also learned that it is</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 the manufacturer's responsibility to provide those 18 assurances, that the FDA doesn't actually inspect.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">19 I think that the FDA commissioners from Harvey</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">20 Wylie to David Kessler would say that that track record has</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">21 proven itself.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 Thank you very much.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23 [Applause.]</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">24 DR. BROWN: Thanks, Dr. Norton. 25 Committee Discussion snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 But I think that we could exhibit some quite 18 reasonable concern about blood donors who are taking dietary 19 supplements that contain a certain amount of unspecified- 20 origin brain, brain-related, brain and pituitary material. 21 If they have done this for more than a sniff or something 22 like that, then, perhaps, they should be deferred as blood 23 donors. 24 That is probably worse than spending six months in 25 the U.K. 1/19/01 3681t2.rtf(845) page 501 <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/cber01.htm</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Advisory Committees: CBER 2001 Meeting Documents</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see actual paper;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20110616...ov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t2.rtf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20110616...ov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t2.rtf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Mar03/031403/96N-0417-EC-2.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Mar03/031403/96N-0417-EC-2.htm</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_07.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_07.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">-------- Original Message --------</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: METABOLIFE AND TSEs GAO-03-494 ''URGENT DATA''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: Thu, 01 May 2003 11:23:01 -0500</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: NelliganJ at <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">gao.gov</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The General Accounting Office (GAO) today released the following reports and testimonies:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">REPORTS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1. Dietary Supplements: Review of Health-Related Call Records for Users of Metabolife 356. GAO-03-494, <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">March 31.</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-03-494" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-03-494</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see updated url link;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050205084229/http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20050205084229/http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">GREETINGS GAO:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i was surprised that i did not see any listing of bovine tissue in metabolife on it's label. have they ceased using these desiccated tissues???</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i see that the lable on this product METABOLIFE 356, does not state that it has any tissues of desiccated bovine organs? i no the product use to, so i am curious if they have ceased the use of the tissues of cattle they use to use (see below)???</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">METABOLIFE 356 BOVINE COMPLEX/GLANDULAR SYSTEM OVARIES, PROSTATE, SCROTUM AND ADRENAL USDA SOURCE CATTLE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i tried warning them years ago of this potential threat of CJD/TSEs;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: Randy Smith To: "'flounder at <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">wt.net</span>'" Subject: Metabolife Date: Mon, 7 Dec 1998 14:21:35 -0800</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dear Sir,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We are looking at reformulation. I agree that slow virus diseases present a problem in some areas of the world.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our product uses healthy USDA inspected cattle for the glandular extract.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">If you have any links to more information on this subject I would like to examine them.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Thank you for your interest and concern,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dr. Smith ============</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see full text links of this archived information ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/03/chronic-wasting-disease-prions-in-elk.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/03/chronic-wasting-disease-prions-in-elk.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/ohio-division-of-wildlife-confirms.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/ohio-division-of-wildlife-confirms.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/124/additional-cases-marion-wyandot-counties" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/124/additional-cases-marion-wyandot-counties</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">with that, there is abundance of other scientific studies that show it's very likely CWD will or already has, transmit to humans, it's just that no one wants to believe it, they simply don't want it to happen, neither do i, but in the real world, imo, it's already happened and is being masked as sporadic CJD imo, you can see this science archived here, skroll down to about the halfway point of this blog on the recent cases of cwd in Texas;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see about half way down to;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> PRION CONFERENCE 2022 ABSTRACTS CWD TSE PrP ZOONOSIS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/texas-cwd-now-confirmed-505-cervid-101.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/texas-cwd-now-confirmed-505-cervid-101.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">***> creutzfeldt jakob disease IS NOT ONE IN A MILLION!<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">***> 2023 COLLINGE ET AL, CJD is about 1 IN 5,000!</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Professor John Collinge on tackling prion diseases, sCJD accounts for around 1 in 5000 deaths worldwide</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 11, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Professor John Collinge on tackling prion diseases </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“The best-known human prion disease is sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), a rapidly progressive dementia which accounts for around 1 in 5000 deaths worldwide.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is accumulating evidence also for iatrogenic AD. Understanding prion biology, and in particular how propagation of prions leads to neurodegeneration, is therefore of central research importance in medicine.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/brain-sciences/dementia-ucl-priority/professor-john-collinge-tackling-prion-diseases" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ucl.ac.uk/brain-sciences/dementia-ucl-priority/professor-john-collinge-tackling-prion-diseases</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;">February 14, 2001<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary, Sr</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author Affiliations</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">JAMA. 2001;285(6):733-734. doi:10-1001/pubs.JAMA-ISSN-0098-7484-285-6-jlt0214 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To the Editor: In their Research Letter, Dr Gibbons and colleagues1 reported that the annual US death rate due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has been stable since 1985. These estimates, however, are based only on reported cases, and do not include misdiagnosed or preclinical cases. It seems to me that misdiagnosis alone would drastically change these figures. An unknown number of persons with a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in fact may have CJD, although only a small number of these patients receive the postmortem examination necessary to make this diagnosis. Furthermore, only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies should be reportable nationwide and internationally.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1031186" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1031186</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">February 14, 2001</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary, Sr</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author Affiliations</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">JAMA. 2001;285(6):733-734. doi:10-1001/pubs.JAMA-ISSN-0098-7484-285-6-jlt0214 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To the Editor: In their Research Letter, Dr Gibbons and colleagues1 reported that the annual US death rate due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has been stable since 1985. These estimates, however, are based only on reported cases, and do not include misdiagnosed or preclinical cases. It seems to me that misdiagnosis alone would drastically change these figures. An unknown number of persons with a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in fact may have CJD, although only a small number of these patients receive the postmortem examination necessary to make this diagnosis. Furthermore, only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies should be reportable nationwide and internationally.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1031186" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1031186</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;">RE-Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary, retired (medically), CJD WATCH</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Submitted March 26, 2003</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I lost my mother to hvCJD (Heidenhain Variant CJD). I would like to comment on the CDC's attempts to monitor the occurrence of emerging forms of CJD. Asante, Collinge et al [1] have reported that BSE transmission to the 129-methionine genotype can lead to an alternate phenotype that is indistinguishable from type 2 PrPSc, the commonest sporadic CJD. However, CJD and all human TSEs are not reportable nationally. CJD and all human TSEs must be made reportable in every state and internationally. I hope that the CDC does not continue to expect us to still believe that the 85%+ of all CJD cases which are sporadic are all spontaneous, without route/source. We have many TSEs in the USA in both animal and man. CWD in deer/elk is spreading rapidly and CWD does transmit to mink, ferret, cattle, and squirrel monkey by intracerebral inoculation. With the known incubation periods in other TSEs, oral transmission studies of CWD may take much longer. Every victim/family of CJD/TSEs should be asked about route and source of this agent. To prolong this will only spread the agent and needlessly expose others. In light of the findings of Asante and Collinge et al, there should be drastic measures to safeguard the medical and surgical arena from sporadic CJDs and all human TSEs. I only ponder how many sporadic CJDs in the USA are type 2 PrPSc?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://n.neurology.org/content/re-monitoring-occurrence-emerging-forms-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-united-states" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://n.neurology.org/content/re-monitoring-occurrence-emerging-forms-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-united-states</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States 2003 revisited 2009</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">August 10, 2009</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Greetings,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I would like to submit a review of past CJD surveillance in the USA, and the urgent need to make all human TSE in the USA a reportable disease, in every state, of every age group, and to make this mandatory immediately without further delay. The ramifications of not doing so will only allow this agent to spread further in the medical, dental, surgical arena's. North America seems to have the most species with documented Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy's, most all of which have been rendered and fed back to food producing animals and to humans for years. If you look at the statistics, sporadic CJD seems to be rising in the USA, and has been, with atypical cases of the sCJD. I find deeply disturbing in the year of 2009, that Human Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy of any strain and or phenotype, of all age groups, and I stress all age groups, because human TSE's do not know age, and they do not know borders. someone 56 years old, that has a human TSE, that has surgery, can pass this TSE agent on i.e. friendly fire, and or passing it forward, and there have been documented nvCJD in a 74 year old. Remembering also that only sporadic CJD has been documented to transmit via iatrogenic routes, until recently with the 4 cases of blood related transmission, of which the origin is thought to be nvCJD donors. However most Iatrogenic CJD cases are nothing more than sporadic CJD, until the source is proven, then it becomes Iatrogenic. An oxymoron of sorts, because all sporadic CJD is, are multiple forms, or strains, or phenotypes of Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease, that the route and source and species have not been confirmed and or documented. When will the myth of the UKBSEnvCJD only theory be put to bed for good. This theory in my opinion, and the following there from, as the GOLD STANDARD, has done nothing more than help spread this agent around the globe. Politics and money have caused the terrible consequences to date, and the fact that TSEs are a slow incubating death, but a death that is 100% certain for those that are exposed and live long enough to go clinical. once clinical, there is no recourse, to date. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">But, while sub-clinical, how many can one exposed human infect? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Can humans exposed to CWD and scrapie strains pass it forward as some form of sporadic CJD in the surgical and medical arenas? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">why must we wait decades and decades to prove this point, only to expose millions needlessly, only for the sake of the industries involved? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">would it not have been prudent from the beginning to just include all TSE's, and rule them out from there with transmission studies and change policies there from, as opposed to doing just the opposite? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The science of TSE's have been nothing more than a political circus since the beginning, and for anyone to still believe in this one strain, one group of bovines, in one geographical location, with only one age group of human TSE i.e. nvCJD myth, for anyone to believe this today only enhances to spreading of these human and animal TSE's. This is exactly why we have been in this quagmire.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The ones that believe that there is a spontaneous CJD in 85%+ of all cases of human TSE, and the ones that do not believe that cattle can have this same phenomenon, are two of the same, the industry, and so goes the political science aspect of this tobacco and or asbestos scenario i.e. follow the money. I could go into all angles of this man made nightmare, the real facts and science, for instance, the continuing rendering technology and slow cooking with low temps that brewed this stew up, and the fact that THE USA HAD THIS TECHNOLOGY FIRST AND SHIPPED IT TO THE U.K. SOME 5 YEARS BEFORE THE U.S. STARTED USING THE SAME TECHNOLOGY, to save on fuel cost. This is what supposedly amplified the TSE agent via sheep scrapie, and spread via feed in the U.K. bovine, and other countries exporting the tainted product. BUT most everyone ignores this fact, and the fact that the U.S. has been recycling more TSE, from more species with TSEs, than any other country documented, but yet, it's all spontaneous, and the rise in sporadic CJD in the U.S. is a happenstance of bad luck ??? I respectfully disagree. To top that all off, the infamous BSE-FIREWALL that the USDA always brags about was nothing more than ink on paper, and I can prove this. YOU can ignore it, but this is FACT (see source, as late as 2007, in one recall alone, some 10,000,000 MILLION POUNDS OF BANNED MAD COW FEED WENT OUT INTO COMMERCE TO BE FED OUT, and most was never recovered. This was banned blood laced, meat and bone meal. 2006 was a banner year for banned mad cow protein going into commerce in the U.S. (see source of FDA feed ban warning letter below). I stress that the August 4, 1997 USA mad cow feed ban and this infamous BSE firewall, was nothing more than ink on paper, it was never enforceable.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I propose that the current diagnostic criteria for human TSEs only enhances and helps the spreading of human TSE from the continued belief of the UKBSEnvCJD only theory in 2009. With all the science to date refuting it, to continue to validate this old myth, will only spread this TSE agent through a multitude of potential routes and sources i.e. consumption, medical i.e., surgical, blood, dental, endoscopy, optical, nutritional supplements, cosmetics etc. I propose as with Aguzzi, Asante, Collinge, Caughey, Deslys, Dormont, Gibbs, Gajdusek, Ironside, Manuelidis, Marsh, et al and many more, that the world of TSE Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy is far from an exact science, but there is enough proven science to date that this myth should be put to rest once and for all, and that we move forward with a new classification for human and animal TSE that would properly identify the infected species, the source species, and then the route. This would further have to be broken down to strain of species and then the route of transmission would further have to be broken down. Accumulation and Transmission are key to the threshold from sub- clinical to clinical disease, and key to all this, is to stop the amplification and transmission of this agent, the spreading of, no matter what strain. In my opinion, to continue with this myth that the U.K. strain of BSE one strain TSE in cows, and the nv/v CJD one strain TSE humans, and the one geographical location source i.e. U.K., and that all the rest of human TSE are just one single strain i.e. sporadic CJD, a happenstance of bad luck that just happens due to a twisted protein that just twisted the wrong way, IN 85%+ OF ALL HUMAN TSEs, when to date there are 6 different phenotypes of sCJD, and growing per Gambetti et al, and that no other animal TSE transmits to humans ??? With all due respect to all Scientist that believe this, I beg to differ. To continue with this masquerade will only continue to spread, expose, and kill, who knows how many more in the years and decades to come. ONE was enough for me, My Mom, hvCJD i.e. Heidenhain Variant CJD, DOD 12/14/97 confirmed, which is nothing more than another mans name added to CJD, like CJD itself, Jakob and Creutzfeldt, or Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, just another CJD or human TSE, named after another human. WE are only kidding ourselves with the current diagnostic criteria for human and animal TSE, especially differentiating between the nvCJD vs the sporadic CJD strains and then the GSS strains and also the FFI fatal familial insomnia strains or the ones that mimics one or the other of those TSE? Tissue infectivity and strain typing of the many variants of the human and animal TSEs are paramount in all variants of all TSE. There must be a proper classification that will differentiate between all these human TSE in order to do this. With the CDI and other more sensitive testing coming about, I only hope that my proposal will some day be taken seriously. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">please see history, and the ever evolving TSE science to date ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Saturday, June 13, 2009</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States 2003 revisited 2009</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary 2000</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BMJ 2000; 320 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.320.7226.8/b (Published 01 January 2000) Cite this as: BMJ 2000;320:8</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">02 January 2000 Terry S Singeltary retired</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rapid Response: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">U.S. Scientist should be concerned with a CJD epidemic in the U.S., as well... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In reading your short article about 'Scientist warn of CJD epidemic' news in brief Jan. 1, 2000. I find the findings in the PNAS old news, made famous again. Why is the U.S. still sitting on their butts, ignoring the facts? We have the beginning of a CJD epidemic in the U.S., and the U.S. Gov. is doing everything in it's power to conceal it.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The exact same recipe for B.S.E. existed in the U.S. for years and years. In reading over the Qualitative Analysis of BSE Risk Factors-1, this is a 25 page report by the USDA:APHIS:VS. It could have been done in one page. The first page, fourth paragraph says it all;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Similarities exist in the two countries usage of continuous rendering technology and the lack of usage of solvents, however, large differences still remain with other risk factors which greatly reduce the potential risk at the national level."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Then, the next 24 pages tries to down-play the high risks of B.S.E. in the U.S., with nothing more than the cattle to sheep ratio count, and the geographical locations of herds and flocks. That's all the evidence they can come up with, in the next 24 pages.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Something else I find odd, page 16;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"In the United Kingdom there is much concern for a specific continuous rendering technology which uses lower temperatures and accounts for 25 percent of total output. This technology was _originally_ designed and imported from the United States. However, the specific application in the production process is _believed_ to be different in the two countries."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A few more factors to consider, page 15;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Figure 26 compares animal protein production for the two countries. The calculations are based on slaughter numbers, fallen stock estimates, and product yield coefficients. This approach is used due to variation of up to 80 percent from different reported sources. At 3.6 million tons, the United States produces 8 times more animal rendered product than the United Kingdom."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"The risk of introducing the BSE agent through sheep meat and bone meal is more acute in both relative and absolute terms in the United Kingdom (Figures 27 and 28). Note that sheep meat and bone meal accounts for 14 percent, or 61 thousand tons, in the United Kingdom versus 0.6 percent or 22 thousand tons in the United States. For sheep greater than 1 year, this is less than one-tenth of one percent of the United States supply."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"The potential risk of amplification of the BSE agent through cattle meat and bone meal is much greater in the United States where it accounts for 59 percent of total product or almost 5 times more than the total amount of rendered product in the United Kingdom."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Considering, it would only take _one_ scrapie infected sheep to contaminate the feed. Considering Scrapie has run rampant in the U.S. for years, as of Aug. 1999, 950 scrapie infected flocks. Also, Considering only one quarter spoonful of scrapie infected material is lethal to a cow.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Considering all this, the sheep to cow ration is meaningless. As I said, it's 24 pages of B.S.e.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To be continued...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr. Bacliff, Texas USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Competing interests: No competing interests</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/us-scientist-should-be-concerned-cjd-epidemic-us-well" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/us-scientist-should-be-concerned-cjd-epidemic-us-well</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00715-1 Copyright © 2003 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Newsdesk</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Tracking spongiform encephalopathies in North America</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Xavier Bosch</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Available online 29 July 2003. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Volume 3, Issue 8, August 2003, Page 463 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Volume 3, Number 8 01 August 2003</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Newsdesk</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Tracking spongiform encephalopathies in North America</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Xavier Bosch</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">My name is Terry S Singeltary Sr, and I live in Bacliff, Texas. I lost my mom to hvCJD (Heidenhain variant CJD) and have been searching for answers ever since. What I have found is that we have not been told the truth. CWD in deer and elk is a small portion of a much bigger problem.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">49-year-old Singeltary is one of a number of people who have remained largely unsatisfied after being told that a close relative died from a rapidly progressive dementia compatible with spontaneous Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). So he decided to gather hundreds of documents on transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) and realised that if Britons could get variant CJD from bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), Americans might get a similar disorder from chronic wasting disease (CWD) the relative of mad cow disease seen among deer and elk in the USA. Although his feverish search did not lead him to the smoking gun linking CWD to a similar disease in North American people, it did uncover a largely disappointing situation.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary was greatly demoralised at the few attempts to monitor the occurrence of CJD and CWD in the USA. Only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal TSEs should be reportable nationwide and internationally, he complained in a letter to the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA 2003; 285: 733). I hope that the CDC does not continue to expect us to still believe that the 85% plus of all CJD cases which are sporadic are all spontaneous, without route or source.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Until recently, CWD was thought to be confined to the wild in a small region in Colorado. But since early 2002, it has been reported in other areas, including Wisconsin, South Dakota, and the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. Indeed, the occurrence of CWD in states that were not endemic previously increased concern about a widespread outbreak and possible transmission to people and cattle.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To date, experimental studies have proven that the CWD agent can be transmitted to cattle by intracerebral inoculation and that it can cross the mucous membranes of the digestive tract to initiate infection in lymphoid tissue before invasion of the central nervous system. Yet the plausibility of CWD spreading to people has remained elusive.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Part of the problem seems to stem from the US surveillance system. CJD is only reported in those areas known to be endemic foci of CWD. Moreover, US authorities have been criticised for not having performed enough prionic tests in farm deer and elk.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Although in November last year the US Food and Drug Administration issued a directive to state public-health and agriculture officials prohibiting material from CWD-positive animals from being used as an ingredient in feed for any animal species, epidemiological control and research in the USA has been quite different from the situation in the UK and Europe regarding BSE.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Getting data on TSEs in the USA from the government is like pulling teeth, Singeltary argues. You get it when they want you to have it, and only what they want you to have.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Norman Foster, director of the Cognitive Disorders Clinic at the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, MI, USA), says that current surveillance of prion disease in people in the USA is inadequate to detect whether CWD is occurring in human beings; adding that, the cases that we know about are reassuring, because they do not suggest the appearance of a new variant of CJD in the USA or atypical features in patients that might be exposed to CWD. However, until we establish a system that identifies and analyses a high proportion of suspected prion disease cases we will not know for sure. The USA should develop a system modelled on that established in the UK, he points out.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ali Samii, a neurologist at Seattle VA Medical Center who recently reported the cases of three hunters two of whom were friends who died from pathologically confirmed CJD, says that at present there are insufficient data to claim transmission of CWD into humans; adding that [only] by asking [the questions of venison consumption and deer/elk hunting] in every case can we collect suspect cases and look into the plausibility of transmission further. Samii argues that by making both doctors and hunters more aware of the possibility of prions spreading through eating venison, doctors treating hunters with dementia can consider a possible prion disease, and doctors treating CJD patients will know to ask whether they ate venison.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CDC spokesman Ermias Belay says that the CDC will not be investigating the [Samii] cases because there is no evidence that the men ate CWD-infected meat. He notes that although the likelihood of CWD jumping the species barrier to infect humans cannot be ruled out 100% and that [we] cannot be 100% sure that CWD does not exist in humans& the data seeking evidence of CWD transmission to humans have been very limited. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473309903007151/fulltext" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473309903007151/fulltext</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary 2007</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Pathological Protein: Mad Cow, Chronic Wasting, and Other Deadly Prion Diseases </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">by Philip Yam </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''Answering critics like Terry Singeltary, who feels that the US undercounts CJD, Schonberger _conceded_ that the current surveillance system has errors but stated that most of the errors will be confined to the older population''...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Revisiting Sporadic CJD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It’s not hard to get Terry Singeltary going. “I have my conspiracy theories,” admitted the 49-year-old Texan.1 Singeltary is probably the nation’s most relentless consumer advocate when it comes to issues in prion diseases. He has helped families learn about the sickness and coordinated efforts with support groups such as CJD Voice and the CJD Foundation. He has also connected with others who are critical of the American way of handling the threat of prion diseases. Such critics include Consumers Union’s Michael Hansen, journalist John Stauber, and Thomas Pringle, who used to run the voluminous www.madcow.org Web site. These three lend their expertise to newspaper and magazine stories about prion diseases, and they usually argue that</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">223</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">prions represent more of a threat than people realize, and that the government has responded poorly to the dangers because it is more concerned about protecting the beef industry than people’s health.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary has similar inclinations, but unlike these men, he doesn’t have the professional credentials behind him. He is an 11th-grade dropout, a machinist who retired because of a neck injury sustained at work. But you might not know that from the vast stores of information in his mind and on his hard drive. Over the years, he has provided unacknowledged help to reporters around the globe, passing on files to such big-time players as The New York Times, Newsweek, and USA Today. His networking with journalists, activists, and concerned citizens has helped medical authorities make contact with suspected CJD victims. He has kept scientists informed with his almost daily posting of news items and research abstracts on electronic newsgroups, including the bulletin board on www.vegsource.com and the BSE-listserv run out of the University of Karlsruhe, Germany. His combative, blunt, opinionated style sometimes borders on obsessive ranting that earns praise from some officials and researchers but infuriates others—especially when he repeats his conviction that “the government has lied to us, the feed industry has lied to us—all over a buck.” As evidence, Singeltary cites the USDA’s testing approach, which targets downer cows and examined 19,900 of them in 2002. To him, the USDA should test 1 million cattle, because the incidence of BSE may be as low as one in a million, as it was in some European countries. That the U.S. does not, he thinks, is a sign that the government is really not interested in finding mad cows because of fears of an economic disaster.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary got into the field of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy in 1997, just after his mother died of sporadic CJD. She had an especially aggressive version—the Heidenhain variant—that first causes the patient to go blind and then to deteriorate rapidly. She died just ten weeks after her symptoms began. Singeltary, who said he had watched his grandparents die of cancer, considered her death by CJD to be much, much worse: “It’s something you never forget.” Her uncontrollable muscle twitching became so bad “that it took three of us to hold her one time,” Singeltary recalled. “She did everything but levitate in bed and spin her head.” Doctors originally diagnosed Alzheimer’s disease, but a postmortem neuropathological exam demanded by Singeltary revealed the true nature of her death.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">224 CHAPTER 14</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Classifying a disease as “sporadic” is another way for doctors to say they don’t know the cause. Normal prion proteins just turn rogue in the brain for no apparent reason. The term “sporadic” is often particularly hard for the victims’ families to accept, especially when the patient was previously in robust health. Maybe it was something in the water, they wonder, or in the air, or something they ate—the same questions CJD researchers tried to answer decades ago. The names “sporadic CJD” and “variant CJD” also confuse the public and raise suspicions that U.S. authorities are hiding something when they say there have been no native variant CJD cases in the country.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary suspected an environmental cause in his mother’s demise—a feeling reinforced a year later when a neighbor died of sporadic CJD. For years, the neighbor had been taking nutritional supplements that contained cow brain extracts. Researchers from the National Institutes of Health collected samples of the supplement, Singeltary recounted, and inoculated suspensions into mice. The mice remained healthy—which only means that those supplement samples tested were prion-free.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Scientists have made several attempts during the past few decades to find a connection between sporadic CJD and the environment. Often, these studies take the form of asking family members about CJD victims—their diet, occupation, medical history, hobbies, pets, and so forth—and comparing them with non-CJD subjects. Such case-control CJD studies have produced some intriguing—and sometimes contradictory—results. In 1985, Carleton Gajdusek and his NIH colleagues reported a correlation between CJD and eating a lot of roast pork, ham, hot dogs, and lamb, as well as rare meats and raw oysters.2 Yet they also recognized that the findings were preliminary and that more studies were needed.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Following up, Robert Will of the U.K. National CJD Surveillance Unit and others pooled this data with those from two other case-control studies on CJD (one from Japan and one from the U.K.). In particular, they figured the so-called odds ratio—calculated by dividing the frequency of a possible factor in the patient group by the frequency of the factor in the control group. An odds ratio greater than 1 means that the factor may be significant. In their study, Will and his collaborators found an increase of CJD in people who have worked as health professionals (odds ratio of 1.5) and people who have had contact with cows</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Laying Odds 225</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1.7) and sheep (1.6). Unfortunately, those connections were not statistically significant: The numbers of pooled patients (117) and control subjects (333) were so small that the researchers felt the odds ratios needed to reach 2.5 to 8 (depending on the assumptions) before they could be deemed statistically significant. The only statistically significant correlations they found were between CJD and a family history of either CJD (19.1) or other psychotic disease (9.9), although the latter might simply be correlated because psychotic disease may be an early symptom of undiagnosed CJD.3 In contrast with earlier findings, the team concluded that there was no association between sporadic CJD and the consumption of organ meats, including brains (0.6).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Although these case-control studies shed a certain amount of light on potential risk factors for CJD, it’s impossible to draw firm conclusions. Obtaining data that produces statistically meaningful results can be difficult because of the rarity of CJD and hence the shortage of subjects. Human memory is quite fragile, too, so patients’ families may not accurately recall the lifestyle and dietary habits of their loved ones over the course of a decade or more. Consequently, researchers must cope with data that probably contain significant biases. In a review paper on CJD, Joe Gibbs of the NIH and Richard T. Johnson of Johns Hopkins University concluded that “the absence of geographic differences in incidence is more convincing evidence against major dietary factors, since large populations eschew pork and some consume no meat or meat products.” A CJD study of lifelong vegetarians, they proposed, could produce some interesting data.4</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The inconclusive results of case-control studies do not completely rule out the environment as a possible cause of CJD. “Dr. Prusiner’s theory does fit much of the data of spontaneous generation of [malformed] PrP somewhere in the brain,” Will remarked—that is, the idea that sporadic CJD just happens by itself falls within the realm of the prion theory. Still, “it’s very odd, if you look at all the forms of human prion diseases there are, all of them are transmissible in the laboratory and could be due to some sort of infectious agent.”5 One of the great difficulties, he explained, is that “given that this is a disease of an extraordinarily long incubation period, are we really confident that we can exclude childhood exposure that is transmitted from person to person, as people move around? It’s difficult to be sure about that.” There might a “carrier state” that leaves people healthy yet still able to</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">226 CHAPTER 14</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">infect others. If so, “you would never be able to identify what’s causing the spread of the disease,” concluded Will, who hasn’t stopped looking for a possible environmental link. He has some preliminary data based on studies that trace CJD victims’ lives well before the time symptoms began—up to 70 years; they suggest some degree of geographic clustering, but no obvious candidates for a source of infection.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A Case for Undercounting</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The difficulty in establishing causal links in sporadic prion diseases—if there are any in the first place—underlines the importance of thorough surveillance. The U.K. has an active program, and when a victim of CJD is reported, one of Robert Will’s colleagues visits and questions the victim’s family. “No one has looked for CJD systematically in the U.S.,” the NIH’s Paul Brown noted. “Ever.”6 The U.S., through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, has generally maintained a more passive system, collecting information from death certificates from the National Center for Health Statistics. Because CJD is invariably fatal, mortality data is considered to be an effective means of tabulating cases. The CDC assessed the accuracy of such data by comparing the numbers with figures garnered through an active search in 1996: Teams covering five regions of the U.S. contacted the specialists involved and reviewed medical records for CJD cases between 1991 and 1995. Comparing the actively garnered data with the death certificate information showed that “we miss about 14 percent,” said CDC epidemiologist Lawrence Schonberger. “That’s improving. Doctors are becoming more knowledgeable,” thanks to increased scientific and media attention given to prion diseases.7</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The active surveillance study of 1996, however, only looked at cases in which physicians attributed the deaths to CJD. Misdiagnosed patients or patients who never saw a neurologist were not tabulated— thus CJD may be grossly underreported. Many neurological ailments share symptoms, especially early on. According to various studies, autopsies have found that CJD is misdiagnosed as other ills, such as dementia or Alzheimer’s disease, 5 to 13 percent of the time. The CDC finds that around 50,000Americans die from Alzheimer’s each year</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Laying Odds 227</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(about 4 million have the disease, according to the Alzheimer’s Association). Therefore, one could argue that thousands of CJD cases are being missed. (On the flip side, CJD could be mistakenly diagnosed as Alzheimer’s disease or dementia, but the number of CJD patients is so small that they wouldn’t dramatically skew the statistics for other neurological ills.)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In part to address the issue of misdiagnosis, CJD families have asked the CDC to place the disease on the national list of officially notifiable illnesses, which tends to include more contagious conditions such as AIDS, tuberculosis, hepatitis, and viral forms of encephalitis. Currently, only some states impose this requirement. CDC officials have discounted the utility of such an approach, arguing that it would duplicate the mortality data, which is more accurate than early diagnoses of CJD, anyway. Moreover, mandatory reporting of CJD cases does not necessarily guarantee the end to missed cases.8</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">One clue suggests that the passive system is undercounting CJD in the U.S.: racial difference. The number of black CJD victims is about 38 percent that of white victims. Rather than sporadic CJD being a onein-a-million lottery, it’s more like one-in-2.5-million for AfricanAmericans. Access to medical care might be one reason. Schonberger recounted that the CDC had asked other countries with substantial black populations to submit CJD figures for comparison but found that the surveillance in those countries was inadequate. “We haven’t been able to find any comparable literature on this issue, so it’s still up in the air,” Schonberger said. On the other hand, Alzheimer’s disease is more common among black people than whites, with an estimated higher prevalence ranging from 14 percent to almost 100 percent, according to a February 2002 report by the Alzheimer’s Association. Are some black CJD cases being misdiagnosed as Alzheimer’s?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Answering critics like Terry Singeltary, who feels that the U.S. undercounts CJD, Schonberger conceded that the current surveillance system has errors but stated that most of the errors will be confined to the older population. As Schonberger pointed out, no doctor would misdiagnose a 30-year-old CJD patient as having Alzheimer’s. The average age of the first 100 variant CJD victims was 29; should the epidemiology of vCJD change—if older people start coming down with it—then there would be problems. “The adequacy of our overall CJD surveillance would be greatly reduced should the proportion of older individuals affected by variant CJD substantially increase,” Schonberger explained.9</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SNIP...SEE FULL TEXT;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/38386/1/516.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/38386/1/516.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary Submission SEAC 2007</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SEAC SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY ADVISORY COMMITTEE Minutes of the 99th meeting held on 14th December 2007 Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This was 22 years to the day Mom died from the Heidenhain Variant of Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease i.e. hvCJD, when i made this submission to SEAC and this was their reply to my questions of concern about cjd in the USA, my how things have changed...terry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SEAC SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY ADVISORY COMMITTEE Minutes of the 99th meeting held on 14th December 2007 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ITEM 8 – PUBLIC QUESTION AND ANSWER SESSION 40. The Chair explained that the purpose of the question and answer session was to give members of the public an opportunity to ask questions related to the work of SEAC. Mr Terry Singeltary (Texas, USA) had submitted a question prior to the meeting, asking: “With the Nor-98 now documented in five different states so far in the USA in 2007, and with the two atypical BSE H-base cases in Texas and Alabama, with both scrapie and chronic wasting disease (CWD) running rampant in the USA, is there any concern from SEAC with the rise of sporadic CJD in the USA from ''unknown phenotype'', and what concerns if any, in relations to blood donations, surgery, optical, and dental treatment, do you have with these unknown atypical phenotypes in both humans and animals in the USA? Does it concern SEAC, or is it of no concern to SEAC? Should it concern USA animal and human health officials?”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">41. A member considered that this question appeared to be primarily related to possible links between animal and human TSEs in the USA. There is no evidence that sCJD is increasing in the USA and no evidence of any direct link between TSEs and CJD in the USA. Current evidence does not suggest that CWD is a significant risk to human health. There are unpublished data from a case of human TSE in the USA that are suggestive of an apparently novel form of prion disease with distinct molecular characteristics. However, it is unclear whether the case had been further characterised, if it could be linked to animal TSEs or if other similar cases had been found in the USA or elsewhere. In relation to the possible public health implications of atypical scrapie, H-type BSE and CWD, research was being conducted to investigate possible links and surveillance was in place to detect any changes in human TSEs. Although possible links between these diseases and human TSEs are of concern and require research, there is no evidence to suggest immediate public health action is warranted. The possible human health risks from classical scrapie had been discussed earlier in the meeting. Members noted that there are effective channels of discussion and collaboration on research between USA and European groups. Members agreed it is important to keep a watching brief on new developments on TSEs. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132933/http://www.seac.gov.uk/minutes/99.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132933/http://www.seac.gov.uk/minutes/99.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, United States of America Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Immediate notification</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">United States of America - Bovine spongiform encephalopathy - Immediate notification</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">GENERAL INFORMATION</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">COUNTRY/TERRITORY OR ZONE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">COUNTRY/TERRITORY</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ANIMAL TYPE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TERRESTRIAL</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DISEASE CATEGORY</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Listed disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">EVENT ID 5067</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DISEASE Bovine spongiform encephalopathy</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CAUSAL AGENT Bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion, atypical strain, L-type</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">GENOTYPE / SEROTYPE / SUBTYPE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">START DATE 2023/05/15</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">REASON FOR NOTIFICATION Recurrence of an eradicated disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DATE OF LAST OCCURRENCE 2018/08/28</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/05/18</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">EVENT STATUS On-going</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">END DATE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">snip...see;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/5067" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/5067</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full text and more here;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Wednesday, May 24, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, United States of America Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Immediate notification</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Alzheimer's disease, iatrogenic transmission, what if?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">let's not forget the elephant in the room. curing Alzheimer's would be a great and wonderful thing, but for starters, why not start with the obvious, lets prove the cause or causes, and then start to stop that. think iatrogenic, friendly fire, or the pass it forward mode of transmission. think medical, surgical, dental, tissue, blood, related transmission. think transmissible spongiform encephalopathy aka tse prion disease aka mad cow type disease... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Commentary: Evidence for human transmission of amyloid-β pathology and cerebral amyloid angiopathy</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=info:doi/10.1371/annotation/933cc83a-a384-45c3-b3b2-336882c30f9d" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=info:doi/10.1371/annotation/933cc83a-a384-45c3-b3b2-336882c30f9d</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comments?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0111492" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comments?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0111492</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/933cc83a-a384-45c3-b3b2-336882c30f9d" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/933cc83a-a384-45c3-b3b2-336882c30f9d</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2016.00005/full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2016.00005/full</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Self-Propagative Replication of Ab Oligomers Suggests Potential Transmissibility in Alzheimer Disease </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** Singeltary comment PLoS *** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Alzheimer’s disease and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy prion disease, Iatrogenic, what if ? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Posted by flounder on 05 Nov 2014 at 21:27 GMT </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Alzheimer’s disease and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy prion disease, Iatrogenic, what if ? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Alzheimer’s disease and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy disease have both been around a long time, and was discovered in or around the same time frame, early 1900’s. Both diseases are incurable and debilitating brain disease, that are in the end, 100% fatal, with the incubation/clinical period of the Alzheimer’s disease being longer (most of the time) than the TSE prion disease. Symptoms are very similar, and pathology is very similar.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Through years of research, as a layperson, of peer review journals, transmission studies, and observations of loved ones and friends that have died from both Alzheimer’s and the TSE prion disease i.e. Heidenhain Variant Creutzfelt Jakob Disease CJD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I propose that Alzheimer’s is a TSE disease of low dose, slow, and long incubation disease, and that Alzheimer’s is Transmissible, and is a threat to the public via the many Iatrogenic routes and sources. It was said long ago that the only thing that disputes this, is Alzheimer’s disease transmissibility, or the lack of. The likelihood of many victims of Alzheimer’s disease from the many different Iatrogenic routes and modes of transmission as with the TSE prion disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There should be a Global Congressional Science round table event set up immediately to address these concerns from the many potential routes and sources of the TSE prion disease, including Alzheimer’s disease, and a emergency global doctrine put into effect to help combat the spread of Alzheimer’s disease via the medical, surgical, dental, tissue, and blood arena’s. All human and animal TSE prion disease, including Alzheimer’s should be made reportable in every state, and Internationally, WITH NO age restrictions. Until a proven method of decontamination and autoclaving is proven, and put forth in use universally, in all hospitals and medical, surgical arena’s, or the TSE prion agent will continue to spread. IF we wait until science and corporate politicians wait until politics lets science _prove_ this once and for all, and set forth regulations there from, we will all be exposed to the TSE Prion agents, if that has not happened already.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=82860" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=82860</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://betaamyloidcjd.blogspot.com/2021/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://betaamyloidcjd.blogspot.com/2021/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">In one transmission study documented in 1982, primates were inoculated with brain tissue from patients with confirmed Alzheimer’s disease. The animals developed a spongiform encephalopathy that was indistinguishable from CJD. However, other attempts to transmit AD have been unsuccessful.91<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080102112107/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/pdf/volume2/Chapter2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080102112107/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/pdf/volume2/Chapter2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">IN CONFIDENCE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">5 NOVEMBER 1992</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TRANSMISSION OF ALZHEIMER TYPE PLAQUES TO PRIMATES</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">[9. Whilst this matter is not at the moment directly concerned with the iatrogenic CJD cases from hgH, there remains a possibility of litigation here, and this presents an added complication. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There are also results to be made available shortly </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) concerning a farmer with CJD who had BSE animals, </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(2) on the possible transmissibility of Alzheimer’s and </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(3) a CMO letter on prevention of iatrogenic CJD transmission in neurosurgery, all of which will serve to increase media interest.]</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080102125543/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/evidence/yb/1993jan.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080102125543/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/evidence/yb/1993jan.htm</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">IN CONFIDENCE </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">4 November 1992</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TRANSMISSION OF ALZHEIMER TYPE PLAQUES TO PRIMATES</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1. Thank you for showing me Diana Dunstan’s letter. I am glad that MRC have recognised the public sensitivity of these findings and intend to report them in their proper context. This hopefully will avoid misunderstanding and possible distortion by the media to portray the results as having more greater significance than the findings so far justify.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2. Using a highly unusual route of transmission (intra-cerebral injection) the researchers have demonstrated the transmission of a pathological process from two : cases one of severe Alzheimer’s disease the other of Gerstmann-Straussler disease to marmosets. However they have not demonstrated the transmission of either clinical ‘condition as the “animals were behaving normally when killed". As the report emphasises the unanswered question is whether the disease condition would have revealed itself if the marmosets had lived longer. They are planning further research to'see if the conditions, as opposed to the partial pathological process, is transmissible.<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">What are the implications for public health?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3. The route of transmission is very specific and in the natural State of things highly unusual - However it could be argued that the results reveal a potential risk, in that brain tissue from these two patients has been shown to transmit a pathological process. Should therefore brain tissue from such cases be regarded as potentially infective? Pathologists, morticians, neuro surgeons and those assisting at neuro surgical procedures and others coming into contact with "raw" human brain tissue “could in theory be at risk. However, on a priori grounds given the highly specific route of transmission in these experiments that risk must be negligible if the usual precautions for handling brain tissue are observed.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">92/11.4/1.1</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">4. The other dimension to consider is the public reaction. To some extent the GSS case demonstrates little more than the transmission of BSE to a pig by intra-cerebral injection. If other prion diseases can be transmitted in this way it is little surprise that some pathological findings observed in GSS were also transmissible to a marmoset. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">But the transmission of features of Alzheimer’s pathology is a different matter, given the much greater frequency of this disease and raises the unanswered question whether some cases are the result of a transmissible prion. The only tenable public line will be that "more research is required" before that hypothesis could be evaluated. The possibility on a transmissible prion remains open. In the meantime MRC needs carefully to consider the range and sequence of studies needed to follow through from the preliminary observations in these two cases. Not a particularly comfortable message, but until we know more about the causation of Alzheimer’s disease the total reassurance is not practical.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">J S METTERS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Room 509</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Richmond House</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Pager No: 081-884 3344 Callsign: DOH 832</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">92/11.4/1.2 </div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170126060344/http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102232842/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/11/04001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170126060344/http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102232842/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/11/04001001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080102183026/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/evidence/yb/1992nov.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080102183026/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/evidence/yb/1992nov.htm</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Trouble has been brewing for some time...Dr. Collinge is lobbying hard, and is threatening to go to the media...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040315075058/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/12/16005001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20040315075058/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/12/16005001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040315075058/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/12/16005001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20040315075058/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/12/16005001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">p.s. before getting into the zoonosis, first i will post some very disturbing studies just out, besides the cwd zoonosis to humans part, but PRION CONFERENCE 2023, just out, CWD TRANSMITS TO CATTLE BY ORAL ROUTE, a cattlemans worst nightmare. the FDA MAD COW FEED BAN (which has failed terribly), does NOT INCULDE DEER, only voluntary, CWD AND SCRAPIE WILL TRANSMIT TO PIGS BY ORAL ROUTES. this is terrible news no one is speaking of, so there will have to be a PART 3...terry</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Price of TSE Prion Poker goes up substantially, all you cattle ranchers and such, better pay close attention here...terry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of the chronic wasting disease agent from elk to cattle after oronasal exposure</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Justin Greenlee, Jifeng Bian, Zoe Lambert, Alexis Frese, and Eric Cassmann Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, USA </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the susceptibility of cattle to chronic wasting disease agent from elk. </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: Initial studies were conducted in bovinized mice using inoculum derived from elk with various genotypes at codon 132 (MM, LM, LL). Based upon attack rates, inoculum (10% w/v brain homogenate) from an LM132 elk was selected for transmission studies in cattle. At approximately 2 weeks of age, one wild type steer (EE211) and one steer with the E211K polymorphism (EK211) were fed 1 mL of brain homogenate in a quart of milk replacer while another 1 mL was instilled intranasally. The cattle were examined daily for clinical signs for the duration of the experiment. One steer is still under observation at 71 months post-inoculation (mpi). </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Results: Inoculum derived from MM132 elk resulted in similar attack rates and incubation periods in mice expressing wild type or K211 bovine PRNP, 35% at 531 days post inoculation (dpi) and 27% at 448 dpi, respectively. Inoculum from LM132 elk had a slightly higher attack rates in mice: 45% (693 dpi) in wild type cattle PRNP and 33% (468) in K211 mice. Inoculum from LL132 elk resulted in the highest attack rate in wild type bovinized mice (53% at 625 dpi), but no K211 mice were affected at >700 days. At approximately 70 mpi, the EK211 genotype steer developed clinical signs suggestive of prion disease, depression, low head carriage, hypersalivation, and ataxia, and was necropsied. Enzyme immunoassay (IDEXX) was positive in brainstem (OD=4.00, but non-detect in retropharyngeal lymph nodes and palatine tonsil. Immunoreactivity was largely limited to the brainstem, midbrain, and cervical spinal cord with a pattern that was primarily glia-associated. </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Cattle with the E211K polymorphism are susceptible to the CWD agent after oronasal exposure of 0.2 g of infectious material. </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">"Cattle with the E211K polymorphism are susceptible to the CWD agent after oronasal exposure of 0.2 g of infectious material."</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Strain characterization of chronic wasting disease in bovine-PrP transgenic mice </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Nuria Jerez-Garrido1, Sara Canoyra1, Natalia Fernández-Borges1, Alba Marín Moreno1, Sylvie L. Benestad2, Olivier Andreoletti3, Gordon Mitchell4, Aru Balachandran4, Juan María Torres1 and Juan Carlos Espinosa1. 1 Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, CISA-INIA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain. 2 Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway. 3 UMR Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)/École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Toulouse, France. 4 Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Canada. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is an infectious prion disease that affects cervids. Various CWD prion strains have been identified in different cervid species from North America and Europe. The properties of the infectious prion strains are influenced by amino acid changes and polymorphisms in the PrP sequences of different cervid species. This study, aimed to assess the ability of a panel of CWD prion isolates from diverse cervid species from North America and Europe to infect bovine species, as well as to investigate the properties of the prion strains following the adaptation to the bovine-PrP context. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: BoPrP-Tg110 mice overexpressing the bovine-PrP sequence were inoculated by intracranial route with a panel of CWD prion isolates from both North America (two white-tailed deer and two elk) and Europe (one reindeer, one moose and one red deer). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Our results show distinct behaviours in the transmission of the CWD isolates to the BoPrP-Tg110 mouse model. Some of these isolates did not transmit even after the second passage. Those able to transmit displayed differences in terms of attack rate, survival times, biochemical properties of brain PrPres, and histopathology. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Altogether, these results exhibit the diversity of CWD strains present in the panel of CWD isolates and the ability of at least some CWD isolates to infect bovine species. Cattle being one of the most important farming species, this ability represents a potential threat to both animal and human health, and consequently deserves further study. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: MCIN/AEI /10.13039/501100011033 and by European Union NextGeneration EU/PRTR </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Grant number: PCI2020-120680-2 ICRAD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">"Altogether, these results exhibit the diversity of CWD strains present in the panel of CWD isolates and the ability of at least some CWD isolates to infect bovine species. Cattle being one of the most important farming species, this ability represents a potential threat to both animal and human health, and consequently deserves further study."<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Ruminant feed ban for cervids in the United States ?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Posted by flounder on 31 Jan 2015 at 20:14 GMT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Friday, December 14, 2012 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration’s BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin) from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Animals considered at high risk for CWD include: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1) animals from areas declared to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones and </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period prior to slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Therefore, in the USA, materials from cervids other than CWD positive animals may be used in animal feed and feed ingredients for non-ruminants. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The amount of animal PAP that is of deer and/or elk origin imported from the USA to GB can not be determined, however, as it is not specified in TRACES. It may constitute a small percentage of the 8412 kilos of non-fish origin processed animal proteins that were imported from US into GB in 2011. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Overall, therefore, it is considered there is a __greater than negligible risk___ that (nonruminant) animal feed and pet food containing deer and/or elk protein is imported into GB. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is uncertainty associated with this estimate given the lack of data on the amount of deer and/or elk protein possibly being imported in these products. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">36% in 2007 (Almberg et al., 2011). In such areas, population declines of deer of up to 30 to 50% have been observed (Almberg et al., 2011). In areas of Colorado, the prevalence can be as high as 30% (EFSA, 2011). The clinical signs of CWD in affected adults are weight loss and behavioural changes that can span weeks or months (Williams, 2005). In addition, signs might include excessive salivation, behavioural alterations including a fixed stare and changes in interaction with other animals in the herd, and an altered stance (Williams, 2005). These signs are indistinguishable from cervids experimentally infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Given this, if CWD was to be introduced into countries with BSE such as GB, for example, infected deer populations would need to be tested to differentiate if they were infected with CWD or BSE to minimise the risk of BSE entering the human food-chain via affected venison. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with CWD prion. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing, footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible. For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant uncertainty associated with these estimates. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists and returning GB residents. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://webarchive.nationa... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Friday, December 14, 2012 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://chronic-wasting-di... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128180140/http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/12/defra-uk-what-is-risk-of-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160128180140/http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/12/defra-uk-what-is-risk-of-chronic.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** The potential impact of prion diseases on human health was greatly magnified by the recognition that interspecies transfer of BSE to humans by beef ingestion resulted in vCJD. While changes in animal feed constituents and slaughter practices appear to have curtailed vCJD, there is concern that CWD of free-ranging deer and elk in the U.S. might also cross the species barrier. Thus, consuming venison could be a source of human prion disease. Whether BSE and CWD represent interspecies scrapie transfer or are newly arisen prion diseases is unknown. Therefore, the possibility of transmission of prion disease through other food animals cannot be ruled out. There is evidence that vCJD can be transmitted through blood transfusion. There is likely a pool of unknown size of asymptomatic individuals infected with vCJD, and there may be asymptomatic individuals infected with the CWD equivalent. These circumstances represent a potential threat to blood, blood products, and plasma supplies. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20121022162853/http://cdmrp.army.mil/prevfunded/nprp/NPRP_Summit_Final_Report.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20121022162853/http://cdmrp.army.mil/prevfunded/nprp/NPRP_Summit_Final_Report.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">==================================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration’s BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin) from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">================================= </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Draft Guidance on Use of Material From Deer and Elk in Animal Feed; CVM Updates on Deer and Elk Withdrawn FDA Veterinarian Newsletter July/August 2003 Volume XVIII, No 4</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FDA has announced the availability of a draft guidance for industry entitled “Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed.” This draft guidance document (GFI #158), when finalized, will describe FDA’s current thinking regarding the use in animal feed of material from deer and elk that are positive for Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) or that are at high risk for CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD is a neurological (brain) disease of farmed and wild deer and elk that belong in the cervidae animal family (cervids). Only deer and elk are known to be susceptible to CWD by natural transmission. The disease has been found in farmed and wild mule deer, white-tailed deer, North American elk, and farmed black-tailed deer. CWD belongs to a family of animal and human diseases called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). TSEs are very rare, but are always fatal.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This draft Level 1 guidance, when finalized, will represent the Agency’s current thinking on the topic. It does not create or confer any rights for or on any person and does not operate to bind FDA or the public. An alternate method may be used as long as it satisfies the requirements of applicable statutes and regulations.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Draft guidance #158 is posted on the FDA/Center for Veterinary Medicine Home Page. Single copies of the draft guidance may be obtained from the FDA Veterinarian.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">- - Page Last Updated: 04/16/2013 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://www.fda.gov/Animal... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20100310210459/http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/NewsEvents/FDAVeterinarianNewsletter/ucm103406.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20100310210459/http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/NewsEvents/FDAVeterinarianNewsletter/ucm103406.htm</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CONTAINS NON-BINDING RECOMMENDATIONS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">158</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Guidance for Industry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Comments and suggestions regarding the document should be submitted to Division of Dockets Management (HFA-305), Food and Drug Administration, 5630 Fishers Lane, Rm. 1061, Rockville, MD 20852. Submit electronic comments to http://www.regulations.go.... All comments should be identified with the Docket No. 03D-0186.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">For questions regarding this guidance, contact Burt Pritchett, Center for Veterinary Medicine (HFV- 222), Food and Drug Administration, 7519 Standish Place, Rockville, MD 20855, 240-453-6860, E-mail: burt.pritchett@fda.hhs.gov . Additional copies of this guidance document may be requested from the Communications Staff (HFV-12), Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration, 7519 Standish Place, Rockville, MD 20855, and may be viewed on the Internet at http://www.fda.gov/Animal....</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">U.S. Department of Health and Human Services</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine September 15, 2003</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CONTAINS NON-BINDING RECOMMENDATIONS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">158</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Guidance for Industry1</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This guidance represents the Food and Drug Administration’s current thinking on the use of material from deer and elk in animal feed. It does not create or confer any rights for or on any person and does not operate to bind FDA or the public. You can use an alternative approach if the approach satisfies the requirements of applicable statutes or regulations. If you want to discuss an alternative approach, contact the FDA staff responsible for implementing this guidance. If you cannot identify the appropriate FDA staff, call the appropriate number listed on the title page of this guidance. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I. Introduction </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FDA’s guidance documents, including this guidance, do not establish legally enforceable responsibilities. Instead, guidances describe the Agency’s current thinking on a topic and should be viewed only as recommendations, unless specific regulatory or statutory requirements are cited. The use of the word “should” in Agency guidances means that something is suggested or recommended, but not required. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Under FDA’s BSE feed regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. This guidance document describes FDA’s recommendations regarding the use in all animal feed of all material from deer and elk that are positive for Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) or are considered at high risk for CWD. The potential risks from CWD to humans or non-cervid animals such as poultry and swine are not well understood. However, because of recent recognition that CWD is spreading rapidly in white-tailed deer, and because CWD’s route of transmission is poorly understood, FDA is making recommendations regarding the use in animal feed of rendered materials from deer and elk that are CWD-positive or that are at high risk for CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">II. Background</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD is a neurological (brain) disease of farmed and wild deer and elk that belong in the animal family cervidae (cervids). Only deer and elk are known to be susceptible to CWD by natural transmission. The disease has been found in farmed and wild mule deer,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1 This guidance has been prepared by the Division of Animal Feeds in the Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) at the Food and Drug Administration.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CONTAINS NON-BINDING RECOMMENDATIONS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">white-tailed deer, North American elk, and in farmed black-tailed deer. CWD belongs to a family of animal and human diseases called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). These include bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE or “mad cow” disease) in cattle; scrapie in sheep and goats; and classical and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases (CJD and vCJD) in humans. There is no known treatment for these diseases, and there is no vaccine to prevent them. In addition, although validated postmortem diagnostic tests are available, there are no validated diagnostic tests for CWD that can be used to test for the disease in live animals.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">III.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Use in animal feed of material from CWD-positive deer and elk</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Material from CWD-positive animals may not be used in any animal feed or feed ingredients. Pursuant to Sec. 402(a)(5) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, animal feed and feed ingredients containing material from a CWD-positive animal would be considered adulterated. FDA recommends that any such adulterated feed or feed ingredients be recalled or otherwise removed from the marketplace.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">IV.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Use in animal feed of material from deer and elk considered at high risk for CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Deer and elk considered at high risk for CWD include: (1) animals from areas declared by State officials to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones; and (2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period immediately before the time of slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FDA recommends that materials from deer and elk considered at high risk for CWD no longer be entered into the animal feed system. Under present circumstances, FDA is not recommending that feed made from deer and elk from a non-endemic area be recalled if a State later declares the area endemic for CWD or a CWD eradication zone. In addition, at this time, FDA is not recommending that feed made from deer and elk believed to be from a captive herd that contained no CWD-positive animals be recalled if that herd is subsequently found to contain a CWD-positive animal. V. Use in animal feed of material from deer and elk NOT considered at high risk for CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FDA continues to consider materials from deer and elk NOT considered at high risk for CWD to be acceptable for use in NON-RUMINANT animal feeds in accordance with current agency regulations, 21 CFR 589.2000. Deer and elk not considered at high risk include: (1) deer and elk from areas not declared by State officials to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones; and (2) deer and elk that were not at some time during the 60-month period immediately before the time of slaughter in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://www.fda.gov/downlo... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20110210041729/http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/ucm052506.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20110210041729/http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/ucm052506.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">that voluntary mad cow feed ban that became law, how did that work out for us $ </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***e) "Big Jim's" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6; ***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">please note, considering .005 grams is lethal, I do not know how much of this 125 TONS of banned mad cow protein was part of the ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">e) "Big Jim's" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">bbbut, this was about 10 years post mad cow feed ban from 1997. 10 years later, and still feeding banned mad cow protein to cervids??? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">considering that .005 gram is lethal to several bovines, and we know that the oral consumption of CWD tainted products is very efficient mode of transmission of CWD. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALL AL AND FL VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 TONS Products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: August 6, 2006 at 6:16 pm PST </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRODUCT </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">a) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish, Recall # V-100-6; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">b) Performance Sheep Pell W/Decox/A/N, medicated, net wt. 50 lbs, Recall # V-101-6; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">c) Pro 40% Swine Conc Meal -- 50 lb, Recall # V-102-6; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">d) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish Food Medicated, Recall # V-103-6; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***e) "Big Jim's" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6; ***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">f) CO-OP 40% Hog Supplement Medicated Pelleted, Tylosin 100 grams/ton, 50 lb. bag, Recall # V-105-6; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">g) Pig Starter Pell II, 18% W/MCDX Medicated 282020, Carbadox -- 0.0055%, Recall # V-106-6; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">h) CO-OP STARTER-GROWER CRUMBLES, Complete Feed for Chickens from Hatch to 20 Weeks, Medicated, Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate, 25 and 50 Lbs, Recall # V-107-6; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i) CO-OP LAYING PELLETS, Complete Feed for Laying Chickens, Recall # 108-6; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">j) CO-OP LAYING CRUMBLES, Recall # V-109-6; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">k) CO-OP QUAIL FLIGHT CONDITIONER MEDICATED, net wt 50 Lbs, Recall # V-110-6; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">l) CO-OP QUAIL STARTER MEDICATED, Net Wt. 50 Lbs, Recall # V-111-6; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">m) CO-OP QUAIL GROWER MEDICATED, 50 Lbs, Recall # V-112-6 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CODE </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Product manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Alabama Farmers Cooperative, Inc., Decatur, AL, by telephone, fax, email and visit on June 9, 2006. FDA initiated recall is complete. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">REASON </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Animal and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants". </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">125 tons </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DISTRIBUTION </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">AL and FL </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">### </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://www.fda.gov/Safety... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20100120023832/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2006/ucm120413.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20100120023832/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2006/ucm120413.htm</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see more breaches in ruminant aka mad cow feed ban up to 2014 ; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This is a Comment on the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Notice: Agency Information Collection Activities; Proposals, Submissions, and Approvals: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Importation of Animals and Animal Products</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">For related information, Open Docket Folder Docket folder icon </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">--------------------------------------------------------------------------------</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Show agency attachment(s) AttachmentsView All (0) Empty</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">--------------------------------------------------------------------------------</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Comment View document:Docket No. APHIS-2014-0107 Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Importation of Animals and Animal Products Singeltary Submission ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I believe that there is more risk to the world from Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE prion aka mad cow type disease now, coming from the United States and all of North America, than there is risk coming to the USA and North America, from other Countries. I am NOT saying I dont think there is any risk for the BSE type TSE prion coming from other Countries, I am just saying that in 2015, why is the APHIS/USDA/FSIS/FDA still ignoring these present mad cow risk factors in North America like they are not here? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">North America has more strains of TSE prion disease, in more species (excluding zoo animals in the early BSE days, and excluding the Feline TSE and or Canine TSE, because they dont look, and yes, there has been documented evidence and scientific studies, and DEFRA Hound study, that shows the canine spongiform encephalopathy is very possible, if it has not already happened, just not documented), then any other Country in the world. Mink TME, Deer Elk cervid CWD (multiple strains), cBSE cattle, atypical L-type BSE cattle, atypical H-type BSE cattle, atyical HG type BSE cow (the only cow documented in the world to date with this strain), typical sheep goat Scrapie (multiple strains), and the atypical Nor-98 Scrapie, which has been linked to sporadic CJD, Nor-98 atypical Scrapie has spread from coast to coast. sporadic CJD on the rise, with different strains mounting, victims becoming younger, with the latest nvCJD human mad cow case being documented in Texas again, this case, NOT LINKED TO EUROPEAN TRAVEL CDC. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">typical BSE can propagate as nvCJD and or sporadic CJD (Collinge et al), and sporadic CJD has now been linked to atypical BSE, Scrapie and atypical Scrapie, and scientist are very concerned with CWD TSE prion in the Cervid populations. in my opinion, the BSE MRR policy, which overtook the BSE GBR risk assessments for each country, and then made BSE confirmed countries legal to trade mad cow disease, which was all brought forth AFTER that fateful day December 23, 2003, when the USA lost its gold card i.e. BSE FREE status, thats the day it all started. once the BSE MRR policy was shoved down every countries throat by USDA inc and the OIE, then the legal trading of Scrapie was validated to be a legal trading commodity, also shoved through by the USDA inc and the OIE, the world then lost 30 years of attempted eradication of the BSE TSE prion disease typical and atypical strains, and the BSE TSE Prion aka mad cow type disease was thus made a legal trading commodity, like it or not. its all about money now folks, trade, to hell with human health with a slow incubating disease, that is 100% fatal once clinical, and forget the fact of exposure, sub-clinical infection, and friendly fire there from i.e. iatrogenic TSE prion disease, the pass it forward mode of the TSE PRION aka mad cow type disease. its all going to be sporadic CJD or sporadic ffi, or sporadic gss, or now the infamous VPSPr. ...problem solved $$$ </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">the USDA/APHIS/FSIS/FDA triple mad cow BSE firewall, well, that was nothing but ink on paper. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">for this very reason I believe the BSE MRR policy is a total failure, and that this policy should be immediately withdrawn, and set back in place the BSE GBR Risk Assessments, with the BSE GBR risk assessments set up to monitor all TSE PRION disease in all species of animals, and that the BSE GBR risk assessments be made stronger than before. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">lets start with the recent notice that beef from Ireland will be coming to America. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ireland confirmed around 1655 cases of mad cow disease. with the highest year confirming about 333 cases in 2002, with numbers of BSE confirmed cases dropping from that point on, to a documentation of 1 confirmed case in 2013, to date. a drastic decrease in the feeding of cows to cows i.e. the ruminant mad cow feed ban, and the enforcement of that ban, has drastically reduced the number of BSE cases in Europe, minus a few BABs or BARBs. a far cry from the USDA FDA triple BSE firewall, which was nothing more than ink on paper, where in 2007, in one week recall alone, some 10 MILLION POUNDS OF BANNED POTENTIAL MAD COW FEED WENT OUT INTO COMMERCE IN THE USA. this is 10 years post feed ban. in my honest opinion, due to the blatant cover up of BSE TSE prion aka mad cow disease in the USA, we still have no clue as to the true number of cases of BSE mad cow disease in the USA or North America as a whole. ...just saying. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Number of reported cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in farmed cattle worldwide* (excluding the United Kingdom) </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Country/Year </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...please see attached pdf file, with references of breaches in the USA triple BSE mad cow firewalls, and recent science on the TSE prion disease. ...TSS </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Docket No. APHIS-2014-0107 Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Importation of Animals and Animal Products Singeltary Submission View Attachment: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://www.regulations.go...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.reginfo.gov/public/do/DownloadDocument?objectID=54003900" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.reginfo.gov/public/do/DownloadDocument?objectID=54003900</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Competing interests declared: ruminant feed ban for cervids in the United States ? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Posted by flounder on 31 Jan 2015 at 20:14 GMT </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=85351 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">See archived link;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128180140/http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=85351" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160128180140/http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=85351</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">PDF]Freas, William TSS SUBMISSION File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat -</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Page 1. J Freas, William From: Sent: To: Subject: Terry S. Singeltary</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sr. [flounder@wt.net] Monday, January 08, 200l 3:03 PM freas ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20170301223601/https://www.fda.gov/OHRMS/DOCKETS/AC/01/slides/3681s2_09.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20170301223601/https://www.fda.gov/OHRMS/DOCKETS/AC/01/slides/3681s2_09.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Wednesday, May 24, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, United States of America Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Immediate notification</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/125/wahis-woah-oie-immediate-notification" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/125/wahis-woah-oie-immediate-notification</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">May 2, 2023 Singeltary Submission to APHIS et al on BSE;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Docket No. APHIS–2023–0027 Notice of Request for Revision to and Extension of Approval of an Information Collection; National Veterinary Services Laboratories; Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Surveillance Program Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Document APHIS-2023-0027-0001 BSE Singeltary Comment Submission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Greetings again APHIS et al,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I would kindly like to again, post my concern or urgency, on why said information is so critical, and why the 3 year extension is so critical, especially today, with the recent mad cow cases in the UK, Switzerland, Brazil, Spain, and The Netherlands all atypical BSE cases, and the fact the OIE is so concerned with the recent science about atypical L-type BSE and atypical H-type BSE, both of which can transmit orally, (see OIE BSE atypical in my reference materials), new outbreak of a new Prion disease in a new livestock species, i.e. the camel. The fact Chronic Wasted Disease CWD TSE Prion of Cervid, is spreading across the USA, with no stopping it in the near future, now with 10 different strains, a spillover into cattle or sheep would be devastating, and the ramifications of human zoonosis there from, has great concern throughout the scientific community. The fact that the USA BSE feed ban was and is a joke today (see why, with the fact that CWD positive deer could enter the food/feed chain for other ruminants and what the DEFRA says), how the BSE surveillance and testing has failed us so terribly bad to date, by testing only 25k bovines a year for BSE, you will not find BSE until it's too late, again. THIS is all why INFORMATION COLLECTION is so vital for BSE and all human and animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''The purpose of this notice is to solicit comments from the public (as well as affected agencies) concerning our information collection. These comments will help us:''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Evaluate whether the collection of information is necessary for the proper performance of the functions of the Agency, including whether the information will have practical utility;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(2) Evaluate the accuracy of our estimate of the burden of the collection of information, including the validity of the methodology and assumptions used;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(3) Enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be collected; and</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(4) Minimize the burden of the collection of information on those who are to respond, through use, as appropriate, of automated, electronic, mechanical, and other collection technologies; ...end</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The question should be, what will the burden be, if WE DON'T COLLECT SAID INFORMATIONS ON BSE, and we find ourselves again facing a BSE epidemic?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I want to bring your attention too, and emphasize;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(3) Enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be collected; and...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I remember that infamous TEXAS MAD COW that instead of a 48 turnaround at Weybridge, said suspect positive, was declared NEGATIVE, until an Act of Congress and the Honorable Phyllis Fong overrode Texas negative test, sent that BSE sample to Weybridge, and 6 MONTHS LATER ON A 48 HOUR TURNAROUND (BSE REDBOOKS), that BSE sample was CONFIRMED POSITIVE (see history in my references).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Let's not kid ourselves, the BSE ENHANCED BSE SURVEILLANE efforts way back was a total failure, that's why it was shut down, too many atypical BSE cases were showing up.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ONLY by the Grace of God, have we not had a documented BSE outbreak, that and the fact the USDA et al are only testing 25K cattle for BSE, a number too low to find mad cow disease from some 28.9 million beef cows in the United States as of Jan. 1, 2023, down 4% from last year. The number of milk cows in the United States increased to 9.40 million. U.S. calf crop was estimated at 34.5 million head, down 2% from 2021. Jan 31, 2023.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ALL it would take is one BSE positive, yet alone a handful of BSE cases, this is why the Enhanced BSE was shut down, and the BSE testing shut down to 25k, and the BSE GBRs were replaced with BSE MRRs, after the 2003 Christmas Mad cow, the cow that stole Christmas, making it legal to trade BSE, imo.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">THE world was set back to square one with the BSE Minimal Risk Regions, from the BSE GBRs.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WE must enhance our BSE Surveillance and BSE Testing, and the FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED BAN must be revised to include Cervid by-products and SRM, and it should be made MANDATORY, AND THIS SHOULD BE WELL DOCUMENTED with information collection.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">said 'burden' cost, will be a heavy burden to bear, if we fail with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion disease, that is why this information collection is so critical...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary References</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see full submission;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: inherit; outline: none !important;">Notice of Request To Renew an Approved Information Collection: Specified Risk Materials DOCKET NUMBER Docket No. FSIS-2022-0027 Singeltary Submission</span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Greetings FSIS, USDA, et al,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Thank you kindly for allowing the public to comment on ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(a) whether the proposed collection of information is necessary for the proper performance of FSIS’ functions, including whether the information will have practical utility;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(b) the accuracy of FSIS’ estimate of the burden of the proposed collection of information, including the validity of the method and assumptions used;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(c) ways to enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be collected; and</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(d) ways to minimize the burden of the collection of information, including through the use of appropriate automated, electronic, mechanical, or other technological collection techniques, or other forms of information technology.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I will be commenting mostly on a, b, and c, because d, is wanting to minimize the burden of collection, and i do not think that is possible if ''These statutes mandate that FSIS protect the public by verifying that meat, poultry, and egg products are safe, wholesome, and properly labeled and packaged.'', is truly the intent of these statutes, and i would kindly like to explain why, and why it is so critical that these Specified Risk Materials SRM TSE Prion Statues are so important for public health, and WHY there is an urgent need to enhance them, considering the risk factors of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion in Cervid.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">THIS collection of SRM materials information should be done all the time, year after year, and ending it EVER would be foolish, imo, not scientific, and will lead to future risk to public health, if you consider just how bad USDA/FSIS/APHIS/FDA failed so badly with the FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED BAN, the SRM REMOVAL, THE BSE SURVEILLANCE AND TESTING PROGRAMS, THEY FAILED ALL OF THEM TERRIBLY IMO, AND BY CONTINUING TO INSIST ON TESTING 25K CATTLE FOR BSE IS A DISASTER WATING TO HAPPEND IMO!</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SPECIFIED RISK MATERS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Specified Risk Materials SRMs, are the most high risk infectious materials, organs, of a cow that is infected with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy, BSE TSE Prion. the atypical BSE strains are, like atypical L-type BSE are more infectious that the typical C-type BSE. Also, Science of the BSE TSE has evolved to show that there are more infectious tissues and organs than previously thought. I wish to kindly post all this evidence, as to show you why this information collection of SRMs are so vital to public safety, and why they should be enhanced for cattle, cervid, sheep, and goats, oh, and not to forget the new livestock prion disease in camel, the Camel Prion Disease CPD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ONE other thing, you must remember, SCIENCE AND TRANSMISSION STUDIES have now shown that CWD and Scrapie can transmit to PIGS by Oral route. This should be included in any enhancement of the SRM or FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">NOT to forget Zoonosis of all of the above, i will post the latest science to date at the bottom of the attached files.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Thank You, terry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FSIS-2022-0027-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FSIS-2022-0027-0002</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary further comments in attachment;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Specified Risk Materials DOCKET NUMBER Docket No. FSIS-2022-0027 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary Submission Attachment </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/FSIS-2022-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/FSIS-2022-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Monday, December 5, 2022 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Notice of Request To Renew an Approved Information Collection: Specified Risk Materials </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DOCKET NUMBER Docket No. FSIS-2022-0027 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2022/12/notice-of-request-to-renew-approved.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2022/12/notice-of-request-to-renew-approved.html<br style="outline: none !important;" /></a></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 30, 2022 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">USDA Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE, Scrapie, CWD, Testing and Surveillance 2022 A Review of History </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2022/11/usda-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2022/11/usda-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a></div></div></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2017</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, MAY 17, 2017</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD, TSE, PRION, Cattle, Pigs, Sheep, and Humans aka Mad Cow Disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: CWD, TSE, PRION, Cattle, Pigs, Sheep, and Humans aka Mad Cow Disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion to cattle, it's just a matter of time, if TSE Prion feed ban controls (or the lack there of), are not stringently enhanced. </div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">In reported (Sigurdson, 2008; Hamir et al., 2006). It is not known how susceptible humans are to CWD but given that the prion can be present in muscle, it is likely that humans have been exposed to the agent via consumption of venison (Sigurdson, 2008). Initial experimental research, however, suggests that human susceptibility to CWD is low and there may be a robust species barrier for CWD transmission to humans (Sigurdson, 2008). It is apparent, though, that CWD is affecting wild and farmed cervid populations in endemic areas with some deer populations decreasing as a result.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/514401/qra-chronic-wasting-disease.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/514401/qra-chronic-wasting-disease.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Technical Abstract:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***Cattle could be exposed to the agent of chronic wasting disease (CWD) through contact with infected farmed or free-ranging cervids or exposure to contaminated premises. The purpose of this study was to assess the potential for CWD derived from elk to transmit to cattle after intracranial inoculation. Calves (n=14) were inoculated with brain homogenate derived from elk with CWD to determine the potential for transmission and define the clinicopathologic features of disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Cattle were necropsied if clinical signs occurred or at the termination of experiment (49 months post-inoculation (MPI)).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Clinical signs of poor appetite, weight loss, circling, and bruxism occurred in two cattle (14%) at 16 and 17 MPI, respectively.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Accumulation of abnormal prion protein (PrP**Sc) in these cattle was confined to the central nervous system with the most prominent immunoreactivity in midbrain, brainstem, and hippocampus with lesser immunoreactivity in the cervical spinal cord.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** The rate of transmission was lower than in cattle inoculated with CWD derived from mule deer (38%) or white-tailed deer (86%).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Additional studies are required to fully assess the potential for cattle to develop CWD through a more natural route of exposure, but a low rate of transmission after intracranial inoculation suggests that risk of transmission through other routes is low.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***A critical finding here is that if CWD did transmit to exposed cattle, currently used diagnostic techniques would detect and differentiate it from other prion diseases in cattle based on absence of spongiform change, distinct pattern of PrP**Sc deposition, and unique molecular profile.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=277212" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=277212</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Monday, April 04, 2016</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** Limited amplification of chronic wasting disease prions in the peripheral tissues of intracerebrally inoculated cattle ***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">UPDATED CORRESPONDENCE FROM AUTHORS OF THIS STUDY I.E. COLBY, PRUSINER ET AL, ABOUT MY CONCERNS OF THE DISCREPANCY BETWEEN THEIR FIGURES AND MY FIGURES OF THE STUDIES ON CWD TRANSMISSION TO CATTLE ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/04/limited-amplification-of-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/04/limited-amplification-of-chronic.html</a> </div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/05/cwd-tse-prion-cattle-pigs-sheep-and.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/05/cwd-tse-prion-cattle-pigs-sheep-and.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, OCTOBER 16, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of the chronic wasting disease agent from elk to cattle after oronasal exposure </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Price of TSE Prion Poker goes up substantially, all you cattle ranchers and such, better pay close attention here...</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/10/transmission-of-chronic-wasting-disease.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/10/transmission-of-chronic-wasting-disease.html</a></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">NOW, IMO, EVERY WILD HUNTER SHOULD READ THIS, AND WRITE THE SENATOR$$$</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Texas Senator Slams Proposed TPWD Chronic Wasting Disease Rule as 'Draconian'</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“TPWD... should have a balanced approach for CWD with equal treatment of Deer Breeders and wild deer, and not side with one industry over the other,” Hall wrote in a publication issued by his office.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“At a minimum, they must first test each deer and then only kill those that test positive. And should the department continue to kill breeder deer, they should be responsible for the total costs of execution and disposal. Otherwise we will witness the slow death of a vital Texas industry.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://thetexan.news/state/texas-state-news/texas-senator-slams-proposed-tpwd-chronic-wasting-disease-rule-as-draconian/article_00a21560-7811-11ee-b3b7-879914f29064.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://thetexan.news/state/texas-state-news/texas-senator-slams-proposed-tpwd-chronic-wasting-disease-rule-as-draconian/article_00a21560-7811-11ee-b3b7-879914f29064.html</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Powerful Abbott appointee's lobbying sparks blowback in Legislature</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In an ironic twist for Gov. Greg Abbott, who has made ethics reform an urgent political priority, the Texas House is taking aim at what critics call a "pay to play" culture among his appointees.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BY JAY ROOT MAY 12, 2017 12 AM</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Houston billionaire Dan Friedkin is chairman of the Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">When Gov. Greg Abbott tapped one of his top campaign donors to become chairman of the Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission, he didn’t get a part-time appointee who would merely draft rules and implement conservation laws passed by the Legislature.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In Dan Friedkin, the governor got a Houston billionaire — with a team of privately funded lobbyists — willing to use his influence to ensure his wildlife interests are taken into account by the Legislature before they pass those laws, interviews and records show.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">On the receiving end of that influence, and not in a happy way, is state Rep. Chris Paddie, R-Marshall. Paddie said a lobbyist working for Friedkin’s business empire, which includes a massive South Texas hunting ranch, has been working against his deer breeder management bill, which many large ranchers oppose. The state Parks and Wildlife Department oversees deer breeding regulations in Texas.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“Many times these appointees are well-heeled, very influential people,” Paddie said. “Overall, I feel that it’s inappropriate for an appointee of a board or commission to have personal lobbyists lobbying on issues related to that board or commission.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Under Texas law, state agencies are barred from lobbying the Legislature. But the powerful people who oversee them aren’t.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">If Paddie and dozens of his colleagues get their way, that practice soon will be a Class A misdemeanor.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Last weekend, Paddie attached a ban on appointee lobbying — which would apply to any issues intersecting with their state responsibilities — to an ethics bill that already had powerful friends of the governor in its crosshairs. The provision was adopted unanimously and the bill sailed out of the Texas House on a 91-48 vote Saturday.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The ethics bill, authored by Rep. Lyle Larson, R-San Antonio, would bar big campaign donors from getting appointed by governors in the first place. Anyone who contributed over $2,500 would be barred from serving on state boards and commissions.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Larson pointed to news articles documenting the amount of campaign money appointees have collectively given governors. Last year the San Antonio Express-News calculated that Abbott had received nearly $9 million from people he’s picked for appointed office; before that, a widely cited report from Texans for Public Justice found former Gov. Rick Perry had received $17 million from his own appointees.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Larson said 20 years from now, Texans will be reading the same stories about a future governor unless the Legislature does something about it now.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“We’ve read that article for the last three decades,” Larson said during a brief floor speech. “This is your opportunity to say, 'We need to stop this.' The most egregious ethics violation we’ve got in the state is the pay to play in the governor’s office.” </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A prodigious fundraiser, Abbott has put plenty of big donors on prestigious boards and commissions. On the Parks and Wildlife Commission alone, he has installed three mega-donors — pipeline mogul Kelcy Warren, who’s given Abbott more than $800,000 over his statewide political career; Houston businessman S. Reed Morian, who has given $600,000; and Friedkin, who personally donated more than $700,000 — while his Gulf States Toyota PAC gave Abbott another $100,000, according to Ethics Commission records. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Passage of Larson’s HB 3305 represents an ironic twist for Abbott, who for the second session in a row has made ethics reform an urgent political priority — resulting in a bill that's now taking aim at his gubernatorial appointments. Abbott, who has made a habit of ignoring tough questions, hasn't made any public statements about the bill, and his office did not respond to multiple requests for comment.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Friedkin — whose wealth is estimated at $3.4 billion by Forbes — is the owner and CEO of Gulf States Toyota, founded in 1969, which has had the exclusive rights to distribute new Toyotas in Texas and four nearby states. He’d also been a mega-donor to former Gov. Rick Perry, who first appointed Friedkin to the Parks and Wildlife Commission in 2005. Abbott made Friedkin chairman of the commission in 2015.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Requests for comment from Friedkin's office went unanswered.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In addition to his public role as parks and wildlife chairman, a perch that gives him significant influence over deer management issues, Friedkin has private wildlife interests. He owns the sprawling Comanche Ranch in South Texas, according to published news accounts.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The January 2014 edition of Texas Wildlife, published by the Texas Wildlife Association, described Friedkin’s Comanche Ranch as “privately owned and privately hunted” and said it’s “in the business to produce as many trophy bucks as possible, without damaging the native habitat.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The association, which advocates for private landowners and hunting rights, has locked horns with deer breeding interests at Parks and Wildlife and the Capitol. They compete against each other in the lucrative trophy deer hunting market — and the battle between them perennially spills into the rule-making process at the Parks and Wildlife Commission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">One of their battles centers on how captive deer are tagged so that game wardens and others can distinguish them from native deer. Current law requires a combination of tags and tattoos, and the ranchers and large landowners want to keep it that way. The breeders, meanwhile, favor tagging deer with microchips, which they contend are more accurate and foolproof. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Wildlife Association said in a Facebook post that removing visible tag or tattoo requirements and allowing microchip tracking “creates real biosecurity risks and blurs ethical lines in the hunting community, as captive deer breeders are allowed to transport and release these animals to be co-mingled with pasture-born deer.” Proponents of the current system say tough rules on breeders are needed to keep out imported deer that may carry Chronic Wasting Disease, which has been found in Texas.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">On the other side of the issue is the Texas Deer Association, which represents breeder interests. Executive Director Patrick Tarlton said opposition to his $1.6 billion industry stems less from environmental and health concerns and more from wealthy ranch owners who want to boost profits from trophy-seeking hunters. He notes that Chronic Wasting Disease has been found in both free range and captive deer.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Paddie sided with the breeders by filing House Bill 2855, which would allow breeders to track their deer with microchips instead of relying on physical tags that they say can be torn off.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">No one identifying themselves as a Friedkin corporate lobbyist opposed the deer breeding bills during public hearings, according to House and Senate committee records published online.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Behind the scenes, it was a different story. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Paddie said his chief of staff reached out to Laird Doran, one of several lobbyists for Friedkin’s Gulf States Toyota, after hearing that he was trying to convince other legislators to help defeat Paddie's deer microchip bill.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“My chief called him and said, 'Hey, if you’ve got a problem with our bill why aren’t you talking to us?’ ” Paddie said. “He said he represented the Friedkin Group when that happened.” </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">According to an email from an aide to Sen. Craig Estes, R-Wichita Falls, who is carrying the deer breeding bill in the Senate, Doran also identified himself as a representative of the “Friedkin Group.” That’s the name of the consortium that contains Friedkin's Gulf States Toyota, according to the company’s Linked-In page. He told Estes’ aide that the Friedkin group was opposed to any bill that would “remove requirements for (deer) ear tags,” the senator’s office confirmed. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It’s not clear exactly which Friedkin interests Doran was advancing. Doran is registered at the Texas Ethics Commission with a single entity — Gulf States Toyota — and the agency has no record of a lobbyist working for an entity or individual with the name Friedkin in it, the commission confirmed Wednesday afternoon.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">However, Doran checked a variety of non-automotive subject areas in which he is lobbying during this legislative session on behalf of Friedkin’s lucrative distributorship, including “animals,” “parks & wildlife,” “state agencies, boards & commissions,” “environment” and more, his detailed lobby disclosures show.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Doran, director of government relations and senior counsel at the Friedkin Group, did not return phone and email messages left by The Texas Tribune.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Estes said he didn’t have a problem with a governor's appointee engaging in lobbying on issues that affected their private interests, as long as they keep that separate from their state roles. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“I don’t think they should be barred from expressing their views as long as they’re careful to say these are my views, not the views of the agency I’m representing,” Estes said.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">But Tarlton, the deer association director, said Friedkin’s use of lobbyists to oppose deer breeders in the Legislature gives the breeders' opponents a huge advantage.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“I think that if the commissioner of Texas Parks and Wildlife is actively lobbying against an industry which his department directly oversees, it absolutely sets up an unfair and closed system of government,” Tarlton said. “The commission is supposed to be the unbiased and equitable oversight for everything wildlife.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Paddie hopes his amendment to Larsen's ethics bill will even the playing field. He referred to the wealthy Parks and Wildlife chairman (see the 2:29:00 mark in this recorded exchange) when he tacked the appointee-lobbying provision onto Larson’s bill.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Paddie said he’s not singling out anyone. He said it would apply to other powerful gubernatorial appointees in a position to do the same. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“I could have named any number of examples as far as the agencies in particular,” Paddie said. “I want to stop it if anyone serving on any agency is doing this.” </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ryan Murphy contributed to this report.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Disclosure: The Texas Wildlife Association, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and Gulf States Toyota have been financial supporters of The Texas Tribune. A complete list of Tribune donors and sponsors is available here.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.texastribune.org/2017/05/12/powerful-abbott-appointees-lobbying-sparks-blowback-legislature/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.texastribune.org/2017/05/12/powerful-abbott-appointees-lobbying-sparks-blowback-legislature/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">***> NOW, WHAT ABOUT THOSE STRAW BRED BUCKS, 20k STRAWS, JERKING FOR DOLLARS, AND CWD, WHAT IF? <***</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Talk about big bucks: Deer semen donations are fueling South Texas campaign Each deer semen straw — from bucks with names like Gladiator Sunset, Sweet Dreams and Bandit — was assigned a $1,000 value, according to her campaign finance report.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Talk about big bucks: Deer semen donations are fueling South Texas campaign Each deer semen straw — from bucks with names like Gladiator Sunset, Sweet Dreams and Bandit — was assigned a $1,000 value, according to her campaign finance report.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">AUSTIN — Donations of deer semen, one of Texas deer breeders’ most precious commodities, account for more than half of the contributions to a South Texan’s state House campaign.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Each deer semen straw — from bucks with names like Gladiator Sunset, Sweet Dreams and Bandit — was assigned a $1,000 value, according to her campaign finance report. A straw refers to the container of ejaculate that is stored for later use. Breeders market their deers’ antler size and shape as reasons to buy straws from their bucks. Uvalde deer breeder Fred Gonzalez said the donors’ straws went into a semen tank to be sold as one lot at a Texas Deer Association event last month and donated to her campaign.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Gonzalez, the treasurer of the Texas Deer Association, donated one straw to the lot. He said the deer breeding community often donates straws instead of money, although not usually directly to a political campaign.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“Semen is a very common way for us to donate,” he said. “One collection on a buck could lead to 60 straws sometimes. If you have a desirable animal, it’s a way to bring value without breaking the bank.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Texas Deer Association’s political action committee has received $976,025 in deer semen donations between 2006 and 2016. It has given $885,695 to campaigns and interest groups in the same span. According to expenditure reports between 2006 and 2016, the PAC has never given in-kind donations in the form of deer semen. Though the straws donated to Garza were sold at a Texas Deer Association event, the organization’s political action committee did not contribute to her campaign</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Texas Deer Association contributions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The association’s political action committee has contributed $885,695 to campaigns and interest groups between 2006 and 2016. These are the top 10 candidates who have received money.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Candidate Amount</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rep. Ernest Bailes (R) $45,000</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rep. Lyle Larson (R) $26,611</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rep. Lance Gooden (R) $21,250</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">House Speaker Joe Straus (R) $21,000</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Lt. Gov. Dan Patrick (R) $20,000</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Comptroller Glenn Hegar (R) $16,000</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sen. Juan Hinojosa (D) $13,500</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rep. Todd Hunter (R) $13,000</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rep. Ryan Guillen (D) $12,750</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sen. Craig Estes (R) $12,500</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SOURCE: Texas Ethics Commission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.dallasnews.com/news/2018/03/01/talk-about-big-bucks-deer-semen-donations-are-fueling-south-texas-campaign/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.dallasnews.com/news/2018/03/01/talk-about-big-bucks-deer-semen-donations-are-fueling-south-texas-campaign/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Deer semen donations among campaign contributions to South Texas candidate</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Donations were made as part of an auction event</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">By Andrea Zelinski Published 1:26 pm CST, Wednesday, February 28, 2018</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A South Texas candidate for the state House reported $51,000 worth of campaign contributions in deer semen, according to campaign finance reports.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">AUSTIN — Many political candidates accept political gifts like food for events or legal advice for their campaigns, but one candidate from South Texas reported receiving thousands of dollars worth of deer semen.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ana Lisa Garza, a district court judge in Starr County, reported accepting at least 40 semen straws, doses valued at $51,000. According to a report filed with the Texas Ethics Commission, several of the in-kind donations were made as part of a Feb. 10 auction event.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Although deer have been bred for over a century, interest has spiked in recent decades, in part due to interest in a buck named Patrick that was kept as a pet in the Midwest and grew large and unique antlers in the 1980s.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The practice has since grown into a budding industry in Texas. The deer, with their attractive racks, are now largely used for hunting, venison or further breeding.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the filings, the straws are largely named after their sperm donors, including "Mabo Thicket" "Tack Hammer," "Strike Force." Other names of the straws include, "Bambi Chewy."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The economic impact of the deer breeding industry is $349.4 million annually in the state, according to a 2017 study by Texas A&M University. Combined with hunting, the study valued the industry's economic impact at $1.6 billion annually, according to the report.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Texas Deer Association did not respond to requests for comment.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.chron.com/news/politics/texas/article/Deer-semen-among-campaign-contributions-to-South-12717880.php" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.chron.com/news/politics/texas/article/Deer-semen-among-campaign-contributions-to-South-12717880.php</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SUNDAY, AUGUST 02, 2015</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TEXAS CWD, Have you been ThunderStruck, deer semen, straw bred bucks, super ovulation, and the potential TSE Prion connection, what if?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/08/texas-cwd-have-you-been-thunderstruck.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/08/texas-cwd-have-you-been-thunderstruck.html</a> </div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">VETERINARY RESEARCH</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Researchers Find CWD Proteins in Deer Semen</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Mechanisms for transmission of CWD prions among captive or wild cervids are not fully understood. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(John Maday)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">By JOHN MADAY January 14, 2020</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In research with potential implications for cervid breeders and wild herds, scientists have detected the presence of chronic wasting disease (CWD) prions in semen and sexual tissues of prion-infected whitetail deer bucks.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The team of researchers, from the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Colorado State University and USDA/APHIS Veterinary Services published their findings in a report titled “In Vitro detection of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) prions in semen and reproductive tissues of white tailed deer bucks (Odocoileus virginianus),” in the online journal PLOS ONE.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In their report, the researchers note that mechanisms for transmission of CWD prions are not fully understood, and previous research has not explored the presence of the prions in semen or sexual tissues in deer.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The team collected post-mortem samples from farmed pre-clinical, CWD positive WTD bucks, and analyzed them using Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) technology.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Overall CWD detection in these samples had a sensitivity of 59.3%, with a specificity of 97.2%. Results indicate high prevalence, 80 to 100% depending on the sample type, of CWD prions in male sexual organs and fluids in late stage, pre-clinical, CWD-infected deer. Improved PCMA technology with ultra-high sensitivity helped the researchers detect low levels of CWD prions in brain and lymph tissues, allowing them to identify animals with pre-clinical infections, and detect the prions in semen and sexual tissues.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Previous studies have shown that infected animals can shed CWD prions into the environment through urine, feces and saliva. The researchers note that progressive accumulation of prions in the environment by shedding, carcasses decomposition and other tissue sources over time, coupled with the prion’s environmental persistence and resistance to degradation “make a compelling argument as to the role of the environment contamination in CWD transmission in both natural and captive settings.” They suspect though, that other mechanisms are involved, including sporadic CWD cases, translocation of the infectious agent by scavengers, vertical transmission from mother to offspring, and potentially, transmission through sexual contact.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Based on their results, the researchers confirmed the presence of CWD prions in semen and male sexual tissues in CWD-infected deer. They note a need for additional experiments in live deer to determine whether CWD can be transmitted by breeding practices including sexual contacts or artificial insemination. Managers of captive cervid herds commonly exchange semen between herds for use in their breeding programs.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Read the full report from the peer-reviewed, open-access journal PLOS ONE.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0226560#sec007" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0226560#sec007</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">For more on CWD research, see these articles from BovineVetOnline</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.bovinevetonline.com/news/veterinary-research/researchers-find-cwd-proteins-deer-semen" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.bovinevetonline.com/news/veterinary-research/researchers-find-cwd-proteins-deer-semen</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">PMCA successfully detected CWD-prions in a diverse array of samples including blood, semen, feces, obex, retropharyngeal lymph node, fetuses (neural and peripheral tissues) and gestational tissues, parasites-insects, plants, compost-soil mixtures, and swabs from trash containers.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Importantly, our findings identified CWD in areas previously considered to be free of CWD. Overall, our findings demonstrate that PMCA is a powerful technique for the screening of biological and environmental samples, and it may prove useful as a CWD management and surveillance tool.</div></div><p class="ydp8ec9978yiv7896307339ydpe6f5e68eyiv7861415460ydp1c57bc29yiv1534490491ydp9624c983yiv1716088967ydpf4e8e150yiv4487014374ydp6aeb2d35yiv0409662753ydpb7785fd5yiv1668945118ydpb5354517yiv2248494667ydp2099043cyiv4704437803p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp8ec9978yiv7896307339ydpe6f5e68eyiv7861415460ydp1c57bc29yiv1534490491ydp9624c983yiv1716088967ydpf4e8e150yiv4487014374ydp6aeb2d35yiv0409662753ydpb7785fd5yiv1668945118ydpb5354517yiv2248494667ydp2099043cyiv4704437803s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important;"></span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></p><p class="ydp8ec9978yiv7896307339ydpe6f5e68eyiv7861415460ydp1c57bc29yiv1534490491ydp9624c983yiv1716088967ydpf4e8e150yiv4487014374ydp6aeb2d35yiv0409662753ydpb7785fd5yiv1668945118ydpb5354517yiv2248494667ydp2099043cyiv4704437803p1" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp8ec9978yiv7896307339ydpe6f5e68eyiv7861415460ydp1c57bc29yiv1534490491ydp9624c983yiv1716088967ydpf4e8e150yiv4487014374ydp6aeb2d35yiv0409662753ydpb7785fd5yiv1668945118ydpb5354517yiv2248494667ydp2099043cyiv4704437803s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true</a></span></p></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Published: 15 September 2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Detection of CWD prions in naturally infected white-tailed deer fetuses and gestational tissues by PMCA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Francisca Bravo-Risi, Paulina Soto, Thomas Eckland, Robert Dittmar, Santiago Ramírez, Celso S. G. Catumbela, Claudio Soto, Mitch Lockwood, Tracy Nichols & Rodrigo Morales Scientific Reports volume 11, Article number: 18385 (2021) Cite this article</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prevalent prion disease affecting cervids. CWD is thought to be transmitted through direct animal contact or by indirect exposure to contaminated environmental fomites. Other mechanisms of propagation such as vertical and maternal transmissions have also been suggested using naturally and experimentally infected animals. Here, we describe the detection of CWD prions in naturally-infected, farmed white-tailed deer (WTD) fetal tissues using the Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) technique. Prion seeding activity was identified in a variety of gestational and fetal tissues. Future studies should demonstrate if prions present in fetuses are at sufficient quantities to cause CWD after birth. This data confirms previous findings in other animal species and furthers vertical transmission as a relevant mechanism of CWD dissemination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Here, we report the presence of seeding competent CWD prions in fetal tissues collected from naturally prion-infected farmed WTD does using PMCA. The results presented in this article confirm the presence of CWD prions in fetal tissues from naturally infected farmed WTD dams suggesting that CWD could be transferred from mother to offspring.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Discussion CWD is rapidly expanding in both captive and wild cervid populations. While direct animal contact and environmental contamination provide reasonable explanations on how this disease is transmitted, evidence involving fetal infection and maternal exposure suggest that these routes may be relevant for disease transmission. Offspring from scrapie-infected sheep has been described as being at increased risk of developing prion disease32. Similar outcomes have been described for farmed elk41 and experimentally infected muntjac deer31. Relevant evidence supporting maternal-offspring CWD transmission include prion seeding activity identified in placenta and gestational fluids from pregnant elk and muntjac deer29,30. Importantly, prion detection has been identified in fetal tissues from elk30. Controlled experimental conditions in muntjac deer demonstrate that mother-to-offspring transmission is possible for CWD31. Our results show that fetal tissues collected from naturally infected CWD-positive asymptomatic farmed WTD females contain seeding competent prions. This suggests that mother-to-offspring prion transmission is a common feature of CWD across different cervid species.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In this report, we communicate the screening of 19 fetal and gestational tissues and fluids for the detection of CWD prions. Relevant CWD positive fetal tissues include liver, kidney, and lymphoid and reproductive tissues. The case of liver and kidney is interesting, as prion accumulation in these tissues is not observed by IHC in adult CWD-symptomatic animals5. The presence of CWD prions in fetuses’ sexual tissues is also interesting, especially considering our previous report showing that prion seeding activity is present in the testes of CWD-infected WTD bucks only at the late pre-symptomatic stages35. On the contrary, the identification of CWD prions in a large proportion of lymphoid tissues is in alignment with the expected pathophysiology of prions observed in adult animals2. This finding suggests that the tropism of infectious prions in lymphoid organs occurs even at fetal stages. However, the results presented in this article do not allow us to conclude whether CWD prions present in fetal tissues came from the mothers through circulation or were generated de novo in the fetuses. The poor detection of CWD prions in fetal brains strongly supports the idea that neuroinvasion (ergo, prion replication) does not occur at fetal stages.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PMCA can detect prions at sub-infectious levels34,42,43,44 and CWD prion amplification by PMCA is able to catch sub-infectious PrPSc quantities in the first round6,35. Whether CWD prions present in fetal tissues exist in quantities large enough to induce clinical CWD after birth cannot be concluded from our results. Previous results in goats show that embryo transfer from infected to naïve females failed to transmit prion disease to offspring28, suggesting that if prions in sheep and goat embryos contain prions, they are present in sub-infectious quantities. Nevertheless, it is important to acknowledge that embryos described in those studies were exposed to a prion-infected environment for a restricted time, and either prion absorption and replication by embryos may be limited. The latter assumption is supported by the fact that recipient females were not infected28. Nonetheless, similar studies in sheep demonstrated that in utero prion transmission is possible45. The presence of prion infectivity in mammary glands, colostrum and milk of sheep suggest that transmission can also occur after birth46,47,48,49. Future studies detecting prions in mammary glands and milk of deer does will help us to evaluate the different possible scenarios in which CWD can be transmitted from mother to offspring (i.e., in utero vs. milking/nursing). Research in this area is relevant considering that wild WTD CWD-positive does seems more likely to be parents compared to their CWD-negative counterparts50.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The results presented in this study show that CWD prions exist in WTD fetuses from naturally infected does. Whether prions in fetal tissues are enough to sustain infectivity after birth, as well as descriptions of the mechanisms governing mother-to-offspring CWD transmission in cervids, should be clarified in future studies. These studies should include the screening of larger number of samples collected from wild and farmed animals affected by different strains of CWD prions, bioassays in susceptible mice to measure infectivity titers, and controlled experiments using pregnant/CWD-infected WTD females.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-97737-y" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-97737-y</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">14 Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) as an ultra-sensitive technique for the screening of CWD prions in different sample types.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PMCA successfully detected CWD-prions in a diverse array of samples including blood, semen, feces, obex, retropharyngeal lymph node, fetuses (neural and peripheral tissues) and gestational tissues, parasites-insects, plants, compost-soil mixtures, and swabs from trash containers.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Importantly, our findings identified CWD in areas previously considered to be free of CWD. Overall, our findings demonstrate that PMCA is a powerful technique for the screening of biological and environmental samples, and it may prove useful as a CWD management and surveillance tool.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P74 High Prevalence of CWD prions in male reproductive samples</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The results showed positive CWD prion detection in testes, epididymis and seminal fluid samples. A high prevalence of CWD-PrPSc was found in samples collected at the late-presymptomatic stage of the disease. Our results showed a correlation between the presence of CWD-PrPSc in male reproductive organs and blood. These findings demonstrate a high efficiency of CWD prion detection by PMCA in testes, epididymis and seminal fluid, and offer a possibility for a routine screening of semen samples to be commercially distributed for artificial insemination. Our results may uncover new opportunities to understand the mechanisms of CWD spreading and decrease putative inter-individual transmission associated to insemination using CWD contaminated specimens.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191031195926/https://prion2018.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/program.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20191031195926/https://prion2018.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/program.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PLoS One. 2019; 14(12): e0226560. Published online 2019 Dec 30. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226560</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PMCID: PMC6936793PMID: 31887141</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In Vitro detection of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) prions in semen and reproductive tissues of white tailed deer bucks (Odocoileus virginianus)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our findings reveal the presence of CWD prions in semen and sexual tissues of prion infected WTD bucks. Future studies will be necessary to determine whether sexual contact and/or artificial inseminations are plausible means of CWD transmission in susceptible animal species.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6936793/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6936793/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Very low oral exposure to prions of brain or saliva origin can transmit chronic wasting disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We report that oral exposure to as little as 300 nanograms (ng) of CWD-positive brain or to saliva containing seeding activity equivalent to 300 ng of CWD-positive brain, were sufficient to transmit CWD disease. This was true whether the inoculum was administered as a single bolus or divided as three weekly 100 ng exposures. However, when the 300 ng total dose was apportioned as 10, 30 ng doses delivered over 12 weeks, no infection occurred. While low-dose exposures to prions of brain or saliva origin prolonged the time from inoculation to first detection of infection, once infection was established, we observed no differences in disease pathogenesis. These studies suggest that the CWD minimum infectious dose approximates 100 to 300 ng CWD-positive brain (or saliva equivalent), and that CWD infection appears to conform more with a threshold than a cumulative dose dynamic.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32817706/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32817706/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="rtl" style="outline: none !important; text-align: right;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div></div></div></div></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37946824.post-4170536480048030332023-12-08T12:29:00.004-06:002023-12-08T12:29:22.501-06:00TEXAS TPWD Chronic Wasting Disease Detected in Free-Range Coleman County Deer<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">TEXAS TPWD Chronic Wasting Disease Detected in Free-Range Coleman County Deer </span></p><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease Detected in Free-Range Coleman County Deer </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dec. 8, 2023 Media Contact: TPWD News, Business Hours, 512-389-8030 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">AUSTIN — Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) received confirmation of a case of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in Coleman County, marking the first detection in the county.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A two-year-old whitetail buck harvested by a hunter on a low-fenced property tested positive through sampling conducted voluntarily to assist with the state’s CWD surveillance.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The sample was collected by a TPWD Wildlife Biologist as part of the statewide surveillance effort. Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory initially analyzed the samples, and the National Veterinary Services Laboratory in Iowa confirmed the CWD detection.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD has an incubation period that can span years, so the first indication of the disease in a herd is often found through surveillance testing rather than observed clinical signs. Early detection and proactive monitoring improve the state’s response time to the detection of CWD and can greatly reduce the risk of further disease spread. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TPWD encourages hunters to voluntary test hunter-harvested deer in the area between Coleman and Cross Plains. For more information about voluntary sampling contact your local TPWD biologist (need a link to our webpage). The Department will establish CWD containment and surveillance zones in the area but they may not be implemented until 2024.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD is a fatal neurological disease found in certain cervids including deer, elk, moose and other members of the deer family. This slow, progressive disease may not produce visible signs in susceptible species for several years after infection. As the disease process continues, animals with CWD may show changes in behavior and appearance. Clinical signs may include progressive weight loss, stumbling or tremors with a lack of coordination, loss of appetite, teeth grinding, abnormal head posture and/or drooping ears, and excessive thirst, salivation or urination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In Texas, the disease was first discovered in 2012 in free-ranging mule deer along a remote area of the Hueco Mountains near the Texas-New Mexico border. CWD has since been detected in Texas captive and free-ranging cervids, including white-tailed deer, mule deer, red deer and elk.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">For more information on previous detections in Texas and CWD best management practices for hunters and landowners, visit TPWD’s CWD page.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/newsmedia/releases/?req=20231208a&utm_campaign=govdelivery-email&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/newsmedia/releases/?req=20231208a&utm_campaign=govdelivery-email&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">TEXAS CWD TSE PRION DIRE CONSEQUENCES ARE HERE!</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Texas TPWD CWD Update</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TITLE 31. NATURAL RESOURCES AND CONSERVATION PART 2. TEXAS PARKS AND WILDLIFE DEPARTMENT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CHAPTER 65. WILDLIFE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SUBCHAPTER B. DISEASE DETECTION AND RESPONSE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DIVISION 2. CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE - COMPREHENSIVE RULES</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">31 TAC §65.95</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Since mid-July of this year, the department has received confirmation of CWD in deer breeding facilities in Brooks, Frio, Zavala, Kimble, and Cherokee counties. Current rules provide that when CWD is detected in a breeding facility or at a location where breeder deer have been released, the facility and any directly connected facilities are immediately prohibited from receiving or transferring deer and the department and Texas Animal Health Commission (TAHC) staff immediately begin epidemiological investigations to determine the extent and significance of possible disease transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the case of the Brooks County breeding facility, department records indicate that the facility has within the last five years transferred 1,057 deer to 51 deer breeding facilities, five Deer Management Permit (DMP) sites, and 77 release sites located in a total of 67 counties, as well as to three destinations in Mexico.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the case of the Frio County breeding facility, department records indicate that the facility has "certified herd" status under the TAHC herd certification program and within the last five years has transferred 627 deer to 46 deer breeding facilities, two nursing facilities, two DMP sites, and 29 release sites located in a total of 41 counties.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the case of the Zavala County breeding facility, department records indicate that within the last five years the facility has transferred 276 deer to three deer breeding facilities, one DMP facility, and 21 release sites located in a total of 14 counties.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the case of the Kimble County breeding facility, the facility was the source or destination for 282 deer, including deer sent to seven release sites.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the case of the Cherokee County breeding facility, the facility received 17 deer from four breeding facilities but did not transfer deer to another breeding facility or release site.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The breeding facilities, nursing facilities, DMP facilities, and release sites that have received deer from the positive facilities are directly connected to those facilities and are of epidemiological concern. These facilities are by current rule also prohibited from receiving or transferring deer unless and until epidemiological investigation determines that Movement Qualified (MQ) status can be restored. Deer breeding facilities that received deer from one or more of the directly connected breeding facilities (referred to as "Tier 1" facilities) are indirectly connected to the positive facilities and are of epidemiological concern because they have received exposed deer that were in a trace-out breeding facility.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The recent detections of CWD in breeding facilities located in Brooks, Frio, Zavala, Kimble, and Cherokee counties are part of an ongoing outbreak of CWD in deer breeding facilities.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Since March 29, 2021, CWD has been detected in 15 counties.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In 2023 alone, CWD has been detected in 12 deer breeding facilities located in nine counties.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prior to 2021, CWD was detected in six deer breeding facilities located in four counties.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In response to the magnitude and the potential severity of this situation, the emergency rules require the ante-mortem testing of test eligible deer prior to transfer from a breeding facility to another breeding facility.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The emergency action is necessary to protect the state's white-tailed deer populations, as well as associated industries.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/December82023/Emergency%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/December82023/Emergency%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#9</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Texas CWD Surveillance Positives</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/positive-cases/listing-cwd-cases-texas.phtml#texasCWD" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/positive-cases/listing-cwd-cases-texas.phtml#texasCWD</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Counties where CWD Exposed Deer were Released</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/257/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/257/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Number of CWD Exposed Deer Released by County</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/258/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites-NbrDeer.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/258/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites-NbrDeer.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD Captive Herds updated April 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/cervid/cervids-cwd/cervids-voluntary-hcp" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/cervid/cervids-cwd/cervids-voluntary-hcp</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD Captive Herds updated April 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE PrP in Texas</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/b93f528938ac48e9b56dcc79953cbec0" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/b93f528938ac48e9b56dcc79953cbec0</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease Detected at Kerr Wildlife Management Area Captive Deer Research Facility</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dec. 1, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Media Contact: TPWD News, Business Hours, 512-389-8030</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">AUSTIN — Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) biologists have reported a suspect-positive case of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in a 14-month-old captive male white-tailed deer at the Kerr Wildlife Management Area (WMA) research facility. The detection resulted from ante-mortem testing conducted on all captive white-tailed deer as part of ongoing research. Samples from the buck were sent to the National Veterinary Service Laboratory in Iowa for confirmation.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Out of an abundance of caution, TPWD staff euthanized all deer in the research facility and collected post-mortem samples, which resulted in no additional detections. TPWD will continue monitoring for CWD throughout the research facility and the WMA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“TPWD staff are disappointed to abruptly end nearly 50 years of white-tailed deer research that has significantly influenced deer management in Texas and across the country” said John Silovsky, Wildlife Division Director. “Staff will continue to investigate opportunities to enhance the understanding of this insidious disease in both captive environments and free-ranging populations.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Built in 1974, the high-fenced research facility offers researchers facilities to study white-tailed deer in a controlled setting. The 23-acre facility now is double high fenced and consists of breeding and rearing enclosures, and a series of other structures that facilitate the safe handling of research animals.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The initial stock of deer in the research facility consisted of native Texas whitetails obtained from various locations throughout the state. TPWD did not routinely move deer into or out of the facility after that initial stocking.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The research herd has been maintained as a pedigreed herd investigating nutritional, age and genetic relationships in deer. Research programs in the facility have supported wild deer herd management activities, outreach programs, trainings and the development of antler regulations across the state.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Kerr WMA has conducted CWD surveillance of its wild and captive deer herds since 2002. Surveillance efforts within the research facility totaled 242 regulatory tests since 2018. Wild deer harvested on the WMA through the public hunting program and field research since 2018 have provided an additional 259 regulatory tests with no detections.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TPWD has intensified its investigations within the facility for the presence of CWD prions since May 8, when the agency received conflicting results —from a presumptive positive RT-QuIC amplification test and not-detected regulatory tests— on a female deer euthanized in January of this year. Assessments within the facility this summer included surveillance with swabs of equipment, water and feed sites paired with targeted euthanasia and tissue testing. Subsequent amplification and regulatory tests confirmed not-detected results on the 66 deer postmortem tested, as part of the investigation. Remaining individuals in the facility were screened with ante-mortem tonsil and rectal biopsies in October resulting in the positive detection from a tonsil biopsy on the 14-month-old male.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD is a fatal neurological disease found in certain cervids including deer, elk, moose and other members of the deer family. This slow, progressive disease may not produce visible signs in susceptible species for several years after infection. As the disease process continues, animals with CWD may show changes in behavior and appearance. Clinical signs may include progressive weight loss, stumbling or tremors with a lack of coordination, loss of appetite, teeth grinding, abnormal head posture and/or drooping ears, and excessive thirst, salivation or urination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD has an incubation period that can span years, so the first indication of the disease in a herd is often found through surveillance testing rather than observed clinical signs. Early detection and proactive monitoring improve the state’s response time to the detection of CWD and can greatly reduce the risk of further disease spread. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In Texas, the disease was first discovered in 2012 in free-ranging mule deer along a remote area of the Hueco Mountains near the Texas-New Mexico border. CWD has since been detected in Texas captive and free-ranging cervids, including white-tailed deer, mule deer, red deer and elk.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">For more information on previous detections in Texas and CWD best management practices for hunters and landowners, visit TPWD’s CWD page. For more information about the Kerr WMA and research projects visit Kerr WMA web page.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/newsmedia/releases/?req=20231201a&utm_campaign=govdelivery-email&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/newsmedia/releases/?req=20231201a&utm_campaign=govdelivery-email&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">very sad TPWD et al, but keep up the good work trying to detect and contain CWD...terry</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">HERE IS some previous suspect deer there i ask about in August 2023;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">***>I recommend you send questions to WL.Health@tpwd.texas.gov and our knowledge experts can respond to you. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Greetings TPWD et al, I have followed Cwd, BSE, Scrapie, Camel Prion Disease, CJD, closely since 1997, and every deer in Texas that had CWD since 2012, Mule deer. The travesty of the junk science the breeders are throwing out on cwd is almost comical, if not for the seriousness of Cwd. I keep hearing about a Deer at Kerr WMA, all these breeders keep asking about. Now I read a while back about Kerr WMA, that there was a false positive cwd, that was followed by two negative tests, so this deer was negative, but I have no confirmation on this. Could you please confirm or deny this please, and give me a bit of background on this? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Thank you kindly for all the hard work you are doing trying to contain this monster… </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Kindest regards, terry Terry S. Singeltary Sr. flounder9@verizon.com</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">On Aug 1, 2023, at 12:19 PM, WL Health <WL.Health@tpwd.texas.gov> wrote: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Hello sir, please see below for the background you are looking for. In the case of the Kerr WMA, included are 2 statements written by TPWD as the situation unfolded and the course of action taken by test type and subsequent results. These include the dates they were prepared as well. Currently the facility, as stated below, is conducting further testing out of an abundance of caution. June 8, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TPWD is continuing to investigate a test result on a white-tailed deer at the Kerr Wildlife Management Area. Researchers working with TPWD have reported a CWD-positive test result on the deer, produced by an experimental test not yet validated by USDA. However, this result conflicts with a “not-detected” test result from the same animal using a USDA-validated test. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TPWD has now received additional test results, using immunohistochemistry (IHC) testing, from Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory (TVMDL). The results came back “Not Detected.” </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Additional analysis is still being conducted to compare results.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TPWD is investigating this case, which involves one deer. The suspect and unofficial CWD-positive detection resulted from an RT-QuIC test, an experimental assay that shows some promise as a more sensitive CWD detection technique that can be used on a wider range of tissues than other available methods of detection. The “not-detected” test result was produced using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). ELISA is a USDA-validated immunological test administered by Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory. Out of an abundance of caution and to reconcile the different test results, TPWD is seeking further tissue testing and in the meantime is treating the facility with a high standard of precautionary measures. All deer from this CWD research project were euthanized at the end of the project and tested for CWD as part of established research protocol. All other deer tested “not detected” for CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Since 1974, TPWD has maintained the closed, pedigreed white-tailed deer herd at Kerr WMA for controlled studies on age, nutrition and genetics, providing results to stakeholders for management of wild deer herds. TPWD continues to operate the facility to share results with stakeholders for research and demonstration purposes and does not routinely move deer into or out of the facility. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">6-28-2023 Update The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) has received additional test results on a suspect CWD-positive white-tailed deer at the Kerr Wildlife Management Area (WMA). Researchers working with TPWD originally reported a suspect CWD-positive test result on the deer, produced by an RT-QuIC test, an experimental test not yet validated by USDA. However, this result conflicted with two “Not-Detected” test results from the same animal using USDA-validated tests, from Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory. Further testing on lymph nodes and brain tissue from the suspect animal utilizing protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) testing, a technique similar to RT-QuIC, have been performed and reported with “Not Detected” results. Out of an abundance of caution, TPWD is pursuing further testing in the facility and maintaining biosecurity measures. All deer from this CWD research project were euthanized at the end of the project and tested for CWD as part of established research protocol. All other deer tested “Not Detected” for CWD. The facility performs CWD testing on mortalities and euthanized individuals as part of routine protocols. Since 1974, TPWD has maintained the closed, pedigreed white-tailed deer herd at Kerr WMA for controlled studies on age, nutrition, and genetics, providing results to stakeholders for management of wild deer herds. TPWD does not routinely move deer into or out of the facility. </div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">end...personal communication...terry</div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">For Immediate Release<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">November 17, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease Detected in Cherokee County Deer Breeding Facility</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">AUSTIN, TX — Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) and Texas Animal Health Commission (TAHC) received confirmation of a case of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in Cherokee County, marking the first detection in a deer breeding facility in the county.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A four-year-old buck tested positive using postmortem testing conducted to meet annual CWD surveillance requirements for the facility.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory initially analyzed the samples, and the National Veterinary Services Laboratory in Iowa confirmed the CWD detection.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD has an incubation period that can span years, so the first indication of the disease in a herd is often found through surveillance testing rather than observed clinical signs. Early detection and proactive monitoring improve the state’s response time to the detection of CWD and can greatly reduce the risk of further disease spread.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Any person interested in having their harvest tested for CWD should contact a local biologist, found on the TPWD website.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD is a fatal neurological disease found in certain cervids including deer, elk, moose and other members of the deer family. This slow, progressive disease may not produce visible signs in susceptible species for several years after infection. As the disease process continues, animals with CWD may show changes in behavior and appearance. Clinical signs may include progressive weight loss, stumbling or tremors with a lack of coordination, loss of appetite, teeth grinding, abnormal head posture and/or drooping ears, and excessive thirst, salivation or urination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In Texas, the disease was first discovered in 2012 in free-ranging mule deer along a remote area of the Hueco Mountains near the Texas-New Mexico border. CWD has since been detected in Texas captive and free-ranging cervids, including white-tailed deer, mule deer, red deer and elk.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">For more information on previous detections in Texas and CWD best management practices for hunters and landowners, visit TPWD's CWD page or the TAHC's CWD page.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">###</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tahc.texas.gov/news/2023/2023-11-17_CWD_CherokeeCo.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tahc.texas.gov/news/2023/2023-11-17_CWD_CherokeeCo.pdf</a></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, OCTOBER 24, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Texas Chronic Wasting Disease Detected in Medina County Deer Breeding Facility </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease Detected in Medina County Deer Breeding Facility</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Oct. 24, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Media Contact: TPWD News, Business Hours, 512-389-8030</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">AUSTIN — The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) received confirmation of a case of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in Medina County, marking the fifth detection since 2015 in a deer-breeding facility in the county.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A one-year-old buck tested positive through an antemortem (live-animal) test conducted to meet annual CWD surveillance requirements for the facility.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Lab initially analyzed the samples, and the National Veterinary Services Laboratory in Iowa confirmed the CWD detection.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD has an incubation period that can span years, so the first indication of the disease in a herd is often found through surveillance testing rather than observed clinical signs. Early detection and proactive monitoring improve the state’s response time to the detection of CWD and can greatly reduce the risk of further disease spread.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Due to this recent detection, TPWD may establish a surveillance zone encompassing a two-mile radius. Any hunter harvesting a deer on a property that is wholly or partially encompassed by the zone will be subject to CWD zone rules. All hunter-harvested deer from this new zone must be presented at the Hondo check station location within 48 hours of harvesting the deer.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">All affected landowners within this zone will be contacted by the department after the zone boundaries are established.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD is a fatal neurological disease found in certain cervids including deer, elk, moose and other members of the deer family. This slow, progressive disease may not produce visible signs in susceptible species for several years after infection. As the irreversible disease process continues, animals with CWD may show changes in behavior and appearance. Clinical signs may include progressive weight loss, stumbling or tremors with a lack of coordination, loss of appetite, teeth grinding, abnormal head posture and/or drooping ears, and excessive thirst, salivation or urination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In Texas, the disease was first discovered in 2012 in free-ranging mule deer along a remote area of the Hueco Mountains near the Texas-New Mexico border. CWD has since been detected in Texas captive and free-ranging cervids, including white-tailed deer, mule deer, red deer and elk.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">For more information on previous detections in Texas and CWD best management practices for hunters and landowners, visit TPWD’s CWD page. The recently updated page includes a map of all CWD zones, check stations and positive case tracking. This webpage can be utilized to find answers to frequently asked questions, view videos with information from wildlife veterinarians and review the latest news.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/newsmedia/releases/?req=20231024a" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/newsmedia/releases/?req=20231024a</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 13, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Texas Chronic Wasting Disease Detected in Kimble County Deer Breeding Facility </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease Detected in Kimble County Deer Breeding Facility</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sept. 13, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Media Contact: TPWD News, Business Hours, 512-389-8030</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">News Image Share on Facebook Share Release URL</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">AUSTIN — The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) received confirmation of a case of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in a deer-breeding facility in Kimble County, marking the second such detection in a deer-breeding facility located in the county.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A six-year-old doe tested positive through an antemortem (live-animal) test conducted to meet annual CWD surveillance requirements for the facility, and postmortem testing confirmed the initial result.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory in College Station initially analyzed the samples, with the National Veterinary Services Laboratory confirming the CWD detection.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD has an incubation period that can span years, meaning the first indication in a herd may likely come through surveillance testing rather than observed clinical signs. Early detection and proactive monitoring improve the state’s response time to the detection of CWD and can greatly reduce the risk of further disease spread. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prior to the beginning of all deer hunting seasons, TPWD will establish a surveillance zone encompassing a two-mile radius from this recent detection. All hunter harvested deer from this new zone must be presented at a check station location, yet to be determined, within 48 hours of harvesting the deer. All affected landowners within this zone will be contacted by the department after the zone boundaries are established.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD is a fatal neurological disease found in certain cervids including deer, elk, moose and other members of the deer family. This slow, progressive disease may not produce visible signs in susceptible species for several years after infection. As the irreversible disease process continues, animals with CWD may show changes in behavior and appearance. Clinical signs may include progressive weight loss, stumbling or tremors with a lack of coordination, loss of appetite, teeth grinding, abnormal head posture and/or drooping ears, and excessive thirst, salivation or urination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In Texas, the disease was first discovered in 2012 in free-ranging mule deer along a remote area of the Hueco Mountains near the Texas-New Mexico border. CWD has since been detected in Texas captive and free-ranging cervids, including white-tailed deer, mule deer, red deer and elk.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">For more information on previous detections in Texas and CWD best management practices for hunters and landowners, visit TPWD’s CWD page. The recently updated page includes a map of all CWD zones, check stations and positive case tracking. This webpage can be utilized to find answers to frequently asked questions, view videos with information from wildlife veterinarians and review the latest news.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/newsmedia/releases/?req=20230913a" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/newsmedia/releases/?req=20230913a</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, JULY 21, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TPWD Chronic Wasting Disease Detected in Brooks County Deer Breeding Facility </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease Detected in Brooks County Deer Breeding Facility</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">July 21, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Media Contact: TPWD News, Business Hours, 512-389-8030</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">AUSTIN — The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) and Texas Animal Health Commission (TAHC) received notification of a new case of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in a deer-breeding facility in Brooks County. This marks the first detection of the disease in the county and the ninth CWD-positive breeding facility in the state detected in 2023.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A five-year-old doe detected with CWD was transferred in 2022 from a facility in Frio County newly discovered to be positive for CWD. In this case, TPWD regulations required euthanization and testing for CWD as part of the epidemiological investigation.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory in College Station initially analyzed postmortem samples, and the National Veterinary Services Laboratory in Ames, Iowa, confirmed the CWD detection.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD has an incubation period that can span years, meaning the first indication in a herd may likely come through surveillance testing rather than observed clinical signs. Early detection and proactive monitoring improve the state’s response time to the detection of CWD and can greatly reduce the risk of further disease spread. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD is a fatal neurological disease found in certain cervids including deer, elk, moose and other members of the deer family. This slow, progressive disease may not produce visible signs in susceptible species for several years after infection. As the irreversible disease process continues, animals with CWD may show changes in behavior and appearance. Clinical signs may include progressive weight loss, stumbling or tremors with a lack of coordination, loss of appetite, teeth grinding, abnormal head posture and/or drooping ears, and excessive thirst, salivation or urination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In Texas, the disease was first discovered in 2012 in free-ranging mule deer along a remote area of the Hueco Mountains near the Texas-New Mexico border. CWD has since been detected in Texas captive and free-ranging cervids, including white-tailed deer, mule deer, red deer and elk. For more information on previous detections in Texas and CWD best management practices for hunters and landowners, visit TPWD’s CWD page.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The recently updated TPWD CWD webpage includes a map of all CWD zones, check stations and positive case tracking. This webpage can be utilized to find answers to frequently asked questions, view videos with information from wildlife veterinarians and review the latest news. Additional information regarding TAHC requirements, CWD zones, disease information and details pertaining to susceptible exotic species can be found on the TAHC CWD webpage.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/newsmedia/releases/?req=20230721a" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/newsmedia/releases/?req=20230721a</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TEXAS CWD Detected in Additional Breeding Facilities in Frio and Zavala Counties </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease Detected in Additional Breeding Facilities in Frio and Zavala Counties</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">July 13, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Media Contact: TPWD News, Business Hours, 512-389-8030 News Image Share on Facebook Share Release URL</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">AUSTIN — Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) received notification of two new cases of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in deer-breeding facilities in Frio and Zavala Counties.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In Frio County, a 2-year-old white-tailed doe died in a deer-breeding facility and was post-mortem tested following CWD surveillance testing requirements. This is the second deer-breeding facility in Frio County to have a positive CWD detection.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In Zavala County, a 3-year-old white-tailed buck died in a deer-breeding facility and was post-mortem tested following CWD surveillance testing requirements. This is the second deer-breeding facility in Zavala County to have a positive CWD detection.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory in College Station initially analyzed postmortem samples; the National Veterinary Services Laboratory in Ames, Iowa, provided a CWD-positive confirmation for both samples.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">During the upcoming August meeting of the Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission, TPWD staff will propose the development of CWD surveillance zones within the general vicinity of both CWD-positive facilities. If the proposal passes, the zones will include mandatory sampling of hunter harvested deer, as well as carcass movement and disposal requirements to take effect during the upcoming deer season.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD has an incubation period that can span years, meaning the first indication in a herd may likely come through surveillance testing rather than observed clinical signs. Early detection and proactive monitoring improve the state’s response time to a disease outbreak and can greatly reduce the risk of further disease spread.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD is a fatal neurological disease found in certain cervids including deer, elk, moose and other members of the deer family. This slow, progressive disease may not produce visible signs in susceptible species for several years after infection. As the disease progresses, animals with CWD may show changes in behavior and appearance. Clinical signs may include progressive weight loss, stumbling or tremors with a lack of coordination, loss of appetite, teeth grinding, abnormal head posture and/or drooping ears, and excessive thirst, salivation or urination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In Texas, the disease was first discovered in 2012 in free-ranging mule deer along a remote area of the Hueco Mountains near the Texas-New Mexico border. CWD has since been detected in Texas captive and free-ranging cervids, including white-tailed deer, mule deer, red deer and elk. For more information on previous detections in Texas and CWD best management practices for hunters and landowners, visit TPWD’s CWD page.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/newsmedia/releases/?req=20230713a" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/newsmedia/releases/?req=20230713a</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Texas Chronic Wasting Disease Discovered in Deer Breeding Facilities in Frio and Hamilton Counties</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">For Immediate Release</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">April 11, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease Discovered in Deer Breeding Facilities in Frio and Hamilton Counties</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">AUSTIN, TX – Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) and Texas Animal Health Commission (TAHC) received confirmation of two new cases of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in separate deer breeding facilities in Hamilton and Frio counties. These cases mark the first detection of the disease in each county.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A single case in a Hamilton County facility was detected using antemortem (live animal) testing conducted to determine if the animal was movement qualified to transfer from the property to a registered release site. A single case in a Frio County facility was detected using postmortem testing following a natural mortality conducted to meet TPWD surveillance requirements. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The samples submitted to the Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory in College Station were ultimately sent to the National Veterinary Services Laboratory (NVSL) in Ames, Iowa, where the presence of CWD was confirmed in all samples. Officials took immediate action to secure all deer at the facilities. TPWD and TAHC plan to continue working together to conduct additional investigations into the extent of the disease within the facilities.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">With an incubation period that can span years, the first indication of CWD in a herd may likely come through testing, rather than observing clinical signs. Early detection and proactive monitoring improve the state’s response time to a disease outbreak and can greatly reduce the risk of further disease spread. Antemortem testing provides a continuous testing baseline that can further clarify the epidemiological uncertainties related to the origin of a disease outbreak. In addition to postmortem testing and other surveillance requirements, this testing helps guide future changes to the disease management strategy. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD is a fatal neurological disease found in certain cervids including deer, elk, moose and other members of the deer family. CWD is a slow and progressive disease. Due to a long incubation, cervids infected with CWD may not produce any visible signs for several years after becoming infected. As the disease progresses, animals with CWD show changes in behavior and appearance. Clinical signs may include progressive weight loss, stumbling or tremors with a lack of coordination, excessive thirst, salivation or urination, loss of appetite, teeth grinding, abnormal head posture and/or drooping ears.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In Texas, the disease was first discovered in 2012 in free-ranging mule deer along a remote area of the Hueco Mountains near the Texas-New Mexico border. CWD has since been detected in captive and free-ranging cervids in the state including, white-tailed deer, mule deer, red deer and elk. For more information on previous detections in Texas, visit TPWD’s CWD page.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To date there are no known cases where CWD has infected a human; however, recent research suggests that CWD transmission from infected animals to humans should not be ruled out. As a precaution, it is recommended that hunters test harvested cervid species for CWD, and not consume the meat of infected animals.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">For more information about CWD, visit the TPWD website or the TAHC website.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">### The Texas Animal Health Commission (TAHC) was established in 1893 as the Livestock Sanitary Commission and charged with protecting the state’s domestic animals “from all contagious or infectious diseases of a malignant character.” TAHC remains true to this charge while evolving with the times to protect the health and marketability of all Texas livestock and poultry. Learn more about the TAHC visit www.tahc.texas.gov. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tahc.texas.gov/news/2023/2023-04-11_CWD_FrioHamilton.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tahc.texas.gov/news/2023/2023-04-11_CWD_FrioHamilton.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Texas CWD seven new cases three separate deer-breeding facilities in Zavala, Washington and Gonzales counties 471 confirmed to date</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease Discovered in Deer-Breeding Facilities in Zavala, Washington and Gonzales Counties </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">March 21, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Media Contact: TPWD News, Business Hours, 512-389-8030 News</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Additional Case Detected at High-Fence Release Site in Hunt County</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">AUSTIN – The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) and Texas Animal Health Commission (TAHC) received confirmation of seven new cases of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in three separate deer-breeding facilities in Zavala, Washington and Gonzales counties. These cases mark the first detection of the disease in each county.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Three cases in a Zavala County facility and one case in a Washington County facility were detected through antemortem (live animal) testing conducted prior to their transfer from the properties to registered release sites. Three cases in a Gonzales County facility were detected by antemortem and postmortem testing, as required by a CWD Herd Plan established after the facility received CWD-exposed deer from an Uvalde County deer breeding facility in which CWD was detected in 2021.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The samples were submitted to the Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory in College Station and were ultimately sent to the National Veterinary Services Laboratory in Ames, Iowa, where the presence of CWD was confirmed in all seven samples. Officials have taken immediate action to secure all deer at the facilities; TPWD and TAHC plan to continue working together to conduct additional investigations looking into the extent of the disease within the facilities.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“It continues to be imperative for producers to stay diligent with testing susceptible species for CWD,” said Dr. Andy Schwartz, TAHC executive director and state veterinarian. “With an incubation period that can span years, the first indication of this degenerative disease in a herd may likely come through testing, rather than observing clinical signs. Early detection and proactive monitoring improve the state’s response time and can greatly reduce the risk of further disease spread.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Since November 2021, when the Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission adopted a requirement to antemortem test deer for CWD prior to liberation, this disease surveillance tool has detected CWD in five deer breeding facilities where it was not previously known to exist. Transferring even one CWD-infected deer from a breeding facility could ultimately affect all deer in the vicinity of the transfer, with irreversible impacts.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“With disease surveillance, our goal is to monitor and identify disease expeditiously to minimize the impact of outbreaks,” said Dr. Hunter Reed, TPWD wildlife veterinarian. “This is a continuous process that hopefully results in little to no disease being detected since [ideally] our disease management strategies are effective in limiting transmission. This additional surveillance from antemortem testing not only allows us to respond more quickly to an outbreak, but it also provides us with a robust, continuous testing baseline that can further elucidate the epidemiological uncertainties related to the origin of the disease outbreak, in addition to guiding future changes to our disease management strategy.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In Hunt County, TPWD and TAHC received confirmation of CWD in a white-tailed doe harvested on a release site located adjacent to a breeding facility already known to have CWD. This is the first positive detection in a free-range deer in the county.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">First recognized in the U.S. in 1967, CWD has since been documented in captive and/or free-ranging deer in 30 states and three Canadian provinces.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In Texas, the disease was first discovered in 2012 in free-ranging mule deer along a remote area of the Hueco Mountains near the Texas-New Mexico border and has since been detected in 471 captive or free-ranging cervids — including white-tailed deer, mule deer, red deer and elk — in 20 Texas counties. For more information on previous detections, visit TPWD’s CWD page.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD is a fatal neurological disease found in certain cervids, including deer, elk, moose and other members of the deer family. CWD is a slow and progressive disease. Due to a long incubation, cervids infected with CWD may not produce any visible signs for several years after becoming infected. As the disease progresses, animals with CWD show changes in behavior and appearance. Clinical signs may include progressive weight loss, stumbling or tremors with a lack of coordination, excessive thirst, salivation or urination, loss of appetite, teeth grinding, abnormal head posture and/or drooping ears.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To date there are no known cases where CWD has infected a human; however, recent research suggests that CWD transmission from infected animals to humans should not be ruled out. Consequently, as a precaution, it is recommended that hunters test harvested cervid species for CWD, and that no one consumes the meat of infected animals.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">For more information about CWD, visit the TPWD website or the TAHC website.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/newsmedia/releases/?req=20230321b" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/newsmedia/releases/?req=20230321b</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">TEXAS CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/b93f528938ac48e9b56dcc79953cbec0" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/b93f528938ac48e9b56dcc79953cbec0</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">TEXAS CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE RISES SUBSTANTIALLY TO 575+ CONFIRMED CWD CASES TO DATE (TPWD CWD TRACKER PAGE OUTDATE...terry)<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Listing of CWD Cases in Texas</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Show 25</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Positive Number CWD Positive Confirmation Date Free Range Captive County Source Species Sex Age</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">575 2023-10-26 White-tailed Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer M 2.3</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">574 2023-10-26 White-tailed Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer F 4.3</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">573 2023-10-26 White-tailed Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer F 3.3</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">572 2023-10-26 White-tailed Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer M 3.4</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">571 2023-10-26 White-tailed Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer F 2.3</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">570 2023-10-19 White-tailed Deer Medina Facility #27 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer M 1.2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">569 2023-10-26 White-tailed Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Release Site F 3.5</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">568 2023-10-24 Elk Medina Facility #3 Elk - Breeder Release Site M Unknown</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">567 2023-10-24 White-tailed Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer F 2.3</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">566 2023-10-24 White-tailed Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer F 3.3</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">565 2023-10-12 White-tailed Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer F 0.3</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">564 2023-09-19 White-tailed Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer M 6.2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">563 2023-09-19 White-tailed Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer F 3.3</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">562 2023-09-19 White-tailed Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer F 3.1</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">561 2023-09-12 White-tailed Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer M 0.2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">560 2023-09-12 White-tailed Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer F 3.2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">559 2023-09-12 White-tailed Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer F 2.1</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">558 2023-09-12 White-tailed Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer F 3.2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">557 2023-09-11 White-tailed Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer F 3.1</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">556 2023-09-11 Elk Dallam N/A Elk - Free Range M Unknown</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">555 2023-09-07 White-tailed Deer Kimble Facility #26 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer F 6.2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">554 2023-09-08 Mule Deer El Paso N/A Mule Deer - Free Range F 4.5</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">553 2023-09-08 Breeder Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer F 4.1</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">552 2023-09-08 Breeder Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer F 13.1</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">snip...see all of the 575 CWD Positive Cervid in Texas, multiple pages;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/positive-cases/listing-cwd-cases-texas.phtml#texasCWD" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/positive-cases/listing-cwd-cases-texas.phtml#texasCWD</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease in Texas</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A Real Disease with Proven Impacts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Produced by a coalition of concerned hunters, landowners, & conservationists (last update 08/2023)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Since 2012, CWD has been detected in wild deer in just 7 counties in Texas and is only established in the western panhandle and far west Texas.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In that same period of time, captive deer breeders have exposed almost half of Texas counties to CWD. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Deer held in captive breeding facilities are confined to much tighter spaces, and have intimate contact with many more animals on a daily basis. By far the greatest factor in amplifying the spread of CWD is the artificial movement of these animals, shipped in livestock trailers hundreds of miles, far outside of their natural home range, and ultimately released to co-mingle with wild deer. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Each year, Texas captive deer breeders liberate 20,000-30,000 deer from their pens to the wild. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">For every deer breeding facility where a CWD positive deer is discovered, an epidemiological investigation is conducted by the Texas Parks & Wildlife Department and the Texas Animal Health Commission to determine how many other deer may have been exposed to the disease and where they have been shipped. Because of the prolific artificial movement of captive deer, one deer with CWD can impact hundreds of other facilities and ranches across the state.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Unfortunately, released deer in Texas are not required to retain any kind of visible identification (an ear tag), and for this reason, the vast majority of released deer cannot be relocated for testing. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">As of August 2023, 116 Texas counties have received possibly infected breeder deer that cannot be located, putting more than 140,000 landowners at risk of the disease. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The state of Texas has been testing for CWD since 2002. Since that time, more than 302,360 captive and free range deer have been tested. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From 2015-2022, more than 127,000 samples were collected from hunter-harvested and roadkill deer. This sampling rate and risk-based distribution provides scientists confidence that they would have detected the disease if it existed at a very low prevalence (<1%) in any given region at the time sampling began.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We have learned from other states where CWD has been present the longest, that a constant increase in the prevalence of the disease may lead to a significant decline in the deer population. When disease prevalence exceeds 20%, deer populations have declined by up to 50%. In some areas of Colorado, where CWD has been present since 1985, mule deer abundance has declined by 45% since that time, despite adequate habitat and no hunting ( Miller et al. 2008 ). Similarly, the South Converse Game Unit in Wyoming has documented CWD prevalence exceeding 50% and has seen an approximate 50% decline in mule deer populations.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rural Economies</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Deer hunting is the lifeblood of rural Texas. White-tailed deer hunting is by far the most impactful segment of the hunting economy, representing $4.3 billion, according to a recent Texas A&M Study. And while deer breeders represent a very small segment of that economy (less than 5%), they represent one of the greatest risks. ( Full Texas A&M Report )</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Real Estate</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rural land prices are largely driven by recreational buyers with hunting as a top land amenity. Without deer hunting, many of these properties will be worth much less.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conservation Funding</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Deer hunters are the largest funders of wildlife conservation in Texas through excise taxes on firearms, ammunition, and gear along with active membership supporting and funding conservation organizations. If deer hunting suffers due to CWD, all wildlife in Texas lose.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Culture & Health</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Texas’ native deer herd has iconic value for all Texans. Deer hunting brings families together, creates camaraderie in communities, and serves to connect Texans to nature. There is no better protein than wild, locally harvested, non-GMO and totally organic venison. A healthy deer herd leads to healthy Texans and a healthy and prosperous Texas. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This isn't a disease for our lifetime. It's a disease for our grandchildren's lifetime. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> - Dr. Bob Dittmar, Former Texas State Wildlife Veterinarian </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">See the full text with maps, graphs, much more, excellent data…</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bit.ly/3xL16Gm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bit.ly/3xL16Gm</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Since 2012, CWD has been detected in wild deer in just 7 counties in Texas and is only established in the western panhandle and far west Texas.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In that same period of time, captive deer breeders have exposed almost half of Texas counties to CWD. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bit.ly/3xL16Gm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bit.ly/3xL16Gm</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">As of August 2023, 116 Texas counties have received possibly infected breeder deer that cannot be located, putting more than 140,000 landowners at risk of the disease. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bit.ly/3xL16Gm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bit.ly/3xL16Gm</a></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Texas CWD Surveillance Positives as of today, this page is outdated!</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/positive-cases/listing-cwd-cases-texas.phtml#texasCWD" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/positive-cases/listing-cwd-cases-texas.phtml#texasCWD</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Counties where CWD Exposed Deer were Released </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> <a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/257/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/257/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites.pdf</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Number of CWD Exposed Deer Released by County </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> <a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/258/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites-NbrDeer.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/258/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites-NbrDeer.pdf</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD Captive Herds updated April 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/cervid/cervids-cwd/cervids-voluntary-hcp" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/cervid/cervids-cwd/cervids-voluntary-hcp</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD Captive Herds updated April 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TPWD Executive Order No. 23-003 CWD Emergency Rules Adopted for Movement of Breeder Deer </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Executive Orders</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Executive Order No. 23-003</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: July 24, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Executive Director finds that additional discoveries of CWD in free-ranging white-tailed deer within deer breeding facilities regulated under Parks and Wildlife Code, Chapter 43, Subchapter L and regulations adopted pursuant to that subchapter (31 TAC Chapter 65, Subchapters B and T) constitute an immediate danger to the white-tailed deer and mule deer resources of Texas and that the adoption of rules on an emergency basis with fewer than 30 days’ notice is necessary to address an immediate danger.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/publications/executive_orders/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/publications/executive_orders/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15 minute mark video shows sick deer with cwd, and this deer DIED FROM CWD, IT'S DOCUMENTED, commentator says ''so if anyone every tells you, that a deer has never died from CWD, think of this picture, because the Wisconsin Veterinary Lab told us, what when they looked at her sample under a microscope, she was the hottest animal they had ever seen, and that's in terms of the fluorescents that comes off the slide when the look at it, so, a lot of Prion in her system.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see much more about 2 hours long...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O3CAI-EwlgM" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O3CAI-EwlgM</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TEXAS BREEDER DEER ESCAPEE WITH CWD IN THE WILD, or so the genetics would show?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">OH NO, please tell me i heard this wrong, a potential Texas captive escapee with cwd in the wild, in an area with positive captive cwd herd?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">apparently, no ID though. tell me it ain't so please...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23:00 minute mark</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''Free Ranging Deer, Dr. Deyoung looked at Genetics of this free ranging deer and what he found was, that the genetics on this deer were more similar to captive deer, than the free ranging population, but he did not see a significant connection to any one captive facility that he analyzed, so we believe, Ahhhhhh, this animal had some captive ahhh, whatnot.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://youtu.be/aoPDeGL6mpQ?t=1384" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://youtu.be/aoPDeGL6mpQ?t=1384</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Commission Agenda Item No. 5 Exhibit B</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DISEASE DETECTION AND RESPONSE RULES</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PROPOSAL PREAMBLE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1. Introduction. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> A third issue is the accuracy of mortality reporting. Department records indicate that for each of the last five years an average of 26 deer breeders have reported a shared total of 159 escapes. Department records for the same time period indicate an average of 31 breeding facilities reported a shared total of 825 missing deer (deer that department records indicate should be present in the facility, but cannot be located or verified). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/business/feedback/meetings/2022/1104/agenda/item.phtml?item=5" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/business/feedback/meetings/2022/1104/agenda/item.phtml?item=5</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">On January 21, 2017 a tornado took down thousands of feet of fence for a 420-acre illegal deer enclosure in Lamar County that had been subject to federal and state investigation for illegally importing white-tailed deer into Mississippi from Texas (a CWD positive state). Native deer were free to move on and off the property before all of the deer were able to be tested for CWD. Testing will be made available for a period of three years for CWD on the property and will be available for deer killed within a 5-mile radius of the property on a voluntary basis. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.mdwfp.com/media/254796/2016-17-deer-report.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.mdwfp.com/media/254796/2016-17-deer-report.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“It is interesting to note that, in 2001, the State of Texas shifted its deer management strategies toward the same leanings that Kroll has suggested for Wisconsin. In Texas, the change was brought about via heavy lobbying from the high-fence deer ranching industry. This pressure helped convince the Texas Parks and Wildlife to change their regulations and allow private landowners to select the own deer biologists.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.texasmonthly.com/story/which-side-fence-are-you" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.texasmonthly.com/story/which-side-fence-are-you</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2012 “For 10 years, Texas has had an aggressive Chronic Wasting Disease prevention and monitoring program. Wildlife agency regulations prohibit importing deer into the state, and the agency has tested more than 26,000 hunter-taken deer and 7,400 animals from the captive-deer industry. None of those deer tested positive.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Brain-eating-disease-found-in-Texas-deer-3697731.php" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Brain-eating-disease-found-in-Texas-deer-3697731.php</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div>PRION CONFERENCE 2023 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS FOR CWD TSE PRION</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">CWD TSE PRION CERVID ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation."</div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Detection of prions in soils contaminated by multiple routes</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stuart Siegfried Lichtenberg1,2 , Heather Inzalaco3 , Sam Thomas4 , Dan Storm5 , Dan Walsh6</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A. 2Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A. 3 Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A 4Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A. 5Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, U.S.A. 6U.S. Geological Survey, Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, U.S.A.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Free-ranging animals afflicted with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies frequently shed infectious prions into the broader environment. The quintessential example is chronic wasting disease, the TSE of cervids. Over the course of the disease, an infected animal will shed infectious prions in blood, urine, saliva, and feces. Upon death, the total prion load interred in the animal’s tissues will be deposited wherever the animal falls. This contamination creates substantial risk to naïve animals, and likely contributes to disease spread. Identification and quantification of prions at contamination hotspots is essential for any attempt at mitigation of environmental transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: Surfactant extraction of soils followed by precipitation yields a sample that is amenable to analysis by real-time quaking induced conversion. However, differences in extraction yield are apparent depending on the properties of the matrix from which the prions are being extracted, principally soil clay content.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: We are able to detect prion seeding activity at multiple types of environmental hotspots, including carcass sites, contaminated captive facilities, and scrapes (i.e. urine and saliva). Differences in relative prion concentration vary depending on the nature and source of the contamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Detection of prions in the environment is of the utmost importance for controlling chronic wasting disease spread. Here, we have demonstrated a viable method for detection of prions in complex environmental matrices. However, it is quite likely that this method underestimates the total infectious prion load in a contaminated sample, due to incomplete recovery of infectious prions. Further refinements are necessary for accurate quantification of prions in such samples, and to account for the intrinsic heterogeneities found in the broader environment.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">The detection and decontamination of chronic wasting disease prions during venison processing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Marissa S. Milstein1,2, Marc D. Schwabenlander1,2, Sarah C. Gresch1,2, Manci Li1,2, Stuart Lichtenberg1,2, Rachel Shoemaker1,2, Gage R. Rowden1,2, Jason C. Bartz2,3 , Tiffany M. Wolf2,4, Peter A. Larsen1,2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Presenting author: Tiffany M. Wolf 1 Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 2 Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 3 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA 4 Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: There is a growing concern that chronic wasting disease (CWD) prions in venison pose a risk to human health. CWD prions accumulate in infected deer tissues that commonly enter the human food chain through meat processing and consumption. The United States (US) Food and Drug Administration and US Department of Agriculture now formally consider CWD-positive venison unfit for human and animal consumption. Yet, the degree to which prion contamination occurs during routine venison processing is unknown. Here, we use environmental surface swab methods to: a) experimentally test meat processing equipment (i.e., stainless steel knives and polyethylene cutting boards) before and after processing CWD-positive venison and b) test the efficacy of five different disinfectant types (i.e., Dawn dish soap, Virkon-S, Briotech, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach) to determine prion decontamination efficacy.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: We used a real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay to determine CWD infection status of venison and to detect CWD prions in the swabs. We collected three swabs per surface and ran eight technical replicates on RT-QuIC.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: CWD prions were detected on all cutting boards (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8 and knives (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) used in processing CWD-positive venison, but not on those used for CWD-negative venison. After processing CWD-positive venison, allowing the surfaces to dry, and washing the cutting board with Dawn dish soap, we detected CWD prions on the cutting board surface (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) but not on the knife (n= 3, replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). Similar patterns were observed with Briotech (cutting board: n= 3; replicates= 7/8, 1/8, 0/8; knife: n= 3; replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). We did not detect CWD prions on the knives or cutting boards after disinfecting with Virkon-S, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: These preliminary results suggest that Dawn dish soap and Briotech do not reliably decontaminate CWD prions from these surfaces. Our data suggest that Virkon-S and various bleach concentrations are more effective in reducing prion contamination of meat processing surfaces; however, surface type may also influence the ability of prions to adsorb to surfaces, preventing complete decontamination. Our results will directly inform best practices to prevent the introduction of CWD prions into the human food chain during venison processing.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: Funding was provided by the Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund as recommended by the Legislative-Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources (LCCMR), the Rapid Agriculture Response Fund (#95385/RR257), and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Theme: Animal prion diseases</div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2023 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> Nine of these recurrences occurred 14–21 years after culling, apparently as the result of environmental contamination, but outside entry could not always be absolutely excluded. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY Volume 87, Issue 12</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years Free</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82011-0" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82011-0</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Rapid recontamination of a farm building occurs after attempted prion removal</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">First published: 19 January 2019 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">The data illustrates the difficulty in decontaminating farm buildings from scrapie, and demonstrates the likely contribution of farm dust to the recontamination of these environments to levels that are capable of causing disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">This study clearly demonstrates the difficulty in removing scrapie infectivity from the farm environment. Practical and effective prion decontamination methods are still urgently required for decontamination of scrapie infectivity from farms that have had cases of scrapie and this is particularly relevant for scrapiepositive goatherds, which currently have limited genetic resistance to scrapie within commercial breeds.24 This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids.</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***>This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids.</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Front. Vet. Sci., 14 September 2015 | <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Objects in contact with classical scrapie sheep act as a reservoir for scrapie transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">In conclusion, the results in the current study indicate that removal of furniture that had been in contact with scrapie-infected animals should be recommended, particularly since cleaning and decontamination may not effectively remove scrapie infectivity (31), even though infectivity declines considerably if the pasture and the field furniture have not been in contact with scrapie-infected sheep for several months. As sPMCA failed to detect PrPSc in furniture that was subjected to weathering, even though exposure led to infection in sheep, this method may not always be reliable in predicting the risk of scrapie infection through environmental contamination. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">172. Establishment of PrPCWD extraction and detection methods in the farm soil</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Conclusions: Our studies showed that PrPCWD persist in 0.001% CWD contaminated soil for at least 4 year and natural CWD-affected farm soil. When cervid reintroduced into CWD outbreak farm, the strict decontamination procedures of the infectious agent should be performed in the environment of CWD-affected cervid habitat.</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">SUBJECT MATTER: Chronic Wasting Disease Carcass Disposal Dumpster Management and Biosecurity</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BACKGROUND INFORMATION:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">State and tribal wildlife agencies may identify collection points (dumpsters) within an identified chronic wasting disease (CWD) management zone for the disposal of hunter-harvested cervid carcasses to remove potentially infected carcasses off the landscape for disposal by an approved method (Gillin & Mawdsley, 2018, chap.14). However, depending on their placement and maintenance these dumpsters could potentially increase the risk of CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In several different states, photographic evidence has shown dumpsters in state identified CWD management zones overflowing with deer carcasses and limbs scattered on the land nearby. This could provide an opportunity for scavengers to potentially move infected carcass material to non-infected zones or increase contamination of the ground material around the dumpster’s location.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Federal guidance does not explicitly address uniform standards for collection locations for carcasses of free-ranging cervids; however, the United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services Program Standards on CWD outlines procedures for carcass disposal, equipment sanitation, and decontamination of premises for captive cervid facilities.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">RESOLUTION:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The United States Animal Health Association urges the Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (AFWA), Wildlife Health Committee to further refine the AFWA Technical Report on Best Management Practices for Prevention, Surveillance, and Management of Chronic Wasting Disease; Chapter 14, Carcass Disposal to address the placement and management of chronic wasting disease carcass disposal dumpsters or other carcass collection containers.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Reference:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1. Gillin, Colin M., and Mawdsley, Jonathan R. (eds.). 2018. AFWA Technical Report on Best Management Practices for Surveillance, Management and Control of Chronic Wasting Disease. Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Washington, D. C. 111 pp. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.usaha.org/upload/Resolution/2022/2022_Resolution_30_CWD_Dumpste.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.usaha.org/upload/Resolution/2022/2022_Resolution_30_CWD_Dumpste.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">THE tse prion aka mad cow type disease is not your normal pathogen. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">The TSE prion disease survives ashing to 600 degrees celsius, that’s around 1112 degrees farenheit. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">you cannot cook the TSE prion disease out of meat. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">you can take the ash and mix it with saline and inject that ash into a mouse, and the mouse will go down with TSE. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production as well. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">the TSE prion agent also survives Simulated Wastewater Treatment Processes. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">IN fact, you should also know that the TSE Prion agent will survive in the environment for years, if not decades. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">you can bury it and it will not go away. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">The TSE agent is capable of infected your water table i.e. Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">it’s not your ordinary pathogen you can just cook it out and be done with. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> that’s what’s so worrisome about Iatrogenic mode of transmission, a simple autoclave will not kill this TSE prion agent. I’m thinking tools used to dress a deer, knives with wooden handles, carcass disposal, burial only 3ft, scavengers, exposure of Cwd to soil and surrounding area, plants intake, …I could go on…Terry</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">1: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994 Jun;57(6):757-8 </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> Transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease to a chimpanzee by electrodes contaminated during neurosurgery. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Asher DM, Kobrine A, Amyx HL, Sulima MP, Gajdusek DC. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Laboratory of Central Nervous System Studies, National Institute of </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Bethesda, MD 20892. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Stereotactic multicontact electrodes used to probe the cerebral cortex of a middle aged woman with progressive dementia were previously implicated in the accidental transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) to two younger patients. The diagnoses of CJD have been confirmed for all three cases. More than two years after their last use in humans, after three cleanings and repeated sterilisation in ethanol and formaldehyde vapour, the electrodes were implanted in the cortex of a chimpanzee. Eighteen months later the animal became ill with CJD. This finding serves to re-emphasise the potential danger posed by reuse of instruments contaminated with the agents of spongiform encephalopathies, even after scrupulous attempts to clean them. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">PMID: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">8006664</span> [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8006664?dopt=Abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8006664?dopt=Abstract</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">New studies on the heat resistance of hamster-adapted scrapie agent: Threshold survival after ashing at 600°C suggests an inorganic template of replication </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">A Quantitative Assessment of the Amount of Prion Diverted to Category 1 Materials and Wastewater During Processing </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Rapid assessment of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion inactivation by heat treatment in yellow grease produced in the industrial manufacturing process of meat and bone meals </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 2019 </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">BSE infectivity survives burial for five years with only limited spread</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">5 or 6 years quarantine is NOT LONG ENOUGH FOR CWD TSE PRION !!!</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">QUARANTINE NEEDS TO BE 21 YEARS FOR CWD TSE PRION !</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">You can take this communication from my old files with how ever many grains of salt you wish…Terry</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">FRIDAY, APRIL 30, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Should Property Evaluations Contain Scrapie, CWD, TSE PRION Environmental Contamination of the land?</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> Confidential!!!!</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> As early as 1992-3 there had been long studies conducted on small pastures containing scrapie infected sheep at the sheep research station associated with the Neuropathogenesis Unit in Edinburgh, Scotland. Whether these are documented...I don't know. But personal recounts both heard and recorded in a daily journal indicate that leaving the pastures free and replacing the topsoil completely at least 2 feet of thickness each year for SEVEN years....and then when very clean (proven scrapie free) sheep were placed on these small pastures.... the new sheep also broke out with scrapie and passed it to offspring. I am not sure that TSE contaminated ground could ever be free of the agent!! A very frightening revelation!!!</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">---end personal email early BSE days---end...tss</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">and so it seems...</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Scrapie Agent (Strain 263K) Can Transmit Disease via the Oral Route after Persistence in Soil over Years</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Published: May 9, 2007</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Our results showed that 263K scrapie agent can persist in soil at least over 29 months. Strikingly, not only the contaminated soil itself retained high levels of infectivity, as evidenced by oral administration to Syrian hamsters, but also feeding of aqueous soil extracts was able to induce disease in the reporter animals. We could also demonstrate that PrPSc in soil, extracted after 21 months, provides a catalytically active seed in the protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) reaction. PMCA opens therefore a perspective for considerably improving the detectability of prions in soil samples from the field.</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0000435" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0000435</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Dr. Paul Brown Scrapie Soil Test BSE Inquiry Document</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090505211734/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/Seac07/tab03.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090505211734/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/Seac07/tab03.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Trucking CWD TSE PrP</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Friday, December 14, 2012 <div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with CWD prion. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing, footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible. For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant uncertainty associated with these estimates. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists and returning GB residents. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://webarchive.nationa... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Published: 06 September 2021<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> Chronic wasting disease: a cervid prion infection looming to spillover</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Alicia Otero, Camilo Duque Velásquez, Judd Aiken & Debbie McKenzie </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Veterinary Research volume 52, Article number: 115 (2021) </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-021-00986-y" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-021-00986-y</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Detection of chronic wasting disease prions in processed meats</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rebeca Benavente1 , Francisca Bravo1,2, J. Hunter Reed3 , Mitch Lockwood3 , Glenn Telling4 , Rodrigo Morales1,2 1 Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA; 2 Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins. Santiago, Chile; 3 Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Texas, USA. 4 Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: identify the presence of CWD prions in processed meats derived from elk. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: In this study, we analyzed different processed meats derived from a CWD-positive (pre-clinical) free-ranging elk. Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats. The presence of CWD-prions in these samples were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates. The same analyses were performed in grilled and boiled meats to evaluate the resistance of the infectious agent to these procedures. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Our results show positive prion detection in all the samples analyzed using deer and elk substrates. Surprisingly, cooked meats displayed increased seeding activities. This data suggests that CWD-prions are available to people even after meats are processed and cooked. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: These results suggest CWD prions are accessible to humans through meats, even after processing and cooking. Considering the fact that these samples were collected from already processed specimens, the availability of CWD prions to humans is probably underestimated. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH and USDA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Grant number: 1R01AI132695 and APP-20115 to RM </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We would like to thank TPWD personnel for providing us with valuable samples</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">"Our results show positive prion detection in all the samples analyzed using deer and elk substrates. Surprisingly, cooked meats displayed increased seeding activities."</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">end... </span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Fortuitous generation of a zoonotic cervid prion strain </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Manuel Camacho, Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Sydney Smith, Jieji Hu, Wanyun Tao, Ignazio Cali, Qingzhong Kong. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Whether CWD prions can infect humans remains unclear despite the very substantial scale and long history of human exposure of CWD in many states or provinces of USA and Canada. Multiple in vitro conversion experiments and in vivo animal studies indicate that the CWD-to-human transmission barrier is not unbreakable. A major long-term public health concern on CWD zoonosis is the emergence of highly zoonotic CWD strains. We aim to address the question of whether highly zoonotic CWD strains are possible. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: We inoculated several sCJD brain samples into cervidized transgenic mice (Tg12), which were intended as negative controls for bioassays of brain tissues from sCJD cases who had potentially been exposed to CWD. Some of the Tg12 mice became infected and their brain tissues were further examined by Western blot as well as serial passages in humanized or cervidized mice. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Passage of sCJDMM1 in transgenic mice expressing elk PrP (Tg12) resulted in a “cervidized” CJD strain that we termed CJDElkPrP. We observed 100% transmission of the original CJDElkPrP in transgenic mice expressing human PrP. We passaged CJDElkPrP two more times in the Tg12 mice. We found that such second and third passage CJDElkPrP prions retained 100% transmission rate in the humanized mice, despite that the natural elk CWD isolates and CJDElkPrP share the same elk PrP sequence. In contrast, we and others found zero or poor transmission of natural elk CWD isolates in humanized mice. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our data indicate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can retain zoonotic potential after serial passages in cervids, suggesting a very significant and serious long-term risk of CWD zoonosis given that the broad and continuing spread of CWD prions will provide fertile grounds for the emergence of zoonotic CWD strains over time. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O'Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples used in this study, respectively</div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">"Our data indicate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can retain zoonotic potential after serial passages in cervids, suggesting a very significant and serious long-term risk of CWD zoonosis given that the broad and continuing spread of CWD prions will provide fertile grounds for the emergence of zoonotic CWD strains over time."</span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A probable diagnostic marker for CWD infection in humans </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Manuel Camacho, Ignazio Cali, Qingzhong Kong. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Multiple in vitro CWD-seeded human PrP conversion experiments and some animal model studies indicate that the species barrier for CWD to human transmission can be overcome, but whether CWD prion can infect humans in real life remains controversial. The very limited understanding on the likely features of CWD infection in humans and the lack of a reliable diagnostic marker for identification of acquired human CWD cases contribute to this uncertainty. We aim to stablish such a reliable diagnostic marker for CWD infections in humans should they occur. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: A couple of PrPSc-positive spleens were identified from humanized transgenic mice inoculated with either CWD or sCJDMM1. Prions in these spleens were compared by bioassays in cervidized or humanized transgenic mice. A couple of PrPSc-positive spleens from UK sCJDMM1 patients were also examined similarly as controls with no exposure to CWD. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: We have detected two prion-positive spleens in humanized transgenic mice inoculated with some CWD isolates. Such experimentally generated splenic “humanized” CWD prions (termed eHuCWDsp) appear indistinguishable from prions in the brain of sCJDMM1 patients on Western blot. We compared eHuCWDsp with prions in the spleen from humanized mice infected with sCJDMM1 (termed sCJDMM1sp) by bioassays in cervidized or humanized transgenic mice. Significantly, we found that eHuCWDsp can efficiently infect not only the humanized mice but also cervidized transgenic mice, and cervidized mice infected by eHuCWDsp produced PrPSc and brain pathology that are practically identical to those of CWD-infected cervidized mice. In contrast, sCJDMM1sp, similar to prions from sCJDMM1 patient brains, is poorly transmissible in the cervidized mice. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that high transmissibility with CWD features of splenic prions in cervidized transgenic mice is unique to acquired human CWD prions, and it may serve as a reliable marker to identify the first acquired human CWD cases. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O'Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples used in this study, respectively.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2023 Experimental Oronasal Inoculation of the Chronic Wasting Disease Agent into White Tailed Deer </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author list: Sarah Zurbuchena,b , S. Jo Moorea,b , Jifeng Biana , Eric D. Cassmanna , and Justin J. Greenleea . a. Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, US b. Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, United States </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether white-tailed deer (WTD) are susceptible to inoculation of chronic wasting disease (CWD) via oronasal exposure. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and methods: Six male, neutered WTD were oronasally inoculated with brainstem material (10% w/v) from a CWD-positive wild-type WTD. The genotypes of five inoculated deer were Q95/G96 (wild-type). One inoculated deer was homozygous S at codon 96 (96SS). Cervidized (Tg12; M132 elk PrP) mice were inoculated with 1% w/v brainstem homogenate from either a 96GG WTD (n=10) or the 96SS WTD (n=10). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: All deer developed characteristic clinical signs of CWD including weight loss, regurgitation, and ataxia. The 96SS individual had a prolonged disease course and incubation period compared to the other deer. Western blots of the brainstem on all deer yielded similar molecular profiles. All deer had widespread lymphoid distribution of PrPCWD and neuropathologic lesions associated with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Both groups of mice had a 100% attack rate and developed clinical signs, including loss of body condition, ataxia, and loss of righting reflex. Mice inoculated with material from the 96SS deer had a significantly shorter incubation period than mice inoculated with material from 96GG deer (Welch two sample T-test, P<0.05). Serial dilutions of each inocula suggests that differences in incubation period were not due to a greater concentration of PrPCWD in the 96SS inoculum. Molecular profiles from western blot of brain homogenates from mice appeared similar regardless of inoculum and appear similar to those of deer used for inoculum. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: This study characterizes the lesions and clinical course of CWD in WTD inoculated in a similar manner to natural conditions. It supports previous findings that 96SS deer have a prolonged disease course. Further, it describes a first pass of inoculum from a 96SS deer in cervidized mice which shortened the incubation period. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection, analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We thank Ami Frank and Kevin Hassall for their technical contributions to this project.</div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">The detection and decontamination of chronic wasting disease prions during venison processing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Marissa S. Milstein1,2, Marc D. Schwabenlander1,2, Sarah C. Gresch1,2, Manci Li1,2, Stuart Lichtenberg1,2, Rachel Shoemaker1,2, Gage R. Rowden1,2, Jason C. Bartz2,3 , Tiffany M. Wolf2,4, Peter A. Larsen1,2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Presenting author: Tiffany M. Wolf 1 Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 2 Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 3 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA 4 Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: There is a growing concern that chronic wasting disease (CWD) prions in venison pose a risk to human health. CWD prions accumulate in infected deer tissues that commonly enter the human food chain through meat processing and consumption. The United States (US) Food and Drug Administration and US Department of Agriculture now formally consider CWD-positive venison unfit for human and animal consumption. Yet, the degree to which prion contamination occurs during routine venison processing is unknown. Here, we use environmental surface swab methods to: a) experimentally test meat processing equipment (i.e., stainless steel knives and polyethylene cutting boards) before and after processing CWD-positive venison and b) test the efficacy of five different disinfectant types (i.e., Dawn dish soap, Virkon-S, Briotech, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach) to determine prion decontamination efficacy.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: We used a real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay to determine CWD infection status of venison and to detect CWD prions in the swabs. We collected three swabs per surface and ran eight technical replicates on RT-QuIC.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: CWD prions were detected on all cutting boards (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8 and knives (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) used in processing CWD-positive venison, but not on those used for CWD-negative venison. After processing CWD-positive venison, allowing the surfaces to dry, and washing the cutting board with Dawn dish soap, we detected CWD prions on the cutting board surface (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) but not on the knife (n= 3, replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). Similar patterns were observed with Briotech (cutting board: n= 3; replicates= 7/8, 1/8, 0/8; knife: n= 3; replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). We did not detect CWD prions on the knives or cutting boards after disinfecting with Virkon-S, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: These preliminary results suggest that Dawn dish soap and Briotech do not reliably decontaminate CWD prions from these surfaces. Our data suggest that Virkon-S and various bleach concentrations are more effective in reducing prion contamination of meat processing surfaces; however, surface type may also influence the ability of prions to adsorb to surfaces, preventing complete decontamination. Our results will directly inform best practices to prevent the introduction of CWD prions into the human food chain during venison processing.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: Funding was provided by the Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund as recommended by the Legislative-Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources (LCCMR), the Rapid Agriculture Response Fund (#95385/RR257), and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Theme: Animal prion diseases</div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2023 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">''Currently, there is scientific evidence to suggest that CWD has zoonotic potential; however, no confirmed cases of CWD have been found in humans.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PART 2. TPWD CHAPTER 65. DIVISION 1. CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, 65.88</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission in a duly noticed meeting on May 25, 2023 adopted amendments to 31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, and §65.88, concerning Disease Detection and Response, without changes to the proposed text as published in the April 21, 2023, issue of the Texas Register (48 TexReg 2048). The rules will not be republished.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Currently, there is scientific evidence to suggest that CWD has zoonotic potential; however, no confirmed cases of CWD have been found in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 DETECTION OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE PRIONS IN PROCESSED MEATS.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rebeca Benavente1, Francisca Bravo1,2, Paulina Soto1,2, J. Hunter Reed3, Mitch Lockwood3, Rodrigo Morales1,2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA. 2Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile. 3Texas Parks and Wildlife, Austin, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease (CWD) remains unknown. Currently, there are no known natural cases of CWD transmission to humans but increasing evidence suggests that the host range of CWD is not confined only to cervid species. Alarmingly, recent experimental evidence suggests that certain CWD isolates can induce disease in non-human primates. While the CDC strongly recommends determining CWD status in animals prior to consumption, this practice is voluntary. Consequently, it is plausible that a proportion of the cervid meat entering the human food chain may be contaminated with CWD. Of additional concern is that traditional diagnostic techniques used to detect CWD have relatively low sensitivity and are only approved for use in tissues other than those typically ingested by humans. In this study, we analyzed different processed meats derived from a pre-clinical, CWD-positive free-ranging elk. Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats. CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates. Our results show positive prion detection in all products. To confirm the resilience of CWD-prions to traditional cooking methods, we grilled and boiled the meat products and evaluated them for any remnant PMCA seeding activity. Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking. Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our results show positive prion detection in all products.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">9 Carrot plants as potential vectors for CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Paulina Soto1,2, Francisca Bravo-Risi1,2, Claudio Soto1, Rodrigo Morales1,2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA. 2Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> We show that edible plant components can absorb prions from CWD-contaminated soils and transport them to their aerial parts.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our results indicate that edible plants could participate as vectors of CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of prion infectivity from CWD-infected macaque tissues to rodent models demonstrates the zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaoui1,2, Ginny Cheng1,2, Wiebke Wemheuer3, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer3, Sabine Gilch1,2, Hermann Schatzl1,2 1University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. 2Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada. 3Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Further passage to cervidized mice revealed transmission with a 100% attack rate.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our findings demonstrate that macaques, considered the best model for the zoonotic potential of prions, were infected upon CWD challenge, including the oral one.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">****> The disease manifested as atypical in macaques and initial transgenic mouse transmissions, but with infectivity present at all times, as unveiled in the bank vole model with an unusual tissue tropism.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Epidemiologic surveillance of prion disease among cervid hunters and people likely to have consumed venison contaminated with chronic wasting disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of Cervid Prions to Humanized Mice Demonstrates the Zoonotic Potential of CWD </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaouia, Irina Zemlyankinaa, Sheng Chun Changa, Maria Immaculata Arifina, Vincent Béringueb, Debbie McKenziec, Hermann M. Schatzla, and Sabine Gilcha </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Results: Here, we provide the strongest evidence supporting the zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and their possible phenotype in humans. Inoculation of mice expressing human PrPCwith deer CWD isolates (strains Wisc-1 and 116AG) resulted in atypical clinical manifestations in > 75% of the mice, with myoclonus as leading clinical sign. Most of tg650brain homogenates were positive for seeding activity in RT-QuIC. Clinical disease and presentation was transmissible to <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> mice and bank voles. Intriguingly, protease-resistant PrP in the brain of <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> mice resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon passage. Abnormal PrP aggregates upon infection with Wisc-1 were detectable in thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain/pons regions. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Unprecedented in human prion disease, feces of CWD-inoculated <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> mice harbored prion seeding activity and infectious prions, as shown by inoculation of bank voles and <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> with fecal homogenates. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Conclusions: This is the first evidence that CWD can infect humans and cause disease with a distinctive clinical presentation, signature, and tropism, which might be transmissible between humans while current diagnostic assays might fail to detect it. These findings have major implications for public health and CWD-management. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a> </div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">The finding that infectious PrPSc was shed in fecal material of CWD-infected humanized mice and induced clinical disease, different tropism, and typical three banding pattern-PrPres in bank voles that is transmissible upon second passage is highly concerning for public health. The fact that this biochemical signature in bank voles resembles that of the Wisc-1 original deer isolate and is different from that of bvWisc-1, in the migration profile and the glyco-form-ratio, is valid evidence that these results are not a product of contamination in our study. If CWD in humans is found to be contagious and transmissible among humans, as it is in cervids [57], the spread of the disease within humans might become endemic.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acta Neuropathol 144, 767–784 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 August 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaoui1 · Irina Zemlyankina1 · Sheng Chun Chang1 · Maria Immaculata Arifn1 · Vincent Béringue2 · Debbie McKenzie3 · Hermann M. Schatzl1 · Sabine Gilch1</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Received: 24 May 2022 / Revised: 5 August 2022 / Accepted: 7 August 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">© The Author(s) 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prions cause infectious and fatal neurodegenerative diseases in mammals. Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease of cervids, spreads efficiently among wild and farmed animals. Potential transmission to humans of CWD is a growing concern due to its increasing prevalence. Here, we provide evidence for a zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and its probable signature using mice expressing human prion protein (PrP) as an infection model. Inoculation of these mice with deer CWD isolates resulted in atypical clinical manifestation with prion seeding activity and efficient transmissible infectivity in the brain and, remarkably, in feces, but without classical neuropathological or Western blot appearances of prion diseases. Intriguingly, the protease-resistant PrP in the brain resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon second passage. Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Keywords Chronic wasting disease · CWD · Zoonotic potential · Prion strains · Zoonotic prions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">HIGHLIGHTS OF THIS STUDY</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">================================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In this study, we evaluated the zoonotic potential of CWD using a transgenic mouse model overexpressing human M129-PrPC (tg650 [12]). We inoculated tg650 mice intracerebrally with two deer CWD isolates, Wisc-1 and 116AG [22, 23, 27, 29]. We demonstrate that this transgenic line was susceptible to infection with CWD prions and displayed a distinct leading clinical sign, an atypical PrPSc signature and unusual fecal shedding of infectious prions. Importantly, these prions generated by the human PrP transgenic mice were transmissible upon passage. Our results are the first evidence of a zoonotic risk of CWD when using one of the most common CWD strains, Wisc-1/CWD1 for infection. We demonstrated in a human transgenic mouse model that the species barrier for transmission of CWD to humans is not absolute. The fact that its signature was not typical raises the questions whether CWD would manifest in humans as a subclinical infection, whether it would arise through direct or indirect transmission including an intermediate host, or a silent to uncovered human-to-human transmission, and whether current detection techniques will be suffcient to unveil its presence.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our findings strongly suggest that CWD should be regarded as an actual public health risk. Here, we use humanized mice to show that CWD prions can cross the species barrier to humans, and remarkably, infectious prions can be excreted in feces.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our results indicate that if CWD crosses the species-barrier to humans, it is unlikely to resemble the most common forms of human prion diseases with respect to clinical signs, tissue tropism and PrPSc signature. For instance, PrPSc in variable protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr), a sporadic form of human prion disease, and in the genetic form Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS) is defined by an atypical PK-resistant PrPSc fragment that is non-glycosylated and truncated at both C- and N-termini, with a molecular weight between 6 and 8 kDa [24, 44–46]. These biochemical features are unique and distinctive from PrPSc (PrP27-30) found in most other human or animal prion disease. The atypical PrPSc signature detected in brain homogenate of tg650 mice #321 (1st passage) and #3063 (2nd passage), and the 7–8 kDa fragment (Figs. 2, 4) are very similar to that of GSS, both in terms of migration profile and the N-terminal cleavage site.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD in humans might remain subclinical but with PrPSc deposits in the brain with an unusual morphology that does not resemble the patterns usually seen in different prion diseases (e.g., mouse #328; Fig. 3), clinical with untraceable abnormal PrP (e.g., mouse #327) but still transmissible and uncovered upon subsequent passage (e.g., mouse #3063; Fig. 4), or prions have other reservoirs than the usual ones, hence the presence of infectivity in feces (e.g., mouse #327) suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=================================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) Antonia Ricci Ana Allende Declan Bolton Marianne Chemaly Robert Davies Pablo Salvador Fernández Escámez ... See all authors </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">First published: 17 January 2018 <a href="https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">also, see; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers.. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Paper</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Cellular prion protein distribution in the vomeronasal organ, parotid, and scent glands of white-tailed deer and mule deer</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Anthony Ness, Aradhana Jacob, Kelsey Saboraki, Alicia Otero, Danielle Gushue, Diana Martinez Moreno, Melanie de Peña, Xinli Tang, Judd Aiken, Susan Lingle & Debbie McKenzieORCID Icon show less</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Pages 40-57 | Received 03 Feb 2022, Accepted 13 May 2022, Published online: 29 May 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Download citation</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ABSTRACT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting species of the cervidae family. CWD has an expanding geographic range and complex, poorly understood transmission mechanics. CWD is disproportionately prevalent in wild male mule deer and male white-tailed deer. Sex and species influences on CWD prevalence have been hypothesized to be related to animal behaviours that involve deer facial and body exocrine glands. Understanding CWD transmission potential requires a foundational knowledge of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) in glands associated with cervid behaviours. In this study, we characterized the presence and distribution of PrPC in six integumentary and two non-integumentary tissues of hunter-harvested mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (O. virginianus). We report that white-tailed deer expressed significantly more PrPC than their mule deer in the parotid, metatarsal, and interdigital glands. Females expressed more PrPC than males in the forehead and preorbital glands. The distribution of PrPC within the integumentary exocrine glands of the face and legs were localized to glandular cells, hair follicles, epidermis, and immune cell infiltrates. All tissues examined expressed sufficient quantities of PrPC to serve as possible sites of prion initial infection, propagation, and shedding.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ARS RESEARCH Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Publication Acceptance Date: 9/8/2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author item WANG, ZERUI - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item QIN, KEFENG - University Of Chicago item CAMACHO, MANUEL - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item SHEN, PINGPING - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item YUAN, JUE - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item Greenlee, Justin item CUI, LI - Jilin University item KONG, QINGZHONG - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item MASTRIANNI, JAMES - University Of Chicago item ZOU, WEN-QUAN - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Submitted to: Acta Neuropathologica Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 9/8/2021 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Interpretive Summary: Prion diseases are invariably fatal neurologic diseases for which there is no known prevention or cure. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease of deer and elk and is present in farmed and free ranging herds throughout North America. To date there is no clear evidence that the CWD agent could be transmitted to humans. This manuscript describes the use of an in vitro technique, cell-free serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA), to generate a CWD prion that is infectious to transgenic mice expressing the human prion protein. This study provides the first evidence that CWD prions may be able to cause misfolding in the human prion protein. This information will impact medical experts and those involved in making policy for farmed cervids and wildlife.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Technical Abstract: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a cervid spongiform encephalopathy or prion disease caused by the infectious prion or PrPSc, a misfolded conformer of cellular prion protein (PrPC). It has rapidly spread in North America and also has been found in Asia and Europe. In contrast to the zoonotic mad cow disease that is the first animal prion disease found transmissible to humans, the transmissibility of CWD to humans remains uncertain although most previous studies have suggested that humans may not be susceptible to CWD. Here we report the generation of an infectious human PrPSc by seeding CWD PrPSc in normal human brain PrPC through the in vitro cell-free serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA). Western blotting confirms that the sPMCA-induced proteinase K-resistant PrPSc is a human form, evidenced by a PrP-specific antibody that recognizes human but not cervid PrP. Remarkably, two lines of humanized transgenic (Tg) mice expressing human PrP-129Val/Val (VV) or -129Met/Met (MM) polymorphism develop prion disease at 233 ± 6 (mean ± SE) days post-inoculation (dpi) and 552 ± 27 dpi, respectively, upon intracerebral inoculation with the sPMCA-generated PrPSc. The brain of diseased Tg mice reveals the electrophoretic profile of PrPSc similar to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) MM1 or VV2 subtype but different neuropathological patterns. We believe that our study provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc is able to convert human PrPC into PrPSc in vitro and the CWD-derived human PrPSc mimics atypical sCJD subtypes in humanized Tg mice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''The brain of diseased Tg mice reveals the electrophoretic profile of PrPSc similar to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) MM1 or VV2 subtype but different neuropathological patterns.'' </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''We believe that our study provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc is able to convert human PrPC into PrPSc in vitro and the CWD-derived human PrPSc mimics atypical sCJD subtypes in humanized Tg mice.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published: 26 September 2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Zerui Wang, Kefeng Qin, Manuel V. Camacho, Ignazio Cali, Jue Yuan, Pingping Shen, Justin Greenlee, Qingzhong Kong, James A. Mastrianni & Wen-Quan Zou</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acta Neuropathologica Communications volume 9, Article number: 158 (2021)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a cervid prion disease caused by the accumulation of an infectious misfolded conformer (PrPSc) of cellular prion protein (PrPC). It has been spreading rapidly in North America and also found in Asia and Europe. Although bovine spongiform encephalopathy (i.e. mad cow disease) is the only animal prion disease known to be zoonotic, the transmissibility of CWD to humans remains uncertain. Here we report the generation of the first CWD-derived infectious human PrPSc by elk CWD PrPSc-seeded conversion of PrPC in normal human brain homogenates using in vitro protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA). Western blotting with human PrP selective antibody confirmed that the PMCA-generated protease-resistant PrPSc was derived from the human PrPC substrate. Two lines of humanized transgenic mice expressing human PrP with either Val or Met at the polymorphic codon 129 developed clinical prion disease following intracerebral inoculation with the PMCA-generated CWD-derived human PrPSc. Diseased mice exhibited distinct PrPSc patterns and neuropathological changes in the brain. Our study, using PMCA and animal bioassays, provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc can cross the species barrier to convert human PrPC into infectious PrPSc that can produce bona fide prion disease when inoculated into humanized transgenic mice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It is worth noting that the annual number of sporadic CJD (sCJD) cases in the USA has increased, with the total number of suspected and confirmed sCJD cases rising from 284 in 2003 to 511 in 2017 (https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cjd/occurrence-transmission.html). The greatly enhanced CJD surveillance and an aging population in the USA certainly contributed to the observed increase in annual sCJD case numbers in recent years, but the possibility cannot be excluded that some of the increased sCJD prevalence is linked to CWD exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the present study, using serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) assay we generate PrPSc by seeding CWD prions in normal human brain homogenates. Importantly, we reveal that two lines of humanized Tg mice expressing human PrP-129VV and 129MM develop prion diseases upon intracerebral inoculation of the abnormal PrP generated by sPMCA. We believe that our study provides the first opportunity to dissect the clinical, pathological and biochemical features of the CWD-derived human prion disease in two lines of humanized Tg mice expressing two major human PrP genotypes, respectively.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i thought i might share some news about cwd zoonosis that i got, that i cannot share or post to the public yet, i promised for various reasons, one that it will cause a shit storm for sure, but it was something i really already knew from previous studies, but, i was told that ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">==================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''As you can imagine, 2 and 5 (especially 5) may raise alarms. The evidence we have for 4 are not as strong or tight as I would like to have. At this point, please do not post any of the points publicly yet, but you can refer to points 1-3 in private discussions and all 5 points when discussing with relevant public officials to highlight the long-term risks of CWD zoonosis.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">====================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">so, i figure your as about as official as it gets, and i think this science is extremely important for you to know and to converse about with your officials. it's about to burn a whole in my pocket. this is about as close as it will ever get for cwd zoonosis to be proven in my time, this and what Canada Czub et al found with the Macaques, plus an old study from cjd surveillance unit back that showed cjd and a 9% increase in risk from folks that eat venison, i will post all this below for your files Sir. i remember back in the BSE nvCJD days, from when the first BSE case in bovine was confirmed around 1984 maybe 83, i forget the good vets named that screwed it up first, Carol something, but from 83ish to 95 96 when nvCJD was linked to humans from BSE in cattle, so that took 10 to 15 years. hell, at that rate, especially with Texas and cwd zoonsis, hell, i'll be dead before it's official, if ever, so here ya go Sir. there was a grant study on cwd zoonosis that had been going on for some time, i followed it over the years, then the grant date for said study had expired, so, i thought i would write the good Professor about said study i.e. Professor Kong, CWRU et al. i will post the grant study abstract first, and then after that, what reply i got back, about said study that i was told not to post/publish...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD ZOONOSIS GRANT FIRST;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Cervid to human prion transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Kong, Qingzhong </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Abstract Prion disease is transmissible and invariably fatal. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease affecting deer, elk and moose, and it is a widespread and expanding epidemic affecting 22 US States and 2 Canadian provinces so far. CWD poses the most serious zoonotic prion transmission risks in North America because of huge venison consumption (>6 million deer/elk hunted and consumed annually in the USA alone), significant prion infectivity in muscles and other tissues/fluids from CWD-affected cervids, and usually high levels of individual exposure to CWD resulting from consumption of the affected animal among often just family and friends. However, we still do not know whether CWD prions can infect humans in the brain or peripheral tissues or whether clinical/asymptomatic CWD zoonosis has already occurred, and we have no essays to reliably detect CWD infection in humans. We hypothesize that: (1) The classic CWD prion strain can infect humans at low levels in the brain and peripheral lymphoid tissues; (2) The cervid-to-human transmission barrier is dependent on the cervid prion strain and influenced by the host (human) prion protein (PrP) primary sequence; (3) Reliable essays can be established to detect CWD infection in humans; and (4) CWD transmission to humans has already occurred. We will test these hypotheses in 4 Aims using transgenic (Tg) mouse models and complementary in vitro approaches. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 1 will prove that the classical CWD strain may infect humans in brain or peripheral lymphoid tissues at low levels by conducting systemic bioassays in a set of humanized Tg mouse lines expressing common human PrP variants using a number of CWD isolates at varying doses and routes. Experimental human CWD samples will also be generated for Aim 3. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 2 will test the hypothesis that the cervid-to-human prion transmission barrier is dependent on prion strain and influenced by the host (human) PrP sequence by examining and comparing the transmission efficiency and phenotypes of several atypical/unusual CWD isolates/strains as well as a few prion strains from other species that have adapted to cervid PrP sequence, utilizing the same panel of humanized Tg mouse lines as in Aim 1. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 3 will establish reliable essays for detection and surveillance of CWD infection in humans by examining in details the clinical, pathological, biochemical and in vitro seeding properties of existing and future experimental human CWD samples generated from Aims 1-2 and compare them with those of common sporadic human Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) prions. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 4 will attempt to detect clinical CWD-affected human cases by examining a significant number of brain samples from prion-affected human subjects in the USA and Canada who have consumed venison from CWD-endemic areas utilizing the criteria and essays established in Aim 3. The findings from this proposal will greatly advance our understandings on the potential and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for CWD zoonosis and potentially discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Public Health Relevance There are significant and increasing human exposure to cervid prions because chronic wasting disease (CWD, a widespread and highly infectious prion disease among deer and elk in North America) continues spreading and consumption of venison remains popular, but our understanding on cervid-to-human prion transmission is still very limited, raising public health concerns. This proposal aims to define the zoonotic risks of cervid prions and set up and apply essays to detect CWD zoonosis using mouse models and in vitro methods. The findings will greatly expand our knowledge on the potentials and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for such infections and may discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Funding Agency Agency National Institute of Health (NIH) Institute National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Type Research Project (R01) Project # 1R01NS088604-01A1 Application # 9037884 Study Section Cellular and Molecular Biology of Neurodegeneration Study Section (CMND) Program Officer Wong, May Project Start 2015-09-30 Project End 2019-07-31 Budget Start 2015-09-30 Budget End 2016-07-31 Support Year 1 Fiscal Year 2015 Total Cost $337,507 Indirect Cost $118,756</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1#panel-abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1#panel-abstract</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Professor Kongs reply to me just this month about above grant study that has NOT been published in peer reveiw yet...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=================================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Here is a brief summary of our findings:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...can't post, made a promise...tss</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">On Sat, Apr 3, 2021 at 12:19 PM Terry Singeltary <flounder9@verizon.net> wrote:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">end...tss</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">==============</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD ZOONOSIS THE FULL MONTY TO DATE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">International Conference on Emerging Diseases, Outbreaks & Case Studies & 16th Annual Meeting on Influenza March 28-29, 2018 | Orlando, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Qingzhong Kong</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease prions from cervids</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease in cervids (mule deer, white-tailed deer, American elk, moose, and reindeer). It has become an epidemic in North America, and it has been detected in the Europe (Norway) since 2016. The widespread CWD and popular hunting and consumption of cervid meat and other products raise serious public health concerns, but questions remain on human susceptibility to CWD prions, especially on the potential difference in zoonotic potential among the various CWD prion strains. We have been working to address this critical question for well over a decade. We used CWD samples from various cervid species to inoculate transgenic mice expressing human or elk prion protein (PrP). We found infectious prions in the spleen or brain in a small fraction of CWD-inoculated transgenic mice expressing human PrP, indicating that humans are not completely resistant to CWD prions; this finding has significant ramifications on the public health impact of CWD prions. The influence of cervid PrP polymorphisms, the prion strain dependence of CWD-to-human transmission barrier, and the characterization of experimental human CWD prions will be discussed.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Speaker Biography Qingzhong Kong has completed his PhD from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst and Post-doctoral studies at Yale University. He is currently an Associate Professor of Pathology, Neurology and Regenerative Medicine. He has published over 50 original research papers in reputable journals (including Science Translational Medicine, JCI, PNAS and Cell Reports) and has been serving as an Editorial Board Member on seven scientific journals. He has multiple research interests, including public health risks of animal prions (CWD of cervids and atypical BSE of cattle), animal modeling of human prion diseases, mechanisms of prion replication and pathogenesis, etiology of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD) in humans, normal cellular PrP in the biology and pathology of multiple brain and peripheral diseases, proteins responsible for the α-cleavage of cellular PrP, as well as gene therapy and DNA vaccination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">qxk2@case.edu </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SUNDAY, JULY 25, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">North American and Norwegian Chronic Wasting Disease prions exhibit different potential for interspecies transmission and zoonotic risk </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''Our data suggest that reindeer and red deer from Norway could be the most transmissible CWD prions to other mammals, whereas North American CWD prions were more prone to generate human prions in vitro.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/north-american-and-norwegian-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/north-american-and-norwegian-chronic.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, JULY 19, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> U Calgary researchers at work on a vaccine against a fatal infectious disease affecting deer and potentially people</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/u-calgary-researchers-at-work-on.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/u-calgary-researchers-at-work-on.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE aka MAD COW DISEASE, was first discovered in 1984, and it took until 1995 to finally admit that BSE was causing nvCJD, the rest there is history, but that science is still evolving i.e. science now shows that indeed atypical L-type BSE, atypical Nor-98 Scrapie, and typical Scrapie are all zoonosis, zoonotic for humans, there from. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">HOW long are we going to wait for Chronic Wasting Disease, CWD TSE Prion of Cervid, and zoonosis, zoonotic tranmission to humans there from?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Studies have shown since 1994 that humans are susceptible to CWD TSE Prion, so, what's the hold up with making CWD a zoonotic zoonosis disease, the iatrogenic transmissions there from is not waiting for someone to make a decision.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P190 Human prion disease mortality rates by occurrence of chronic wasting disease in freeranging cervids, United States</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abrams JY (1), Maddox RA (1), Schonberger LB (1), Person MK (1), Appleby BS (2), Belay ED (1)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease of deer and elk that has been identified in freeranging cervids in 23 US states. While there is currently no epidemiological evidence for zoonotic transmission through the consumption of contaminated venison, studies suggest the CWD agent can cross the species barrier in experimental models designed to closely mimic humans. We compared rates of human prion disease in states with and without CWD to examine the possibility of undetermined zoonotic transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Death records from the National Center for Health Statistics, case records from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, and additional state case reports were combined to create a database of human prion disease cases from 2003-2015. Identification of CWD in each state was determined through reports of positive CWD tests by state wildlife agencies. Age- and race-adjusted mortality rates for human prion disease, excluding cases with known etiology, were determined for four categories of states based on CWD occurrence: highly endemic (>16 counties with CWD identified in free-ranging cervids); moderately endemic (3-10 counties with CWD); low endemic (1-2 counties with CWD); and no CWD states. States were counted as having no CWD until the year CWD was first identified. Analyses stratified by age, sex, and time period were also conducted to focus on subgroups for which zoonotic transmission would be more likely to be detected: cases <55 years old, male sex, and the latter half of the study (2010-2015).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Highly endemic states had a higher rate of prion disease mortality compared to non-CWD states (rate ratio [RR]: 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01 - 1.23), as did low endemic states (RR: 1.15, 95% CI = 1.04 - 1.27). Moderately endemic states did not have an elevated mortality rate (RR: 1.05, 95% CI = 0.93 - 1.17). In age-stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates among the <55 year old population were elevated for moderately endemic states (RR: 1.57, 95% CI = 1.10 – 2.24) while mortality rates were elevated among those ≥55 for highly endemic states (RR: 1.13, 95% CI = 1.02 - 1.26) and low endemic states (RR: 1.16, 95% CI = 1.04 - 1.29). In other stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates for males were only elevated for low endemic states (RR: 1.27, 95% CI = 1.10 - 1.48), and none of the categories of CWD-endemic states had elevated mortality rates for the latter time period (2010-2015).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">While higher prion disease mortality rates in certain categories of states with CWD in free-ranging cervids were noted, additional stratified analyses did not reveal markedly elevated rates for potentially sensitive subgroups that would be suggestive of zoonotic transmission. Unknown confounding factors or other biases may explain state-by-state differences in prion disease mortality.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P172 Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Prion Disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Wang H(1), Cohen M(1), Appleby BS(1,2)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio (2) National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Cleveland, Ohio.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion disease is a fatal progressive neurodegenerative disease due to deposition of an abnormal protease-resistant isoform of prion protein. Typical symptoms include rapidly progressive dementia, myoclonus, visual disturbance and hallucinations. Interestingly, in patients with prion disease, the abnormal protein canould also be found in the peripheral nervous system. Case reports of prion deposition in peripheral nerves have been reported. Peripheral nerve involvement is thought to be uncommon; however, little is known about the exact prevalence and features of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We reviewed autopsy-proven prion cases from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center that were diagnosed between September 2016 to March 2017. We collected information regarding prion protein diagnosis, demographics, comorbidities, clinical symptoms, physical exam, neuropathology, molecular subtype, genetics lab, brain MRI, image and EMG reports. Our study included 104 patients. Thirteen (12.5%) patients had either subjective symptoms or objective signs of peripheral neuropathy. Among these 13 patients, 3 had other known potential etiologies of peripheral neuropathy such as vitamin B12 deficiency or prior chemotherapy. Among 10 patients that had no other clear etiology, 3 (30%) had familial CJD. The most common sCJD subtype was MV1-2 (30%), followed by MM1-2 (20%). The Majority of cases wasere male (60%). Half of them had exposure to wild game. The most common subjective symptoms were tingling and/or numbness of distal extremities. The most common objective finding was diminished vibratory sensation in the feet. Half of them had an EMG with the findings ranging from fasciculations to axonal polyneuropathy or demyelinating polyneuropathy.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our study provides an overview of the pattern of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease. Among patients with peripheral neuropathy symptoms or signs, majority has polyneuropathy. It is important to document the baseline frequency of peripheral neuropathy in prion diseases as these symptoms may become important when conducting surveillance for potential novel zoonotic prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P177 PrP plaques in methionine homozygous Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abrams JY (1), Schonberger LB (1), Cali I (2), Cohen Y (2), Blevins JE (2), Maddox RA (1), Belay ED (1), Appleby BS (2), Cohen ML (2)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is widely believed to originate from de novo spontaneous conversion of normal prion protein (PrP) to its pathogenic form, but concern remains that some reported sporadic CJD cases may actually be caused by disease transmission via iatrogenic processes. For cases with methionine homozygosity (CJD-MM) at codon 129 of the PRNP gene, recent research has pointed to plaque-like PrP deposition as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission for a subset of cases. This phenotype is theorized to originate from specific iatrogenic source CJD types that comprise roughly a quarter of known CJD cases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We reviewed scientific literature for studies which described PrP plaques among CJD patients with known epidemiological links to iatrogenic transmission (receipt of cadaveric human grown hormone or dura mater), as well as in cases of reported sporadic CJD. The presence and description of plaques, along with CJD classification type and other contextual factors, were used to summarize the current evidence regarding plaques as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission. In addition, 523 cases of reported sporadic CJD cases in the US from January 2013 through September 2017 were assessed for presence of PrP plaques.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We identified four studies describing 52 total cases of CJD-MM among either dura mater recipients or growth hormone recipients, of which 30 were identified as having PrP plaques. While sporadic cases were not generally described as having plaques, we did identify case reports which described plaques among sporadic MM2 cases as well as case reports of plaques exclusively in white matter among sporadic MM1 cases. Among the 523 reported sporadic CJD cases, 0 of 366 MM1 cases had plaques, 2 of 48 MM2 cases had kuru plaques, and 4 of 109 MM1+2 cases had either kuru plaques or both kuru and florid plaques. Medical chart review of the six reported sporadic CJD cases with plaques did not reveal clinical histories suggestive of potential iatrogenic transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PrP plaques occur much more frequently for iatrogenic CJD-MM cases compared to sporadic CJDMM cases. Plaques may indicate iatrogenic transmission for CJD-MM cases without a type 2 Western blot fragment. The study results suggest the absence of significant misclassifications of iatrogenic CJD as sporadic. To our knowledge, this study is the first to describe grey matter kuru plaques in apparently sporadic CJD-MM patients with a type 2 Western blot fragment.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P180 Clinico-pathological analysis of human prion diseases in a brain bank series</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ximelis T (1), Aldecoa I (1,2), Molina-Porcel L (1,3), Grau-Rivera O (4), Ferrer I (5), Nos C (6), Gelpi E (1,7), Sánchez-Valle R (1,4)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobanc-Hospital ClÃnic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (2) Pathological Service of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (3) EAIA Trastorns Cognitius, Centre Emili Mira, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain (4) Department of Neurology of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (5) Institute of Neuropathology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona (6) General subdirectorate of Surveillance and Response to Emergencies in Public Health, Department of Public Health in Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain (7) Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background and objective:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Neurological Tissue Bank (NTB) of the Hospital Clínic-Institut d‘Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain is the reference center in Catalonia for the neuropathological study of prion diseases in the region since 2001. The aim of this study is to analyse the characteristics of the confirmed prion diseases registered at the NTB during the last 15 years.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We reviewed retrospectively all neuropathologically confirmed cases registered during the period January 2001 to December 2016.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">176 cases (54,3% female, mean age: 67,5 years and age range: 25-86 years) of neuropathological confirmed prion diseases have been studied at the NTB. 152 cases corresponded to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), 10 to genetic CJD, 10 to Fatal Familial Insomnia, 2 to GerstmannSträussler-Scheinker disease, and 2 cases to variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr). Within sCJD subtypes the MM1 subtype was the most frequent, followed by the VV2 histotype.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Clinical and neuropathological diagnoses agreed in 166 cases (94%). The clinical diagnosis was not accurate in 10 patients with definite prion disease: 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Fronto-temporal dementia (FTD), 1 Niemann-Pick‘s disease, 1 Lewy Body‘s Disease, 2 Alzheimer‘s disease, 1 Cortico-basal syndrome and 2 undetermined dementia. Among patients with VPSPr, 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and the other one with FTD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Concomitant pathologies are frequent in older age groups, mainly AD neuropathological changes were observed in these subjects.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Discussion:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A wide spectrum of human prion diseases have been identified in the NTB being the relative frequencies and main characteristics like other published series. There is a high rate of agreement between clinical and neuropathological diagnoses with prion diseases. These findings show the importance that public health has given to prion diseases during the past 15 years. Continuous surveillance of human prion disease allows identification of new emerging phenotypes. Brain tissue samples from these donors are available to the scientific community. For more information please visit:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P192 Prion amplification techniques for the rapid evaluation of surface decontamination procedures</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Bruyere-Ostells L (1), Mayran C (1), Belondrade M (1), Boublik Y (2), Haïk S (3), Fournier-Wirth C (1), Nicot S (1), Bougard D (1)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Pathogenesis and control of chronic infections, Etablissement Français du Sang, Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (2) Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (3) Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) or prion diseases are a group of incurable and always fatal neurodegenerative disorders including Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases (CJD) in humans. These pathologies include sporadic (sCJD), genetic and acquired (variant CJD) forms. By the past, sCJD and vCJD were transmitted by different prion contaminated biological materials to patients resulting in more than 400 iatrogenic cases (iCJD). The atypical nature and the biochemical properties of the infectious agent, formed by abnormal prion protein or PrPTSE, make it particularly resistant to conventional decontamination procedures. In addition, PrPTSE is widely distributed throughout the organism before clinical onset in vCJD and can also be detected in some peripheral tissues in sporadic CJD. Risk of iatrogenic transmission of CJD by contaminated medical device remains thus a concern for healthcare facilities. Bioassay is the gold standard method to evaluate the efficacy of prion decontamination procedures but is time-consuming and expensive. Here, we propose to compare in vitro prion amplification techniques: Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) and Real-Time Quaking Induced Conversion (RT-QuIC) for the detection of residual prions on surface after decontamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stainless steel wires, by mimicking the surface of surgical instruments, were proposed as a carrier model of prions for inactivation studies. To determine the sensitivity of the two amplification techniques on wires (Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC), steel wires were therefore contaminated with serial dilutions of brain homogenates (BH) from a 263k infected hamster and from a patient with sCJD (MM1 subtype). We then compared the different standard decontamination procedures including partially and fully efficient treatments by detecting the residual seeding activity on 263K and sCJD contaminated wires. We completed our study by the evaluation of marketed reagents endorsed for prion decontamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The two amplification techniques can detect minute quantities of PrPTSE adsorbed onto a single wire. 8/8 wires contaminated with a 10-6 dilution of 263k BH and 1/6 with the 10-8 dilution are positive with Surf-PMCA. Similar performances were obtained with Surf-QuIC on 263K: 10/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilution and 1/8 wires contaminated with 10-8 dilution are positive. Regarding the human sCJD-MM1 prion, Surf-QuIC allows us to detect 16/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilutions and 14/16 with 10-7 . Results obtained after decontamination treatments are very similar between 263K and sCJD prions. Efficiency of marketed treatments to remove prions is lower than expected.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC are very sensitive methods for the detection of prions on wires and could be applied to prion decontamination studies for rapid evaluation of new treatments. Sodium hypochlorite is the only product to efficiently remove seeding activity of both 263K and sCJD prions.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WA2 Oral transmission of CWD into Cynomolgus macaques: signs of atypical disease, prion conversion and infectivity in macaques and bio-assayed transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Schatzl HM (1, 2), Hannaoui S (1, 2), Cheng Y-C (1, 2), Gilch S (1, 2), Beekes M (3), SchulzSchaeffer W (4), Stahl-Hennig C (5) and Czub S (2, 6)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) University of Calgary, Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada (2) University of Calgary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calgary, Canada, (3) Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany, (4) University of Homburg/Saar, Homburg, Germany, (5) German Primate Center, Goettingen, Germany, (6) Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), Lethbridge, Canada.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To date, BSE is the only example of interspecies transmission of an animal prion disease into humans. The potential zoonotic transmission of CWD is an alarming issue and was addressed by many groups using a variety of in vitro and in vivo experimental systems. Evidence from these studies indicated a substantial, if not absolute, species barrier, aligning with the absence of epidemiological evidence suggesting transmission into humans. Studies in non-human primates were not conclusive so far, with oral transmission into new-world monkeys and no transmission into old-world monkeys. Our consortium has challenged 18 Cynomolgus macaques with characterized CWD material, focusing on oral transmission with muscle tissue. Some macaques have orally received a total of 5 kg of muscle material over a period of 2 years. After 5-7 years of incubation time some animals showed clinical symptoms indicative of prion disease, and prion neuropathology and PrPSc deposition were found in spinal cord and brain of euthanized animals. PrPSc in immunoblot was weakly detected in some spinal cord materials and various tissues tested positive in RT-QuIC, including lymph node and spleen homogenates. To prove prion infectivity in the macaque tissues, we have intracerebrally inoculated 2 lines of transgenic mice, expressing either elk or human PrP. At least 3 TgElk mice, receiving tissues from 2 different macaques, showed clinical signs of a progressive prion disease and brains were positive in immunoblot and RT-QuIC. Tissues (brain, spinal cord and spleen) from these and preclinical mice are currently tested using various read-outs and by second passage in mice. Transgenic mice expressing human PrP were so far negative for clear clinical prion disease (some mice >300 days p.i.). In parallel, the same macaque materials are inoculated into bank voles. Taken together, there is strong evidence of transmissibility of CWD orally into macaques and from macaque tissues into transgenic mouse models, although with an incomplete attack rate. The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology. Our ongoing studies will show whether the transmission of CWD into macaques and passage in transgenic mice represents a form of non-adaptive prion amplification, and whether macaque-adapted prions have the potential to infect mice expressing human PrP. The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">See also poster P103</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WA16 Monitoring Potential CWD Transmission to Humans</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Belay ED</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The spread of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in animals has raised concerns about increasing human exposure to the CWD agent via hunting and venison consumption, potentially facilitating CWD transmission to humans. Several studies have explored this possibility, including limited epidemiologic studies, in vitro experiments, and laboratory studies using various types of animal models. Most human exposures to the CWD agent in the United States would be expected to occur in association with deer and elk hunting in CWD-endemic areas. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) collaborated with state health departments in Colorado, Wisconsin, and Wyoming to identify persons at risk of CWD exposure and to monitor their vital status over time. Databases were established of persons who hunted in Colorado and Wyoming and those who reported consumption of venison from deer that later tested positive in Wisconsin. Information from the databases is periodically cross-checked with mortality data to determine the vital status and causes of death for deceased persons. Long-term follow-up of these hunters is needed to assess their risk of development of a prion disease linked to CWD exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P166 Characterization of CJD strain profiles in venison consumers and non-consumers from Alberta and Saskatchewan</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stephanie Booth (1,2), Lise Lamoureux (1), Debra Sorensen (1), Jennifer L. Myskiw (1,2), Megan Klassen (1,2), Michael Coulthart (3), Valerie Sim (4)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg (2) Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (3) Canadian CJD Surveillance System, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (4) Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is spreading rapidly through wild cervid populations in the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. While this has implications for tourism and hunting, there is also concern over possible zoonotic transmission to humans who eat venison from infected deer. Whilst there is no evidence of any human cases of CWD to date, the Canadian CJD Surveillance System (CJDSS) in Canada is staying vigilant. When variant CJD occurred following exposure to BSE, the unique biochemical fingerprint of the pathologic PrP enabled a causal link to be confirmed. However, we cannot be sure what phenotype human CWD prions would present with, or indeed, whether this would be distinct from that see in sporadic CJD. Therefore we are undertaking a systematic analysis of the molecular diversity of CJD cases of individuals who resided in Alberta and Saskatchewan at their time of death comparing venison consumers and non-consumers, using a variety of clinical, imaging, pathological and biochemical markers. Our initial objective is to develop novel biochemical methodologies that will extend the baseline glycoform and genetic polymorphism typing that is already completed by the CJDSS. Firstly, we are reviewing MRI, EEG and pathology information from over 40 cases of CJD to select clinically affected areas for further investigation. Biochemical analysis will include assessment of the levels of protease sensitive and resistant prion protein, glycoform typing using 2D gel electrophoresis, testing seeding capabilities and kinetics of aggregation by quaking-induced conversion, and determining prion oligomer size distributions with asymmetric flow field fractionation with in-line light scattering. Progress and preliminary data will be presented. Ultimately, we intend to further define the relationship between PrP structure and disease phenotype and establish a baseline for the identification of future atypical CJD cases that may arise as a result of exposure to CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Source Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/</a> </div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Volume 24, Number 8—August 2018 </span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-size: 30.2px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 3px; outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Research Susceptibility of Human Prion Protein to Conversion by Chronic Wasting Disease Prions</span></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Marcelo A. BarriaComments to Author , Adriana Libori, Gordon Mitchell, and Mark W. Head Author affiliations: National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (M.A. Barria, A. Libori, M.W. Head); National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Scrapie and CWD, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (G. Mitchell)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal neurodegenerative disease and a serious animal health issue for deer and elk in North America. The identification of the first cases of CWD among free-ranging reindeer and moose in Europe brings back into focus the unresolved issue of whether CWD can be zoonotic like bovine spongiform encephalopathy. We used a cell-free seeded protein misfolding assay to determine whether CWD prions from elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer in North America can convert the human prion protein to the disease-associated form. We found that prions can convert, but the efficiency of conversion is affected by polymorphic variation in the cervid and human prion protein genes. In view of the similarity of reindeer, elk, and white-tailed deer in North America to reindeer, red deer, and roe deer, respectively, in Europe, a more comprehensive and thorough assessment of the zoonotic potential of CWD might be warranted.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Discussion Characterization of the transmission properties of CWD and evaluation of their zoonotic potential are important for public health purposes. Given that CWD affects several members of the family Cervidae, it seems reasonable to consider whether the zoonotic potential of CWD prions could be affected by factors such as CWD strain, cervid species, geographic location, and Prnp–PRNP polymorphic variation. We have previously used an in vitro conversion assay (PMCA) to investigate the susceptibility of the human PrP to conversion to its disease-associated form by several animal prion diseases, including CWD (15,16,22). The sensitivity of our molecular model for the detection of zoonotic conversion depends on the combination of 1) the action of proteinase K to degrade the abundant human PrPC that constitutes the substrate while only N terminally truncating any human PrPres produced and 2) the presence of the 3F4 epitope on human but not cervid PrP. In effect, this degree of sensitivity means that any human PrPres formed during the PMCA reaction can be detected down to the limit of Western blot sensitivity. In contrast, if other antibodies that detect both cervid and human PrP are used, such as 6H4, then newly formed human PrPres must be detected as a measurable increase in PrPres over the amount remaining in the reaction product from the cervid seed. Although best known for the efficient amplification of prions in research and diagnostic contexts, the variation of the PMCA method employed in our study is optimized for the definitive detection of zoonotic reaction products of inherently inefficient conversion reactions conducted across species barriers. By using this system, we previously made and reported the novel observation that elk CWD prions could convert human PrPC from human brain and could also convert recombinant human PrPC expressed in transgenic mice and eukaryotic cell cultures (15).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A previous publication suggested that mule deer PrPSc was unable to convert humanized transgenic substrate in PMCA assays (23) and required a further step of in vitro conditioning in deer substrate PMCA before it was able to cross the deer–human molecular barrier (24). However, prions from other species, such as elk (15) and reindeer affected by CWD, appear to be compatible with the human protein in a single round of amplification (as shown in our study). These observations suggest that different deer species affected by CWD could present differing degrees of the olecular compatibility with the normal form of human PrP.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The contribution of the polymorphism at codon 129 of the human PrP gene has been extensively studied and is recognized as a risk factor for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (4). In cervids, the equivalent codon corresponds to the position 132 encoding methionine or leucine. This polymorphism in the elk gene has been shown to play an important role in CWD susceptibility (25,26). We have investigated the effect of this cervid Prnp polymorphism on the conversion of the humanized transgenic substrate according to the variation in the equivalent PRNP codon 129 polymorphism. Interestingly, only the homologs methionine homozygous seed–substrate reactions could readily convert the human PrP, whereas the heterozygous elk PrPSc was unable to do so, even though comparable amounts of PrPres were used to seed the reaction. In addition, we observed only low levels of human PrPres formation in the reactions seeded with the homozygous methionine (132 MM) and the heterozygous (132 ML) seeds incubated with the other 2 human polymorphic substrates (129 MV and 129 VV). The presence of the amino acid leucine at position 132 of the elk Prnp gene has been attributed to a lower degree of prion conversion compared with methionine on the basis of experiments in mice made transgenic for these polymorphic variants (26). Considering the differences observed for the amplification of the homozygous human methionine substrate by the 2 polymorphic elk seeds (MM and ML), reappraisal of the susceptibility of human PrPC by the full range of cervid polymorphic variants affected by CWD would be warranted.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In light of the recent identification of the first cases of CWD in Europe in a free-ranging reindeer (R. tarandus) in Norway (2), we also decided to evaluate the in vitro conversion potential of CWD in 2 experimentally infected reindeer (18). Formation of human PrPres was readily detectable after a single round of PMCA, and in all 3 humanized polymorphic substrates (MM, MV, and VV). This finding suggests that CWD prions from reindeer could be more compatible with human PrPC generally and might therefore present a greater risk for zoonosis than, for example, CWD prions from white-tailed deer. A more comprehensive comparison of CWD in the affected species, coupled with the polymorphic variations in the human and deer PRNP–Prnp genes, in vivo and in vitro, will be required before firm conclusions can be drawn. Analysis of the Prnp sequence of the CWD reindeer in Norway was reported to be identical to the specimens used in our study (2). This finding raises the possibility of a direct comparison of zoonotic potential between CWD acquired in the wild and that produced in a controlled laboratory setting. (Table).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The prion hypothesis proposes that direct molecular interaction between PrPSc and PrPC is necessary for conversion and prion replication. Accordingly, polymorphic variants of the PrP of host and agent might play a role in determining compatibility and potential zoonotic risk. In this study, we have examined the capacity of the human PrPC to support in vitro conversion by elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer CWD PrPSc. Our data confirm that elk CWD prions can convert the human PrPC, at least in vitro, and show that the homologous PRNP polymorphisms at codon 129 and 132 in humans and cervids affect conversion efficiency. Other species affected by CWD, particularly caribou or reindeer, also seem able to convert the human PrP. It will be important to determine whether other polymorphic variants found in other CWD-affected Cervidae or perhaps other factors (17) exert similar effects on the ability to convert human PrP and thus affect their zoonotic potential.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dr. Barria is a research scientist working at the National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh. His research has focused on understanding the molecular basis of a group of fatal neurologic disorders called prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgments We thank Aru Balachandran for originally providing cervid brain tissues, Abigail Diack and Jean Manson for providing mouse brain tissue, and James Ironside for his critical reading of the manuscript at an early stage.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This report is independent research commissioned and funded by the United Kingdom’s Department of Health Policy Research Programme and the Government of Scotland. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Department of Health or the Government of Scotland.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author contributions: The study was conceived and designed by M.A.B. and M.W.H. The experiments were conducted by M.A.B. and A.L. Chronic wasting disease brain specimens were provided by G.M. The manuscript was written by M.A.B. and M.W.H. All authors contributed to the editing and revision of the manuscript.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion</a></div></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Prion 2017 Conference Abstracts</span></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none !important;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">First evidence of intracranial and peroral transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) into Cynomolgus macaques: a work in progress Stefanie Czub1, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer2, Christiane Stahl-Hennig3, Michael Beekes4, Hermann Schaetzl5 and Dirk Motzkus6 1 </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine/Canadian Food Inspection Agency; 2Universitatsklinikum des Saarlandes und Medizinische Fakultat der Universitat des Saarlandes; 3 Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen; 4 Robert-Koch-Institut Berlin; 5 University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; 6 presently: Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center; previously: Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">This is a progress report of a project which started in 2009. </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">21 cynomolgus macaques were challenged with characterized CWD material from white-tailed deer (WTD) or elk by intracerebral (ic), oral, and skin exposure routes. Additional blood transfusion experiments are supposed to assess the CWD contamination risk of human blood product. Challenge materials originated from symptomatic cervids for ic, skin scarification and partially per oral routes (WTD brain). Challenge material for feeding of muscle derived from preclinical WTD and from preclinical macaques for blood transfusion experiments. We have confirmed that the CWD challenge material contained at least two different CWD agents (brain material) as well as CWD prions in muscle-associated nerves. </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Here we present first data on a group of animals either challenged ic with steel wires or per orally and sacrificed with incubation times ranging from 4.5 to 6.9 years at postmortem. Three animals displayed signs of mild clinical disease, including anxiety, apathy, ataxia and/or tremor. In four animals wasting was observed, two of those had confirmed diabetes. All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals. Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuiC) and PET-blot assays to further substantiate these findings are on the way, as well as bioassays in bank voles and transgenic mice. </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">At present, a total of 10 animals are sacrificed and read-outs are ongoing. Preclinical incubation of the remaining macaques covers a range <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">from 6.4 to 7.10</span> years. Based on the species barrier and an incubation time of > 5 years for BSE in macaques and about 10 years for scrapie in macaques, we expected an onset of clinical disease beyond 6 years post inoculation. </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">PRION 2017 DECIPHERING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS ABSTRACTS REFERENCE</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 23, 2019 </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion and THE FEAST 2003 CDC an updated review of the science 2019 </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 04, 2014 </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Six-year follow-up of a point-source exposure to CWD contaminated venison in an Upstate New York community: risk behaviours and health outcomes 2005–2011 Authors, though, acknowledged the study was limited in geography and sample size and so it couldn't draw a conclusion about the risk to humans. They recommended more study. Dr. Ermias Belay was the report's principal author but he said New York and Oneida County officials are following the proper course by not launching a study. "There's really nothing to monitor presently. No one's sick," Belay said, noting the disease's incubation period in deer and elk is measured in years. " </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Transmission Studies Mule deer transmissions of CWD were by intracerebral inoculation and compared with natural cases {the following was written but with a single line marked through it ''first passage (by this route)}....TSS resulted in a more rapidly progressive clinical disease with repeated episodes of synocopy ending in coma. One control animal became affected, it is believed through contamination of inoculum (?saline). Further CWD transmissions were carried out by Dick Marsh into ferret, mink and squirrel monkey. Transmission occurred in ALL of these species with the shortest incubation period in the ferret. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip.... </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Prion Infectivity in Fat of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease▿ </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Brent Race#, Kimberly Meade-White#, Richard Race and Bruce Chesebro* + Author Affiliations In mice, prion infectivity was recently detected in fat. Since ruminant fat is consumed by humans and fed to animals, we determined infectivity titers in fat from two CWD-infected deer. Deer fat devoid of muscle contained low levels of CWD infectivity and might be a risk factor for prion infection of other species. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Prions in Skeletal Muscles of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease Here bioassays in transgenic mice expressing cervid prion protein revealed the presence of infectious prions in skeletal muscles of CWD-infected deer, demonstrating that humans consuming or handling meat from CWD-infected deer are at risk to prion exposure. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> *** now, let’s see what the authors said about this casual link, personal communications years ago, and then the latest on the zoonotic potential from CWD to humans from the TOKYO PRION 2016 CONFERENCE. see where it is stated NO STRONG evidence. so, does this mean there IS casual evidence ???? “Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans” </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">From: TSS Subject: CWD aka MAD DEER/ELK TO HUMANS ??? </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Date: September 30, 2002 at 7:06 am PST </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">From: "Belay, Ermias" </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">To: Cc: "Race, Richard (NIH)" ; ; "Belay, Ermias" </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Sent: Monday, September 30, 2002 9:22 AM Subject: RE: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Dear Sir/Madam, In the Archives of Neurology you quoted (the abstract of which was attached to your email), we did not say CWD in humans will present like variant CJD.. That assumption would be wrong. I encourage you to read the whole article and call me if you have questions or need more clarification (phone: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">404-639-3091</span></span>). </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Also, we do not claim that "no-one has ever been infected with prion disease from eating venison." Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans in the article you quoted or in any other forum is limited to the patients we investigated. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Ermias Belay, M.D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">-----Original Message----- From: </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Sent: Sunday, September 29, 2002 10:15 AM To: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">rr26k@nih.gov</span></span>; <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">rrace@niaid.nih.gov</span></span>; <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">ebb8@CDC.GOV</span></span> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Subject: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Sunday, November 10, 2002 6:26 PM .......snip........end..............TSS </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Thursday, April 03, 2008 </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease 2008 1: Vet Res. 2008 Apr 3;39(4):41 A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease Sigurdson CJ. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip... *** twenty-seven CJD patients who regularly consumed venison were reported to the Surveillance Center***, </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip... full text ; </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">sporadic, spontaneous CJD, 85%+ of all human TSE, did not just happen. never in scientific literature has this been proven. if one looks up the word sporadic or spontaneous at pubmed, you will get a laundry list of disease that are classified in such a way; </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">sporadic = 54,983 hits </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic</a><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">spontaneous = 325,650 hits </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous</a><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">key word here is 'reported'. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can't, and it's as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it's being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. ...terry </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people.<br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;">key word here is ‘reported’. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can’t, and it’s as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it’s being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. …terry</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;">*** These results would seem to suggest that CWD does indeed have zoonotic potential, at least as judged by the compatibility of CWD prions and their human PrPC target. Furthermore, extrapolation from this simple in vitro assay suggests that if zoonotic CWD occurred, it would most likely effect those of the PRNP codon 129-MM genotype and that the PrPres type would be similar to that found in the most common subtype of sCJD (MM1).***</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys</a></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true</a></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: white; color: #196ad4; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD TSE PRION AND ZOONOTIC, ZOONOSIS, POTENTIAL</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: Re: DEER SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY SURVEY & HOUND STUDY </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: Fri, 18 Oct 2002 23:12:22 +0100 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: Steve Dealler </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Organization: Netscape Online member </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: BSE-L@ References: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dear Terry,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">An excellent piece of review as this literature is desperately difficult to get back from Government sites.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">What happened with the deer was that an association between deer meat eating and sporadic CJD was found in about 1993. The evidence was not great but did not disappear after several years of asking CJD cases what they had eaten. I think that the work into deer disease largely stopped because it was not helpful to the UK industry...and no specific cases were reported. Well, if you dont look adequately like they are in USA currenly then you wont find any!</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Steve Dealler </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM THIRD ANNUAL REPORT AUGUST 1994</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Consumption of venison and veal was much less widespread among both cases and controls. For both of these meats there was evidence of a trend with increasing frequency of consumption being associated with increasing risk of CJD. (not nvCJD, but sporadic CJD...tss) These associations were largely unchanged when attention was restricted to pairs with data obtained from relatives. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Table 9 presents the results of an analysis of these data.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is STRONG evidence of an association between ‘’regular’’ veal eating and risk of CJD (p = .0.01).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Individuals reported to eat veal on average at least once a year appear to be at 13 TIMES THE RISK of individuals who have never eaten veal.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is, however, a very wide confidence interval around this estimate. There is no strong evidence that eating veal less than once per year is associated with increased risk of CJD (p = 0.51).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is some evidence that risk of CJD INCREASES WITH INCREASING FREQUENCY OF LAMB EATING (p = 0.02).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The evidence for such an association between beef eating and CJD is weaker (p = 0.14). When only controls for whom a relative was interviewed are included, this evidence becomes a little STRONGER (p = 0.08).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It was found that when veal was included in the model with another exposure, the association between veal and CJD remained statistically significant (p = < 0.05 for all exposures), while the other exposures ceased to be statistically significant (p = > 0.05).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In conclusion, an analysis of dietary histories revealed statistical associations between various meats/animal products and INCREASED RISK OF CJD. When some account was taken of possible confounding, the association between VEAL EATING AND RISK OF CJD EMERGED AS THE STRONGEST OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS STATISTICALLY. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the study in the USA, a range of foodstuffs were associated with an increased risk of CJD, including liver consumption which was associated with an apparent SIX-FOLD INCREASE IN THE RISK OF CJD. By comparing the data from 3 studies in relation to this particular dietary factor, the risk of liver consumption became non-significant with an odds ratio of 1.2 (PERSONAL COMMUNICATION, PROFESSOR A. HOFMAN. ERASMUS UNIVERSITY, ROTTERDAM). (???...TSS)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full report ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stephen Dealler is a consultant medical microbiologist <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">deal@airtime.co.uk</span> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE Inquiry Steve Dealler</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Management In Confidence</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE: Private Submission of Bovine Brain Dealler</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> MAD DOGS AND ENGLISHMEN BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, CJD, TSE PRION A REVIEW 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> ''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> In conclusion, sensory symptoms and loss of reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome can be explained by neuropathological changes in the spinal cord. We conclude that the sensory symptoms and loss of lower limb reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome is due to pathology in the caudal spinal cord. <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology.<*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD. <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals.<*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids.'' Scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease (II) <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, MAY 11, 2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">> A Unique Presentation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in a Patient Consuming Deer Antler Velvet <</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusion</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We believe that our patient’s case of CJD is highly suspicious for cervid etiology given the circumstances of the case as well as the strong evidence of plausibility reported in published literature. This is the first known case of CJD in a patient who had consumed deer antler velvet. Despite the confirmed diagnosis of CJD, a causal relationship between the patient’s disease and his consumption of deer antler velvet cannot be definitively concluded.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Supplemental data including molecular tissue sample analysis and autopsy findings could yield further supporting evidence. Given this patient’s clinical resemblance to CBD and the known histological similarities of CBD with CJD, clinicians should consider both diseases in the differential diagnosis of patients with a similarly esoteric presentation. Regardless of the origin of this patient’s disease, it is clear that the potential for prion transmission from cervids to humans should be further investigated by the academic community with considerable urgency.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''We believe that our patient’s case of CJD is highly suspicious for cervid etiology given the circumstances of the case as well as the strong evidence of plausibility reported in published literature. This is the first known case of CJD in a patient who had consumed deer antler velvet. Despite the confirmed diagnosis of CJD, a causal relationship between the patient’s disease and his consumption of deer antler velvet cannot be definitively concluded.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE: A Unique Presentation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in a Patient Consuming Deer Antler Velvet</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i was warning England and the BSE Inquiry about just this, way back in 1998, and was ask to supply information to the BSE Inquiry. for anyone that might be interested, see;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary submission to the BSE Inquiry on CJD and Nutritional Supplements 1998</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ABOUT that deer antler spray and CWD TSE PRION... I have been screaming this since my neighbors mom died from cjd, and she had been taking a supplement that contained bovine brain, bovine eyeball, and other SRMs specified risk materials, the most high risk for mad cow disease. just saying...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I made a submission to the BSE Inquiry long ago during the BSE Inquiry days, and they seemed pretty interested.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sender: "Patricia Cantos"</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: "Terry S Singeltary Sr. (E-mail)"</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: Your submission to the Inquiry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: Fri, 3 Jul 1998 10:10:05 +0100 3 July 1998</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Mr Terry S Singeltary Sr. E-Mail: Flounder at <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">wt.net</span> Ref: E2979</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dear Mr Singeltary, Thank you for your E-mail message of the 30th of June 1998 providing the Inquiry with your further comments. Thank you for offering to provide the Inquiry with any test results on the nutritional supplements your mother was taking before she died. As requested I am sending you our general Information Pack and a copy of the Chairman's letter. Please contact me if your system cannot read the attachments. Regarding your question, the Inquiry is looking into many aspects of the scientific evidence on BSE and nvCJD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I would refer you to the transcripts of evidence we have already heard which are found on our internet site at ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">http://www.bse.org.uk</span>.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Could you please provide the Inquiry with a copy of the press article you refer to in your e-mail? If not an approximate date for the article so that we can locate it? In the meantime, thank you for you comments. Please do not hesitate to contact me on... snip...end...tss</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">everyone I tell this too gets it screwed up...MY MOTHER WAS NOT TAKING THOSE SUPPLEMENTS IPLEX (that I ever knew of). this was my neighbors mother that died exactly one year previously and to the day of sporadic CJD that was diagnosed as Alzheimer’s at first. my mother died exactly a year later from the Heidenhain Variant of Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease hvCJD, and exceedingly rare strains of the ever growing sporadic CJD’s. both cases confirmed. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">kind regards, terry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TSEs i.e. mad cow disease's BSE/BASE and NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS IPLEX, mad by standard process; vacuum dried bovine BRAIN, bone meal, bovine EYE, veal Bone, bovine liver powder, bovine adrenal, vacuum dried bovine kidney, and vacuum dried porcine stomach. also; what about potential mad cow candy bars ? see their potential mad cow candy bar list too... THESE are just a few of MANY of just this ONE COMPANY...TSS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''So, in sum, dietary supplements sold in the United States often contain ruminant tissues from undisclosed sources. Personally, I am rather squeamish and I don't think I would be eating prostate or testicle or pituitary, but I am also a little bit wary of consuming products with those glands, not just out of personal repugnance but simply out of a health concern.'' DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION CENTER FOR BIOLOGICS EVALUATION AND RESEARCH TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES ADVISORY COMMITTEE Friday, January 19, 2001</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15 Open Public Hearing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">16 DR. FREAS: We are opening the open public hearing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 now. We have received one response to speak in this</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">18 afternoon's open public hearing. That is from Dr. Scott</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">19 Norton. If Dr. Norton is here, would you please come</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">20 forward. You can either use the podium or the microphone,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">21 whichever is your choice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 DR. NORTON: I am Scott Norton and I am a</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23 physician in the Washington D.C. area. I am here speaking</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">24 as a private citizen today.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">25 I first became concerned about the presence of 231</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1 tissues from ruminant animals in dietary supplements about</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2 six months ago and expressed my concern in a letter that was 3 published in New England Journal of Medicine in July of Year 4 2000. 5 A couple of the products that I had looked at, and 6 examined their labels, that raised these concerns I brought 7 in right here. I will just read some of the organs that are 8 found in one that is called Male Power. Deer antler, 9 pancreas, orchic--despite what we just heard that the FDA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">10 prefers the term "testicular tissue" to be written on the</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">11 labels, I have never seen a dietary supplement say</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">12 "testicle." They always say "orchis" or "orchic" which may</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">13 sound rather flowery to the etymologically impaired--thymus,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">14 adrenal, heart, lymph node, prostate, spleen and pituitary.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15 There are actually seventeen organs in that particular</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">16 product.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 There is another product that is called Brain</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">18 Nutrition that tells us that it is vitamins and minerals</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">19 essential for important brain function. It does not mention</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">20 that there is any glandulars on at least the bold print. 21 But if you look at the small print on the back, we learn</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 that it has brain extract and pituitary extract, raw, in</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23 there.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">24 We know that many of the organs that can be found</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">25 in the dietary supplements do fall in that list of organs</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">232</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1 that are suspect for contamination with TSEs, the labels, in 2 nearly all cases, identify neither the animal source nor the 3 geographic location from which the organs were derived. I 4 have seen one line that did specify from New Zealand cattle 5 but no other manufacturer will list either the species or 6 the geographic location. 7 The FDA's and the USDA's import alerts that we 8 just learned about prohibit the use of these organs in 9 foods, medicines and medical devices. But my reading of the</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">10 alert, 17-04, suggests that DSHEA does allow some loopholes</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">11 for these tissues to possible slip in.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">12 I will just read <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">from 17-04</span> that we heard. On the</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">13 first page, it says that, "This alert does not establish any</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">14 obligations on regulated entities." I love seeing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15 legislation that starts out with that caveat.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">16 Then it says, further, "The USDA regulations do</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 not apply to bovine-derived materials intended for human</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">18 consumption as finished dietary supplements." We also learn</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">19 that the prohibition, or the import alert, is limited to</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">20 bulk lots of these tissues, completed tissues, from BSE-</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">21 derived countries. It does not mention if it is not a bulk</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 import or if it is raw materials rather than finished</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23 materials.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">24 Further, we know that it is strongly recommended</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">25 but not actually prohibited in the language here. So I have</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">233</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1 not taken the assurances from that import alert that Dr. 2 Moore was trying to convey to us. 3 So, in sum, dietary supplements sold in the United 4 States often contain ruminant tissues from undisclosed 5 sources. Personally, I am rather squeamish and I don't 6 think I would be eating prostate or testicle or pituitary, 7 but I am also a little bit wary of consuming products with 8 those glands, not just out of personal repugnance but simply 9 out of a health concern.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">10 So my question to the advisory committee is this;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">11 is my caution reasonable and, if it is, should we take</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">12 further efforts to inform, or even protect, the American</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">13 public from such exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">14 I was curious about Dr.</span> Moore's remarks. I sensed</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15 two messages. One was the initial reassurance that FDA has</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">16 the regulatory authority but then I also learned that it is</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 the manufacturer's responsibility to provide those 18 assurances, that the FDA doesn't actually inspect.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">19 I think that the FDA commissioners from Harvey</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">20 Wylie to David Kessler would say that that track record has</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">21 proven itself.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 Thank you very much.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23 [Applause.]</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">24 DR. BROWN: Thanks, Dr. Norton. 25 Committee Discussion snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 But I think that we could exhibit some quite 18 reasonable concern about blood donors who are taking dietary 19 supplements that contain a certain amount of unspecified- 20 origin brain, brain-related, brain and pituitary material. 21 If they have done this for more than a sniff or something 22 like that, then, perhaps, they should be deferred as blood 23 donors. 24 That is probably worse than spending six months in 25 the U.K. 1/19/01 3681t2.rtf(845) page 501 <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/cber01.htm</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Advisory Committees: CBER 2001 Meeting Documents</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see actual paper;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20110616...ov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t2.rtf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20110616...ov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t2.rtf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Mar03/031403/96N-0417-EC-2.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Mar03/031403/96N-0417-EC-2.htm</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_07.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_07.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">-------- Original Message --------</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: METABOLIFE AND TSEs GAO-03-494 ''URGENT DATA''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: Thu, 01 May 2003 11:23:01 -0500</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: NelliganJ at <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">gao.gov</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The General Accounting Office (GAO) today released the following reports and testimonies:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">REPORTS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1. Dietary Supplements: Review of Health-Related Call Records for Users of Metabolife 356. GAO-03-494, <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">March 31.</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-03-494" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-03-494</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see updated url link;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050205084229/http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20050205084229/http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">GREETINGS GAO:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i was surprised that i did not see any listing of bovine tissue in metabolife on it's label. have they ceased using these desiccated tissues???</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i see that the lable on this product METABOLIFE 356, does not state that it has any tissues of desiccated bovine organs? i no the product use to, so i am curious if they have ceased the use of the tissues of cattle they use to use (see below)???</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">METABOLIFE 356 BOVINE COMPLEX/GLANDULAR SYSTEM OVARIES, PROSTATE, SCROTUM AND ADRENAL USDA SOURCE CATTLE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i tried warning them years ago of this potential threat of CJD/TSEs;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: Randy Smith To: "'flounder at <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">wt.net</span>'" Subject: Metabolife Date: Mon, 7 Dec 1998 14:21:35 -0800</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dear Sir,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We are looking at reformulation. I agree that slow virus diseases present a problem in some areas of the world.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our product uses healthy USDA inspected cattle for the glandular extract.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">If you have any links to more information on this subject I would like to examine them.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Thank you for your interest and concern,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dr. Smith ============</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see full text links of this archived information ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/03/chronic-wasting-disease-prions-in-elk.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/03/chronic-wasting-disease-prions-in-elk.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/ohio-division-of-wildlife-confirms.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/ohio-division-of-wildlife-confirms.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/124/additional-cases-marion-wyandot-counties" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/124/additional-cases-marion-wyandot-counties</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">with that, there is abundance of other scientific studies that show it's very likely CWD will or already has, transmit to humans, it's just that no one wants to believe it, they simply don't want it to happen, neither do i, but in the real world, imo, it's already happened and is being masked as sporadic CJD imo, you can see this science archived here, skroll down to about the halfway point of this blog on the recent cases of cwd in Texas;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see about half way down to;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> PRION CONFERENCE 2022 ABSTRACTS CWD TSE PrP ZOONOSIS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/texas-cwd-now-confirmed-505-cervid-101.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/texas-cwd-now-confirmed-505-cervid-101.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">***> creutzfeldt jakob disease IS NOT ONE IN A MILLION!<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">***> 2023 COLLINGE ET AL, CJD is about 1 IN 5,000!</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Professor John Collinge on tackling prion diseases, sCJD accounts for around 1 in 5000 deaths worldwide</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 11, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Professor John Collinge on tackling prion diseases </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“The best-known human prion disease is sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), a rapidly progressive dementia which accounts for around 1 in 5000 deaths worldwide.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is accumulating evidence also for iatrogenic AD. Understanding prion biology, and in particular how propagation of prions leads to neurodegeneration, is therefore of central research importance in medicine.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/brain-sciences/dementia-ucl-priority/professor-john-collinge-tackling-prion-diseases" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ucl.ac.uk/brain-sciences/dementia-ucl-priority/professor-john-collinge-tackling-prion-diseases</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;">February 14, 2001<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary, Sr</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author Affiliations</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">JAMA. 2001;285(6):733-734. doi:10-1001/pubs.JAMA-ISSN-0098-7484-285-6-jlt0214 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To the Editor: In their Research Letter, Dr Gibbons and colleagues1 reported that the annual US death rate due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has been stable since 1985. These estimates, however, are based only on reported cases, and do not include misdiagnosed or preclinical cases. It seems to me that misdiagnosis alone would drastically change these figures. An unknown number of persons with a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in fact may have CJD, although only a small number of these patients receive the postmortem examination necessary to make this diagnosis. Furthermore, only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies should be reportable nationwide and internationally.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1031186" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1031186</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">February 14, 2001</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary, Sr</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author Affiliations</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">JAMA. 2001;285(6):733-734. doi:10-1001/pubs.JAMA-ISSN-0098-7484-285-6-jlt0214 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To the Editor: In their Research Letter, Dr Gibbons and colleagues1 reported that the annual US death rate due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has been stable since 1985. These estimates, however, are based only on reported cases, and do not include misdiagnosed or preclinical cases. It seems to me that misdiagnosis alone would drastically change these figures. An unknown number of persons with a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in fact may have CJD, although only a small number of these patients receive the postmortem examination necessary to make this diagnosis. Furthermore, only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies should be reportable nationwide and internationally.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1031186" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1031186</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;">RE-Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary, retired (medically), CJD WATCH</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Submitted March 26, 2003</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I lost my mother to hvCJD (Heidenhain Variant CJD). I would like to comment on the CDC's attempts to monitor the occurrence of emerging forms of CJD. Asante, Collinge et al [1] have reported that BSE transmission to the 129-methionine genotype can lead to an alternate phenotype that is indistinguishable from type 2 PrPSc, the commonest sporadic CJD. However, CJD and all human TSEs are not reportable nationally. CJD and all human TSEs must be made reportable in every state and internationally. I hope that the CDC does not continue to expect us to still believe that the 85%+ of all CJD cases which are sporadic are all spontaneous, without route/source. We have many TSEs in the USA in both animal and man. CWD in deer/elk is spreading rapidly and CWD does transmit to mink, ferret, cattle, and squirrel monkey by intracerebral inoculation. With the known incubation periods in other TSEs, oral transmission studies of CWD may take much longer. Every victim/family of CJD/TSEs should be asked about route and source of this agent. To prolong this will only spread the agent and needlessly expose others. In light of the findings of Asante and Collinge et al, there should be drastic measures to safeguard the medical and surgical arena from sporadic CJDs and all human TSEs. I only ponder how many sporadic CJDs in the USA are type 2 PrPSc?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://n.neurology.org/content/re-monitoring-occurrence-emerging-forms-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-united-states" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://n.neurology.org/content/re-monitoring-occurrence-emerging-forms-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-united-states</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States 2003 revisited 2009</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">August 10, 2009</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Greetings,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I would like to submit a review of past CJD surveillance in the USA, and the urgent need to make all human TSE in the USA a reportable disease, in every state, of every age group, and to make this mandatory immediately without further delay. The ramifications of not doing so will only allow this agent to spread further in the medical, dental, surgical arena's. North America seems to have the most species with documented Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy's, most all of which have been rendered and fed back to food producing animals and to humans for years. If you look at the statistics, sporadic CJD seems to be rising in the USA, and has been, with atypical cases of the sCJD. I find deeply disturbing in the year of 2009, that Human Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy of any strain and or phenotype, of all age groups, and I stress all age groups, because human TSE's do not know age, and they do not know borders. someone 56 years old, that has a human TSE, that has surgery, can pass this TSE agent on i.e. friendly fire, and or passing it forward, and there have been documented nvCJD in a 74 year old. Remembering also that only sporadic CJD has been documented to transmit via iatrogenic routes, until recently with the 4 cases of blood related transmission, of which the origin is thought to be nvCJD donors. However most Iatrogenic CJD cases are nothing more than sporadic CJD, until the source is proven, then it becomes Iatrogenic. An oxymoron of sorts, because all sporadic CJD is, are multiple forms, or strains, or phenotypes of Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease, that the route and source and species have not been confirmed and or documented. When will the myth of the UKBSEnvCJD only theory be put to bed for good. This theory in my opinion, and the following there from, as the GOLD STANDARD, has done nothing more than help spread this agent around the globe. Politics and money have caused the terrible consequences to date, and the fact that TSEs are a slow incubating death, but a death that is 100% certain for those that are exposed and live long enough to go clinical. once clinical, there is no recourse, to date. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">But, while sub-clinical, how many can one exposed human infect? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Can humans exposed to CWD and scrapie strains pass it forward as some form of sporadic CJD in the surgical and medical arenas? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">why must we wait decades and decades to prove this point, only to expose millions needlessly, only for the sake of the industries involved? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">would it not have been prudent from the beginning to just include all TSE's, and rule them out from there with transmission studies and change policies there from, as opposed to doing just the opposite? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The science of TSE's have been nothing more than a political circus since the beginning, and for anyone to still believe in this one strain, one group of bovines, in one geographical location, with only one age group of human TSE i.e. nvCJD myth, for anyone to believe this today only enhances to spreading of these human and animal TSE's. This is exactly why we have been in this quagmire.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The ones that believe that there is a spontaneous CJD in 85%+ of all cases of human TSE, and the ones that do not believe that cattle can have this same phenomenon, are two of the same, the industry, and so goes the political science aspect of this tobacco and or asbestos scenario i.e. follow the money. I could go into all angles of this man made nightmare, the real facts and science, for instance, the continuing rendering technology and slow cooking with low temps that brewed this stew up, and the fact that THE USA HAD THIS TECHNOLOGY FIRST AND SHIPPED IT TO THE U.K. SOME 5 YEARS BEFORE THE U.S. STARTED USING THE SAME TECHNOLOGY, to save on fuel cost. This is what supposedly amplified the TSE agent via sheep scrapie, and spread via feed in the U.K. bovine, and other countries exporting the tainted product. BUT most everyone ignores this fact, and the fact that the U.S. has been recycling more TSE, from more species with TSEs, than any other country documented, but yet, it's all spontaneous, and the rise in sporadic CJD in the U.S. is a happenstance of bad luck ??? I respectfully disagree. To top that all off, the infamous BSE-FIREWALL that the USDA always brags about was nothing more than ink on paper, and I can prove this. YOU can ignore it, but this is FACT (see source, as late as 2007, in one recall alone, some 10,000,000 MILLION POUNDS OF BANNED MAD COW FEED WENT OUT INTO COMMERCE TO BE FED OUT, and most was never recovered. This was banned blood laced, meat and bone meal. 2006 was a banner year for banned mad cow protein going into commerce in the U.S. (see source of FDA feed ban warning letter below). I stress that the August 4, 1997 USA mad cow feed ban and this infamous BSE firewall, was nothing more than ink on paper, it was never enforceable.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I propose that the current diagnostic criteria for human TSEs only enhances and helps the spreading of human TSE from the continued belief of the UKBSEnvCJD only theory in 2009. With all the science to date refuting it, to continue to validate this old myth, will only spread this TSE agent through a multitude of potential routes and sources i.e. consumption, medical i.e., surgical, blood, dental, endoscopy, optical, nutritional supplements, cosmetics etc. I propose as with Aguzzi, Asante, Collinge, Caughey, Deslys, Dormont, Gibbs, Gajdusek, Ironside, Manuelidis, Marsh, et al and many more, that the world of TSE Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy is far from an exact science, but there is enough proven science to date that this myth should be put to rest once and for all, and that we move forward with a new classification for human and animal TSE that would properly identify the infected species, the source species, and then the route. This would further have to be broken down to strain of species and then the route of transmission would further have to be broken down. Accumulation and Transmission are key to the threshold from sub- clinical to clinical disease, and key to all this, is to stop the amplification and transmission of this agent, the spreading of, no matter what strain. In my opinion, to continue with this myth that the U.K. strain of BSE one strain TSE in cows, and the nv/v CJD one strain TSE humans, and the one geographical location source i.e. U.K., and that all the rest of human TSE are just one single strain i.e. sporadic CJD, a happenstance of bad luck that just happens due to a twisted protein that just twisted the wrong way, IN 85%+ OF ALL HUMAN TSEs, when to date there are 6 different phenotypes of sCJD, and growing per Gambetti et al, and that no other animal TSE transmits to humans ??? With all due respect to all Scientist that believe this, I beg to differ. To continue with this masquerade will only continue to spread, expose, and kill, who knows how many more in the years and decades to come. ONE was enough for me, My Mom, hvCJD i.e. Heidenhain Variant CJD, DOD 12/14/97 confirmed, which is nothing more than another mans name added to CJD, like CJD itself, Jakob and Creutzfeldt, or Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, just another CJD or human TSE, named after another human. WE are only kidding ourselves with the current diagnostic criteria for human and animal TSE, especially differentiating between the nvCJD vs the sporadic CJD strains and then the GSS strains and also the FFI fatal familial insomnia strains or the ones that mimics one or the other of those TSE? Tissue infectivity and strain typing of the many variants of the human and animal TSEs are paramount in all variants of all TSE. There must be a proper classification that will differentiate between all these human TSE in order to do this. With the CDI and other more sensitive testing coming about, I only hope that my proposal will some day be taken seriously. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">please see history, and the ever evolving TSE science to date ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Saturday, June 13, 2009</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States 2003 revisited 2009</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary 2000</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BMJ 2000; 320 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.320.7226.8/b (Published 01 January 2000) Cite this as: BMJ 2000;320:8</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">02 January 2000 Terry S Singeltary retired</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rapid Response: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">U.S. Scientist should be concerned with a CJD epidemic in the U.S., as well... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In reading your short article about 'Scientist warn of CJD epidemic' news in brief Jan. 1, 2000. I find the findings in the PNAS old news, made famous again. Why is the U.S. still sitting on their butts, ignoring the facts? We have the beginning of a CJD epidemic in the U.S., and the U.S. Gov. is doing everything in it's power to conceal it.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The exact same recipe for B.S.E. existed in the U.S. for years and years. In reading over the Qualitative Analysis of BSE Risk Factors-1, this is a 25 page report by the USDA:APHIS:VS. It could have been done in one page. The first page, fourth paragraph says it all;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Similarities exist in the two countries usage of continuous rendering technology and the lack of usage of solvents, however, large differences still remain with other risk factors which greatly reduce the potential risk at the national level."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Then, the next 24 pages tries to down-play the high risks of B.S.E. in the U.S., with nothing more than the cattle to sheep ratio count, and the geographical locations of herds and flocks. That's all the evidence they can come up with, in the next 24 pages.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Something else I find odd, page 16;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"In the United Kingdom there is much concern for a specific continuous rendering technology which uses lower temperatures and accounts for 25 percent of total output. This technology was _originally_ designed and imported from the United States. However, the specific application in the production process is _believed_ to be different in the two countries."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A few more factors to consider, page 15;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Figure 26 compares animal protein production for the two countries. The calculations are based on slaughter numbers, fallen stock estimates, and product yield coefficients. This approach is used due to variation of up to 80 percent from different reported sources. At 3.6 million tons, the United States produces 8 times more animal rendered product than the United Kingdom."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"The risk of introducing the BSE agent through sheep meat and bone meal is more acute in both relative and absolute terms in the United Kingdom (Figures 27 and 28). Note that sheep meat and bone meal accounts for 14 percent, or 61 thousand tons, in the United Kingdom versus 0.6 percent or 22 thousand tons in the United States. For sheep greater than 1 year, this is less than one-tenth of one percent of the United States supply."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"The potential risk of amplification of the BSE agent through cattle meat and bone meal is much greater in the United States where it accounts for 59 percent of total product or almost 5 times more than the total amount of rendered product in the United Kingdom."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Considering, it would only take _one_ scrapie infected sheep to contaminate the feed. Considering Scrapie has run rampant in the U.S. for years, as of Aug. 1999, 950 scrapie infected flocks. Also, Considering only one quarter spoonful of scrapie infected material is lethal to a cow.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Considering all this, the sheep to cow ration is meaningless. As I said, it's 24 pages of B.S.e.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To be continued...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr. Bacliff, Texas USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Competing interests: No competing interests</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/us-scientist-should-be-concerned-cjd-epidemic-us-well" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/us-scientist-should-be-concerned-cjd-epidemic-us-well</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00715-1 Copyright © 2003 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Newsdesk</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Tracking spongiform encephalopathies in North America</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Xavier Bosch</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Available online 29 July 2003. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Volume 3, Issue 8, August 2003, Page 463 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Volume 3, Number 8 01 August 2003</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Newsdesk</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Tracking spongiform encephalopathies in North America</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Xavier Bosch</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">My name is Terry S Singeltary Sr, and I live in Bacliff, Texas. I lost my mom to hvCJD (Heidenhain variant CJD) and have been searching for answers ever since. What I have found is that we have not been told the truth. CWD in deer and elk is a small portion of a much bigger problem.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">49-year-old Singeltary is one of a number of people who have remained largely unsatisfied after being told that a close relative died from a rapidly progressive dementia compatible with spontaneous Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). So he decided to gather hundreds of documents on transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) and realised that if Britons could get variant CJD from bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), Americans might get a similar disorder from chronic wasting disease (CWD) the relative of mad cow disease seen among deer and elk in the USA. Although his feverish search did not lead him to the smoking gun linking CWD to a similar disease in North American people, it did uncover a largely disappointing situation.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary was greatly demoralised at the few attempts to monitor the occurrence of CJD and CWD in the USA. Only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal TSEs should be reportable nationwide and internationally, he complained in a letter to the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA 2003; 285: 733). I hope that the CDC does not continue to expect us to still believe that the 85% plus of all CJD cases which are sporadic are all spontaneous, without route or source.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Until recently, CWD was thought to be confined to the wild in a small region in Colorado. But since early 2002, it has been reported in other areas, including Wisconsin, South Dakota, and the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. Indeed, the occurrence of CWD in states that were not endemic previously increased concern about a widespread outbreak and possible transmission to people and cattle.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To date, experimental studies have proven that the CWD agent can be transmitted to cattle by intracerebral inoculation and that it can cross the mucous membranes of the digestive tract to initiate infection in lymphoid tissue before invasion of the central nervous system. Yet the plausibility of CWD spreading to people has remained elusive.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Part of the problem seems to stem from the US surveillance system. CJD is only reported in those areas known to be endemic foci of CWD. Moreover, US authorities have been criticised for not having performed enough prionic tests in farm deer and elk.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Although in November last year the US Food and Drug Administration issued a directive to state public-health and agriculture officials prohibiting material from CWD-positive animals from being used as an ingredient in feed for any animal species, epidemiological control and research in the USA has been quite different from the situation in the UK and Europe regarding BSE.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Getting data on TSEs in the USA from the government is like pulling teeth, Singeltary argues. You get it when they want you to have it, and only what they want you to have.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Norman Foster, director of the Cognitive Disorders Clinic at the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, MI, USA), says that current surveillance of prion disease in people in the USA is inadequate to detect whether CWD is occurring in human beings; adding that, the cases that we know about are reassuring, because they do not suggest the appearance of a new variant of CJD in the USA or atypical features in patients that might be exposed to CWD. However, until we establish a system that identifies and analyses a high proportion of suspected prion disease cases we will not know for sure. The USA should develop a system modelled on that established in the UK, he points out.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ali Samii, a neurologist at Seattle VA Medical Center who recently reported the cases of three hunters two of whom were friends who died from pathologically confirmed CJD, says that at present there are insufficient data to claim transmission of CWD into humans; adding that [only] by asking [the questions of venison consumption and deer/elk hunting] in every case can we collect suspect cases and look into the plausibility of transmission further. Samii argues that by making both doctors and hunters more aware of the possibility of prions spreading through eating venison, doctors treating hunters with dementia can consider a possible prion disease, and doctors treating CJD patients will know to ask whether they ate venison.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CDC spokesman Ermias Belay says that the CDC will not be investigating the [Samii] cases because there is no evidence that the men ate CWD-infected meat. He notes that although the likelihood of CWD jumping the species barrier to infect humans cannot be ruled out 100% and that [we] cannot be 100% sure that CWD does not exist in humans& the data seeking evidence of CWD transmission to humans have been very limited. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473309903007151/fulltext" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473309903007151/fulltext</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary 2007</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Pathological Protein: Mad Cow, Chronic Wasting, and Other Deadly Prion Diseases </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">by Philip Yam </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''Answering critics like Terry Singeltary, who feels that the US undercounts CJD, Schonberger _conceded_ that the current surveillance system has errors but stated that most of the errors will be confined to the older population''...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Revisiting Sporadic CJD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It’s not hard to get Terry Singeltary going. “I have my conspiracy theories,” admitted the 49-year-old Texan.1 Singeltary is probably the nation’s most relentless consumer advocate when it comes to issues in prion diseases. He has helped families learn about the sickness and coordinated efforts with support groups such as CJD Voice and the CJD Foundation. He has also connected with others who are critical of the American way of handling the threat of prion diseases. Such critics include Consumers Union’s Michael Hansen, journalist John Stauber, and Thomas Pringle, who used to run the voluminous www.madcow.org Web site. These three lend their expertise to newspaper and magazine stories about prion diseases, and they usually argue that</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">223</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">prions represent more of a threat than people realize, and that the government has responded poorly to the dangers because it is more concerned about protecting the beef industry than people’s health.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary has similar inclinations, but unlike these men, he doesn’t have the professional credentials behind him. He is an 11th-grade dropout, a machinist who retired because of a neck injury sustained at work. But you might not know that from the vast stores of information in his mind and on his hard drive. Over the years, he has provided unacknowledged help to reporters around the globe, passing on files to such big-time players as The New York Times, Newsweek, and USA Today. His networking with journalists, activists, and concerned citizens has helped medical authorities make contact with suspected CJD victims. He has kept scientists informed with his almost daily posting of news items and research abstracts on electronic newsgroups, including the bulletin board on www.vegsource.com and the BSE-listserv run out of the University of Karlsruhe, Germany. His combative, blunt, opinionated style sometimes borders on obsessive ranting that earns praise from some officials and researchers but infuriates others—especially when he repeats his conviction that “the government has lied to us, the feed industry has lied to us—all over a buck.” As evidence, Singeltary cites the USDA’s testing approach, which targets downer cows and examined 19,900 of them in 2002. To him, the USDA should test 1 million cattle, because the incidence of BSE may be as low as one in a million, as it was in some European countries. That the U.S. does not, he thinks, is a sign that the government is really not interested in finding mad cows because of fears of an economic disaster.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary got into the field of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy in 1997, just after his mother died of sporadic CJD. She had an especially aggressive version—the Heidenhain variant—that first causes the patient to go blind and then to deteriorate rapidly. She died just ten weeks after her symptoms began. Singeltary, who said he had watched his grandparents die of cancer, considered her death by CJD to be much, much worse: “It’s something you never forget.” Her uncontrollable muscle twitching became so bad “that it took three of us to hold her one time,” Singeltary recalled. “She did everything but levitate in bed and spin her head.” Doctors originally diagnosed Alzheimer’s disease, but a postmortem neuropathological exam demanded by Singeltary revealed the true nature of her death.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">224 CHAPTER 14</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Classifying a disease as “sporadic” is another way for doctors to say they don’t know the cause. Normal prion proteins just turn rogue in the brain for no apparent reason. The term “sporadic” is often particularly hard for the victims’ families to accept, especially when the patient was previously in robust health. Maybe it was something in the water, they wonder, or in the air, or something they ate—the same questions CJD researchers tried to answer decades ago. The names “sporadic CJD” and “variant CJD” also confuse the public and raise suspicions that U.S. authorities are hiding something when they say there have been no native variant CJD cases in the country.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary suspected an environmental cause in his mother’s demise—a feeling reinforced a year later when a neighbor died of sporadic CJD. For years, the neighbor had been taking nutritional supplements that contained cow brain extracts. Researchers from the National Institutes of Health collected samples of the supplement, Singeltary recounted, and inoculated suspensions into mice. The mice remained healthy—which only means that those supplement samples tested were prion-free.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Scientists have made several attempts during the past few decades to find a connection between sporadic CJD and the environment. Often, these studies take the form of asking family members about CJD victims—their diet, occupation, medical history, hobbies, pets, and so forth—and comparing them with non-CJD subjects. Such case-control CJD studies have produced some intriguing—and sometimes contradictory—results. In 1985, Carleton Gajdusek and his NIH colleagues reported a correlation between CJD and eating a lot of roast pork, ham, hot dogs, and lamb, as well as rare meats and raw oysters.2 Yet they also recognized that the findings were preliminary and that more studies were needed.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Following up, Robert Will of the U.K. National CJD Surveillance Unit and others pooled this data with those from two other case-control studies on CJD (one from Japan and one from the U.K.). In particular, they figured the so-called odds ratio—calculated by dividing the frequency of a possible factor in the patient group by the frequency of the factor in the control group. An odds ratio greater than 1 means that the factor may be significant. In their study, Will and his collaborators found an increase of CJD in people who have worked as health professionals (odds ratio of 1.5) and people who have had contact with cows</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Laying Odds 225</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1.7) and sheep (1.6). Unfortunately, those connections were not statistically significant: The numbers of pooled patients (117) and control subjects (333) were so small that the researchers felt the odds ratios needed to reach 2.5 to 8 (depending on the assumptions) before they could be deemed statistically significant. The only statistically significant correlations they found were between CJD and a family history of either CJD (19.1) or other psychotic disease (9.9), although the latter might simply be correlated because psychotic disease may be an early symptom of undiagnosed CJD.3 In contrast with earlier findings, the team concluded that there was no association between sporadic CJD and the consumption of organ meats, including brains (0.6).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Although these case-control studies shed a certain amount of light on potential risk factors for CJD, it’s impossible to draw firm conclusions. Obtaining data that produces statistically meaningful results can be difficult because of the rarity of CJD and hence the shortage of subjects. Human memory is quite fragile, too, so patients’ families may not accurately recall the lifestyle and dietary habits of their loved ones over the course of a decade or more. Consequently, researchers must cope with data that probably contain significant biases. In a review paper on CJD, Joe Gibbs of the NIH and Richard T. Johnson of Johns Hopkins University concluded that “the absence of geographic differences in incidence is more convincing evidence against major dietary factors, since large populations eschew pork and some consume no meat or meat products.” A CJD study of lifelong vegetarians, they proposed, could produce some interesting data.4</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The inconclusive results of case-control studies do not completely rule out the environment as a possible cause of CJD. “Dr. Prusiner’s theory does fit much of the data of spontaneous generation of [malformed] PrP somewhere in the brain,” Will remarked—that is, the idea that sporadic CJD just happens by itself falls within the realm of the prion theory. Still, “it’s very odd, if you look at all the forms of human prion diseases there are, all of them are transmissible in the laboratory and could be due to some sort of infectious agent.”5 One of the great difficulties, he explained, is that “given that this is a disease of an extraordinarily long incubation period, are we really confident that we can exclude childhood exposure that is transmitted from person to person, as people move around? It’s difficult to be sure about that.” There might a “carrier state” that leaves people healthy yet still able to</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">226 CHAPTER 14</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">infect others. If so, “you would never be able to identify what’s causing the spread of the disease,” concluded Will, who hasn’t stopped looking for a possible environmental link. He has some preliminary data based on studies that trace CJD victims’ lives well before the time symptoms began—up to 70 years; they suggest some degree of geographic clustering, but no obvious candidates for a source of infection.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A Case for Undercounting</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The difficulty in establishing causal links in sporadic prion diseases—if there are any in the first place—underlines the importance of thorough surveillance. The U.K. has an active program, and when a victim of CJD is reported, one of Robert Will’s colleagues visits and questions the victim’s family. “No one has looked for CJD systematically in the U.S.,” the NIH’s Paul Brown noted. “Ever.”6 The U.S., through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, has generally maintained a more passive system, collecting information from death certificates from the National Center for Health Statistics. Because CJD is invariably fatal, mortality data is considered to be an effective means of tabulating cases. The CDC assessed the accuracy of such data by comparing the numbers with figures garnered through an active search in 1996: Teams covering five regions of the U.S. contacted the specialists involved and reviewed medical records for CJD cases between 1991 and 1995. Comparing the actively garnered data with the death certificate information showed that “we miss about 14 percent,” said CDC epidemiologist Lawrence Schonberger. “That’s improving. Doctors are becoming more knowledgeable,” thanks to increased scientific and media attention given to prion diseases.7</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The active surveillance study of 1996, however, only looked at cases in which physicians attributed the deaths to CJD. Misdiagnosed patients or patients who never saw a neurologist were not tabulated— thus CJD may be grossly underreported. Many neurological ailments share symptoms, especially early on. According to various studies, autopsies have found that CJD is misdiagnosed as other ills, such as dementia or Alzheimer’s disease, 5 to 13 percent of the time. The CDC finds that around 50,000Americans die from Alzheimer’s each year</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Laying Odds 227</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(about 4 million have the disease, according to the Alzheimer’s Association). Therefore, one could argue that thousands of CJD cases are being missed. (On the flip side, CJD could be mistakenly diagnosed as Alzheimer’s disease or dementia, but the number of CJD patients is so small that they wouldn’t dramatically skew the statistics for other neurological ills.)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In part to address the issue of misdiagnosis, CJD families have asked the CDC to place the disease on the national list of officially notifiable illnesses, which tends to include more contagious conditions such as AIDS, tuberculosis, hepatitis, and viral forms of encephalitis. Currently, only some states impose this requirement. CDC officials have discounted the utility of such an approach, arguing that it would duplicate the mortality data, which is more accurate than early diagnoses of CJD, anyway. Moreover, mandatory reporting of CJD cases does not necessarily guarantee the end to missed cases.8</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">One clue suggests that the passive system is undercounting CJD in the U.S.: racial difference. The number of black CJD victims is about 38 percent that of white victims. Rather than sporadic CJD being a onein-a-million lottery, it’s more like one-in-2.5-million for AfricanAmericans. Access to medical care might be one reason. Schonberger recounted that the CDC had asked other countries with substantial black populations to submit CJD figures for comparison but found that the surveillance in those countries was inadequate. “We haven’t been able to find any comparable literature on this issue, so it’s still up in the air,” Schonberger said. On the other hand, Alzheimer’s disease is more common among black people than whites, with an estimated higher prevalence ranging from 14 percent to almost 100 percent, according to a February 2002 report by the Alzheimer’s Association. Are some black CJD cases being misdiagnosed as Alzheimer’s?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Answering critics like Terry Singeltary, who feels that the U.S. undercounts CJD, Schonberger conceded that the current surveillance system has errors but stated that most of the errors will be confined to the older population. As Schonberger pointed out, no doctor would misdiagnose a 30-year-old CJD patient as having Alzheimer’s. The average age of the first 100 variant CJD victims was 29; should the epidemiology of vCJD change—if older people start coming down with it—then there would be problems. “The adequacy of our overall CJD surveillance would be greatly reduced should the proportion of older individuals affected by variant CJD substantially increase,” Schonberger explained.9</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SNIP...SEE FULL TEXT;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/38386/1/516.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/38386/1/516.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary Submission SEAC 2007</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SEAC SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY ADVISORY COMMITTEE Minutes of the 99th meeting held on 14th December 2007 Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This was 22 years to the day Mom died from the Heidenhain Variant of Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease i.e. hvCJD, when i made this submission to SEAC and this was their reply to my questions of concern about cjd in the USA, my how things have changed...terry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SEAC SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY ADVISORY COMMITTEE Minutes of the 99th meeting held on 14th December 2007 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ITEM 8 – PUBLIC QUESTION AND ANSWER SESSION 40. The Chair explained that the purpose of the question and answer session was to give members of the public an opportunity to ask questions related to the work of SEAC. Mr Terry Singeltary (Texas, USA) had submitted a question prior to the meeting, asking: “With the Nor-98 now documented in five different states so far in the USA in 2007, and with the two atypical BSE H-base cases in Texas and Alabama, with both scrapie and chronic wasting disease (CWD) running rampant in the USA, is there any concern from SEAC with the rise of sporadic CJD in the USA from ''unknown phenotype'', and what concerns if any, in relations to blood donations, surgery, optical, and dental treatment, do you have with these unknown atypical phenotypes in both humans and animals in the USA? Does it concern SEAC, or is it of no concern to SEAC? Should it concern USA animal and human health officials?”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">41. A member considered that this question appeared to be primarily related to possible links between animal and human TSEs in the USA. There is no evidence that sCJD is increasing in the USA and no evidence of any direct link between TSEs and CJD in the USA. Current evidence does not suggest that CWD is a significant risk to human health. There are unpublished data from a case of human TSE in the USA that are suggestive of an apparently novel form of prion disease with distinct molecular characteristics. However, it is unclear whether the case had been further characterised, if it could be linked to animal TSEs or if other similar cases had been found in the USA or elsewhere. In relation to the possible public health implications of atypical scrapie, H-type BSE and CWD, research was being conducted to investigate possible links and surveillance was in place to detect any changes in human TSEs. Although possible links between these diseases and human TSEs are of concern and require research, there is no evidence to suggest immediate public health action is warranted. The possible human health risks from classical scrapie had been discussed earlier in the meeting. Members noted that there are effective channels of discussion and collaboration on research between USA and European groups. Members agreed it is important to keep a watching brief on new developments on TSEs. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132933/http://www.seac.gov.uk/minutes/99.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132933/http://www.seac.gov.uk/minutes/99.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, United States of America Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Immediate notification</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">United States of America - Bovine spongiform encephalopathy - Immediate notification</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">GENERAL INFORMATION</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">COUNTRY/TERRITORY OR ZONE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">COUNTRY/TERRITORY</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ANIMAL TYPE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TERRESTRIAL</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DISEASE CATEGORY</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Listed disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">EVENT ID 5067</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DISEASE Bovine spongiform encephalopathy</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CAUSAL AGENT Bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion, atypical strain, L-type</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">GENOTYPE / SEROTYPE / SUBTYPE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">START DATE 2023/05/15</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">REASON FOR NOTIFICATION Recurrence of an eradicated disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DATE OF LAST OCCURRENCE 2018/08/28</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/05/18</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">EVENT STATUS On-going</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">END DATE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">snip...see;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/5067" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/5067</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full text and more here;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Wednesday, May 24, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, United States of America Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Immediate notification</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Alzheimer's disease, iatrogenic transmission, what if?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">let's not forget the elephant in the room. curing Alzheimer's would be a great and wonderful thing, but for starters, why not start with the obvious, lets prove the cause or causes, and then start to stop that. think iatrogenic, friendly fire, or the pass it forward mode of transmission. think medical, surgical, dental, tissue, blood, related transmission. think transmissible spongiform encephalopathy aka tse prion disease aka mad cow type disease... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Commentary: Evidence for human transmission of amyloid-β pathology and cerebral amyloid angiopathy</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=info:doi/10.1371/annotation/933cc83a-a384-45c3-b3b2-336882c30f9d" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=info:doi/10.1371/annotation/933cc83a-a384-45c3-b3b2-336882c30f9d</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comments?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0111492" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comments?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0111492</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/933cc83a-a384-45c3-b3b2-336882c30f9d" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/933cc83a-a384-45c3-b3b2-336882c30f9d</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2016.00005/full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2016.00005/full</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Self-Propagative Replication of Ab Oligomers Suggests Potential Transmissibility in Alzheimer Disease </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** Singeltary comment PLoS *** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Alzheimer’s disease and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy prion disease, Iatrogenic, what if ? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Posted by flounder on 05 Nov 2014 at 21:27 GMT </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Alzheimer’s disease and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy prion disease, Iatrogenic, what if ? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Alzheimer’s disease and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy disease have both been around a long time, and was discovered in or around the same time frame, early 1900’s. Both diseases are incurable and debilitating brain disease, that are in the end, 100% fatal, with the incubation/clinical period of the Alzheimer’s disease being longer (most of the time) than the TSE prion disease. Symptoms are very similar, and pathology is very similar.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Through years of research, as a layperson, of peer review journals, transmission studies, and observations of loved ones and friends that have died from both Alzheimer’s and the TSE prion disease i.e. Heidenhain Variant Creutzfelt Jakob Disease CJD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I propose that Alzheimer’s is a TSE disease of low dose, slow, and long incubation disease, and that Alzheimer’s is Transmissible, and is a threat to the public via the many Iatrogenic routes and sources. It was said long ago that the only thing that disputes this, is Alzheimer’s disease transmissibility, or the lack of. The likelihood of many victims of Alzheimer’s disease from the many different Iatrogenic routes and modes of transmission as with the TSE prion disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There should be a Global Congressional Science round table event set up immediately to address these concerns from the many potential routes and sources of the TSE prion disease, including Alzheimer’s disease, and a emergency global doctrine put into effect to help combat the spread of Alzheimer’s disease via the medical, surgical, dental, tissue, and blood arena’s. All human and animal TSE prion disease, including Alzheimer’s should be made reportable in every state, and Internationally, WITH NO age restrictions. Until a proven method of decontamination and autoclaving is proven, and put forth in use universally, in all hospitals and medical, surgical arena’s, or the TSE prion agent will continue to spread. IF we wait until science and corporate politicians wait until politics lets science _prove_ this once and for all, and set forth regulations there from, we will all be exposed to the TSE Prion agents, if that has not happened already.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=82860" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=82860</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://betaamyloidcjd.blogspot.com/2021/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://betaamyloidcjd.blogspot.com/2021/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">In one transmission study documented in 1982, primates were inoculated with brain tissue from patients with confirmed Alzheimer’s disease. The animals developed a spongiform encephalopathy that was indistinguishable from CJD. However, other attempts to transmit AD have been unsuccessful.91<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080102112107/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/pdf/volume2/Chapter2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080102112107/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/pdf/volume2/Chapter2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">IN CONFIDENCE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">5 NOVEMBER 1992</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TRANSMISSION OF ALZHEIMER TYPE PLAQUES TO PRIMATES</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">[9. Whilst this matter is not at the moment directly concerned with the iatrogenic CJD cases from hgH, there remains a possibility of litigation here, and this presents an added complication. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There are also results to be made available shortly </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) concerning a farmer with CJD who had BSE animals, </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(2) on the possible transmissibility of Alzheimer’s and </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(3) a CMO letter on prevention of iatrogenic CJD transmission in neurosurgery, all of which will serve to increase media interest.]</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080102125543/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/evidence/yb/1993jan.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080102125543/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/evidence/yb/1993jan.htm</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">IN CONFIDENCE </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">4 November 1992</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TRANSMISSION OF ALZHEIMER TYPE PLAQUES TO PRIMATES</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1. Thank you for showing me Diana Dunstan’s letter. I am glad that MRC have recognised the public sensitivity of these findings and intend to report them in their proper context. This hopefully will avoid misunderstanding and possible distortion by the media to portray the results as having more greater significance than the findings so far justify.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2. Using a highly unusual route of transmission (intra-cerebral injection) the researchers have demonstrated the transmission of a pathological process from two : cases one of severe Alzheimer’s disease the other of Gerstmann-Straussler disease to marmosets. However they have not demonstrated the transmission of either clinical ‘condition as the “animals were behaving normally when killed". As the report emphasises the unanswered question is whether the disease condition would have revealed itself if the marmosets had lived longer. They are planning further research to'see if the conditions, as opposed to the partial pathological process, is transmissible.<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">What are the implications for public health?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3. The route of transmission is very specific and in the natural State of things highly unusual - However it could be argued that the results reveal a potential risk, in that brain tissue from these two patients has been shown to transmit a pathological process. Should therefore brain tissue from such cases be regarded as potentially infective? Pathologists, morticians, neuro surgeons and those assisting at neuro surgical procedures and others coming into contact with "raw" human brain tissue “could in theory be at risk. However, on a priori grounds given the highly specific route of transmission in these experiments that risk must be negligible if the usual precautions for handling brain tissue are observed.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">92/11.4/1.1</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">4. The other dimension to consider is the public reaction. To some extent the GSS case demonstrates little more than the transmission of BSE to a pig by intra-cerebral injection. If other prion diseases can be transmitted in this way it is little surprise that some pathological findings observed in GSS were also transmissible to a marmoset. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">But the transmission of features of Alzheimer’s pathology is a different matter, given the much greater frequency of this disease and raises the unanswered question whether some cases are the result of a transmissible prion. The only tenable public line will be that "more research is required" before that hypothesis could be evaluated. The possibility on a transmissible prion remains open. In the meantime MRC needs carefully to consider the range and sequence of studies needed to follow through from the preliminary observations in these two cases. Not a particularly comfortable message, but until we know more about the causation of Alzheimer’s disease the total reassurance is not practical.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">J S METTERS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Room 509</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Richmond House</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Pager No: 081-884 3344 Callsign: DOH 832</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">92/11.4/1.2 </div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170126060344/http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102232842/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/11/04001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170126060344/http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102232842/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/11/04001001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080102183026/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/evidence/yb/1992nov.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080102183026/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/evidence/yb/1992nov.htm</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Trouble has been brewing for some time...Dr. Collinge is lobbying hard, and is threatening to go to the media...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040315075058/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/12/16005001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20040315075058/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/12/16005001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040315075058/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/12/16005001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20040315075058/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/12/16005001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">p.s. before getting into the zoonosis, first i will post some very disturbing studies just out, besides the cwd zoonosis to humans part, but PRION CONFERENCE 2023, just out, CWD TRANSMITS TO CATTLE BY ORAL ROUTE, a cattlemans worst nightmare. the FDA MAD COW FEED BAN (which has failed terribly), does NOT INCULDE DEER, only voluntary, CWD AND SCRAPIE WILL TRANSMIT TO PIGS BY ORAL ROUTES. this is terrible news no one is speaking of, so there will have to be a PART 3...terry</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Price of TSE Prion Poker goes up substantially, all you cattle ranchers and such, better pay close attention here...terry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of the chronic wasting disease agent from elk to cattle after oronasal exposure</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Justin Greenlee, Jifeng Bian, Zoe Lambert, Alexis Frese, and Eric Cassmann Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, USA </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the susceptibility of cattle to chronic wasting disease agent from elk. </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: Initial studies were conducted in bovinized mice using inoculum derived from elk with various genotypes at codon 132 (MM, LM, LL). Based upon attack rates, inoculum (10% w/v brain homogenate) from an LM132 elk was selected for transmission studies in cattle. At approximately 2 weeks of age, one wild type steer (EE211) and one steer with the E211K polymorphism (EK211) were fed 1 mL of brain homogenate in a quart of milk replacer while another 1 mL was instilled intranasally. The cattle were examined daily for clinical signs for the duration of the experiment. One steer is still under observation at 71 months post-inoculation (mpi). </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Results: Inoculum derived from MM132 elk resulted in similar attack rates and incubation periods in mice expressing wild type or K211 bovine PRNP, 35% at 531 days post inoculation (dpi) and 27% at 448 dpi, respectively. Inoculum from LM132 elk had a slightly higher attack rates in mice: 45% (693 dpi) in wild type cattle PRNP and 33% (468) in K211 mice. Inoculum from LL132 elk resulted in the highest attack rate in wild type bovinized mice (53% at 625 dpi), but no K211 mice were affected at >700 days. At approximately 70 mpi, the EK211 genotype steer developed clinical signs suggestive of prion disease, depression, low head carriage, hypersalivation, and ataxia, and was necropsied. Enzyme immunoassay (IDEXX) was positive in brainstem (OD=4.00, but non-detect in retropharyngeal lymph nodes and palatine tonsil. Immunoreactivity was largely limited to the brainstem, midbrain, and cervical spinal cord with a pattern that was primarily glia-associated. </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Cattle with the E211K polymorphism are susceptible to the CWD agent after oronasal exposure of 0.2 g of infectious material. </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">"Cattle with the E211K polymorphism are susceptible to the CWD agent after oronasal exposure of 0.2 g of infectious material."</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Strain characterization of chronic wasting disease in bovine-PrP transgenic mice </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Nuria Jerez-Garrido1, Sara Canoyra1, Natalia Fernández-Borges1, Alba Marín Moreno1, Sylvie L. Benestad2, Olivier Andreoletti3, Gordon Mitchell4, Aru Balachandran4, Juan María Torres1 and Juan Carlos Espinosa1. 1 Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, CISA-INIA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain. 2 Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway. 3 UMR Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)/École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Toulouse, France. 4 Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Canada. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is an infectious prion disease that affects cervids. Various CWD prion strains have been identified in different cervid species from North America and Europe. The properties of the infectious prion strains are influenced by amino acid changes and polymorphisms in the PrP sequences of different cervid species. This study, aimed to assess the ability of a panel of CWD prion isolates from diverse cervid species from North America and Europe to infect bovine species, as well as to investigate the properties of the prion strains following the adaptation to the bovine-PrP context. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: BoPrP-Tg110 mice overexpressing the bovine-PrP sequence were inoculated by intracranial route with a panel of CWD prion isolates from both North America (two white-tailed deer and two elk) and Europe (one reindeer, one moose and one red deer). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Our results show distinct behaviours in the transmission of the CWD isolates to the BoPrP-Tg110 mouse model. Some of these isolates did not transmit even after the second passage. Those able to transmit displayed differences in terms of attack rate, survival times, biochemical properties of brain PrPres, and histopathology. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Altogether, these results exhibit the diversity of CWD strains present in the panel of CWD isolates and the ability of at least some CWD isolates to infect bovine species. Cattle being one of the most important farming species, this ability represents a potential threat to both animal and human health, and consequently deserves further study. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: MCIN/AEI /10.13039/501100011033 and by European Union NextGeneration EU/PRTR </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Grant number: PCI2020-120680-2 ICRAD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">"Altogether, these results exhibit the diversity of CWD strains present in the panel of CWD isolates and the ability of at least some CWD isolates to infect bovine species. Cattle being one of the most important farming species, this ability represents a potential threat to both animal and human health, and consequently deserves further study."<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Ruminant feed ban for cervids in the United States ?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Posted by flounder on 31 Jan 2015 at 20:14 GMT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Friday, December 14, 2012 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration’s BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin) from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Animals considered at high risk for CWD include: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1) animals from areas declared to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones and </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period prior to slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Therefore, in the USA, materials from cervids other than CWD positive animals may be used in animal feed and feed ingredients for non-ruminants. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The amount of animal PAP that is of deer and/or elk origin imported from the USA to GB can not be determined, however, as it is not specified in TRACES. It may constitute a small percentage of the 8412 kilos of non-fish origin processed animal proteins that were imported from US into GB in 2011. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Overall, therefore, it is considered there is a __greater than negligible risk___ that (nonruminant) animal feed and pet food containing deer and/or elk protein is imported into GB. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is uncertainty associated with this estimate given the lack of data on the amount of deer and/or elk protein possibly being imported in these products. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">36% in 2007 (Almberg et al., 2011). In such areas, population declines of deer of up to 30 to 50% have been observed (Almberg et al., 2011). In areas of Colorado, the prevalence can be as high as 30% (EFSA, 2011). The clinical signs of CWD in affected adults are weight loss and behavioural changes that can span weeks or months (Williams, 2005). In addition, signs might include excessive salivation, behavioural alterations including a fixed stare and changes in interaction with other animals in the herd, and an altered stance (Williams, 2005). These signs are indistinguishable from cervids experimentally infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Given this, if CWD was to be introduced into countries with BSE such as GB, for example, infected deer populations would need to be tested to differentiate if they were infected with CWD or BSE to minimise the risk of BSE entering the human food-chain via affected venison. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with CWD prion. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing, footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible. For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant uncertainty associated with these estimates. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists and returning GB residents. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://webarchive.nationa... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Friday, December 14, 2012 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://chronic-wasting-di... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128180140/http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/12/defra-uk-what-is-risk-of-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160128180140/http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/12/defra-uk-what-is-risk-of-chronic.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** The potential impact of prion diseases on human health was greatly magnified by the recognition that interspecies transfer of BSE to humans by beef ingestion resulted in vCJD. While changes in animal feed constituents and slaughter practices appear to have curtailed vCJD, there is concern that CWD of free-ranging deer and elk in the U.S. might also cross the species barrier. Thus, consuming venison could be a source of human prion disease. Whether BSE and CWD represent interspecies scrapie transfer or are newly arisen prion diseases is unknown. Therefore, the possibility of transmission of prion disease through other food animals cannot be ruled out. There is evidence that vCJD can be transmitted through blood transfusion. There is likely a pool of unknown size of asymptomatic individuals infected with vCJD, and there may be asymptomatic individuals infected with the CWD equivalent. These circumstances represent a potential threat to blood, blood products, and plasma supplies. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20121022162853/http://cdmrp.army.mil/prevfunded/nprp/NPRP_Summit_Final_Report.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20121022162853/http://cdmrp.army.mil/prevfunded/nprp/NPRP_Summit_Final_Report.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">==================================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration’s BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin) from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">================================= </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Draft Guidance on Use of Material From Deer and Elk in Animal Feed; CVM Updates on Deer and Elk Withdrawn FDA Veterinarian Newsletter July/August 2003 Volume XVIII, No 4</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FDA has announced the availability of a draft guidance for industry entitled “Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed.” This draft guidance document (GFI #158), when finalized, will describe FDA’s current thinking regarding the use in animal feed of material from deer and elk that are positive for Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) or that are at high risk for CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD is a neurological (brain) disease of farmed and wild deer and elk that belong in the cervidae animal family (cervids). Only deer and elk are known to be susceptible to CWD by natural transmission. The disease has been found in farmed and wild mule deer, white-tailed deer, North American elk, and farmed black-tailed deer. CWD belongs to a family of animal and human diseases called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). TSEs are very rare, but are always fatal.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This draft Level 1 guidance, when finalized, will represent the Agency’s current thinking on the topic. It does not create or confer any rights for or on any person and does not operate to bind FDA or the public. An alternate method may be used as long as it satisfies the requirements of applicable statutes and regulations.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Draft guidance #158 is posted on the FDA/Center for Veterinary Medicine Home Page. Single copies of the draft guidance may be obtained from the FDA Veterinarian.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">- - Page Last Updated: 04/16/2013 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://www.fda.gov/Animal... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20100310210459/http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/NewsEvents/FDAVeterinarianNewsletter/ucm103406.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20100310210459/http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/NewsEvents/FDAVeterinarianNewsletter/ucm103406.htm</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CONTAINS NON-BINDING RECOMMENDATIONS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">158</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Guidance for Industry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Comments and suggestions regarding the document should be submitted to Division of Dockets Management (HFA-305), Food and Drug Administration, 5630 Fishers Lane, Rm. 1061, Rockville, MD 20852. Submit electronic comments to http://www.regulations.go.... All comments should be identified with the Docket No. 03D-0186.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">For questions regarding this guidance, contact Burt Pritchett, Center for Veterinary Medicine (HFV- 222), Food and Drug Administration, 7519 Standish Place, Rockville, MD 20855, 240-453-6860, E-mail: burt.pritchett@fda.hhs.gov . Additional copies of this guidance document may be requested from the Communications Staff (HFV-12), Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration, 7519 Standish Place, Rockville, MD 20855, and may be viewed on the Internet at http://www.fda.gov/Animal....</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">U.S. Department of Health and Human Services</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine September 15, 2003</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CONTAINS NON-BINDING RECOMMENDATIONS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">158</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Guidance for Industry1</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This guidance represents the Food and Drug Administration’s current thinking on the use of material from deer and elk in animal feed. It does not create or confer any rights for or on any person and does not operate to bind FDA or the public. You can use an alternative approach if the approach satisfies the requirements of applicable statutes or regulations. If you want to discuss an alternative approach, contact the FDA staff responsible for implementing this guidance. If you cannot identify the appropriate FDA staff, call the appropriate number listed on the title page of this guidance. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I. Introduction </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FDA’s guidance documents, including this guidance, do not establish legally enforceable responsibilities. Instead, guidances describe the Agency’s current thinking on a topic and should be viewed only as recommendations, unless specific regulatory or statutory requirements are cited. The use of the word “should” in Agency guidances means that something is suggested or recommended, but not required. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Under FDA’s BSE feed regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. This guidance document describes FDA’s recommendations regarding the use in all animal feed of all material from deer and elk that are positive for Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) or are considered at high risk for CWD. The potential risks from CWD to humans or non-cervid animals such as poultry and swine are not well understood. However, because of recent recognition that CWD is spreading rapidly in white-tailed deer, and because CWD’s route of transmission is poorly understood, FDA is making recommendations regarding the use in animal feed of rendered materials from deer and elk that are CWD-positive or that are at high risk for CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">II. Background</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD is a neurological (brain) disease of farmed and wild deer and elk that belong in the animal family cervidae (cervids). Only deer and elk are known to be susceptible to CWD by natural transmission. The disease has been found in farmed and wild mule deer,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1 This guidance has been prepared by the Division of Animal Feeds in the Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) at the Food and Drug Administration.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CONTAINS NON-BINDING RECOMMENDATIONS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">white-tailed deer, North American elk, and in farmed black-tailed deer. CWD belongs to a family of animal and human diseases called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). These include bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE or “mad cow” disease) in cattle; scrapie in sheep and goats; and classical and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases (CJD and vCJD) in humans. There is no known treatment for these diseases, and there is no vaccine to prevent them. In addition, although validated postmortem diagnostic tests are available, there are no validated diagnostic tests for CWD that can be used to test for the disease in live animals.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">III.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Use in animal feed of material from CWD-positive deer and elk</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Material from CWD-positive animals may not be used in any animal feed or feed ingredients. Pursuant to Sec. 402(a)(5) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, animal feed and feed ingredients containing material from a CWD-positive animal would be considered adulterated. FDA recommends that any such adulterated feed or feed ingredients be recalled or otherwise removed from the marketplace.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">IV.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Use in animal feed of material from deer and elk considered at high risk for CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Deer and elk considered at high risk for CWD include: (1) animals from areas declared by State officials to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones; and (2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period immediately before the time of slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FDA recommends that materials from deer and elk considered at high risk for CWD no longer be entered into the animal feed system. Under present circumstances, FDA is not recommending that feed made from deer and elk from a non-endemic area be recalled if a State later declares the area endemic for CWD or a CWD eradication zone. In addition, at this time, FDA is not recommending that feed made from deer and elk believed to be from a captive herd that contained no CWD-positive animals be recalled if that herd is subsequently found to contain a CWD-positive animal. V. Use in animal feed of material from deer and elk NOT considered at high risk for CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FDA continues to consider materials from deer and elk NOT considered at high risk for CWD to be acceptable for use in NON-RUMINANT animal feeds in accordance with current agency regulations, 21 CFR 589.2000. Deer and elk not considered at high risk include: (1) deer and elk from areas not declared by State officials to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones; and (2) deer and elk that were not at some time during the 60-month period immediately before the time of slaughter in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://www.fda.gov/downlo... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20110210041729/http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/ucm052506.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20110210041729/http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/ucm052506.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">that voluntary mad cow feed ban that became law, how did that work out for us $ </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***e) "Big Jim's" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6; ***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">please note, considering .005 grams is lethal, I do not know how much of this 125 TONS of banned mad cow protein was part of the ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">e) "Big Jim's" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">bbbut, this was about 10 years post mad cow feed ban from 1997. 10 years later, and still feeding banned mad cow protein to cervids??? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">considering that .005 gram is lethal to several bovines, and we know that the oral consumption of CWD tainted products is very efficient mode of transmission of CWD. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALL AL AND FL VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 TONS Products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: August 6, 2006 at 6:16 pm PST </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRODUCT </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">a) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish, Recall # V-100-6; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">b) Performance Sheep Pell W/Decox/A/N, medicated, net wt. 50 lbs, Recall # V-101-6; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">c) Pro 40% Swine Conc Meal -- 50 lb, Recall # V-102-6; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">d) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish Food Medicated, Recall # V-103-6; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***e) "Big Jim's" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6; ***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">f) CO-OP 40% Hog Supplement Medicated Pelleted, Tylosin 100 grams/ton, 50 lb. bag, Recall # V-105-6; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">g) Pig Starter Pell II, 18% W/MCDX Medicated 282020, Carbadox -- 0.0055%, Recall # V-106-6; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">h) CO-OP STARTER-GROWER CRUMBLES, Complete Feed for Chickens from Hatch to 20 Weeks, Medicated, Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate, 25 and 50 Lbs, Recall # V-107-6; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i) CO-OP LAYING PELLETS, Complete Feed for Laying Chickens, Recall # 108-6; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">j) CO-OP LAYING CRUMBLES, Recall # V-109-6; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">k) CO-OP QUAIL FLIGHT CONDITIONER MEDICATED, net wt 50 Lbs, Recall # V-110-6; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">l) CO-OP QUAIL STARTER MEDICATED, Net Wt. 50 Lbs, Recall # V-111-6; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">m) CO-OP QUAIL GROWER MEDICATED, 50 Lbs, Recall # V-112-6 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CODE </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Product manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Alabama Farmers Cooperative, Inc., Decatur, AL, by telephone, fax, email and visit on June 9, 2006. FDA initiated recall is complete. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">REASON </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Animal and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants". </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">125 tons </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DISTRIBUTION </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">AL and FL </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">### </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://www.fda.gov/Safety... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20100120023832/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2006/ucm120413.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20100120023832/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2006/ucm120413.htm</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see more breaches in ruminant aka mad cow feed ban up to 2014 ; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This is a Comment on the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Notice: Agency Information Collection Activities; Proposals, Submissions, and Approvals: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Importation of Animals and Animal Products</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">For related information, Open Docket Folder Docket folder icon </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">--------------------------------------------------------------------------------</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Show agency attachment(s) AttachmentsView All (0) Empty</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">--------------------------------------------------------------------------------</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Comment View document:Docket No. APHIS-2014-0107 Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Importation of Animals and Animal Products Singeltary Submission ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I believe that there is more risk to the world from Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE prion aka mad cow type disease now, coming from the United States and all of North America, than there is risk coming to the USA and North America, from other Countries. I am NOT saying I dont think there is any risk for the BSE type TSE prion coming from other Countries, I am just saying that in 2015, why is the APHIS/USDA/FSIS/FDA still ignoring these present mad cow risk factors in North America like they are not here? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">North America has more strains of TSE prion disease, in more species (excluding zoo animals in the early BSE days, and excluding the Feline TSE and or Canine TSE, because they dont look, and yes, there has been documented evidence and scientific studies, and DEFRA Hound study, that shows the canine spongiform encephalopathy is very possible, if it has not already happened, just not documented), then any other Country in the world. Mink TME, Deer Elk cervid CWD (multiple strains), cBSE cattle, atypical L-type BSE cattle, atypical H-type BSE cattle, atyical HG type BSE cow (the only cow documented in the world to date with this strain), typical sheep goat Scrapie (multiple strains), and the atypical Nor-98 Scrapie, which has been linked to sporadic CJD, Nor-98 atypical Scrapie has spread from coast to coast. sporadic CJD on the rise, with different strains mounting, victims becoming younger, with the latest nvCJD human mad cow case being documented in Texas again, this case, NOT LINKED TO EUROPEAN TRAVEL CDC. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">typical BSE can propagate as nvCJD and or sporadic CJD (Collinge et al), and sporadic CJD has now been linked to atypical BSE, Scrapie and atypical Scrapie, and scientist are very concerned with CWD TSE prion in the Cervid populations. in my opinion, the BSE MRR policy, which overtook the BSE GBR risk assessments for each country, and then made BSE confirmed countries legal to trade mad cow disease, which was all brought forth AFTER that fateful day December 23, 2003, when the USA lost its gold card i.e. BSE FREE status, thats the day it all started. once the BSE MRR policy was shoved down every countries throat by USDA inc and the OIE, then the legal trading of Scrapie was validated to be a legal trading commodity, also shoved through by the USDA inc and the OIE, the world then lost 30 years of attempted eradication of the BSE TSE prion disease typical and atypical strains, and the BSE TSE Prion aka mad cow type disease was thus made a legal trading commodity, like it or not. its all about money now folks, trade, to hell with human health with a slow incubating disease, that is 100% fatal once clinical, and forget the fact of exposure, sub-clinical infection, and friendly fire there from i.e. iatrogenic TSE prion disease, the pass it forward mode of the TSE PRION aka mad cow type disease. its all going to be sporadic CJD or sporadic ffi, or sporadic gss, or now the infamous VPSPr. ...problem solved $$$ </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">the USDA/APHIS/FSIS/FDA triple mad cow BSE firewall, well, that was nothing but ink on paper. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">for this very reason I believe the BSE MRR policy is a total failure, and that this policy should be immediately withdrawn, and set back in place the BSE GBR Risk Assessments, with the BSE GBR risk assessments set up to monitor all TSE PRION disease in all species of animals, and that the BSE GBR risk assessments be made stronger than before. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">lets start with the recent notice that beef from Ireland will be coming to America. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ireland confirmed around 1655 cases of mad cow disease. with the highest year confirming about 333 cases in 2002, with numbers of BSE confirmed cases dropping from that point on, to a documentation of 1 confirmed case in 2013, to date. a drastic decrease in the feeding of cows to cows i.e. the ruminant mad cow feed ban, and the enforcement of that ban, has drastically reduced the number of BSE cases in Europe, minus a few BABs or BARBs. a far cry from the USDA FDA triple BSE firewall, which was nothing more than ink on paper, where in 2007, in one week recall alone, some 10 MILLION POUNDS OF BANNED POTENTIAL MAD COW FEED WENT OUT INTO COMMERCE IN THE USA. this is 10 years post feed ban. in my honest opinion, due to the blatant cover up of BSE TSE prion aka mad cow disease in the USA, we still have no clue as to the true number of cases of BSE mad cow disease in the USA or North America as a whole. ...just saying. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Number of reported cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in farmed cattle worldwide* (excluding the United Kingdom) </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Country/Year </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...please see attached pdf file, with references of breaches in the USA triple BSE mad cow firewalls, and recent science on the TSE prion disease. ...TSS </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Docket No. APHIS-2014-0107 Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Importation of Animals and Animal Products Singeltary Submission View Attachment: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://www.regulations.go...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.reginfo.gov/public/do/DownloadDocument?objectID=54003900" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.reginfo.gov/public/do/DownloadDocument?objectID=54003900</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Competing interests declared: ruminant feed ban for cervids in the United States ? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Posted by flounder on 31 Jan 2015 at 20:14 GMT </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=85351 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">See archived link;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128180140/http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=85351" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160128180140/http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=85351</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">PDF]Freas, William TSS SUBMISSION File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat -</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Page 1. J Freas, William From: Sent: To: Subject: Terry S. Singeltary</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sr. [flounder@wt.net] Monday, January 08, 200l 3:03 PM freas ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20170301223601/https://www.fda.gov/OHRMS/DOCKETS/AC/01/slides/3681s2_09.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20170301223601/https://www.fda.gov/OHRMS/DOCKETS/AC/01/slides/3681s2_09.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Wednesday, May 24, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, United States of America Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Immediate notification</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/125/wahis-woah-oie-immediate-notification" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/125/wahis-woah-oie-immediate-notification</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">May 2, 2023 Singeltary Submission to APHIS et al on BSE;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Docket No. APHIS–2023–0027 Notice of Request for Revision to and Extension of Approval of an Information Collection; National Veterinary Services Laboratories; Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Surveillance Program Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Document APHIS-2023-0027-0001 BSE Singeltary Comment Submission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Greetings again APHIS et al,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I would kindly like to again, post my concern or urgency, on why said information is so critical, and why the 3 year extension is so critical, especially today, with the recent mad cow cases in the UK, Switzerland, Brazil, Spain, and The Netherlands all atypical BSE cases, and the fact the OIE is so concerned with the recent science about atypical L-type BSE and atypical H-type BSE, both of which can transmit orally, (see OIE BSE atypical in my reference materials), new outbreak of a new Prion disease in a new livestock species, i.e. the camel. The fact Chronic Wasted Disease CWD TSE Prion of Cervid, is spreading across the USA, with no stopping it in the near future, now with 10 different strains, a spillover into cattle or sheep would be devastating, and the ramifications of human zoonosis there from, has great concern throughout the scientific community. The fact that the USA BSE feed ban was and is a joke today (see why, with the fact that CWD positive deer could enter the food/feed chain for other ruminants and what the DEFRA says), how the BSE surveillance and testing has failed us so terribly bad to date, by testing only 25k bovines a year for BSE, you will not find BSE until it's too late, again. THIS is all why INFORMATION COLLECTION is so vital for BSE and all human and animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''The purpose of this notice is to solicit comments from the public (as well as affected agencies) concerning our information collection. These comments will help us:''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Evaluate whether the collection of information is necessary for the proper performance of the functions of the Agency, including whether the information will have practical utility;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(2) Evaluate the accuracy of our estimate of the burden of the collection of information, including the validity of the methodology and assumptions used;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(3) Enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be collected; and</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(4) Minimize the burden of the collection of information on those who are to respond, through use, as appropriate, of automated, electronic, mechanical, and other collection technologies; ...end</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The question should be, what will the burden be, if WE DON'T COLLECT SAID INFORMATIONS ON BSE, and we find ourselves again facing a BSE epidemic?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I want to bring your attention too, and emphasize;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(3) Enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be collected; and...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I remember that infamous TEXAS MAD COW that instead of a 48 turnaround at Weybridge, said suspect positive, was declared NEGATIVE, until an Act of Congress and the Honorable Phyllis Fong overrode Texas negative test, sent that BSE sample to Weybridge, and 6 MONTHS LATER ON A 48 HOUR TURNAROUND (BSE REDBOOKS), that BSE sample was CONFIRMED POSITIVE (see history in my references).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Let's not kid ourselves, the BSE ENHANCED BSE SURVEILLANE efforts way back was a total failure, that's why it was shut down, too many atypical BSE cases were showing up.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ONLY by the Grace of God, have we not had a documented BSE outbreak, that and the fact the USDA et al are only testing 25K cattle for BSE, a number too low to find mad cow disease from some 28.9 million beef cows in the United States as of Jan. 1, 2023, down 4% from last year. The number of milk cows in the United States increased to 9.40 million. U.S. calf crop was estimated at 34.5 million head, down 2% from 2021. Jan 31, 2023.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ALL it would take is one BSE positive, yet alone a handful of BSE cases, this is why the Enhanced BSE was shut down, and the BSE testing shut down to 25k, and the BSE GBRs were replaced with BSE MRRs, after the 2003 Christmas Mad cow, the cow that stole Christmas, making it legal to trade BSE, imo.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">THE world was set back to square one with the BSE Minimal Risk Regions, from the BSE GBRs.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WE must enhance our BSE Surveillance and BSE Testing, and the FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED BAN must be revised to include Cervid by-products and SRM, and it should be made MANDATORY, AND THIS SHOULD BE WELL DOCUMENTED with information collection.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">said 'burden' cost, will be a heavy burden to bear, if we fail with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion disease, that is why this information collection is so critical...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary References</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see full submission;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: inherit; outline: none !important;">Notice of Request To Renew an Approved Information Collection: Specified Risk Materials DOCKET NUMBER Docket No. FSIS-2022-0027 Singeltary Submission</span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Greetings FSIS, USDA, et al,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Thank you kindly for allowing the public to comment on ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(a) whether the proposed collection of information is necessary for the proper performance of FSIS’ functions, including whether the information will have practical utility;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(b) the accuracy of FSIS’ estimate of the burden of the proposed collection of information, including the validity of the method and assumptions used;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(c) ways to enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be collected; and</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(d) ways to minimize the burden of the collection of information, including through the use of appropriate automated, electronic, mechanical, or other technological collection techniques, or other forms of information technology.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I will be commenting mostly on a, b, and c, because d, is wanting to minimize the burden of collection, and i do not think that is possible if ''These statutes mandate that FSIS protect the public by verifying that meat, poultry, and egg products are safe, wholesome, and properly labeled and packaged.'', is truly the intent of these statutes, and i would kindly like to explain why, and why it is so critical that these Specified Risk Materials SRM TSE Prion Statues are so important for public health, and WHY there is an urgent need to enhance them, considering the risk factors of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion in Cervid.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">THIS collection of SRM materials information should be done all the time, year after year, and ending it EVER would be foolish, imo, not scientific, and will lead to future risk to public health, if you consider just how bad USDA/FSIS/APHIS/FDA failed so badly with the FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED BAN, the SRM REMOVAL, THE BSE SURVEILLANCE AND TESTING PROGRAMS, THEY FAILED ALL OF THEM TERRIBLY IMO, AND BY CONTINUING TO INSIST ON TESTING 25K CATTLE FOR BSE IS A DISASTER WATING TO HAPPEND IMO!</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SPECIFIED RISK MATERS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Specified Risk Materials SRMs, are the most high risk infectious materials, organs, of a cow that is infected with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy, BSE TSE Prion. the atypical BSE strains are, like atypical L-type BSE are more infectious that the typical C-type BSE. Also, Science of the BSE TSE has evolved to show that there are more infectious tissues and organs than previously thought. I wish to kindly post all this evidence, as to show you why this information collection of SRMs are so vital to public safety, and why they should be enhanced for cattle, cervid, sheep, and goats, oh, and not to forget the new livestock prion disease in camel, the Camel Prion Disease CPD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ONE other thing, you must remember, SCIENCE AND TRANSMISSION STUDIES have now shown that CWD and Scrapie can transmit to PIGS by Oral route. This should be included in any enhancement of the SRM or FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">NOT to forget Zoonosis of all of the above, i will post the latest science to date at the bottom of the attached files.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Thank You, terry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FSIS-2022-0027-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FSIS-2022-0027-0002</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary further comments in attachment;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Specified Risk Materials DOCKET NUMBER Docket No. FSIS-2022-0027 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary Submission Attachment </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/FSIS-2022-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/FSIS-2022-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Monday, December 5, 2022 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Notice of Request To Renew an Approved Information Collection: Specified Risk Materials </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DOCKET NUMBER Docket No. FSIS-2022-0027 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2022/12/notice-of-request-to-renew-approved.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2022/12/notice-of-request-to-renew-approved.html<br style="outline: none !important;" /></a></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 30, 2022 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">USDA Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE, Scrapie, CWD, Testing and Surveillance 2022 A Review of History </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2022/11/usda-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2022/11/usda-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a></div></div></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2017</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, MAY 17, 2017</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD, TSE, PRION, Cattle, Pigs, Sheep, and Humans aka Mad Cow Disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: CWD, TSE, PRION, Cattle, Pigs, Sheep, and Humans aka Mad Cow Disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion to cattle, it's just a matter of time, if TSE Prion feed ban controls (or the lack there of), are not stringently enhanced. </div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">In reported (Sigurdson, 2008; Hamir et al., 2006). It is not known how susceptible humans are to CWD but given that the prion can be present in muscle, it is likely that humans have been exposed to the agent via consumption of venison (Sigurdson, 2008). Initial experimental research, however, suggests that human susceptibility to CWD is low and there may be a robust species barrier for CWD transmission to humans (Sigurdson, 2008). It is apparent, though, that CWD is affecting wild and farmed cervid populations in endemic areas with some deer populations decreasing as a result.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/514401/qra-chronic-wasting-disease.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/514401/qra-chronic-wasting-disease.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Technical Abstract:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***Cattle could be exposed to the agent of chronic wasting disease (CWD) through contact with infected farmed or free-ranging cervids or exposure to contaminated premises. The purpose of this study was to assess the potential for CWD derived from elk to transmit to cattle after intracranial inoculation. Calves (n=14) were inoculated with brain homogenate derived from elk with CWD to determine the potential for transmission and define the clinicopathologic features of disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Cattle were necropsied if clinical signs occurred or at the termination of experiment (49 months post-inoculation (MPI)).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Clinical signs of poor appetite, weight loss, circling, and bruxism occurred in two cattle (14%) at 16 and 17 MPI, respectively.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Accumulation of abnormal prion protein (PrP**Sc) in these cattle was confined to the central nervous system with the most prominent immunoreactivity in midbrain, brainstem, and hippocampus with lesser immunoreactivity in the cervical spinal cord.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** The rate of transmission was lower than in cattle inoculated with CWD derived from mule deer (38%) or white-tailed deer (86%).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Additional studies are required to fully assess the potential for cattle to develop CWD through a more natural route of exposure, but a low rate of transmission after intracranial inoculation suggests that risk of transmission through other routes is low.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***A critical finding here is that if CWD did transmit to exposed cattle, currently used diagnostic techniques would detect and differentiate it from other prion diseases in cattle based on absence of spongiform change, distinct pattern of PrP**Sc deposition, and unique molecular profile.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=277212" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=277212</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Monday, April 04, 2016</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** Limited amplification of chronic wasting disease prions in the peripheral tissues of intracerebrally inoculated cattle ***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">UPDATED CORRESPONDENCE FROM AUTHORS OF THIS STUDY I.E. COLBY, PRUSINER ET AL, ABOUT MY CONCERNS OF THE DISCREPANCY BETWEEN THEIR FIGURES AND MY FIGURES OF THE STUDIES ON CWD TRANSMISSION TO CATTLE ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/04/limited-amplification-of-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/04/limited-amplification-of-chronic.html</a> </div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/05/cwd-tse-prion-cattle-pigs-sheep-and.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/05/cwd-tse-prion-cattle-pigs-sheep-and.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, OCTOBER 16, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of the chronic wasting disease agent from elk to cattle after oronasal exposure </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Price of TSE Prion Poker goes up substantially, all you cattle ranchers and such, better pay close attention here...</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/10/transmission-of-chronic-wasting-disease.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/10/transmission-of-chronic-wasting-disease.html</a></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">NOW, IMO, EVERY WILD HUNTER SHOULD READ THIS, AND WRITE THE SENATOR$$$</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Texas Senator Slams Proposed TPWD Chronic Wasting Disease Rule as 'Draconian'</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“TPWD... should have a balanced approach for CWD with equal treatment of Deer Breeders and wild deer, and not side with one industry over the other,” Hall wrote in a publication issued by his office.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“At a minimum, they must first test each deer and then only kill those that test positive. And should the department continue to kill breeder deer, they should be responsible for the total costs of execution and disposal. Otherwise we will witness the slow death of a vital Texas industry.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://thetexan.news/state/texas-state-news/texas-senator-slams-proposed-tpwd-chronic-wasting-disease-rule-as-draconian/article_00a21560-7811-11ee-b3b7-879914f29064.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://thetexan.news/state/texas-state-news/texas-senator-slams-proposed-tpwd-chronic-wasting-disease-rule-as-draconian/article_00a21560-7811-11ee-b3b7-879914f29064.html</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Powerful Abbott appointee's lobbying sparks blowback in Legislature</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In an ironic twist for Gov. Greg Abbott, who has made ethics reform an urgent political priority, the Texas House is taking aim at what critics call a "pay to play" culture among his appointees.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BY JAY ROOT MAY 12, 2017 12 AM</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Houston billionaire Dan Friedkin is chairman of the Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">When Gov. Greg Abbott tapped one of his top campaign donors to become chairman of the Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission, he didn’t get a part-time appointee who would merely draft rules and implement conservation laws passed by the Legislature.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In Dan Friedkin, the governor got a Houston billionaire — with a team of privately funded lobbyists — willing to use his influence to ensure his wildlife interests are taken into account by the Legislature before they pass those laws, interviews and records show.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">On the receiving end of that influence, and not in a happy way, is state Rep. Chris Paddie, R-Marshall. Paddie said a lobbyist working for Friedkin’s business empire, which includes a massive South Texas hunting ranch, has been working against his deer breeder management bill, which many large ranchers oppose. The state Parks and Wildlife Department oversees deer breeding regulations in Texas.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“Many times these appointees are well-heeled, very influential people,” Paddie said. “Overall, I feel that it’s inappropriate for an appointee of a board or commission to have personal lobbyists lobbying on issues related to that board or commission.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Under Texas law, state agencies are barred from lobbying the Legislature. But the powerful people who oversee them aren’t.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">If Paddie and dozens of his colleagues get their way, that practice soon will be a Class A misdemeanor.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Last weekend, Paddie attached a ban on appointee lobbying — which would apply to any issues intersecting with their state responsibilities — to an ethics bill that already had powerful friends of the governor in its crosshairs. The provision was adopted unanimously and the bill sailed out of the Texas House on a 91-48 vote Saturday.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The ethics bill, authored by Rep. Lyle Larson, R-San Antonio, would bar big campaign donors from getting appointed by governors in the first place. Anyone who contributed over $2,500 would be barred from serving on state boards and commissions.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Larson pointed to news articles documenting the amount of campaign money appointees have collectively given governors. Last year the San Antonio Express-News calculated that Abbott had received nearly $9 million from people he’s picked for appointed office; before that, a widely cited report from Texans for Public Justice found former Gov. Rick Perry had received $17 million from his own appointees.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Larson said 20 years from now, Texans will be reading the same stories about a future governor unless the Legislature does something about it now.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“We’ve read that article for the last three decades,” Larson said during a brief floor speech. “This is your opportunity to say, 'We need to stop this.' The most egregious ethics violation we’ve got in the state is the pay to play in the governor’s office.” </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A prodigious fundraiser, Abbott has put plenty of big donors on prestigious boards and commissions. On the Parks and Wildlife Commission alone, he has installed three mega-donors — pipeline mogul Kelcy Warren, who’s given Abbott more than $800,000 over his statewide political career; Houston businessman S. Reed Morian, who has given $600,000; and Friedkin, who personally donated more than $700,000 — while his Gulf States Toyota PAC gave Abbott another $100,000, according to Ethics Commission records. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Passage of Larson’s HB 3305 represents an ironic twist for Abbott, who for the second session in a row has made ethics reform an urgent political priority — resulting in a bill that's now taking aim at his gubernatorial appointments. Abbott, who has made a habit of ignoring tough questions, hasn't made any public statements about the bill, and his office did not respond to multiple requests for comment.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Friedkin — whose wealth is estimated at $3.4 billion by Forbes — is the owner and CEO of Gulf States Toyota, founded in 1969, which has had the exclusive rights to distribute new Toyotas in Texas and four nearby states. He’d also been a mega-donor to former Gov. Rick Perry, who first appointed Friedkin to the Parks and Wildlife Commission in 2005. Abbott made Friedkin chairman of the commission in 2015.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Requests for comment from Friedkin's office went unanswered.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In addition to his public role as parks and wildlife chairman, a perch that gives him significant influence over deer management issues, Friedkin has private wildlife interests. He owns the sprawling Comanche Ranch in South Texas, according to published news accounts.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The January 2014 edition of Texas Wildlife, published by the Texas Wildlife Association, described Friedkin’s Comanche Ranch as “privately owned and privately hunted” and said it’s “in the business to produce as many trophy bucks as possible, without damaging the native habitat.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The association, which advocates for private landowners and hunting rights, has locked horns with deer breeding interests at Parks and Wildlife and the Capitol. They compete against each other in the lucrative trophy deer hunting market — and the battle between them perennially spills into the rule-making process at the Parks and Wildlife Commission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">One of their battles centers on how captive deer are tagged so that game wardens and others can distinguish them from native deer. Current law requires a combination of tags and tattoos, and the ranchers and large landowners want to keep it that way. The breeders, meanwhile, favor tagging deer with microchips, which they contend are more accurate and foolproof. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Wildlife Association said in a Facebook post that removing visible tag or tattoo requirements and allowing microchip tracking “creates real biosecurity risks and blurs ethical lines in the hunting community, as captive deer breeders are allowed to transport and release these animals to be co-mingled with pasture-born deer.” Proponents of the current system say tough rules on breeders are needed to keep out imported deer that may carry Chronic Wasting Disease, which has been found in Texas.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">On the other side of the issue is the Texas Deer Association, which represents breeder interests. Executive Director Patrick Tarlton said opposition to his $1.6 billion industry stems less from environmental and health concerns and more from wealthy ranch owners who want to boost profits from trophy-seeking hunters. He notes that Chronic Wasting Disease has been found in both free range and captive deer.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Paddie sided with the breeders by filing House Bill 2855, which would allow breeders to track their deer with microchips instead of relying on physical tags that they say can be torn off.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">No one identifying themselves as a Friedkin corporate lobbyist opposed the deer breeding bills during public hearings, according to House and Senate committee records published online.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Behind the scenes, it was a different story. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Paddie said his chief of staff reached out to Laird Doran, one of several lobbyists for Friedkin’s Gulf States Toyota, after hearing that he was trying to convince other legislators to help defeat Paddie's deer microchip bill.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“My chief called him and said, 'Hey, if you’ve got a problem with our bill why aren’t you talking to us?’ ” Paddie said. “He said he represented the Friedkin Group when that happened.” </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">According to an email from an aide to Sen. Craig Estes, R-Wichita Falls, who is carrying the deer breeding bill in the Senate, Doran also identified himself as a representative of the “Friedkin Group.” That’s the name of the consortium that contains Friedkin's Gulf States Toyota, according to the company’s Linked-In page. He told Estes’ aide that the Friedkin group was opposed to any bill that would “remove requirements for (deer) ear tags,” the senator’s office confirmed. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It’s not clear exactly which Friedkin interests Doran was advancing. Doran is registered at the Texas Ethics Commission with a single entity — Gulf States Toyota — and the agency has no record of a lobbyist working for an entity or individual with the name Friedkin in it, the commission confirmed Wednesday afternoon.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">However, Doran checked a variety of non-automotive subject areas in which he is lobbying during this legislative session on behalf of Friedkin’s lucrative distributorship, including “animals,” “parks & wildlife,” “state agencies, boards & commissions,” “environment” and more, his detailed lobby disclosures show.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Doran, director of government relations and senior counsel at the Friedkin Group, did not return phone and email messages left by The Texas Tribune.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Estes said he didn’t have a problem with a governor's appointee engaging in lobbying on issues that affected their private interests, as long as they keep that separate from their state roles. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“I don’t think they should be barred from expressing their views as long as they’re careful to say these are my views, not the views of the agency I’m representing,” Estes said.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">But Tarlton, the deer association director, said Friedkin’s use of lobbyists to oppose deer breeders in the Legislature gives the breeders' opponents a huge advantage.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“I think that if the commissioner of Texas Parks and Wildlife is actively lobbying against an industry which his department directly oversees, it absolutely sets up an unfair and closed system of government,” Tarlton said. “The commission is supposed to be the unbiased and equitable oversight for everything wildlife.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Paddie hopes his amendment to Larsen's ethics bill will even the playing field. He referred to the wealthy Parks and Wildlife chairman (see the 2:29:00 mark in this recorded exchange) when he tacked the appointee-lobbying provision onto Larson’s bill.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Paddie said he’s not singling out anyone. He said it would apply to other powerful gubernatorial appointees in a position to do the same. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“I could have named any number of examples as far as the agencies in particular,” Paddie said. “I want to stop it if anyone serving on any agency is doing this.” </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ryan Murphy contributed to this report.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Disclosure: The Texas Wildlife Association, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and Gulf States Toyota have been financial supporters of The Texas Tribune. A complete list of Tribune donors and sponsors is available here.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.texastribune.org/2017/05/12/powerful-abbott-appointees-lobbying-sparks-blowback-legislature/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.texastribune.org/2017/05/12/powerful-abbott-appointees-lobbying-sparks-blowback-legislature/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">***> NOW, WHAT ABOUT THOSE STRAW BRED BUCKS, 20k STRAWS, JERKING FOR DOLLARS, AND CWD, WHAT IF? <***</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Talk about big bucks: Deer semen donations are fueling South Texas campaign Each deer semen straw — from bucks with names like Gladiator Sunset, Sweet Dreams and Bandit — was assigned a $1,000 value, according to her campaign finance report.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Talk about big bucks: Deer semen donations are fueling South Texas campaign Each deer semen straw — from bucks with names like Gladiator Sunset, Sweet Dreams and Bandit — was assigned a $1,000 value, according to her campaign finance report.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">AUSTIN — Donations of deer semen, one of Texas deer breeders’ most precious commodities, account for more than half of the contributions to a South Texan’s state House campaign.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Each deer semen straw — from bucks with names like Gladiator Sunset, Sweet Dreams and Bandit — was assigned a $1,000 value, according to her campaign finance report. A straw refers to the container of ejaculate that is stored for later use. Breeders market their deers’ antler size and shape as reasons to buy straws from their bucks. Uvalde deer breeder Fred Gonzalez said the donors’ straws went into a semen tank to be sold as one lot at a Texas Deer Association event last month and donated to her campaign.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Gonzalez, the treasurer of the Texas Deer Association, donated one straw to the lot. He said the deer breeding community often donates straws instead of money, although not usually directly to a political campaign.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“Semen is a very common way for us to donate,” he said. “One collection on a buck could lead to 60 straws sometimes. If you have a desirable animal, it’s a way to bring value without breaking the bank.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Texas Deer Association’s political action committee has received $976,025 in deer semen donations between 2006 and 2016. It has given $885,695 to campaigns and interest groups in the same span. According to expenditure reports between 2006 and 2016, the PAC has never given in-kind donations in the form of deer semen. Though the straws donated to Garza were sold at a Texas Deer Association event, the organization’s political action committee did not contribute to her campaign</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Texas Deer Association contributions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The association’s political action committee has contributed $885,695 to campaigns and interest groups between 2006 and 2016. These are the top 10 candidates who have received money.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Candidate Amount</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rep. Ernest Bailes (R) $45,000</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rep. Lyle Larson (R) $26,611</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rep. Lance Gooden (R) $21,250</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">House Speaker Joe Straus (R) $21,000</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Lt. Gov. Dan Patrick (R) $20,000</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Comptroller Glenn Hegar (R) $16,000</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sen. Juan Hinojosa (D) $13,500</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rep. Todd Hunter (R) $13,000</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rep. Ryan Guillen (D) $12,750</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sen. Craig Estes (R) $12,500</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SOURCE: Texas Ethics Commission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.dallasnews.com/news/2018/03/01/talk-about-big-bucks-deer-semen-donations-are-fueling-south-texas-campaign/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.dallasnews.com/news/2018/03/01/talk-about-big-bucks-deer-semen-donations-are-fueling-south-texas-campaign/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Deer semen donations among campaign contributions to South Texas candidate</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Donations were made as part of an auction event</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">By Andrea Zelinski Published 1:26 pm CST, Wednesday, February 28, 2018</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A South Texas candidate for the state House reported $51,000 worth of campaign contributions in deer semen, according to campaign finance reports.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">AUSTIN — Many political candidates accept political gifts like food for events or legal advice for their campaigns, but one candidate from South Texas reported receiving thousands of dollars worth of deer semen.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ana Lisa Garza, a district court judge in Starr County, reported accepting at least 40 semen straws, doses valued at $51,000. According to a report filed with the Texas Ethics Commission, several of the in-kind donations were made as part of a Feb. 10 auction event.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Although deer have been bred for over a century, interest has spiked in recent decades, in part due to interest in a buck named Patrick that was kept as a pet in the Midwest and grew large and unique antlers in the 1980s.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The practice has since grown into a budding industry in Texas. The deer, with their attractive racks, are now largely used for hunting, venison or further breeding.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the filings, the straws are largely named after their sperm donors, including "Mabo Thicket" "Tack Hammer," "Strike Force." Other names of the straws include, "Bambi Chewy."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The economic impact of the deer breeding industry is $349.4 million annually in the state, according to a 2017 study by Texas A&M University. Combined with hunting, the study valued the industry's economic impact at $1.6 billion annually, according to the report.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Texas Deer Association did not respond to requests for comment.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.chron.com/news/politics/texas/article/Deer-semen-among-campaign-contributions-to-South-12717880.php" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.chron.com/news/politics/texas/article/Deer-semen-among-campaign-contributions-to-South-12717880.php</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SUNDAY, AUGUST 02, 2015</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TEXAS CWD, Have you been ThunderStruck, deer semen, straw bred bucks, super ovulation, and the potential TSE Prion connection, what if?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/08/texas-cwd-have-you-been-thunderstruck.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/08/texas-cwd-have-you-been-thunderstruck.html</a> </div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">VETERINARY RESEARCH</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Researchers Find CWD Proteins in Deer Semen</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Mechanisms for transmission of CWD prions among captive or wild cervids are not fully understood. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(John Maday)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">By JOHN MADAY January 14, 2020</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In research with potential implications for cervid breeders and wild herds, scientists have detected the presence of chronic wasting disease (CWD) prions in semen and sexual tissues of prion-infected whitetail deer bucks.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The team of researchers, from the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Colorado State University and USDA/APHIS Veterinary Services published their findings in a report titled “In Vitro detection of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) prions in semen and reproductive tissues of white tailed deer bucks (Odocoileus virginianus),” in the online journal PLOS ONE.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In their report, the researchers note that mechanisms for transmission of CWD prions are not fully understood, and previous research has not explored the presence of the prions in semen or sexual tissues in deer.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The team collected post-mortem samples from farmed pre-clinical, CWD positive WTD bucks, and analyzed them using Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) technology.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Overall CWD detection in these samples had a sensitivity of 59.3%, with a specificity of 97.2%. Results indicate high prevalence, 80 to 100% depending on the sample type, of CWD prions in male sexual organs and fluids in late stage, pre-clinical, CWD-infected deer. Improved PCMA technology with ultra-high sensitivity helped the researchers detect low levels of CWD prions in brain and lymph tissues, allowing them to identify animals with pre-clinical infections, and detect the prions in semen and sexual tissues.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Previous studies have shown that infected animals can shed CWD prions into the environment through urine, feces and saliva. The researchers note that progressive accumulation of prions in the environment by shedding, carcasses decomposition and other tissue sources over time, coupled with the prion’s environmental persistence and resistance to degradation “make a compelling argument as to the role of the environment contamination in CWD transmission in both natural and captive settings.” They suspect though, that other mechanisms are involved, including sporadic CWD cases, translocation of the infectious agent by scavengers, vertical transmission from mother to offspring, and potentially, transmission through sexual contact.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Based on their results, the researchers confirmed the presence of CWD prions in semen and male sexual tissues in CWD-infected deer. They note a need for additional experiments in live deer to determine whether CWD can be transmitted by breeding practices including sexual contacts or artificial insemination. Managers of captive cervid herds commonly exchange semen between herds for use in their breeding programs.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Read the full report from the peer-reviewed, open-access journal PLOS ONE.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0226560#sec007" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0226560#sec007</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">For more on CWD research, see these articles from BovineVetOnline</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.bovinevetonline.com/news/veterinary-research/researchers-find-cwd-proteins-deer-semen" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.bovinevetonline.com/news/veterinary-research/researchers-find-cwd-proteins-deer-semen</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">PMCA successfully detected CWD-prions in a diverse array of samples including blood, semen, feces, obex, retropharyngeal lymph node, fetuses (neural and peripheral tissues) and gestational tissues, parasites-insects, plants, compost-soil mixtures, and swabs from trash containers.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Importantly, our findings identified CWD in areas previously considered to be free of CWD. Overall, our findings demonstrate that PMCA is a powerful technique for the screening of biological and environmental samples, and it may prove useful as a CWD management and surveillance tool.</div></div><p class="ydpe6f5e68eyiv7861415460ydp1c57bc29yiv1534490491ydp9624c983yiv1716088967ydpf4e8e150yiv4487014374ydp6aeb2d35yiv0409662753ydpb7785fd5yiv1668945118ydpb5354517yiv2248494667ydp2099043cyiv4704437803p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydpe6f5e68eyiv7861415460ydp1c57bc29yiv1534490491ydp9624c983yiv1716088967ydpf4e8e150yiv4487014374ydp6aeb2d35yiv0409662753ydpb7785fd5yiv1668945118ydpb5354517yiv2248494667ydp2099043cyiv4704437803s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important;"></span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></p><p class="ydpe6f5e68eyiv7861415460ydp1c57bc29yiv1534490491ydp9624c983yiv1716088967ydpf4e8e150yiv4487014374ydp6aeb2d35yiv0409662753ydpb7785fd5yiv1668945118ydpb5354517yiv2248494667ydp2099043cyiv4704437803p1" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydpe6f5e68eyiv7861415460ydp1c57bc29yiv1534490491ydp9624c983yiv1716088967ydpf4e8e150yiv4487014374ydp6aeb2d35yiv0409662753ydpb7785fd5yiv1668945118ydpb5354517yiv2248494667ydp2099043cyiv4704437803s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true</a></span></p></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Published: 15 September 2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Detection of CWD prions in naturally infected white-tailed deer fetuses and gestational tissues by PMCA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Francisca Bravo-Risi, Paulina Soto, Thomas Eckland, Robert Dittmar, Santiago Ramírez, Celso S. G. Catumbela, Claudio Soto, Mitch Lockwood, Tracy Nichols & Rodrigo Morales Scientific Reports volume 11, Article number: 18385 (2021) Cite this article</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prevalent prion disease affecting cervids. CWD is thought to be transmitted through direct animal contact or by indirect exposure to contaminated environmental fomites. Other mechanisms of propagation such as vertical and maternal transmissions have also been suggested using naturally and experimentally infected animals. Here, we describe the detection of CWD prions in naturally-infected, farmed white-tailed deer (WTD) fetal tissues using the Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) technique. Prion seeding activity was identified in a variety of gestational and fetal tissues. Future studies should demonstrate if prions present in fetuses are at sufficient quantities to cause CWD after birth. This data confirms previous findings in other animal species and furthers vertical transmission as a relevant mechanism of CWD dissemination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Here, we report the presence of seeding competent CWD prions in fetal tissues collected from naturally prion-infected farmed WTD does using PMCA. The results presented in this article confirm the presence of CWD prions in fetal tissues from naturally infected farmed WTD dams suggesting that CWD could be transferred from mother to offspring.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Discussion CWD is rapidly expanding in both captive and wild cervid populations. While direct animal contact and environmental contamination provide reasonable explanations on how this disease is transmitted, evidence involving fetal infection and maternal exposure suggest that these routes may be relevant for disease transmission. Offspring from scrapie-infected sheep has been described as being at increased risk of developing prion disease32. Similar outcomes have been described for farmed elk41 and experimentally infected muntjac deer31. Relevant evidence supporting maternal-offspring CWD transmission include prion seeding activity identified in placenta and gestational fluids from pregnant elk and muntjac deer29,30. Importantly, prion detection has been identified in fetal tissues from elk30. Controlled experimental conditions in muntjac deer demonstrate that mother-to-offspring transmission is possible for CWD31. Our results show that fetal tissues collected from naturally infected CWD-positive asymptomatic farmed WTD females contain seeding competent prions. This suggests that mother-to-offspring prion transmission is a common feature of CWD across different cervid species.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In this report, we communicate the screening of 19 fetal and gestational tissues and fluids for the detection of CWD prions. Relevant CWD positive fetal tissues include liver, kidney, and lymphoid and reproductive tissues. The case of liver and kidney is interesting, as prion accumulation in these tissues is not observed by IHC in adult CWD-symptomatic animals5. The presence of CWD prions in fetuses’ sexual tissues is also interesting, especially considering our previous report showing that prion seeding activity is present in the testes of CWD-infected WTD bucks only at the late pre-symptomatic stages35. On the contrary, the identification of CWD prions in a large proportion of lymphoid tissues is in alignment with the expected pathophysiology of prions observed in adult animals2. This finding suggests that the tropism of infectious prions in lymphoid organs occurs even at fetal stages. However, the results presented in this article do not allow us to conclude whether CWD prions present in fetal tissues came from the mothers through circulation or were generated de novo in the fetuses. The poor detection of CWD prions in fetal brains strongly supports the idea that neuroinvasion (ergo, prion replication) does not occur at fetal stages.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PMCA can detect prions at sub-infectious levels34,42,43,44 and CWD prion amplification by PMCA is able to catch sub-infectious PrPSc quantities in the first round6,35. Whether CWD prions present in fetal tissues exist in quantities large enough to induce clinical CWD after birth cannot be concluded from our results. Previous results in goats show that embryo transfer from infected to naïve females failed to transmit prion disease to offspring28, suggesting that if prions in sheep and goat embryos contain prions, they are present in sub-infectious quantities. Nevertheless, it is important to acknowledge that embryos described in those studies were exposed to a prion-infected environment for a restricted time, and either prion absorption and replication by embryos may be limited. The latter assumption is supported by the fact that recipient females were not infected28. Nonetheless, similar studies in sheep demonstrated that in utero prion transmission is possible45. The presence of prion infectivity in mammary glands, colostrum and milk of sheep suggest that transmission can also occur after birth46,47,48,49. Future studies detecting prions in mammary glands and milk of deer does will help us to evaluate the different possible scenarios in which CWD can be transmitted from mother to offspring (i.e., in utero vs. milking/nursing). Research in this area is relevant considering that wild WTD CWD-positive does seems more likely to be parents compared to their CWD-negative counterparts50.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The results presented in this study show that CWD prions exist in WTD fetuses from naturally infected does. Whether prions in fetal tissues are enough to sustain infectivity after birth, as well as descriptions of the mechanisms governing mother-to-offspring CWD transmission in cervids, should be clarified in future studies. These studies should include the screening of larger number of samples collected from wild and farmed animals affected by different strains of CWD prions, bioassays in susceptible mice to measure infectivity titers, and controlled experiments using pregnant/CWD-infected WTD females.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-97737-y" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-97737-y</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">14 Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) as an ultra-sensitive technique for the screening of CWD prions in different sample types.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PMCA successfully detected CWD-prions in a diverse array of samples including blood, semen, feces, obex, retropharyngeal lymph node, fetuses (neural and peripheral tissues) and gestational tissues, parasites-insects, plants, compost-soil mixtures, and swabs from trash containers.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Importantly, our findings identified CWD in areas previously considered to be free of CWD. Overall, our findings demonstrate that PMCA is a powerful technique for the screening of biological and environmental samples, and it may prove useful as a CWD management and surveillance tool.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P74 High Prevalence of CWD prions in male reproductive samples</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The results showed positive CWD prion detection in testes, epididymis and seminal fluid samples. A high prevalence of CWD-PrPSc was found in samples collected at the late-presymptomatic stage of the disease. Our results showed a correlation between the presence of CWD-PrPSc in male reproductive organs and blood. These findings demonstrate a high efficiency of CWD prion detection by PMCA in testes, epididymis and seminal fluid, and offer a possibility for a routine screening of semen samples to be commercially distributed for artificial insemination. Our results may uncover new opportunities to understand the mechanisms of CWD spreading and decrease putative inter-individual transmission associated to insemination using CWD contaminated specimens.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191031195926/https://prion2018.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/program.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20191031195926/https://prion2018.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/program.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PLoS One. 2019; 14(12): e0226560. Published online 2019 Dec 30. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226560</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PMCID: PMC6936793PMID: 31887141</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In Vitro detection of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) prions in semen and reproductive tissues of white tailed deer bucks (Odocoileus virginianus)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our findings reveal the presence of CWD prions in semen and sexual tissues of prion infected WTD bucks. Future studies will be necessary to determine whether sexual contact and/or artificial inseminations are plausible means of CWD transmission in susceptible animal species.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6936793/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6936793/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Very low oral exposure to prions of brain or saliva origin can transmit chronic wasting disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We report that oral exposure to as little as 300 nanograms (ng) of CWD-positive brain or to saliva containing seeding activity equivalent to 300 ng of CWD-positive brain, were sufficient to transmit CWD disease. This was true whether the inoculum was administered as a single bolus or divided as three weekly 100 ng exposures. However, when the 300 ng total dose was apportioned as 10, 30 ng doses delivered over 12 weeks, no infection occurred. While low-dose exposures to prions of brain or saliva origin prolonged the time from inoculation to first detection of infection, once infection was established, we observed no differences in disease pathogenesis. These studies suggest that the CWD minimum infectious dose approximates 100 to 300 ng CWD-positive brain (or saliva equivalent), and that CWD infection appears to conform more with a threshold than a cumulative dose dynamic.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32817706/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32817706/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Study raises possibility of sexual spread of CWD in deer</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stephanie Soucheray | News Reporter | CIDRAP News January 17, 2020 Chronic Wasting Disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/chronic-wasting-disease/study-raises-possibility-sexual-spread-cwd-deer" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/chronic-wasting-disease/study-raises-possibility-sexual-spread-cwd-deer</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">SUNDAY, JANUARY 22, 2017 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Texas 85th Legislative Session 2017 Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Cervid Captive Breeder Industry </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/01/texas-85th-legislative-session-2017.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/01/texas-85th-legislative-session-2017.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, JANUARY 27, 2017 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TEXAS, Politicians, TAHC, TPWD, and the spread of CWD TSE Prion in Texas </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/01/texas-politicians-tahc-tpwd-and-spread.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/01/texas-politicians-tahc-tpwd-and-spread.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SUNDAY, MAY 14, 2017 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">85th Legislative Session 2017 AND THE TEXAS TWO STEP Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion, and paying to play $$$</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/05/85th-legislative-session-2017-and-texas.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/05/85th-legislative-session-2017-and-texas.html</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, AUGUST 02, 2016 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TEXAS TPWD Sets Public Hearings on Deer Movement Rule Proposals in Areas with CWD Rule Terry S. Singeltary Sr. comment submission </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/08/texas-tpwd-sets-public-hearings-on-deer.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/08/texas-tpwd-sets-public-hearings-on-deer.html</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SUNDAY, MAY 22, 2016 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TEXAS CWD DEER BREEDERS PLEA TO GOVERNOR ABBOTT TO CIRCUMVENT TPWD SOUND SCIENCE TO LET DISEASE SPREAD </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/05/texas-cwd-deer-breeders-plea-to.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/05/texas-cwd-deer-breeders-plea-to.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Wednesday, May 04, 2016 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TPWD proposes the repeal of §§65.90 -65.94 and new §§65.90 -65.99 Concerning Chronic Wasting Disease - Movement of Deer Singeltary Comment Submission </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/05/tpwd-proposes-repeal-of-6590-6594-and_4.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/05/tpwd-proposes-repeal-of-6590-6594-and_4.html</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Texas 84th Legislative Session Sunday, December 14, 2014 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** TEXAS 84th Legislature commencing this January, deer breeders are expected to advocate for bills that will seek to further deregulate their industry </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/12/texas-84th-legislature-commencing-this.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/12/texas-84th-legislature-commencing-this.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, DECEMBER 16, 2014 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Texas 84th Legislature 2015 H.R. No. 2597 Kuempel Deer Breeding Industry TAHC TPWD CWD TSE PRION </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/12/texas-84th-legislature-2015-hr-no-2597.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/12/texas-84th-legislature-2015-hr-no-2597.html</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><p class="ydpe6f5e68eyiv7861415460ydp1c57bc29yiv1534490491ydp9624c983yiv1716088967ydp8555fd9dyiv6760349735MsoNormal" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; outline: none !important;">Proposed Amendments to Disease Management and Response Regulations Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Singeltary Updated Submission October 20, 2023</span></p></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/10/proposed-amendments-to-disease_20.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/10/proposed-amendments-to-disease_20.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><div style="color: #111111; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important;">***> TEXAS HISTORY OF CWD <***</div><div style="color: #111111; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #111111; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Singeltary telling TAHC, that CWD was waltzing into Texas from WSMR around Trans Pecos region, starting around 2001, 2002, and every year, there after, until New Mexico finally shamed TAHC et al to test where i had been telling them to test for a decade. 2012 cwd was detected first right there where i had been trying to tell TAHC for 10 years. </div><div style="color: #111111; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #111111; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important;">***> Singeltary on Texas Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion History <***</div><div style="color: #111111; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #111111; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/08/texas-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/08/texas-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html</a> </div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, JUNE 27, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">USAHA Report of the Subcommittee on Farmed Cervidae CWD TSE Prion Herds 2015 to 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/06/usaha-report-of-subcommittee-on-farmed.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/06/usaha-report-of-subcommittee-on-farmed.html</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/128/usaha-reports-farmed-cervidae-herds" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/128/usaha-reports-farmed-cervidae-herds</a></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 01, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">TEXAS CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE RISES SUBSTANTIALLY TO 575+ CONFIRMED CWD CASES TO DATE<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/11/texas-chronic-wasting-disease-rises.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/11/texas-chronic-wasting-disease-rises.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;">THURSDAY, DECEMBER 7, 2023</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Cervid Update By State December 2023 (Long Version)</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;">(Short Version)</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion_7.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion_7.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, DECEMBER 08, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">TEXAS CWD TSE PRION DIRE CONSEQUENCES ARE HERE! </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/texas-cwd-tse-prion-dire-consequences.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/texas-cwd-tse-prion-dire-consequences.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr., Bacliff, Texas USA 77518 flounder9@verizon.net</span><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div></div></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37946824.post-10258650965330674032023-12-08T11:49:00.000-06:002023-12-08T11:49:04.705-06:00Kentucky CWD TSE Prion Detected For First Time<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Kentucky CWD TSE Prion Detected For First Time</span></p><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CONFIRMED IN KENTUCKY FOR FIRST TIME</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Administration Wildlife Disease Management Wildlife Hunting Commissioner’s Office</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FRANKFORT, Ky. (Dec. 7, 2023) — Officials with the Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources announced today that Kentucky has joined the list of states across the country with a confirmed detection of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD), a fatal neurologic disease that affects deer, elk and other species in the deer family.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Two independent types of tests were performed on tissue collected from a 2 ½-year-old male white-tailed deer that was harvested by a hunter in Ballard County in November. Both tests yielded the same test result: the deer was infected with the abnormal proteins that cause CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It is Kentucky’s first documented case of the disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">While no conclusive evidence exists that CWD can be transmitted to people, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends refraining from eating meat from animals that test positive for CWD. Kentucky Fish and Wildlife always advises against eating the meat from game animals that appear sick or in poor condition.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Deer that appear to be sick but do not have an obvious injury can be reported using the department’s sick deer online reporting form; reports will be reviewed by the agency’s wildlife health program staff, who will contact the person submitting the report if additional information is needed.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">As Kentucky Fish and Wildlife staff continue to gather additional details about the infected deer, agency officials are in close communication with national, state and local partners as they carefully consider next steps in response to the detection.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“We at Kentucky Fish and Wildlife hoped this day would never come but we have been preparing for it,” Kentucky Fish and Wildlife Commissioner Rich Storm said. “Our team of experts first developed our CWD Response Plan more than 20 years ago, and it has been enhanced through the years using the best available science.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“Collaboration with our many partners, including hunters, taxidermists, meat processors, diagnostic testing facilities and other government agencies has enhanced our CWD surveillance efforts.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The deer was harvested on opening day of modern gun deer season. Biologists collected tissue from the animal as part of ongoing CWD surveillance efforts.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Preliminary tests were conducted at Murray State University’s Breathitt Veterinary Center, where the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) CWD test identified the sample as a suspect positive.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Following its CWD Response Plan, Kentucky Fish and Wildlife immediately sent back-up samples to the National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL) in Ames, Iowa for an expedited Immunohistochemistry (IHC), which is a test that is used to detect the deposition of infectious abnormal proteins within specific cervid tissues.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“Results from the IHC confirmed the results of the initial ELISA test and were reported to us on Wednesday as a CWD detection,” said Dr. Christine Casey, wildlife veterinarian with Kentucky Fish and Wildlife. “The combination of the ELISA test and IHC gives us the utmost confidence that the animal was infected with the disease.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Since its discovery in the late 1960s in Colorado, CWD has spread to more than half the states in the U.S., including six of seven Kentucky-bordering states (Missouri, Illinois, Ohio, West Virginia, Virginia, and Tennessee).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Early detection is critical to slowing the spread of this disease, which can be transmitted through direct contact between animals such as shared body fluids or from plants and soil in a contaminated area. Infected deer can transmit the disease even if they are not currently showing symptoms.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Kentucky Fish and Wildlife established its CWD Response Plan after the disease was detected for the first time east of the Mississippi River, and it has evolved through the past 20-plus years.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The department activated the plan in September 2021 following an announcement by the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency that the disease was found just across Kentucky’s southern border in northwestern Tennessee.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Kentucky Fish and Wildlife subsequently established a CWD Surveillance Zone in western Kentucky, encompassing Calloway, Marshall, Graves, Fulton and Hickman counties. Special regulations remain in place for those counties.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Kentucky Fish and Wildlife operated mandatory CWD check stations in the surveillance zone in 2021, 2022 and again this year during the first three days of modern gun deer season (Nov. 11-13).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The department collected 1,318 samples last month at its CWD check stations in western Kentucky. Currently, it has received results from 84 percent of those samples, and 35.6 percent of results from samples collected statewide.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ballard County is adjacent to the surveillance zone. Kentucky Fish and Wildlife staff have been collecting samples from the county for many years as part of the agency’s statewide surveillance efforts, but the disease had never previously been detected.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Since 2002, Kentucky Fish and Wildlife has CWD-tested more than 40,000 deer and elk from across the state, sampling every county.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“Although CWD is always fatal to infected individual animals, by following best practices we can minimize its impact on the long-term health and sustainability of our deer herd so that we can continue to enjoy our deer and elk herds for many generations to come, helping to safeguard the many ways that they benefit the Commonwealth,” Storm said.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">With more than a month before deer hunting closes for the season in Kentucky, hunters can aid Kentucky Fish and Wildlife’s statewide monitoring efforts by donating the heads of legally harvested and telechecked deer for CWD testing and aging through the voluntary Deer Sample Collection Station program. There is no cost to hunters. Location information, instructions and more information about the program are available online via fw.ky.gov/cwd. If a hunter-harvested deer tests positive for CWD, the hunter will be contacted upon confirmation of the disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">For the latest information on CWD, please visit the department's website (fw.ky.gov) and follow its social media channels. More information about CWD is available at fw.ky.gov/cwd, cwd-info.org and through the CDC website.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://fw.ky.gov/News/Pages/Chronic-wasting-disease-confirmed-in-Kentucky-for-first-time.aspx" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://fw.ky.gov/News/Pages/Chronic-wasting-disease-confirmed-in-Kentucky-for-first-time.aspx</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Kentucky CWD TSE Prion response plan</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://fw.ky.gov/Hunt/Documents/CWDResponsePlan.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://fw.ky.gov/Hunt/Documents/CWDResponsePlan.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://fw.ky.gov/Wildlife/Pages/Chronic-Wasting-Disease.aspx" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://fw.ky.gov/Wildlife/Pages/Chronic-Wasting-Disease.aspx</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://fw.ky.gov/Pages/search.aspx?terms=chronic+wasting+disease&affiliateId=FW" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://fw.ky.gov/Pages/search.aspx?terms=chronic+wasting+disease&affiliateId=FW</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Kentucky Department of Fish & Wildlife Resources Commission Meeting Live Teleconference - Web link posted at fw.ky.gov </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">December 4, 2020 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">#1 Sportsman’s Lane Frankfort, KY 8:30 AM (ET) Establish a fee-based test for deer hunters seeking Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) testing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Make available voluntary CWD testing outside standard surveillance protocols</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Attachment NB-3</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://fw.ky.gov/Documents/2020-December-4-Commission-Meeting-Agenda.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://fw.ky.gov/Documents/2020-December-4-Commission-Meeting-Agenda.pdf</a> </div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">THURSDAY, DECEMBER 7, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Cervid Update By State December 2023 (Long Version) </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(Short Version) </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion_7.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion_7.html</a></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Good Luck Kentucky!!!</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION CONFERENCE 2023 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS FOR CWD TSE PRION</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">CWD TSE PRION CERVID ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation."</div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Detection of prions in soils contaminated by multiple routes</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stuart Siegfried Lichtenberg1,2 , Heather Inzalaco3 , Sam Thomas4 , Dan Storm5 , Dan Walsh6</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A. 2Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A. 3 Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A 4Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A. 5Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, U.S.A. 6U.S. Geological Survey, Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, U.S.A.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Free-ranging animals afflicted with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies frequently shed infectious prions into the broader environment. The quintessential example is chronic wasting disease, the TSE of cervids. Over the course of the disease, an infected animal will shed infectious prions in blood, urine, saliva, and feces. Upon death, the total prion load interred in the animal’s tissues will be deposited wherever the animal falls. This contamination creates substantial risk to naïve animals, and likely contributes to disease spread. Identification and quantification of prions at contamination hotspots is essential for any attempt at mitigation of environmental transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: Surfactant extraction of soils followed by precipitation yields a sample that is amenable to analysis by real-time quaking induced conversion. However, differences in extraction yield are apparent depending on the properties of the matrix from which the prions are being extracted, principally soil clay content.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: We are able to detect prion seeding activity at multiple types of environmental hotspots, including carcass sites, contaminated captive facilities, and scrapes (i.e. urine and saliva). Differences in relative prion concentration vary depending on the nature and source of the contamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Detection of prions in the environment is of the utmost importance for controlling chronic wasting disease spread. Here, we have demonstrated a viable method for detection of prions in complex environmental matrices. However, it is quite likely that this method underestimates the total infectious prion load in a contaminated sample, due to incomplete recovery of infectious prions. Further refinements are necessary for accurate quantification of prions in such samples, and to account for the intrinsic heterogeneities found in the broader environment.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">The detection and decontamination of chronic wasting disease prions during venison processing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Marissa S. Milstein1,2, Marc D. Schwabenlander1,2, Sarah C. Gresch1,2, Manci Li1,2, Stuart Lichtenberg1,2, Rachel Shoemaker1,2, Gage R. Rowden1,2, Jason C. Bartz2,3 , Tiffany M. Wolf2,4, Peter A. Larsen1,2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Presenting author: Tiffany M. Wolf 1 Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 2 Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 3 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA 4 Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: There is a growing concern that chronic wasting disease (CWD) prions in venison pose a risk to human health. CWD prions accumulate in infected deer tissues that commonly enter the human food chain through meat processing and consumption. The United States (US) Food and Drug Administration and US Department of Agriculture now formally consider CWD-positive venison unfit for human and animal consumption. Yet, the degree to which prion contamination occurs during routine venison processing is unknown. Here, we use environmental surface swab methods to: a) experimentally test meat processing equipment (i.e., stainless steel knives and polyethylene cutting boards) before and after processing CWD-positive venison and b) test the efficacy of five different disinfectant types (i.e., Dawn dish soap, Virkon-S, Briotech, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach) to determine prion decontamination efficacy.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: We used a real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay to determine CWD infection status of venison and to detect CWD prions in the swabs. We collected three swabs per surface and ran eight technical replicates on RT-QuIC.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: CWD prions were detected on all cutting boards (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8 and knives (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) used in processing CWD-positive venison, but not on those used for CWD-negative venison. After processing CWD-positive venison, allowing the surfaces to dry, and washing the cutting board with Dawn dish soap, we detected CWD prions on the cutting board surface (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) but not on the knife (n= 3, replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). Similar patterns were observed with Briotech (cutting board: n= 3; replicates= 7/8, 1/8, 0/8; knife: n= 3; replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). We did not detect CWD prions on the knives or cutting boards after disinfecting with Virkon-S, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: These preliminary results suggest that Dawn dish soap and Briotech do not reliably decontaminate CWD prions from these surfaces. Our data suggest that Virkon-S and various bleach concentrations are more effective in reducing prion contamination of meat processing surfaces; however, surface type may also influence the ability of prions to adsorb to surfaces, preventing complete decontamination. Our results will directly inform best practices to prevent the introduction of CWD prions into the human food chain during venison processing.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: Funding was provided by the Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund as recommended by the Legislative-Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources (LCCMR), the Rapid Agriculture Response Fund (#95385/RR257), and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Theme: Animal prion diseases</div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2023 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> Nine of these recurrences occurred 14–21 years after culling, apparently as the result of environmental contamination, but outside entry could not always be absolutely excluded. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY Volume 87, Issue 12</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years Free</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82011-0" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82011-0</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Rapid recontamination of a farm building occurs after attempted prion removal</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">First published: 19 January 2019 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">The data illustrates the difficulty in decontaminating farm buildings from scrapie, and demonstrates the likely contribution of farm dust to the recontamination of these environments to levels that are capable of causing disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">This study clearly demonstrates the difficulty in removing scrapie infectivity from the farm environment. Practical and effective prion decontamination methods are still urgently required for decontamination of scrapie infectivity from farms that have had cases of scrapie and this is particularly relevant for scrapiepositive goatherds, which currently have limited genetic resistance to scrapie within commercial breeds.24 This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids.</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***>This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids.</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Front. Vet. Sci., 14 September 2015 | <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Objects in contact with classical scrapie sheep act as a reservoir for scrapie transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">In conclusion, the results in the current study indicate that removal of furniture that had been in contact with scrapie-infected animals should be recommended, particularly since cleaning and decontamination may not effectively remove scrapie infectivity (31), even though infectivity declines considerably if the pasture and the field furniture have not been in contact with scrapie-infected sheep for several months. As sPMCA failed to detect PrPSc in furniture that was subjected to weathering, even though exposure led to infection in sheep, this method may not always be reliable in predicting the risk of scrapie infection through environmental contamination. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">172. Establishment of PrPCWD extraction and detection methods in the farm soil</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Conclusions: Our studies showed that PrPCWD persist in 0.001% CWD contaminated soil for at least 4 year and natural CWD-affected farm soil. When cervid reintroduced into CWD outbreak farm, the strict decontamination procedures of the infectious agent should be performed in the environment of CWD-affected cervid habitat.</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">SUBJECT MATTER: Chronic Wasting Disease Carcass Disposal Dumpster Management and Biosecurity</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BACKGROUND INFORMATION:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">State and tribal wildlife agencies may identify collection points (dumpsters) within an identified chronic wasting disease (CWD) management zone for the disposal of hunter-harvested cervid carcasses to remove potentially infected carcasses off the landscape for disposal by an approved method (Gillin & Mawdsley, 2018, chap.14). However, depending on their placement and maintenance these dumpsters could potentially increase the risk of CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In several different states, photographic evidence has shown dumpsters in state identified CWD management zones overflowing with deer carcasses and limbs scattered on the land nearby. This could provide an opportunity for scavengers to potentially move infected carcass material to non-infected zones or increase contamination of the ground material around the dumpster’s location.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Federal guidance does not explicitly address uniform standards for collection locations for carcasses of free-ranging cervids; however, the United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services Program Standards on CWD outlines procedures for carcass disposal, equipment sanitation, and decontamination of premises for captive cervid facilities.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">RESOLUTION:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The United States Animal Health Association urges the Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (AFWA), Wildlife Health Committee to further refine the AFWA Technical Report on Best Management Practices for Prevention, Surveillance, and Management of Chronic Wasting Disease; Chapter 14, Carcass Disposal to address the placement and management of chronic wasting disease carcass disposal dumpsters or other carcass collection containers.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Reference:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1. Gillin, Colin M., and Mawdsley, Jonathan R. (eds.). 2018. AFWA Technical Report on Best Management Practices for Surveillance, Management and Control of Chronic Wasting Disease. Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Washington, D. C. 111 pp. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.usaha.org/upload/Resolution/2022/2022_Resolution_30_CWD_Dumpste.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.usaha.org/upload/Resolution/2022/2022_Resolution_30_CWD_Dumpste.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">THE tse prion aka mad cow type disease is not your normal pathogen. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">The TSE prion disease survives ashing to 600 degrees celsius, that’s around 1112 degrees farenheit. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">you cannot cook the TSE prion disease out of meat. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">you can take the ash and mix it with saline and inject that ash into a mouse, and the mouse will go down with TSE. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production as well. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">the TSE prion agent also survives Simulated Wastewater Treatment Processes. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">IN fact, you should also know that the TSE Prion agent will survive in the environment for years, if not decades. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">you can bury it and it will not go away. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">The TSE agent is capable of infected your water table i.e. Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">it’s not your ordinary pathogen you can just cook it out and be done with. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> that’s what’s so worrisome about Iatrogenic mode of transmission, a simple autoclave will not kill this TSE prion agent. I’m thinking tools used to dress a deer, knives with wooden handles, carcass disposal, burial only 3ft, scavengers, exposure of Cwd to soil and surrounding area, plants intake, …I could go on…Terry</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">1: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994 Jun;57(6):757-8 </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> Transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease to a chimpanzee by electrodes contaminated during neurosurgery. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Asher DM, Kobrine A, Amyx HL, Sulima MP, Gajdusek DC. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Laboratory of Central Nervous System Studies, National Institute of </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Bethesda, MD 20892. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Stereotactic multicontact electrodes used to probe the cerebral cortex of a middle aged woman with progressive dementia were previously implicated in the accidental transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) to two younger patients. The diagnoses of CJD have been confirmed for all three cases. More than two years after their last use in humans, after three cleanings and repeated sterilisation in ethanol and formaldehyde vapour, the electrodes were implanted in the cortex of a chimpanzee. Eighteen months later the animal became ill with CJD. This finding serves to re-emphasise the potential danger posed by reuse of instruments contaminated with the agents of spongiform encephalopathies, even after scrupulous attempts to clean them. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">PMID: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">8006664</span> [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8006664?dopt=Abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8006664?dopt=Abstract</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">New studies on the heat resistance of hamster-adapted scrapie agent: Threshold survival after ashing at 600°C suggests an inorganic template of replication </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">A Quantitative Assessment of the Amount of Prion Diverted to Category 1 Materials and Wastewater During Processing </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Rapid assessment of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion inactivation by heat treatment in yellow grease produced in the industrial manufacturing process of meat and bone meals </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 2019 </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">BSE infectivity survives burial for five years with only limited spread</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">5 or 6 years quarantine is NOT LONG ENOUGH FOR CWD TSE PRION !!!</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">QUARANTINE NEEDS TO BE 21 YEARS FOR CWD TSE PRION !</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">You can take this communication from my old files with how ever many grains of salt you wish…Terry</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">FRIDAY, APRIL 30, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Should Property Evaluations Contain Scrapie, CWD, TSE PRION Environmental Contamination of the land?</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> Confidential!!!!</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> As early as 1992-3 there had been long studies conducted on small pastures containing scrapie infected sheep at the sheep research station associated with the Neuropathogenesis Unit in Edinburgh, Scotland. Whether these are documented...I don't know. But personal recounts both heard and recorded in a daily journal indicate that leaving the pastures free and replacing the topsoil completely at least 2 feet of thickness each year for SEVEN years....and then when very clean (proven scrapie free) sheep were placed on these small pastures.... the new sheep also broke out with scrapie and passed it to offspring. I am not sure that TSE contaminated ground could ever be free of the agent!! A very frightening revelation!!!</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">---end personal email early BSE days---end...tss</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">and so it seems...</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Scrapie Agent (Strain 263K) Can Transmit Disease via the Oral Route after Persistence in Soil over Years</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Published: May 9, 2007</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Our results showed that 263K scrapie agent can persist in soil at least over 29 months. Strikingly, not only the contaminated soil itself retained high levels of infectivity, as evidenced by oral administration to Syrian hamsters, but also feeding of aqueous soil extracts was able to induce disease in the reporter animals. We could also demonstrate that PrPSc in soil, extracted after 21 months, provides a catalytically active seed in the protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) reaction. PMCA opens therefore a perspective for considerably improving the detectability of prions in soil samples from the field.</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0000435" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0000435</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Dr. Paul Brown Scrapie Soil Test BSE Inquiry Document</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090505211734/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/Seac07/tab03.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090505211734/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/Seac07/tab03.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Trucking CWD TSE PrP</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Friday, December 14, 2012 <div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with CWD prion. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing, footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible. For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant uncertainty associated with these estimates. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists and returning GB residents. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://webarchive.nationa... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Published: 06 September 2021<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> Chronic wasting disease: a cervid prion infection looming to spillover</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Alicia Otero, Camilo Duque Velásquez, Judd Aiken & Debbie McKenzie </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Veterinary Research volume 52, Article number: 115 (2021) </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-021-00986-y" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-021-00986-y</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Detection of chronic wasting disease prions in processed meats</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rebeca Benavente1 , Francisca Bravo1,2, J. Hunter Reed3 , Mitch Lockwood3 , Glenn Telling4 , Rodrigo Morales1,2 1 Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA; 2 Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins. Santiago, Chile; 3 Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Texas, USA. 4 Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: identify the presence of CWD prions in processed meats derived from elk. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: In this study, we analyzed different processed meats derived from a CWD-positive (pre-clinical) free-ranging elk. Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats. The presence of CWD-prions in these samples were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates. The same analyses were performed in grilled and boiled meats to evaluate the resistance of the infectious agent to these procedures. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Our results show positive prion detection in all the samples analyzed using deer and elk substrates. Surprisingly, cooked meats displayed increased seeding activities. This data suggests that CWD-prions are available to people even after meats are processed and cooked. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: These results suggest CWD prions are accessible to humans through meats, even after processing and cooking. Considering the fact that these samples were collected from already processed specimens, the availability of CWD prions to humans is probably underestimated. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH and USDA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Grant number: 1R01AI132695 and APP-20115 to RM </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We would like to thank TPWD personnel for providing us with valuable samples</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">"Our results show positive prion detection in all the samples analyzed using deer and elk substrates. Surprisingly, cooked meats displayed increased seeding activities."</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">end... </span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Fortuitous generation of a zoonotic cervid prion strain </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Manuel Camacho, Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Sydney Smith, Jieji Hu, Wanyun Tao, Ignazio Cali, Qingzhong Kong. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Whether CWD prions can infect humans remains unclear despite the very substantial scale and long history of human exposure of CWD in many states or provinces of USA and Canada. Multiple in vitro conversion experiments and in vivo animal studies indicate that the CWD-to-human transmission barrier is not unbreakable. A major long-term public health concern on CWD zoonosis is the emergence of highly zoonotic CWD strains. We aim to address the question of whether highly zoonotic CWD strains are possible. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: We inoculated several sCJD brain samples into cervidized transgenic mice (Tg12), which were intended as negative controls for bioassays of brain tissues from sCJD cases who had potentially been exposed to CWD. Some of the Tg12 mice became infected and their brain tissues were further examined by Western blot as well as serial passages in humanized or cervidized mice. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Passage of sCJDMM1 in transgenic mice expressing elk PrP (Tg12) resulted in a “cervidized” CJD strain that we termed CJDElkPrP. We observed 100% transmission of the original CJDElkPrP in transgenic mice expressing human PrP. We passaged CJDElkPrP two more times in the Tg12 mice. We found that such second and third passage CJDElkPrP prions retained 100% transmission rate in the humanized mice, despite that the natural elk CWD isolates and CJDElkPrP share the same elk PrP sequence. In contrast, we and others found zero or poor transmission of natural elk CWD isolates in humanized mice. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our data indicate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can retain zoonotic potential after serial passages in cervids, suggesting a very significant and serious long-term risk of CWD zoonosis given that the broad and continuing spread of CWD prions will provide fertile grounds for the emergence of zoonotic CWD strains over time. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O'Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples used in this study, respectively</div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">"Our data indicate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can retain zoonotic potential after serial passages in cervids, suggesting a very significant and serious long-term risk of CWD zoonosis given that the broad and continuing spread of CWD prions will provide fertile grounds for the emergence of zoonotic CWD strains over time."</span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A probable diagnostic marker for CWD infection in humans </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Manuel Camacho, Ignazio Cali, Qingzhong Kong. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Multiple in vitro CWD-seeded human PrP conversion experiments and some animal model studies indicate that the species barrier for CWD to human transmission can be overcome, but whether CWD prion can infect humans in real life remains controversial. The very limited understanding on the likely features of CWD infection in humans and the lack of a reliable diagnostic marker for identification of acquired human CWD cases contribute to this uncertainty. We aim to stablish such a reliable diagnostic marker for CWD infections in humans should they occur. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: A couple of PrPSc-positive spleens were identified from humanized transgenic mice inoculated with either CWD or sCJDMM1. Prions in these spleens were compared by bioassays in cervidized or humanized transgenic mice. A couple of PrPSc-positive spleens from UK sCJDMM1 patients were also examined similarly as controls with no exposure to CWD. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: We have detected two prion-positive spleens in humanized transgenic mice inoculated with some CWD isolates. Such experimentally generated splenic “humanized” CWD prions (termed eHuCWDsp) appear indistinguishable from prions in the brain of sCJDMM1 patients on Western blot. We compared eHuCWDsp with prions in the spleen from humanized mice infected with sCJDMM1 (termed sCJDMM1sp) by bioassays in cervidized or humanized transgenic mice. Significantly, we found that eHuCWDsp can efficiently infect not only the humanized mice but also cervidized transgenic mice, and cervidized mice infected by eHuCWDsp produced PrPSc and brain pathology that are practically identical to those of CWD-infected cervidized mice. In contrast, sCJDMM1sp, similar to prions from sCJDMM1 patient brains, is poorly transmissible in the cervidized mice. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that high transmissibility with CWD features of splenic prions in cervidized transgenic mice is unique to acquired human CWD prions, and it may serve as a reliable marker to identify the first acquired human CWD cases. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O'Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples used in this study, respectively.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2023 Experimental Oronasal Inoculation of the Chronic Wasting Disease Agent into White Tailed Deer </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author list: Sarah Zurbuchena,b , S. Jo Moorea,b , Jifeng Biana , Eric D. Cassmanna , and Justin J. Greenleea . a. Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, US b. Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, United States </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether white-tailed deer (WTD) are susceptible to inoculation of chronic wasting disease (CWD) via oronasal exposure. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and methods: Six male, neutered WTD were oronasally inoculated with brainstem material (10% w/v) from a CWD-positive wild-type WTD. The genotypes of five inoculated deer were Q95/G96 (wild-type). One inoculated deer was homozygous S at codon 96 (96SS). Cervidized (Tg12; M132 elk PrP) mice were inoculated with 1% w/v brainstem homogenate from either a 96GG WTD (n=10) or the 96SS WTD (n=10). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: All deer developed characteristic clinical signs of CWD including weight loss, regurgitation, and ataxia. The 96SS individual had a prolonged disease course and incubation period compared to the other deer. Western blots of the brainstem on all deer yielded similar molecular profiles. All deer had widespread lymphoid distribution of PrPCWD and neuropathologic lesions associated with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Both groups of mice had a 100% attack rate and developed clinical signs, including loss of body condition, ataxia, and loss of righting reflex. Mice inoculated with material from the 96SS deer had a significantly shorter incubation period than mice inoculated with material from 96GG deer (Welch two sample T-test, P<0.05). Serial dilutions of each inocula suggests that differences in incubation period were not due to a greater concentration of PrPCWD in the 96SS inoculum. Molecular profiles from western blot of brain homogenates from mice appeared similar regardless of inoculum and appear similar to those of deer used for inoculum. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: This study characterizes the lesions and clinical course of CWD in WTD inoculated in a similar manner to natural conditions. It supports previous findings that 96SS deer have a prolonged disease course. Further, it describes a first pass of inoculum from a 96SS deer in cervidized mice which shortened the incubation period. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection, analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We thank Ami Frank and Kevin Hassall for their technical contributions to this project.</div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">The detection and decontamination of chronic wasting disease prions during venison processing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Marissa S. Milstein1,2, Marc D. Schwabenlander1,2, Sarah C. Gresch1,2, Manci Li1,2, Stuart Lichtenberg1,2, Rachel Shoemaker1,2, Gage R. Rowden1,2, Jason C. Bartz2,3 , Tiffany M. Wolf2,4, Peter A. Larsen1,2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Presenting author: Tiffany M. Wolf 1 Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 2 Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 3 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA 4 Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: There is a growing concern that chronic wasting disease (CWD) prions in venison pose a risk to human health. CWD prions accumulate in infected deer tissues that commonly enter the human food chain through meat processing and consumption. The United States (US) Food and Drug Administration and US Department of Agriculture now formally consider CWD-positive venison unfit for human and animal consumption. Yet, the degree to which prion contamination occurs during routine venison processing is unknown. Here, we use environmental surface swab methods to: a) experimentally test meat processing equipment (i.e., stainless steel knives and polyethylene cutting boards) before and after processing CWD-positive venison and b) test the efficacy of five different disinfectant types (i.e., Dawn dish soap, Virkon-S, Briotech, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach) to determine prion decontamination efficacy.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: We used a real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay to determine CWD infection status of venison and to detect CWD prions in the swabs. We collected three swabs per surface and ran eight technical replicates on RT-QuIC.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: CWD prions were detected on all cutting boards (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8 and knives (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) used in processing CWD-positive venison, but not on those used for CWD-negative venison. After processing CWD-positive venison, allowing the surfaces to dry, and washing the cutting board with Dawn dish soap, we detected CWD prions on the cutting board surface (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) but not on the knife (n= 3, replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). Similar patterns were observed with Briotech (cutting board: n= 3; replicates= 7/8, 1/8, 0/8; knife: n= 3; replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). We did not detect CWD prions on the knives or cutting boards after disinfecting with Virkon-S, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: These preliminary results suggest that Dawn dish soap and Briotech do not reliably decontaminate CWD prions from these surfaces. Our data suggest that Virkon-S and various bleach concentrations are more effective in reducing prion contamination of meat processing surfaces; however, surface type may also influence the ability of prions to adsorb to surfaces, preventing complete decontamination. Our results will directly inform best practices to prevent the introduction of CWD prions into the human food chain during venison processing.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: Funding was provided by the Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund as recommended by the Legislative-Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources (LCCMR), the Rapid Agriculture Response Fund (#95385/RR257), and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Theme: Animal prion diseases</div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2023 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">''Currently, there is scientific evidence to suggest that CWD has zoonotic potential; however, no confirmed cases of CWD have been found in humans.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PART 2. TPWD CHAPTER 65. DIVISION 1. CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, 65.88</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission in a duly noticed meeting on May 25, 2023 adopted amendments to 31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, and §65.88, concerning Disease Detection and Response, without changes to the proposed text as published in the April 21, 2023, issue of the Texas Register (48 TexReg 2048). The rules will not be republished.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Currently, there is scientific evidence to suggest that CWD has zoonotic potential; however, no confirmed cases of CWD have been found in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 DETECTION OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE PRIONS IN PROCESSED MEATS.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rebeca Benavente1, Francisca Bravo1,2, Paulina Soto1,2, J. Hunter Reed3, Mitch Lockwood3, Rodrigo Morales1,2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA. 2Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile. 3Texas Parks and Wildlife, Austin, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease (CWD) remains unknown. Currently, there are no known natural cases of CWD transmission to humans but increasing evidence suggests that the host range of CWD is not confined only to cervid species. Alarmingly, recent experimental evidence suggests that certain CWD isolates can induce disease in non-human primates. While the CDC strongly recommends determining CWD status in animals prior to consumption, this practice is voluntary. Consequently, it is plausible that a proportion of the cervid meat entering the human food chain may be contaminated with CWD. Of additional concern is that traditional diagnostic techniques used to detect CWD have relatively low sensitivity and are only approved for use in tissues other than those typically ingested by humans. In this study, we analyzed different processed meats derived from a pre-clinical, CWD-positive free-ranging elk. Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats. CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates. Our results show positive prion detection in all products. To confirm the resilience of CWD-prions to traditional cooking methods, we grilled and boiled the meat products and evaluated them for any remnant PMCA seeding activity. Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking. Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our results show positive prion detection in all products.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">9 Carrot plants as potential vectors for CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Paulina Soto1,2, Francisca Bravo-Risi1,2, Claudio Soto1, Rodrigo Morales1,2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA. 2Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> We show that edible plant components can absorb prions from CWD-contaminated soils and transport them to their aerial parts.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our results indicate that edible plants could participate as vectors of CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of prion infectivity from CWD-infected macaque tissues to rodent models demonstrates the zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaoui1,2, Ginny Cheng1,2, Wiebke Wemheuer3, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer3, Sabine Gilch1,2, Hermann Schatzl1,2 1University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. 2Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada. 3Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Further passage to cervidized mice revealed transmission with a 100% attack rate.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our findings demonstrate that macaques, considered the best model for the zoonotic potential of prions, were infected upon CWD challenge, including the oral one.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">****> The disease manifested as atypical in macaques and initial transgenic mouse transmissions, but with infectivity present at all times, as unveiled in the bank vole model with an unusual tissue tropism.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Epidemiologic surveillance of prion disease among cervid hunters and people likely to have consumed venison contaminated with chronic wasting disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of Cervid Prions to Humanized Mice Demonstrates the Zoonotic Potential of CWD </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaouia, Irina Zemlyankinaa, Sheng Chun Changa, Maria Immaculata Arifina, Vincent Béringueb, Debbie McKenziec, Hermann M. Schatzla, and Sabine Gilcha </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Results: Here, we provide the strongest evidence supporting the zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and their possible phenotype in humans. Inoculation of mice expressing human PrPCwith deer CWD isolates (strains Wisc-1 and 116AG) resulted in atypical clinical manifestations in > 75% of the mice, with myoclonus as leading clinical sign. Most of tg650brain homogenates were positive for seeding activity in RT-QuIC. Clinical disease and presentation was transmissible to <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> mice and bank voles. Intriguingly, protease-resistant PrP in the brain of <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> mice resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon passage. Abnormal PrP aggregates upon infection with Wisc-1 were detectable in thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain/pons regions. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Unprecedented in human prion disease, feces of CWD-inoculated <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> mice harbored prion seeding activity and infectious prions, as shown by inoculation of bank voles and <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> with fecal homogenates. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Conclusions: This is the first evidence that CWD can infect humans and cause disease with a distinctive clinical presentation, signature, and tropism, which might be transmissible between humans while current diagnostic assays might fail to detect it. These findings have major implications for public health and CWD-management. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a> </div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">The finding that infectious PrPSc was shed in fecal material of CWD-infected humanized mice and induced clinical disease, different tropism, and typical three banding pattern-PrPres in bank voles that is transmissible upon second passage is highly concerning for public health. The fact that this biochemical signature in bank voles resembles that of the Wisc-1 original deer isolate and is different from that of bvWisc-1, in the migration profile and the glyco-form-ratio, is valid evidence that these results are not a product of contamination in our study. If CWD in humans is found to be contagious and transmissible among humans, as it is in cervids [57], the spread of the disease within humans might become endemic.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acta Neuropathol 144, 767–784 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 August 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaoui1 · Irina Zemlyankina1 · Sheng Chun Chang1 · Maria Immaculata Arifn1 · Vincent Béringue2 · Debbie McKenzie3 · Hermann M. Schatzl1 · Sabine Gilch1</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Received: 24 May 2022 / Revised: 5 August 2022 / Accepted: 7 August 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">© The Author(s) 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prions cause infectious and fatal neurodegenerative diseases in mammals. Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease of cervids, spreads efficiently among wild and farmed animals. Potential transmission to humans of CWD is a growing concern due to its increasing prevalence. Here, we provide evidence for a zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and its probable signature using mice expressing human prion protein (PrP) as an infection model. Inoculation of these mice with deer CWD isolates resulted in atypical clinical manifestation with prion seeding activity and efficient transmissible infectivity in the brain and, remarkably, in feces, but without classical neuropathological or Western blot appearances of prion diseases. Intriguingly, the protease-resistant PrP in the brain resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon second passage. Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Keywords Chronic wasting disease · CWD · Zoonotic potential · Prion strains · Zoonotic prions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">HIGHLIGHTS OF THIS STUDY</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">================================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In this study, we evaluated the zoonotic potential of CWD using a transgenic mouse model overexpressing human M129-PrPC (tg650 [12]). We inoculated tg650 mice intracerebrally with two deer CWD isolates, Wisc-1 and 116AG [22, 23, 27, 29]. We demonstrate that this transgenic line was susceptible to infection with CWD prions and displayed a distinct leading clinical sign, an atypical PrPSc signature and unusual fecal shedding of infectious prions. Importantly, these prions generated by the human PrP transgenic mice were transmissible upon passage. Our results are the first evidence of a zoonotic risk of CWD when using one of the most common CWD strains, Wisc-1/CWD1 for infection. We demonstrated in a human transgenic mouse model that the species barrier for transmission of CWD to humans is not absolute. The fact that its signature was not typical raises the questions whether CWD would manifest in humans as a subclinical infection, whether it would arise through direct or indirect transmission including an intermediate host, or a silent to uncovered human-to-human transmission, and whether current detection techniques will be suffcient to unveil its presence.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our findings strongly suggest that CWD should be regarded as an actual public health risk. Here, we use humanized mice to show that CWD prions can cross the species barrier to humans, and remarkably, infectious prions can be excreted in feces.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our results indicate that if CWD crosses the species-barrier to humans, it is unlikely to resemble the most common forms of human prion diseases with respect to clinical signs, tissue tropism and PrPSc signature. For instance, PrPSc in variable protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr), a sporadic form of human prion disease, and in the genetic form Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS) is defined by an atypical PK-resistant PrPSc fragment that is non-glycosylated and truncated at both C- and N-termini, with a molecular weight between 6 and 8 kDa [24, 44–46]. These biochemical features are unique and distinctive from PrPSc (PrP27-30) found in most other human or animal prion disease. The atypical PrPSc signature detected in brain homogenate of tg650 mice #321 (1st passage) and #3063 (2nd passage), and the 7–8 kDa fragment (Figs. 2, 4) are very similar to that of GSS, both in terms of migration profile and the N-terminal cleavage site.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD in humans might remain subclinical but with PrPSc deposits in the brain with an unusual morphology that does not resemble the patterns usually seen in different prion diseases (e.g., mouse #328; Fig. 3), clinical with untraceable abnormal PrP (e.g., mouse #327) but still transmissible and uncovered upon subsequent passage (e.g., mouse #3063; Fig. 4), or prions have other reservoirs than the usual ones, hence the presence of infectivity in feces (e.g., mouse #327) suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=================================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) Antonia Ricci Ana Allende Declan Bolton Marianne Chemaly Robert Davies Pablo Salvador Fernández Escámez ... See all authors </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">First published: 17 January 2018 <a href="https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">also, see; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers.. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Paper</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Cellular prion protein distribution in the vomeronasal organ, parotid, and scent glands of white-tailed deer and mule deer</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Anthony Ness, Aradhana Jacob, Kelsey Saboraki, Alicia Otero, Danielle Gushue, Diana Martinez Moreno, Melanie de Peña, Xinli Tang, Judd Aiken, Susan Lingle & Debbie McKenzieORCID Icon show less</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Pages 40-57 | Received 03 Feb 2022, Accepted 13 May 2022, Published online: 29 May 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Download citation</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ABSTRACT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting species of the cervidae family. CWD has an expanding geographic range and complex, poorly understood transmission mechanics. CWD is disproportionately prevalent in wild male mule deer and male white-tailed deer. Sex and species influences on CWD prevalence have been hypothesized to be related to animal behaviours that involve deer facial and body exocrine glands. Understanding CWD transmission potential requires a foundational knowledge of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) in glands associated with cervid behaviours. In this study, we characterized the presence and distribution of PrPC in six integumentary and two non-integumentary tissues of hunter-harvested mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (O. virginianus). We report that white-tailed deer expressed significantly more PrPC than their mule deer in the parotid, metatarsal, and interdigital glands. Females expressed more PrPC than males in the forehead and preorbital glands. The distribution of PrPC within the integumentary exocrine glands of the face and legs were localized to glandular cells, hair follicles, epidermis, and immune cell infiltrates. All tissues examined expressed sufficient quantities of PrPC to serve as possible sites of prion initial infection, propagation, and shedding.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ARS RESEARCH Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Publication Acceptance Date: 9/8/2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author item WANG, ZERUI - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item QIN, KEFENG - University Of Chicago item CAMACHO, MANUEL - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item SHEN, PINGPING - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item YUAN, JUE - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item Greenlee, Justin item CUI, LI - Jilin University item KONG, QINGZHONG - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item MASTRIANNI, JAMES - University Of Chicago item ZOU, WEN-QUAN - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Submitted to: Acta Neuropathologica Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 9/8/2021 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Interpretive Summary: Prion diseases are invariably fatal neurologic diseases for which there is no known prevention or cure. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease of deer and elk and is present in farmed and free ranging herds throughout North America. To date there is no clear evidence that the CWD agent could be transmitted to humans. This manuscript describes the use of an in vitro technique, cell-free serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA), to generate a CWD prion that is infectious to transgenic mice expressing the human prion protein. This study provides the first evidence that CWD prions may be able to cause misfolding in the human prion protein. This information will impact medical experts and those involved in making policy for farmed cervids and wildlife.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Technical Abstract: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a cervid spongiform encephalopathy or prion disease caused by the infectious prion or PrPSc, a misfolded conformer of cellular prion protein (PrPC). It has rapidly spread in North America and also has been found in Asia and Europe. In contrast to the zoonotic mad cow disease that is the first animal prion disease found transmissible to humans, the transmissibility of CWD to humans remains uncertain although most previous studies have suggested that humans may not be susceptible to CWD. Here we report the generation of an infectious human PrPSc by seeding CWD PrPSc in normal human brain PrPC through the in vitro cell-free serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA). Western blotting confirms that the sPMCA-induced proteinase K-resistant PrPSc is a human form, evidenced by a PrP-specific antibody that recognizes human but not cervid PrP. Remarkably, two lines of humanized transgenic (Tg) mice expressing human PrP-129Val/Val (VV) or -129Met/Met (MM) polymorphism develop prion disease at 233 ± 6 (mean ± SE) days post-inoculation (dpi) and 552 ± 27 dpi, respectively, upon intracerebral inoculation with the sPMCA-generated PrPSc. The brain of diseased Tg mice reveals the electrophoretic profile of PrPSc similar to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) MM1 or VV2 subtype but different neuropathological patterns. We believe that our study provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc is able to convert human PrPC into PrPSc in vitro and the CWD-derived human PrPSc mimics atypical sCJD subtypes in humanized Tg mice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''The brain of diseased Tg mice reveals the electrophoretic profile of PrPSc similar to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) MM1 or VV2 subtype but different neuropathological patterns.'' </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''We believe that our study provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc is able to convert human PrPC into PrPSc in vitro and the CWD-derived human PrPSc mimics atypical sCJD subtypes in humanized Tg mice.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published: 26 September 2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Zerui Wang, Kefeng Qin, Manuel V. Camacho, Ignazio Cali, Jue Yuan, Pingping Shen, Justin Greenlee, Qingzhong Kong, James A. Mastrianni & Wen-Quan Zou</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acta Neuropathologica Communications volume 9, Article number: 158 (2021)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a cervid prion disease caused by the accumulation of an infectious misfolded conformer (PrPSc) of cellular prion protein (PrPC). It has been spreading rapidly in North America and also found in Asia and Europe. Although bovine spongiform encephalopathy (i.e. mad cow disease) is the only animal prion disease known to be zoonotic, the transmissibility of CWD to humans remains uncertain. Here we report the generation of the first CWD-derived infectious human PrPSc by elk CWD PrPSc-seeded conversion of PrPC in normal human brain homogenates using in vitro protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA). Western blotting with human PrP selective antibody confirmed that the PMCA-generated protease-resistant PrPSc was derived from the human PrPC substrate. Two lines of humanized transgenic mice expressing human PrP with either Val or Met at the polymorphic codon 129 developed clinical prion disease following intracerebral inoculation with the PMCA-generated CWD-derived human PrPSc. Diseased mice exhibited distinct PrPSc patterns and neuropathological changes in the brain. Our study, using PMCA and animal bioassays, provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc can cross the species barrier to convert human PrPC into infectious PrPSc that can produce bona fide prion disease when inoculated into humanized transgenic mice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It is worth noting that the annual number of sporadic CJD (sCJD) cases in the USA has increased, with the total number of suspected and confirmed sCJD cases rising from 284 in 2003 to 511 in 2017 (https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cjd/occurrence-transmission.html). The greatly enhanced CJD surveillance and an aging population in the USA certainly contributed to the observed increase in annual sCJD case numbers in recent years, but the possibility cannot be excluded that some of the increased sCJD prevalence is linked to CWD exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the present study, using serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) assay we generate PrPSc by seeding CWD prions in normal human brain homogenates. Importantly, we reveal that two lines of humanized Tg mice expressing human PrP-129VV and 129MM develop prion diseases upon intracerebral inoculation of the abnormal PrP generated by sPMCA. We believe that our study provides the first opportunity to dissect the clinical, pathological and biochemical features of the CWD-derived human prion disease in two lines of humanized Tg mice expressing two major human PrP genotypes, respectively.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i thought i might share some news about cwd zoonosis that i got, that i cannot share or post to the public yet, i promised for various reasons, one that it will cause a shit storm for sure, but it was something i really already knew from previous studies, but, i was told that ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">==================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''As you can imagine, 2 and 5 (especially 5) may raise alarms. The evidence we have for 4 are not as strong or tight as I would like to have. At this point, please do not post any of the points publicly yet, but you can refer to points 1-3 in private discussions and all 5 points when discussing with relevant public officials to highlight the long-term risks of CWD zoonosis.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">====================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">so, i figure your as about as official as it gets, and i think this science is extremely important for you to know and to converse about with your officials. it's about to burn a whole in my pocket. this is about as close as it will ever get for cwd zoonosis to be proven in my time, this and what Canada Czub et al found with the Macaques, plus an old study from cjd surveillance unit back that showed cjd and a 9% increase in risk from folks that eat venison, i will post all this below for your files Sir. i remember back in the BSE nvCJD days, from when the first BSE case in bovine was confirmed around 1984 maybe 83, i forget the good vets named that screwed it up first, Carol something, but from 83ish to 95 96 when nvCJD was linked to humans from BSE in cattle, so that took 10 to 15 years. hell, at that rate, especially with Texas and cwd zoonsis, hell, i'll be dead before it's official, if ever, so here ya go Sir. there was a grant study on cwd zoonosis that had been going on for some time, i followed it over the years, then the grant date for said study had expired, so, i thought i would write the good Professor about said study i.e. Professor Kong, CWRU et al. i will post the grant study abstract first, and then after that, what reply i got back, about said study that i was told not to post/publish...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD ZOONOSIS GRANT FIRST;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Cervid to human prion transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Kong, Qingzhong </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Abstract Prion disease is transmissible and invariably fatal. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease affecting deer, elk and moose, and it is a widespread and expanding epidemic affecting 22 US States and 2 Canadian provinces so far. CWD poses the most serious zoonotic prion transmission risks in North America because of huge venison consumption (>6 million deer/elk hunted and consumed annually in the USA alone), significant prion infectivity in muscles and other tissues/fluids from CWD-affected cervids, and usually high levels of individual exposure to CWD resulting from consumption of the affected animal among often just family and friends. However, we still do not know whether CWD prions can infect humans in the brain or peripheral tissues or whether clinical/asymptomatic CWD zoonosis has already occurred, and we have no essays to reliably detect CWD infection in humans. We hypothesize that: (1) The classic CWD prion strain can infect humans at low levels in the brain and peripheral lymphoid tissues; (2) The cervid-to-human transmission barrier is dependent on the cervid prion strain and influenced by the host (human) prion protein (PrP) primary sequence; (3) Reliable essays can be established to detect CWD infection in humans; and (4) CWD transmission to humans has already occurred. We will test these hypotheses in 4 Aims using transgenic (Tg) mouse models and complementary in vitro approaches. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 1 will prove that the classical CWD strain may infect humans in brain or peripheral lymphoid tissues at low levels by conducting systemic bioassays in a set of humanized Tg mouse lines expressing common human PrP variants using a number of CWD isolates at varying doses and routes. Experimental human CWD samples will also be generated for Aim 3. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 2 will test the hypothesis that the cervid-to-human prion transmission barrier is dependent on prion strain and influenced by the host (human) PrP sequence by examining and comparing the transmission efficiency and phenotypes of several atypical/unusual CWD isolates/strains as well as a few prion strains from other species that have adapted to cervid PrP sequence, utilizing the same panel of humanized Tg mouse lines as in Aim 1. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 3 will establish reliable essays for detection and surveillance of CWD infection in humans by examining in details the clinical, pathological, biochemical and in vitro seeding properties of existing and future experimental human CWD samples generated from Aims 1-2 and compare them with those of common sporadic human Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) prions. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 4 will attempt to detect clinical CWD-affected human cases by examining a significant number of brain samples from prion-affected human subjects in the USA and Canada who have consumed venison from CWD-endemic areas utilizing the criteria and essays established in Aim 3. The findings from this proposal will greatly advance our understandings on the potential and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for CWD zoonosis and potentially discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Public Health Relevance There are significant and increasing human exposure to cervid prions because chronic wasting disease (CWD, a widespread and highly infectious prion disease among deer and elk in North America) continues spreading and consumption of venison remains popular, but our understanding on cervid-to-human prion transmission is still very limited, raising public health concerns. This proposal aims to define the zoonotic risks of cervid prions and set up and apply essays to detect CWD zoonosis using mouse models and in vitro methods. The findings will greatly expand our knowledge on the potentials and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for such infections and may discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Funding Agency Agency National Institute of Health (NIH) Institute National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Type Research Project (R01) Project # 1R01NS088604-01A1 Application # 9037884 Study Section Cellular and Molecular Biology of Neurodegeneration Study Section (CMND) Program Officer Wong, May Project Start 2015-09-30 Project End 2019-07-31 Budget Start 2015-09-30 Budget End 2016-07-31 Support Year 1 Fiscal Year 2015 Total Cost $337,507 Indirect Cost $118,756</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1#panel-abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1#panel-abstract</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Professor Kongs reply to me just this month about above grant study that has NOT been published in peer reveiw yet...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=================================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Here is a brief summary of our findings:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...can't post, made a promise...tss</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">On Sat, Apr 3, 2021 at 12:19 PM Terry Singeltary <flounder9@verizon.net> wrote:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">end...tss</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">==============</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD ZOONOSIS THE FULL MONTY TO DATE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">International Conference on Emerging Diseases, Outbreaks & Case Studies & 16th Annual Meeting on Influenza March 28-29, 2018 | Orlando, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Qingzhong Kong</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease prions from cervids</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease in cervids (mule deer, white-tailed deer, American elk, moose, and reindeer). It has become an epidemic in North America, and it has been detected in the Europe (Norway) since 2016. The widespread CWD and popular hunting and consumption of cervid meat and other products raise serious public health concerns, but questions remain on human susceptibility to CWD prions, especially on the potential difference in zoonotic potential among the various CWD prion strains. We have been working to address this critical question for well over a decade. We used CWD samples from various cervid species to inoculate transgenic mice expressing human or elk prion protein (PrP). We found infectious prions in the spleen or brain in a small fraction of CWD-inoculated transgenic mice expressing human PrP, indicating that humans are not completely resistant to CWD prions; this finding has significant ramifications on the public health impact of CWD prions. The influence of cervid PrP polymorphisms, the prion strain dependence of CWD-to-human transmission barrier, and the characterization of experimental human CWD prions will be discussed.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Speaker Biography Qingzhong Kong has completed his PhD from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst and Post-doctoral studies at Yale University. He is currently an Associate Professor of Pathology, Neurology and Regenerative Medicine. He has published over 50 original research papers in reputable journals (including Science Translational Medicine, JCI, PNAS and Cell Reports) and has been serving as an Editorial Board Member on seven scientific journals. He has multiple research interests, including public health risks of animal prions (CWD of cervids and atypical BSE of cattle), animal modeling of human prion diseases, mechanisms of prion replication and pathogenesis, etiology of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD) in humans, normal cellular PrP in the biology and pathology of multiple brain and peripheral diseases, proteins responsible for the α-cleavage of cellular PrP, as well as gene therapy and DNA vaccination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">qxk2@case.edu </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SUNDAY, JULY 25, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">North American and Norwegian Chronic Wasting Disease prions exhibit different potential for interspecies transmission and zoonotic risk </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''Our data suggest that reindeer and red deer from Norway could be the most transmissible CWD prions to other mammals, whereas North American CWD prions were more prone to generate human prions in vitro.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/north-american-and-norwegian-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/north-american-and-norwegian-chronic.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, JULY 19, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> U Calgary researchers at work on a vaccine against a fatal infectious disease affecting deer and potentially people</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/u-calgary-researchers-at-work-on.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/u-calgary-researchers-at-work-on.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE aka MAD COW DISEASE, was first discovered in 1984, and it took until 1995 to finally admit that BSE was causing nvCJD, the rest there is history, but that science is still evolving i.e. science now shows that indeed atypical L-type BSE, atypical Nor-98 Scrapie, and typical Scrapie are all zoonosis, zoonotic for humans, there from. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">HOW long are we going to wait for Chronic Wasting Disease, CWD TSE Prion of Cervid, and zoonosis, zoonotic tranmission to humans there from?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Studies have shown since 1994 that humans are susceptible to CWD TSE Prion, so, what's the hold up with making CWD a zoonotic zoonosis disease, the iatrogenic transmissions there from is not waiting for someone to make a decision.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P190 Human prion disease mortality rates by occurrence of chronic wasting disease in freeranging cervids, United States</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abrams JY (1), Maddox RA (1), Schonberger LB (1), Person MK (1), Appleby BS (2), Belay ED (1)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease of deer and elk that has been identified in freeranging cervids in 23 US states. While there is currently no epidemiological evidence for zoonotic transmission through the consumption of contaminated venison, studies suggest the CWD agent can cross the species barrier in experimental models designed to closely mimic humans. We compared rates of human prion disease in states with and without CWD to examine the possibility of undetermined zoonotic transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Death records from the National Center for Health Statistics, case records from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, and additional state case reports were combined to create a database of human prion disease cases from 2003-2015. Identification of CWD in each state was determined through reports of positive CWD tests by state wildlife agencies. Age- and race-adjusted mortality rates for human prion disease, excluding cases with known etiology, were determined for four categories of states based on CWD occurrence: highly endemic (>16 counties with CWD identified in free-ranging cervids); moderately endemic (3-10 counties with CWD); low endemic (1-2 counties with CWD); and no CWD states. States were counted as having no CWD until the year CWD was first identified. Analyses stratified by age, sex, and time period were also conducted to focus on subgroups for which zoonotic transmission would be more likely to be detected: cases <55 years old, male sex, and the latter half of the study (2010-2015).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Highly endemic states had a higher rate of prion disease mortality compared to non-CWD states (rate ratio [RR]: 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01 - 1.23), as did low endemic states (RR: 1.15, 95% CI = 1.04 - 1.27). Moderately endemic states did not have an elevated mortality rate (RR: 1.05, 95% CI = 0.93 - 1.17). In age-stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates among the <55 year old population were elevated for moderately endemic states (RR: 1.57, 95% CI = 1.10 – 2.24) while mortality rates were elevated among those ≥55 for highly endemic states (RR: 1.13, 95% CI = 1.02 - 1.26) and low endemic states (RR: 1.16, 95% CI = 1.04 - 1.29). In other stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates for males were only elevated for low endemic states (RR: 1.27, 95% CI = 1.10 - 1.48), and none of the categories of CWD-endemic states had elevated mortality rates for the latter time period (2010-2015).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">While higher prion disease mortality rates in certain categories of states with CWD in free-ranging cervids were noted, additional stratified analyses did not reveal markedly elevated rates for potentially sensitive subgroups that would be suggestive of zoonotic transmission. Unknown confounding factors or other biases may explain state-by-state differences in prion disease mortality.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P172 Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Prion Disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Wang H(1), Cohen M(1), Appleby BS(1,2)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio (2) National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Cleveland, Ohio.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion disease is a fatal progressive neurodegenerative disease due to deposition of an abnormal protease-resistant isoform of prion protein. Typical symptoms include rapidly progressive dementia, myoclonus, visual disturbance and hallucinations. Interestingly, in patients with prion disease, the abnormal protein canould also be found in the peripheral nervous system. Case reports of prion deposition in peripheral nerves have been reported. Peripheral nerve involvement is thought to be uncommon; however, little is known about the exact prevalence and features of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We reviewed autopsy-proven prion cases from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center that were diagnosed between September 2016 to March 2017. We collected information regarding prion protein diagnosis, demographics, comorbidities, clinical symptoms, physical exam, neuropathology, molecular subtype, genetics lab, brain MRI, image and EMG reports. Our study included 104 patients. Thirteen (12.5%) patients had either subjective symptoms or objective signs of peripheral neuropathy. Among these 13 patients, 3 had other known potential etiologies of peripheral neuropathy such as vitamin B12 deficiency or prior chemotherapy. Among 10 patients that had no other clear etiology, 3 (30%) had familial CJD. The most common sCJD subtype was MV1-2 (30%), followed by MM1-2 (20%). The Majority of cases wasere male (60%). Half of them had exposure to wild game. The most common subjective symptoms were tingling and/or numbness of distal extremities. The most common objective finding was diminished vibratory sensation in the feet. Half of them had an EMG with the findings ranging from fasciculations to axonal polyneuropathy or demyelinating polyneuropathy.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our study provides an overview of the pattern of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease. Among patients with peripheral neuropathy symptoms or signs, majority has polyneuropathy. It is important to document the baseline frequency of peripheral neuropathy in prion diseases as these symptoms may become important when conducting surveillance for potential novel zoonotic prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P177 PrP plaques in methionine homozygous Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abrams JY (1), Schonberger LB (1), Cali I (2), Cohen Y (2), Blevins JE (2), Maddox RA (1), Belay ED (1), Appleby BS (2), Cohen ML (2)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is widely believed to originate from de novo spontaneous conversion of normal prion protein (PrP) to its pathogenic form, but concern remains that some reported sporadic CJD cases may actually be caused by disease transmission via iatrogenic processes. For cases with methionine homozygosity (CJD-MM) at codon 129 of the PRNP gene, recent research has pointed to plaque-like PrP deposition as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission for a subset of cases. This phenotype is theorized to originate from specific iatrogenic source CJD types that comprise roughly a quarter of known CJD cases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We reviewed scientific literature for studies which described PrP plaques among CJD patients with known epidemiological links to iatrogenic transmission (receipt of cadaveric human grown hormone or dura mater), as well as in cases of reported sporadic CJD. The presence and description of plaques, along with CJD classification type and other contextual factors, were used to summarize the current evidence regarding plaques as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission. In addition, 523 cases of reported sporadic CJD cases in the US from January 2013 through September 2017 were assessed for presence of PrP plaques.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We identified four studies describing 52 total cases of CJD-MM among either dura mater recipients or growth hormone recipients, of which 30 were identified as having PrP plaques. While sporadic cases were not generally described as having plaques, we did identify case reports which described plaques among sporadic MM2 cases as well as case reports of plaques exclusively in white matter among sporadic MM1 cases. Among the 523 reported sporadic CJD cases, 0 of 366 MM1 cases had plaques, 2 of 48 MM2 cases had kuru plaques, and 4 of 109 MM1+2 cases had either kuru plaques or both kuru and florid plaques. Medical chart review of the six reported sporadic CJD cases with plaques did not reveal clinical histories suggestive of potential iatrogenic transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PrP plaques occur much more frequently for iatrogenic CJD-MM cases compared to sporadic CJDMM cases. Plaques may indicate iatrogenic transmission for CJD-MM cases without a type 2 Western blot fragment. The study results suggest the absence of significant misclassifications of iatrogenic CJD as sporadic. To our knowledge, this study is the first to describe grey matter kuru plaques in apparently sporadic CJD-MM patients with a type 2 Western blot fragment.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P180 Clinico-pathological analysis of human prion diseases in a brain bank series</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ximelis T (1), Aldecoa I (1,2), Molina-Porcel L (1,3), Grau-Rivera O (4), Ferrer I (5), Nos C (6), Gelpi E (1,7), Sánchez-Valle R (1,4)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobanc-Hospital ClÃnic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (2) Pathological Service of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (3) EAIA Trastorns Cognitius, Centre Emili Mira, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain (4) Department of Neurology of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (5) Institute of Neuropathology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona (6) General subdirectorate of Surveillance and Response to Emergencies in Public Health, Department of Public Health in Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain (7) Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background and objective:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Neurological Tissue Bank (NTB) of the Hospital Clínic-Institut d‘Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain is the reference center in Catalonia for the neuropathological study of prion diseases in the region since 2001. The aim of this study is to analyse the characteristics of the confirmed prion diseases registered at the NTB during the last 15 years.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We reviewed retrospectively all neuropathologically confirmed cases registered during the period January 2001 to December 2016.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">176 cases (54,3% female, mean age: 67,5 years and age range: 25-86 years) of neuropathological confirmed prion diseases have been studied at the NTB. 152 cases corresponded to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), 10 to genetic CJD, 10 to Fatal Familial Insomnia, 2 to GerstmannSträussler-Scheinker disease, and 2 cases to variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr). Within sCJD subtypes the MM1 subtype was the most frequent, followed by the VV2 histotype.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Clinical and neuropathological diagnoses agreed in 166 cases (94%). The clinical diagnosis was not accurate in 10 patients with definite prion disease: 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Fronto-temporal dementia (FTD), 1 Niemann-Pick‘s disease, 1 Lewy Body‘s Disease, 2 Alzheimer‘s disease, 1 Cortico-basal syndrome and 2 undetermined dementia. Among patients with VPSPr, 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and the other one with FTD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Concomitant pathologies are frequent in older age groups, mainly AD neuropathological changes were observed in these subjects.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Discussion:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A wide spectrum of human prion diseases have been identified in the NTB being the relative frequencies and main characteristics like other published series. There is a high rate of agreement between clinical and neuropathological diagnoses with prion diseases. These findings show the importance that public health has given to prion diseases during the past 15 years. Continuous surveillance of human prion disease allows identification of new emerging phenotypes. Brain tissue samples from these donors are available to the scientific community. For more information please visit:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P192 Prion amplification techniques for the rapid evaluation of surface decontamination procedures</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Bruyere-Ostells L (1), Mayran C (1), Belondrade M (1), Boublik Y (2), Haïk S (3), Fournier-Wirth C (1), Nicot S (1), Bougard D (1)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Pathogenesis and control of chronic infections, Etablissement Français du Sang, Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (2) Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (3) Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) or prion diseases are a group of incurable and always fatal neurodegenerative disorders including Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases (CJD) in humans. These pathologies include sporadic (sCJD), genetic and acquired (variant CJD) forms. By the past, sCJD and vCJD were transmitted by different prion contaminated biological materials to patients resulting in more than 400 iatrogenic cases (iCJD). The atypical nature and the biochemical properties of the infectious agent, formed by abnormal prion protein or PrPTSE, make it particularly resistant to conventional decontamination procedures. In addition, PrPTSE is widely distributed throughout the organism before clinical onset in vCJD and can also be detected in some peripheral tissues in sporadic CJD. Risk of iatrogenic transmission of CJD by contaminated medical device remains thus a concern for healthcare facilities. Bioassay is the gold standard method to evaluate the efficacy of prion decontamination procedures but is time-consuming and expensive. Here, we propose to compare in vitro prion amplification techniques: Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) and Real-Time Quaking Induced Conversion (RT-QuIC) for the detection of residual prions on surface after decontamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stainless steel wires, by mimicking the surface of surgical instruments, were proposed as a carrier model of prions for inactivation studies. To determine the sensitivity of the two amplification techniques on wires (Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC), steel wires were therefore contaminated with serial dilutions of brain homogenates (BH) from a 263k infected hamster and from a patient with sCJD (MM1 subtype). We then compared the different standard decontamination procedures including partially and fully efficient treatments by detecting the residual seeding activity on 263K and sCJD contaminated wires. We completed our study by the evaluation of marketed reagents endorsed for prion decontamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The two amplification techniques can detect minute quantities of PrPTSE adsorbed onto a single wire. 8/8 wires contaminated with a 10-6 dilution of 263k BH and 1/6 with the 10-8 dilution are positive with Surf-PMCA. Similar performances were obtained with Surf-QuIC on 263K: 10/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilution and 1/8 wires contaminated with 10-8 dilution are positive. Regarding the human sCJD-MM1 prion, Surf-QuIC allows us to detect 16/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilutions and 14/16 with 10-7 . Results obtained after decontamination treatments are very similar between 263K and sCJD prions. Efficiency of marketed treatments to remove prions is lower than expected.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC are very sensitive methods for the detection of prions on wires and could be applied to prion decontamination studies for rapid evaluation of new treatments. Sodium hypochlorite is the only product to efficiently remove seeding activity of both 263K and sCJD prions.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WA2 Oral transmission of CWD into Cynomolgus macaques: signs of atypical disease, prion conversion and infectivity in macaques and bio-assayed transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Schatzl HM (1, 2), Hannaoui S (1, 2), Cheng Y-C (1, 2), Gilch S (1, 2), Beekes M (3), SchulzSchaeffer W (4), Stahl-Hennig C (5) and Czub S (2, 6)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) University of Calgary, Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada (2) University of Calgary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calgary, Canada, (3) Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany, (4) University of Homburg/Saar, Homburg, Germany, (5) German Primate Center, Goettingen, Germany, (6) Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), Lethbridge, Canada.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To date, BSE is the only example of interspecies transmission of an animal prion disease into humans. The potential zoonotic transmission of CWD is an alarming issue and was addressed by many groups using a variety of in vitro and in vivo experimental systems. Evidence from these studies indicated a substantial, if not absolute, species barrier, aligning with the absence of epidemiological evidence suggesting transmission into humans. Studies in non-human primates were not conclusive so far, with oral transmission into new-world monkeys and no transmission into old-world monkeys. Our consortium has challenged 18 Cynomolgus macaques with characterized CWD material, focusing on oral transmission with muscle tissue. Some macaques have orally received a total of 5 kg of muscle material over a period of 2 years. After 5-7 years of incubation time some animals showed clinical symptoms indicative of prion disease, and prion neuropathology and PrPSc deposition were found in spinal cord and brain of euthanized animals. PrPSc in immunoblot was weakly detected in some spinal cord materials and various tissues tested positive in RT-QuIC, including lymph node and spleen homogenates. To prove prion infectivity in the macaque tissues, we have intracerebrally inoculated 2 lines of transgenic mice, expressing either elk or human PrP. At least 3 TgElk mice, receiving tissues from 2 different macaques, showed clinical signs of a progressive prion disease and brains were positive in immunoblot and RT-QuIC. Tissues (brain, spinal cord and spleen) from these and preclinical mice are currently tested using various read-outs and by second passage in mice. Transgenic mice expressing human PrP were so far negative for clear clinical prion disease (some mice >300 days p.i.). In parallel, the same macaque materials are inoculated into bank voles. Taken together, there is strong evidence of transmissibility of CWD orally into macaques and from macaque tissues into transgenic mouse models, although with an incomplete attack rate. The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology. Our ongoing studies will show whether the transmission of CWD into macaques and passage in transgenic mice represents a form of non-adaptive prion amplification, and whether macaque-adapted prions have the potential to infect mice expressing human PrP. The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">See also poster P103</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WA16 Monitoring Potential CWD Transmission to Humans</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Belay ED</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The spread of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in animals has raised concerns about increasing human exposure to the CWD agent via hunting and venison consumption, potentially facilitating CWD transmission to humans. Several studies have explored this possibility, including limited epidemiologic studies, in vitro experiments, and laboratory studies using various types of animal models. Most human exposures to the CWD agent in the United States would be expected to occur in association with deer and elk hunting in CWD-endemic areas. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) collaborated with state health departments in Colorado, Wisconsin, and Wyoming to identify persons at risk of CWD exposure and to monitor their vital status over time. Databases were established of persons who hunted in Colorado and Wyoming and those who reported consumption of venison from deer that later tested positive in Wisconsin. Information from the databases is periodically cross-checked with mortality data to determine the vital status and causes of death for deceased persons. Long-term follow-up of these hunters is needed to assess their risk of development of a prion disease linked to CWD exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P166 Characterization of CJD strain profiles in venison consumers and non-consumers from Alberta and Saskatchewan</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stephanie Booth (1,2), Lise Lamoureux (1), Debra Sorensen (1), Jennifer L. Myskiw (1,2), Megan Klassen (1,2), Michael Coulthart (3), Valerie Sim (4)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg (2) Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (3) Canadian CJD Surveillance System, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (4) Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is spreading rapidly through wild cervid populations in the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. While this has implications for tourism and hunting, there is also concern over possible zoonotic transmission to humans who eat venison from infected deer. Whilst there is no evidence of any human cases of CWD to date, the Canadian CJD Surveillance System (CJDSS) in Canada is staying vigilant. When variant CJD occurred following exposure to BSE, the unique biochemical fingerprint of the pathologic PrP enabled a causal link to be confirmed. However, we cannot be sure what phenotype human CWD prions would present with, or indeed, whether this would be distinct from that see in sporadic CJD. Therefore we are undertaking a systematic analysis of the molecular diversity of CJD cases of individuals who resided in Alberta and Saskatchewan at their time of death comparing venison consumers and non-consumers, using a variety of clinical, imaging, pathological and biochemical markers. Our initial objective is to develop novel biochemical methodologies that will extend the baseline glycoform and genetic polymorphism typing that is already completed by the CJDSS. Firstly, we are reviewing MRI, EEG and pathology information from over 40 cases of CJD to select clinically affected areas for further investigation. Biochemical analysis will include assessment of the levels of protease sensitive and resistant prion protein, glycoform typing using 2D gel electrophoresis, testing seeding capabilities and kinetics of aggregation by quaking-induced conversion, and determining prion oligomer size distributions with asymmetric flow field fractionation with in-line light scattering. Progress and preliminary data will be presented. Ultimately, we intend to further define the relationship between PrP structure and disease phenotype and establish a baseline for the identification of future atypical CJD cases that may arise as a result of exposure to CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Source Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/</a> </div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Volume 24, Number 8—August 2018 </span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-size: 30.2px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 3px; outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Research Susceptibility of Human Prion Protein to Conversion by Chronic Wasting Disease Prions</span></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Marcelo A. BarriaComments to Author , Adriana Libori, Gordon Mitchell, and Mark W. Head Author affiliations: National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (M.A. Barria, A. Libori, M.W. Head); National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Scrapie and CWD, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (G. Mitchell)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal neurodegenerative disease and a serious animal health issue for deer and elk in North America. The identification of the first cases of CWD among free-ranging reindeer and moose in Europe brings back into focus the unresolved issue of whether CWD can be zoonotic like bovine spongiform encephalopathy. We used a cell-free seeded protein misfolding assay to determine whether CWD prions from elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer in North America can convert the human prion protein to the disease-associated form. We found that prions can convert, but the efficiency of conversion is affected by polymorphic variation in the cervid and human prion protein genes. In view of the similarity of reindeer, elk, and white-tailed deer in North America to reindeer, red deer, and roe deer, respectively, in Europe, a more comprehensive and thorough assessment of the zoonotic potential of CWD might be warranted.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Discussion Characterization of the transmission properties of CWD and evaluation of their zoonotic potential are important for public health purposes. Given that CWD affects several members of the family Cervidae, it seems reasonable to consider whether the zoonotic potential of CWD prions could be affected by factors such as CWD strain, cervid species, geographic location, and Prnp–PRNP polymorphic variation. We have previously used an in vitro conversion assay (PMCA) to investigate the susceptibility of the human PrP to conversion to its disease-associated form by several animal prion diseases, including CWD (15,16,22). The sensitivity of our molecular model for the detection of zoonotic conversion depends on the combination of 1) the action of proteinase K to degrade the abundant human PrPC that constitutes the substrate while only N terminally truncating any human PrPres produced and 2) the presence of the 3F4 epitope on human but not cervid PrP. In effect, this degree of sensitivity means that any human PrPres formed during the PMCA reaction can be detected down to the limit of Western blot sensitivity. In contrast, if other antibodies that detect both cervid and human PrP are used, such as 6H4, then newly formed human PrPres must be detected as a measurable increase in PrPres over the amount remaining in the reaction product from the cervid seed. Although best known for the efficient amplification of prions in research and diagnostic contexts, the variation of the PMCA method employed in our study is optimized for the definitive detection of zoonotic reaction products of inherently inefficient conversion reactions conducted across species barriers. By using this system, we previously made and reported the novel observation that elk CWD prions could convert human PrPC from human brain and could also convert recombinant human PrPC expressed in transgenic mice and eukaryotic cell cultures (15).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A previous publication suggested that mule deer PrPSc was unable to convert humanized transgenic substrate in PMCA assays (23) and required a further step of in vitro conditioning in deer substrate PMCA before it was able to cross the deer–human molecular barrier (24). However, prions from other species, such as elk (15) and reindeer affected by CWD, appear to be compatible with the human protein in a single round of amplification (as shown in our study). These observations suggest that different deer species affected by CWD could present differing degrees of the olecular compatibility with the normal form of human PrP.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The contribution of the polymorphism at codon 129 of the human PrP gene has been extensively studied and is recognized as a risk factor for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (4). In cervids, the equivalent codon corresponds to the position 132 encoding methionine or leucine. This polymorphism in the elk gene has been shown to play an important role in CWD susceptibility (25,26). We have investigated the effect of this cervid Prnp polymorphism on the conversion of the humanized transgenic substrate according to the variation in the equivalent PRNP codon 129 polymorphism. Interestingly, only the homologs methionine homozygous seed–substrate reactions could readily convert the human PrP, whereas the heterozygous elk PrPSc was unable to do so, even though comparable amounts of PrPres were used to seed the reaction. In addition, we observed only low levels of human PrPres formation in the reactions seeded with the homozygous methionine (132 MM) and the heterozygous (132 ML) seeds incubated with the other 2 human polymorphic substrates (129 MV and 129 VV). The presence of the amino acid leucine at position 132 of the elk Prnp gene has been attributed to a lower degree of prion conversion compared with methionine on the basis of experiments in mice made transgenic for these polymorphic variants (26). Considering the differences observed for the amplification of the homozygous human methionine substrate by the 2 polymorphic elk seeds (MM and ML), reappraisal of the susceptibility of human PrPC by the full range of cervid polymorphic variants affected by CWD would be warranted.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In light of the recent identification of the first cases of CWD in Europe in a free-ranging reindeer (R. tarandus) in Norway (2), we also decided to evaluate the in vitro conversion potential of CWD in 2 experimentally infected reindeer (18). Formation of human PrPres was readily detectable after a single round of PMCA, and in all 3 humanized polymorphic substrates (MM, MV, and VV). This finding suggests that CWD prions from reindeer could be more compatible with human PrPC generally and might therefore present a greater risk for zoonosis than, for example, CWD prions from white-tailed deer. A more comprehensive comparison of CWD in the affected species, coupled with the polymorphic variations in the human and deer PRNP–Prnp genes, in vivo and in vitro, will be required before firm conclusions can be drawn. Analysis of the Prnp sequence of the CWD reindeer in Norway was reported to be identical to the specimens used in our study (2). This finding raises the possibility of a direct comparison of zoonotic potential between CWD acquired in the wild and that produced in a controlled laboratory setting. (Table).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The prion hypothesis proposes that direct molecular interaction between PrPSc and PrPC is necessary for conversion and prion replication. Accordingly, polymorphic variants of the PrP of host and agent might play a role in determining compatibility and potential zoonotic risk. In this study, we have examined the capacity of the human PrPC to support in vitro conversion by elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer CWD PrPSc. Our data confirm that elk CWD prions can convert the human PrPC, at least in vitro, and show that the homologous PRNP polymorphisms at codon 129 and 132 in humans and cervids affect conversion efficiency. Other species affected by CWD, particularly caribou or reindeer, also seem able to convert the human PrP. It will be important to determine whether other polymorphic variants found in other CWD-affected Cervidae or perhaps other factors (17) exert similar effects on the ability to convert human PrP and thus affect their zoonotic potential.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dr. Barria is a research scientist working at the National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh. His research has focused on understanding the molecular basis of a group of fatal neurologic disorders called prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgments We thank Aru Balachandran for originally providing cervid brain tissues, Abigail Diack and Jean Manson for providing mouse brain tissue, and James Ironside for his critical reading of the manuscript at an early stage.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This report is independent research commissioned and funded by the United Kingdom’s Department of Health Policy Research Programme and the Government of Scotland. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Department of Health or the Government of Scotland.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author contributions: The study was conceived and designed by M.A.B. and M.W.H. The experiments were conducted by M.A.B. and A.L. Chronic wasting disease brain specimens were provided by G.M. The manuscript was written by M.A.B. and M.W.H. All authors contributed to the editing and revision of the manuscript.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion</a></div></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Prion 2017 Conference Abstracts</span></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none !important;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">First evidence of intracranial and peroral transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) into Cynomolgus macaques: a work in progress Stefanie Czub1, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer2, Christiane Stahl-Hennig3, Michael Beekes4, Hermann Schaetzl5 and Dirk Motzkus6 1 </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine/Canadian Food Inspection Agency; 2Universitatsklinikum des Saarlandes und Medizinische Fakultat der Universitat des Saarlandes; 3 Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen; 4 Robert-Koch-Institut Berlin; 5 University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; 6 presently: Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center; previously: Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">This is a progress report of a project which started in 2009. </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">21 cynomolgus macaques were challenged with characterized CWD material from white-tailed deer (WTD) or elk by intracerebral (ic), oral, and skin exposure routes. Additional blood transfusion experiments are supposed to assess the CWD contamination risk of human blood product. Challenge materials originated from symptomatic cervids for ic, skin scarification and partially per oral routes (WTD brain). Challenge material for feeding of muscle derived from preclinical WTD and from preclinical macaques for blood transfusion experiments. We have confirmed that the CWD challenge material contained at least two different CWD agents (brain material) as well as CWD prions in muscle-associated nerves. </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Here we present first data on a group of animals either challenged ic with steel wires or per orally and sacrificed with incubation times ranging from 4.5 to 6.9 years at postmortem. Three animals displayed signs of mild clinical disease, including anxiety, apathy, ataxia and/or tremor. In four animals wasting was observed, two of those had confirmed diabetes. All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals. Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuiC) and PET-blot assays to further substantiate these findings are on the way, as well as bioassays in bank voles and transgenic mice. </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">At present, a total of 10 animals are sacrificed and read-outs are ongoing. Preclinical incubation of the remaining macaques covers a range <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">from 6.4 to 7.10</span> years. Based on the species barrier and an incubation time of > 5 years for BSE in macaques and about 10 years for scrapie in macaques, we expected an onset of clinical disease beyond 6 years post inoculation. </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">PRION 2017 DECIPHERING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS ABSTRACTS REFERENCE</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 23, 2019 </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion and THE FEAST 2003 CDC an updated review of the science 2019 </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 04, 2014 </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Six-year follow-up of a point-source exposure to CWD contaminated venison in an Upstate New York community: risk behaviours and health outcomes 2005–2011 Authors, though, acknowledged the study was limited in geography and sample size and so it couldn't draw a conclusion about the risk to humans. They recommended more study. Dr. Ermias Belay was the report's principal author but he said New York and Oneida County officials are following the proper course by not launching a study. "There's really nothing to monitor presently. No one's sick," Belay said, noting the disease's incubation period in deer and elk is measured in years. " </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Transmission Studies Mule deer transmissions of CWD were by intracerebral inoculation and compared with natural cases {the following was written but with a single line marked through it ''first passage (by this route)}....TSS resulted in a more rapidly progressive clinical disease with repeated episodes of synocopy ending in coma. One control animal became affected, it is believed through contamination of inoculum (?saline). Further CWD transmissions were carried out by Dick Marsh into ferret, mink and squirrel monkey. Transmission occurred in ALL of these species with the shortest incubation period in the ferret. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip.... </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Prion Infectivity in Fat of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease▿ </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Brent Race#, Kimberly Meade-White#, Richard Race and Bruce Chesebro* + Author Affiliations In mice, prion infectivity was recently detected in fat. Since ruminant fat is consumed by humans and fed to animals, we determined infectivity titers in fat from two CWD-infected deer. Deer fat devoid of muscle contained low levels of CWD infectivity and might be a risk factor for prion infection of other species. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Prions in Skeletal Muscles of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease Here bioassays in transgenic mice expressing cervid prion protein revealed the presence of infectious prions in skeletal muscles of CWD-infected deer, demonstrating that humans consuming or handling meat from CWD-infected deer are at risk to prion exposure. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> *** now, let’s see what the authors said about this casual link, personal communications years ago, and then the latest on the zoonotic potential from CWD to humans from the TOKYO PRION 2016 CONFERENCE. see where it is stated NO STRONG evidence. so, does this mean there IS casual evidence ???? “Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans” </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">From: TSS Subject: CWD aka MAD DEER/ELK TO HUMANS ??? </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Date: September 30, 2002 at 7:06 am PST </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">From: "Belay, Ermias" </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">To: Cc: "Race, Richard (NIH)" ; ; "Belay, Ermias" </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Sent: Monday, September 30, 2002 9:22 AM Subject: RE: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Dear Sir/Madam, In the Archives of Neurology you quoted (the abstract of which was attached to your email), we did not say CWD in humans will present like variant CJD.. That assumption would be wrong. I encourage you to read the whole article and call me if you have questions or need more clarification (phone: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">404-639-3091</span></span>). </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Also, we do not claim that "no-one has ever been infected with prion disease from eating venison." Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans in the article you quoted or in any other forum is limited to the patients we investigated. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Ermias Belay, M.D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">-----Original Message----- From: </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Sent: Sunday, September 29, 2002 10:15 AM To: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">rr26k@nih.gov</span></span>; <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">rrace@niaid.nih.gov</span></span>; <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">ebb8@CDC.GOV</span></span> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Subject: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Sunday, November 10, 2002 6:26 PM .......snip........end..............TSS </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Thursday, April 03, 2008 </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease 2008 1: Vet Res. 2008 Apr 3;39(4):41 A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease Sigurdson CJ. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip... *** twenty-seven CJD patients who regularly consumed venison were reported to the Surveillance Center***, </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip... full text ; </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">sporadic, spontaneous CJD, 85%+ of all human TSE, did not just happen. never in scientific literature has this been proven. if one looks up the word sporadic or spontaneous at pubmed, you will get a laundry list of disease that are classified in such a way; </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">sporadic = 54,983 hits </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic</a><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">spontaneous = 325,650 hits </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous</a><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">key word here is 'reported'. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can't, and it's as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it's being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. ...terry </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people.<br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;">key word here is ‘reported’. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can’t, and it’s as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it’s being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. …terry</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;">*** These results would seem to suggest that CWD does indeed have zoonotic potential, at least as judged by the compatibility of CWD prions and their human PrPC target. Furthermore, extrapolation from this simple in vitro assay suggests that if zoonotic CWD occurred, it would most likely effect those of the PRNP codon 129-MM genotype and that the PrPres type would be similar to that found in the most common subtype of sCJD (MM1).***</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys</a></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true</a></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: white; color: #196ad4; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD TSE PRION AND ZOONOTIC, ZOONOSIS, POTENTIAL</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: Re: DEER SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY SURVEY & HOUND STUDY </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: Fri, 18 Oct 2002 23:12:22 +0100 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: Steve Dealler </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Organization: Netscape Online member </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: BSE-L@ References: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dear Terry,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">An excellent piece of review as this literature is desperately difficult to get back from Government sites.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">What happened with the deer was that an association between deer meat eating and sporadic CJD was found in about 1993. The evidence was not great but did not disappear after several years of asking CJD cases what they had eaten. I think that the work into deer disease largely stopped because it was not helpful to the UK industry...and no specific cases were reported. Well, if you dont look adequately like they are in USA currenly then you wont find any!</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Steve Dealler </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM THIRD ANNUAL REPORT AUGUST 1994</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Consumption of venison and veal was much less widespread among both cases and controls. For both of these meats there was evidence of a trend with increasing frequency of consumption being associated with increasing risk of CJD. (not nvCJD, but sporadic CJD...tss) These associations were largely unchanged when attention was restricted to pairs with data obtained from relatives. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Table 9 presents the results of an analysis of these data.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is STRONG evidence of an association between ‘’regular’’ veal eating and risk of CJD (p = .0.01).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Individuals reported to eat veal on average at least once a year appear to be at 13 TIMES THE RISK of individuals who have never eaten veal.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is, however, a very wide confidence interval around this estimate. There is no strong evidence that eating veal less than once per year is associated with increased risk of CJD (p = 0.51).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is some evidence that risk of CJD INCREASES WITH INCREASING FREQUENCY OF LAMB EATING (p = 0.02).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The evidence for such an association between beef eating and CJD is weaker (p = 0.14). When only controls for whom a relative was interviewed are included, this evidence becomes a little STRONGER (p = 0.08).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It was found that when veal was included in the model with another exposure, the association between veal and CJD remained statistically significant (p = < 0.05 for all exposures), while the other exposures ceased to be statistically significant (p = > 0.05).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In conclusion, an analysis of dietary histories revealed statistical associations between various meats/animal products and INCREASED RISK OF CJD. When some account was taken of possible confounding, the association between VEAL EATING AND RISK OF CJD EMERGED AS THE STRONGEST OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS STATISTICALLY. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the study in the USA, a range of foodstuffs were associated with an increased risk of CJD, including liver consumption which was associated with an apparent SIX-FOLD INCREASE IN THE RISK OF CJD. By comparing the data from 3 studies in relation to this particular dietary factor, the risk of liver consumption became non-significant with an odds ratio of 1.2 (PERSONAL COMMUNICATION, PROFESSOR A. HOFMAN. ERASMUS UNIVERSITY, ROTTERDAM). (???...TSS)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full report ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stephen Dealler is a consultant medical microbiologist <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">deal@airtime.co.uk</span> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE Inquiry Steve Dealler</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Management In Confidence</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE: Private Submission of Bovine Brain Dealler</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> MAD DOGS AND ENGLISHMEN BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, CJD, TSE PRION A REVIEW 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> ''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> In conclusion, sensory symptoms and loss of reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome can be explained by neuropathological changes in the spinal cord. We conclude that the sensory symptoms and loss of lower limb reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome is due to pathology in the caudal spinal cord. <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology.<*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD. <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals.<*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids.'' Scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease (II) <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, MAY 11, 2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">> A Unique Presentation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in a Patient Consuming Deer Antler Velvet <</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusion</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We believe that our patient’s case of CJD is highly suspicious for cervid etiology given the circumstances of the case as well as the strong evidence of plausibility reported in published literature. This is the first known case of CJD in a patient who had consumed deer antler velvet. Despite the confirmed diagnosis of CJD, a causal relationship between the patient’s disease and his consumption of deer antler velvet cannot be definitively concluded.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Supplemental data including molecular tissue sample analysis and autopsy findings could yield further supporting evidence. Given this patient’s clinical resemblance to CBD and the known histological similarities of CBD with CJD, clinicians should consider both diseases in the differential diagnosis of patients with a similarly esoteric presentation. Regardless of the origin of this patient’s disease, it is clear that the potential for prion transmission from cervids to humans should be further investigated by the academic community with considerable urgency.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''We believe that our patient’s case of CJD is highly suspicious for cervid etiology given the circumstances of the case as well as the strong evidence of plausibility reported in published literature. This is the first known case of CJD in a patient who had consumed deer antler velvet. Despite the confirmed diagnosis of CJD, a causal relationship between the patient’s disease and his consumption of deer antler velvet cannot be definitively concluded.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE: A Unique Presentation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in a Patient Consuming Deer Antler Velvet</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i was warning England and the BSE Inquiry about just this, way back in 1998, and was ask to supply information to the BSE Inquiry. for anyone that might be interested, see;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary submission to the BSE Inquiry on CJD and Nutritional Supplements 1998</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ABOUT that deer antler spray and CWD TSE PRION... I have been screaming this since my neighbors mom died from cjd, and she had been taking a supplement that contained bovine brain, bovine eyeball, and other SRMs specified risk materials, the most high risk for mad cow disease. just saying...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I made a submission to the BSE Inquiry long ago during the BSE Inquiry days, and they seemed pretty interested.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sender: "Patricia Cantos"</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: "Terry S Singeltary Sr. (E-mail)"</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: Your submission to the Inquiry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: Fri, 3 Jul 1998 10:10:05 +0100 3 July 1998</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Mr Terry S Singeltary Sr. E-Mail: Flounder at <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">wt.net</span> Ref: E2979</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dear Mr Singeltary, Thank you for your E-mail message of the 30th of June 1998 providing the Inquiry with your further comments. Thank you for offering to provide the Inquiry with any test results on the nutritional supplements your mother was taking before she died. As requested I am sending you our general Information Pack and a copy of the Chairman's letter. Please contact me if your system cannot read the attachments. Regarding your question, the Inquiry is looking into many aspects of the scientific evidence on BSE and nvCJD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I would refer you to the transcripts of evidence we have already heard which are found on our internet site at ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">http://www.bse.org.uk</span>.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Could you please provide the Inquiry with a copy of the press article you refer to in your e-mail? If not an approximate date for the article so that we can locate it? In the meantime, thank you for you comments. Please do not hesitate to contact me on... snip...end...tss</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">everyone I tell this too gets it screwed up...MY MOTHER WAS NOT TAKING THOSE SUPPLEMENTS IPLEX (that I ever knew of). this was my neighbors mother that died exactly one year previously and to the day of sporadic CJD that was diagnosed as Alzheimer’s at first. my mother died exactly a year later from the Heidenhain Variant of Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease hvCJD, and exceedingly rare strains of the ever growing sporadic CJD’s. both cases confirmed. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">kind regards, terry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TSEs i.e. mad cow disease's BSE/BASE and NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS IPLEX, mad by standard process; vacuum dried bovine BRAIN, bone meal, bovine EYE, veal Bone, bovine liver powder, bovine adrenal, vacuum dried bovine kidney, and vacuum dried porcine stomach. also; what about potential mad cow candy bars ? see their potential mad cow candy bar list too... THESE are just a few of MANY of just this ONE COMPANY...TSS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''So, in sum, dietary supplements sold in the United States often contain ruminant tissues from undisclosed sources. Personally, I am rather squeamish and I don't think I would be eating prostate or testicle or pituitary, but I am also a little bit wary of consuming products with those glands, not just out of personal repugnance but simply out of a health concern.'' DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION CENTER FOR BIOLOGICS EVALUATION AND RESEARCH TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES ADVISORY COMMITTEE Friday, January 19, 2001</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15 Open Public Hearing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">16 DR. FREAS: We are opening the open public hearing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 now. We have received one response to speak in this</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">18 afternoon's open public hearing. That is from Dr. Scott</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">19 Norton. If Dr. Norton is here, would you please come</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">20 forward. You can either use the podium or the microphone,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">21 whichever is your choice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 DR. NORTON: I am Scott Norton and I am a</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23 physician in the Washington D.C. area. I am here speaking</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">24 as a private citizen today.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">25 I first became concerned about the presence of 231</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1 tissues from ruminant animals in dietary supplements about</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2 six months ago and expressed my concern in a letter that was 3 published in New England Journal of Medicine in July of Year 4 2000. 5 A couple of the products that I had looked at, and 6 examined their labels, that raised these concerns I brought 7 in right here. I will just read some of the organs that are 8 found in one that is called Male Power. Deer antler, 9 pancreas, orchic--despite what we just heard that the FDA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">10 prefers the term "testicular tissue" to be written on the</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">11 labels, I have never seen a dietary supplement say</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">12 "testicle." They always say "orchis" or "orchic" which may</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">13 sound rather flowery to the etymologically impaired--thymus,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">14 adrenal, heart, lymph node, prostate, spleen and pituitary.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15 There are actually seventeen organs in that particular</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">16 product.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 There is another product that is called Brain</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">18 Nutrition that tells us that it is vitamins and minerals</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">19 essential for important brain function. It does not mention</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">20 that there is any glandulars on at least the bold print. 21 But if you look at the small print on the back, we learn</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 that it has brain extract and pituitary extract, raw, in</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23 there.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">24 We know that many of the organs that can be found</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">25 in the dietary supplements do fall in that list of organs</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">232</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1 that are suspect for contamination with TSEs, the labels, in 2 nearly all cases, identify neither the animal source nor the 3 geographic location from which the organs were derived. I 4 have seen one line that did specify from New Zealand cattle 5 but no other manufacturer will list either the species or 6 the geographic location. 7 The FDA's and the USDA's import alerts that we 8 just learned about prohibit the use of these organs in 9 foods, medicines and medical devices. But my reading of the</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">10 alert, 17-04, suggests that DSHEA does allow some loopholes</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">11 for these tissues to possible slip in.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">12 I will just read <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">from 17-04</span> that we heard. On the</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">13 first page, it says that, "This alert does not establish any</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">14 obligations on regulated entities." I love seeing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15 legislation that starts out with that caveat.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">16 Then it says, further, "The USDA regulations do</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 not apply to bovine-derived materials intended for human</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">18 consumption as finished dietary supplements." We also learn</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">19 that the prohibition, or the import alert, is limited to</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">20 bulk lots of these tissues, completed tissues, from BSE-</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">21 derived countries. It does not mention if it is not a bulk</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 import or if it is raw materials rather than finished</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23 materials.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">24 Further, we know that it is strongly recommended</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">25 but not actually prohibited in the language here. So I have</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">233</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1 not taken the assurances from that import alert that Dr. 2 Moore was trying to convey to us. 3 So, in sum, dietary supplements sold in the United 4 States often contain ruminant tissues from undisclosed 5 sources. Personally, I am rather squeamish and I don't 6 think I would be eating prostate or testicle or pituitary, 7 but I am also a little bit wary of consuming products with 8 those glands, not just out of personal repugnance but simply 9 out of a health concern.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">10 So my question to the advisory committee is this;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">11 is my caution reasonable and, if it is, should we take</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">12 further efforts to inform, or even protect, the American</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">13 public from such exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">14 I was curious about Dr.</span> Moore's remarks. I sensed</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15 two messages. One was the initial reassurance that FDA has</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">16 the regulatory authority but then I also learned that it is</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 the manufacturer's responsibility to provide those 18 assurances, that the FDA doesn't actually inspect.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">19 I think that the FDA commissioners from Harvey</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">20 Wylie to David Kessler would say that that track record has</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">21 proven itself.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 Thank you very much.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23 [Applause.]</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">24 DR. BROWN: Thanks, Dr. Norton. 25 Committee Discussion snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 But I think that we could exhibit some quite 18 reasonable concern about blood donors who are taking dietary 19 supplements that contain a certain amount of unspecified- 20 origin brain, brain-related, brain and pituitary material. 21 If they have done this for more than a sniff or something 22 like that, then, perhaps, they should be deferred as blood 23 donors. 24 That is probably worse than spending six months in 25 the U.K. 1/19/01 3681t2.rtf(845) page 501 <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/cber01.htm</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Advisory Committees: CBER 2001 Meeting Documents</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see actual paper;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20110616...ov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t2.rtf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20110616...ov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t2.rtf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Mar03/031403/96N-0417-EC-2.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Mar03/031403/96N-0417-EC-2.htm</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_07.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_07.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">-------- Original Message --------</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: METABOLIFE AND TSEs GAO-03-494 ''URGENT DATA''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: Thu, 01 May 2003 11:23:01 -0500</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: NelliganJ at <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">gao.gov</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The General Accounting Office (GAO) today released the following reports and testimonies:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">REPORTS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1. Dietary Supplements: Review of Health-Related Call Records for Users of Metabolife 356. GAO-03-494, <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">March 31.</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-03-494" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-03-494</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see updated url link;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050205084229/http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20050205084229/http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">GREETINGS GAO:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i was surprised that i did not see any listing of bovine tissue in metabolife on it's label. have they ceased using these desiccated tissues???</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i see that the lable on this product METABOLIFE 356, does not state that it has any tissues of desiccated bovine organs? i no the product use to, so i am curious if they have ceased the use of the tissues of cattle they use to use (see below)???</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">METABOLIFE 356 BOVINE COMPLEX/GLANDULAR SYSTEM OVARIES, PROSTATE, SCROTUM AND ADRENAL USDA SOURCE CATTLE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i tried warning them years ago of this potential threat of CJD/TSEs;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: Randy Smith To: "'flounder at <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">wt.net</span>'" Subject: Metabolife Date: Mon, 7 Dec 1998 14:21:35 -0800</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dear Sir,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We are looking at reformulation. I agree that slow virus diseases present a problem in some areas of the world.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our product uses healthy USDA inspected cattle for the glandular extract.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">If you have any links to more information on this subject I would like to examine them.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Thank you for your interest and concern,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dr. Smith ============</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see full text links of this archived information ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/03/chronic-wasting-disease-prions-in-elk.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/03/chronic-wasting-disease-prions-in-elk.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/ohio-division-of-wildlife-confirms.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/ohio-division-of-wildlife-confirms.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/124/additional-cases-marion-wyandot-counties" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/124/additional-cases-marion-wyandot-counties</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">with that, there is abundance of other scientific studies that show it's very likely CWD will or already has, transmit to humans, it's just that no one wants to believe it, they simply don't want it to happen, neither do i, but in the real world, imo, it's already happened and is being masked as sporadic CJD imo, you can see this science archived here, skroll down to about the halfway point of this blog on the recent cases of cwd in Texas;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see about half way down to;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> PRION CONFERENCE 2022 ABSTRACTS CWD TSE PrP ZOONOSIS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/texas-cwd-now-confirmed-505-cervid-101.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/texas-cwd-now-confirmed-505-cervid-101.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">***> creutzfeldt jakob disease IS NOT ONE IN A MILLION!<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">***> 2023 COLLINGE ET AL, CJD is about 1 IN 5,000!</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Professor John Collinge on tackling prion diseases, sCJD accounts for around 1 in 5000 deaths worldwide</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 11, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Professor John Collinge on tackling prion diseases </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“The best-known human prion disease is sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), a rapidly progressive dementia which accounts for around 1 in 5000 deaths worldwide.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is accumulating evidence also for iatrogenic AD. Understanding prion biology, and in particular how propagation of prions leads to neurodegeneration, is therefore of central research importance in medicine.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/brain-sciences/dementia-ucl-priority/professor-john-collinge-tackling-prion-diseases" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ucl.ac.uk/brain-sciences/dementia-ucl-priority/professor-john-collinge-tackling-prion-diseases</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;">February 14, 2001<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary, Sr</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author Affiliations</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">JAMA. 2001;285(6):733-734. doi:10-1001/pubs.JAMA-ISSN-0098-7484-285-6-jlt0214 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To the Editor: In their Research Letter, Dr Gibbons and colleagues1 reported that the annual US death rate due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has been stable since 1985. These estimates, however, are based only on reported cases, and do not include misdiagnosed or preclinical cases. It seems to me that misdiagnosis alone would drastically change these figures. An unknown number of persons with a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in fact may have CJD, although only a small number of these patients receive the postmortem examination necessary to make this diagnosis. Furthermore, only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies should be reportable nationwide and internationally.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1031186" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1031186</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">February 14, 2001</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary, Sr</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author Affiliations</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">JAMA. 2001;285(6):733-734. doi:10-1001/pubs.JAMA-ISSN-0098-7484-285-6-jlt0214 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To the Editor: In their Research Letter, Dr Gibbons and colleagues1 reported that the annual US death rate due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has been stable since 1985. These estimates, however, are based only on reported cases, and do not include misdiagnosed or preclinical cases. It seems to me that misdiagnosis alone would drastically change these figures. An unknown number of persons with a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in fact may have CJD, although only a small number of these patients receive the postmortem examination necessary to make this diagnosis. Furthermore, only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies should be reportable nationwide and internationally.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1031186" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1031186</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;">RE-Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary, retired (medically), CJD WATCH</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Submitted March 26, 2003</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I lost my mother to hvCJD (Heidenhain Variant CJD). I would like to comment on the CDC's attempts to monitor the occurrence of emerging forms of CJD. Asante, Collinge et al [1] have reported that BSE transmission to the 129-methionine genotype can lead to an alternate phenotype that is indistinguishable from type 2 PrPSc, the commonest sporadic CJD. However, CJD and all human TSEs are not reportable nationally. CJD and all human TSEs must be made reportable in every state and internationally. I hope that the CDC does not continue to expect us to still believe that the 85%+ of all CJD cases which are sporadic are all spontaneous, without route/source. We have many TSEs in the USA in both animal and man. CWD in deer/elk is spreading rapidly and CWD does transmit to mink, ferret, cattle, and squirrel monkey by intracerebral inoculation. With the known incubation periods in other TSEs, oral transmission studies of CWD may take much longer. Every victim/family of CJD/TSEs should be asked about route and source of this agent. To prolong this will only spread the agent and needlessly expose others. In light of the findings of Asante and Collinge et al, there should be drastic measures to safeguard the medical and surgical arena from sporadic CJDs and all human TSEs. I only ponder how many sporadic CJDs in the USA are type 2 PrPSc?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://n.neurology.org/content/re-monitoring-occurrence-emerging-forms-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-united-states" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://n.neurology.org/content/re-monitoring-occurrence-emerging-forms-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-united-states</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States 2003 revisited 2009</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">August 10, 2009</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Greetings,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I would like to submit a review of past CJD surveillance in the USA, and the urgent need to make all human TSE in the USA a reportable disease, in every state, of every age group, and to make this mandatory immediately without further delay. The ramifications of not doing so will only allow this agent to spread further in the medical, dental, surgical arena's. North America seems to have the most species with documented Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy's, most all of which have been rendered and fed back to food producing animals and to humans for years. If you look at the statistics, sporadic CJD seems to be rising in the USA, and has been, with atypical cases of the sCJD. I find deeply disturbing in the year of 2009, that Human Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy of any strain and or phenotype, of all age groups, and I stress all age groups, because human TSE's do not know age, and they do not know borders. someone 56 years old, that has a human TSE, that has surgery, can pass this TSE agent on i.e. friendly fire, and or passing it forward, and there have been documented nvCJD in a 74 year old. Remembering also that only sporadic CJD has been documented to transmit via iatrogenic routes, until recently with the 4 cases of blood related transmission, of which the origin is thought to be nvCJD donors. However most Iatrogenic CJD cases are nothing more than sporadic CJD, until the source is proven, then it becomes Iatrogenic. An oxymoron of sorts, because all sporadic CJD is, are multiple forms, or strains, or phenotypes of Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease, that the route and source and species have not been confirmed and or documented. When will the myth of the UKBSEnvCJD only theory be put to bed for good. This theory in my opinion, and the following there from, as the GOLD STANDARD, has done nothing more than help spread this agent around the globe. Politics and money have caused the terrible consequences to date, and the fact that TSEs are a slow incubating death, but a death that is 100% certain for those that are exposed and live long enough to go clinical. once clinical, there is no recourse, to date. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">But, while sub-clinical, how many can one exposed human infect? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Can humans exposed to CWD and scrapie strains pass it forward as some form of sporadic CJD in the surgical and medical arenas? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">why must we wait decades and decades to prove this point, only to expose millions needlessly, only for the sake of the industries involved? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">would it not have been prudent from the beginning to just include all TSE's, and rule them out from there with transmission studies and change policies there from, as opposed to doing just the opposite? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The science of TSE's have been nothing more than a political circus since the beginning, and for anyone to still believe in this one strain, one group of bovines, in one geographical location, with only one age group of human TSE i.e. nvCJD myth, for anyone to believe this today only enhances to spreading of these human and animal TSE's. This is exactly why we have been in this quagmire.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The ones that believe that there is a spontaneous CJD in 85%+ of all cases of human TSE, and the ones that do not believe that cattle can have this same phenomenon, are two of the same, the industry, and so goes the political science aspect of this tobacco and or asbestos scenario i.e. follow the money. I could go into all angles of this man made nightmare, the real facts and science, for instance, the continuing rendering technology and slow cooking with low temps that brewed this stew up, and the fact that THE USA HAD THIS TECHNOLOGY FIRST AND SHIPPED IT TO THE U.K. SOME 5 YEARS BEFORE THE U.S. STARTED USING THE SAME TECHNOLOGY, to save on fuel cost. This is what supposedly amplified the TSE agent via sheep scrapie, and spread via feed in the U.K. bovine, and other countries exporting the tainted product. BUT most everyone ignores this fact, and the fact that the U.S. has been recycling more TSE, from more species with TSEs, than any other country documented, but yet, it's all spontaneous, and the rise in sporadic CJD in the U.S. is a happenstance of bad luck ??? I respectfully disagree. To top that all off, the infamous BSE-FIREWALL that the USDA always brags about was nothing more than ink on paper, and I can prove this. YOU can ignore it, but this is FACT (see source, as late as 2007, in one recall alone, some 10,000,000 MILLION POUNDS OF BANNED MAD COW FEED WENT OUT INTO COMMERCE TO BE FED OUT, and most was never recovered. This was banned blood laced, meat and bone meal. 2006 was a banner year for banned mad cow protein going into commerce in the U.S. (see source of FDA feed ban warning letter below). I stress that the August 4, 1997 USA mad cow feed ban and this infamous BSE firewall, was nothing more than ink on paper, it was never enforceable.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I propose that the current diagnostic criteria for human TSEs only enhances and helps the spreading of human TSE from the continued belief of the UKBSEnvCJD only theory in 2009. With all the science to date refuting it, to continue to validate this old myth, will only spread this TSE agent through a multitude of potential routes and sources i.e. consumption, medical i.e., surgical, blood, dental, endoscopy, optical, nutritional supplements, cosmetics etc. I propose as with Aguzzi, Asante, Collinge, Caughey, Deslys, Dormont, Gibbs, Gajdusek, Ironside, Manuelidis, Marsh, et al and many more, that the world of TSE Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy is far from an exact science, but there is enough proven science to date that this myth should be put to rest once and for all, and that we move forward with a new classification for human and animal TSE that would properly identify the infected species, the source species, and then the route. This would further have to be broken down to strain of species and then the route of transmission would further have to be broken down. Accumulation and Transmission are key to the threshold from sub- clinical to clinical disease, and key to all this, is to stop the amplification and transmission of this agent, the spreading of, no matter what strain. In my opinion, to continue with this myth that the U.K. strain of BSE one strain TSE in cows, and the nv/v CJD one strain TSE humans, and the one geographical location source i.e. U.K., and that all the rest of human TSE are just one single strain i.e. sporadic CJD, a happenstance of bad luck that just happens due to a twisted protein that just twisted the wrong way, IN 85%+ OF ALL HUMAN TSEs, when to date there are 6 different phenotypes of sCJD, and growing per Gambetti et al, and that no other animal TSE transmits to humans ??? With all due respect to all Scientist that believe this, I beg to differ. To continue with this masquerade will only continue to spread, expose, and kill, who knows how many more in the years and decades to come. ONE was enough for me, My Mom, hvCJD i.e. Heidenhain Variant CJD, DOD 12/14/97 confirmed, which is nothing more than another mans name added to CJD, like CJD itself, Jakob and Creutzfeldt, or Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, just another CJD or human TSE, named after another human. WE are only kidding ourselves with the current diagnostic criteria for human and animal TSE, especially differentiating between the nvCJD vs the sporadic CJD strains and then the GSS strains and also the FFI fatal familial insomnia strains or the ones that mimics one or the other of those TSE? Tissue infectivity and strain typing of the many variants of the human and animal TSEs are paramount in all variants of all TSE. There must be a proper classification that will differentiate between all these human TSE in order to do this. With the CDI and other more sensitive testing coming about, I only hope that my proposal will some day be taken seriously. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">please see history, and the ever evolving TSE science to date ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Saturday, June 13, 2009</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States 2003 revisited 2009</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary 2000</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BMJ 2000; 320 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.320.7226.8/b (Published 01 January 2000) Cite this as: BMJ 2000;320:8</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">02 January 2000 Terry S Singeltary retired</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rapid Response: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">U.S. Scientist should be concerned with a CJD epidemic in the U.S., as well... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In reading your short article about 'Scientist warn of CJD epidemic' news in brief Jan. 1, 2000. I find the findings in the PNAS old news, made famous again. Why is the U.S. still sitting on their butts, ignoring the facts? We have the beginning of a CJD epidemic in the U.S., and the U.S. Gov. is doing everything in it's power to conceal it.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The exact same recipe for B.S.E. existed in the U.S. for years and years. In reading over the Qualitative Analysis of BSE Risk Factors-1, this is a 25 page report by the USDA:APHIS:VS. It could have been done in one page. The first page, fourth paragraph says it all;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Similarities exist in the two countries usage of continuous rendering technology and the lack of usage of solvents, however, large differences still remain with other risk factors which greatly reduce the potential risk at the national level."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Then, the next 24 pages tries to down-play the high risks of B.S.E. in the U.S., with nothing more than the cattle to sheep ratio count, and the geographical locations of herds and flocks. That's all the evidence they can come up with, in the next 24 pages.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Something else I find odd, page 16;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"In the United Kingdom there is much concern for a specific continuous rendering technology which uses lower temperatures and accounts for 25 percent of total output. This technology was _originally_ designed and imported from the United States. However, the specific application in the production process is _believed_ to be different in the two countries."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A few more factors to consider, page 15;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Figure 26 compares animal protein production for the two countries. The calculations are based on slaughter numbers, fallen stock estimates, and product yield coefficients. This approach is used due to variation of up to 80 percent from different reported sources. At 3.6 million tons, the United States produces 8 times more animal rendered product than the United Kingdom."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"The risk of introducing the BSE agent through sheep meat and bone meal is more acute in both relative and absolute terms in the United Kingdom (Figures 27 and 28). Note that sheep meat and bone meal accounts for 14 percent, or 61 thousand tons, in the United Kingdom versus 0.6 percent or 22 thousand tons in the United States. For sheep greater than 1 year, this is less than one-tenth of one percent of the United States supply."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"The potential risk of amplification of the BSE agent through cattle meat and bone meal is much greater in the United States where it accounts for 59 percent of total product or almost 5 times more than the total amount of rendered product in the United Kingdom."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Considering, it would only take _one_ scrapie infected sheep to contaminate the feed. Considering Scrapie has run rampant in the U.S. for years, as of Aug. 1999, 950 scrapie infected flocks. Also, Considering only one quarter spoonful of scrapie infected material is lethal to a cow.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Considering all this, the sheep to cow ration is meaningless. As I said, it's 24 pages of B.S.e.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To be continued...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr. Bacliff, Texas USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Competing interests: No competing interests</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/us-scientist-should-be-concerned-cjd-epidemic-us-well" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/us-scientist-should-be-concerned-cjd-epidemic-us-well</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00715-1 Copyright © 2003 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Newsdesk</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Tracking spongiform encephalopathies in North America</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Xavier Bosch</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Available online 29 July 2003. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Volume 3, Issue 8, August 2003, Page 463 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Volume 3, Number 8 01 August 2003</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Newsdesk</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Tracking spongiform encephalopathies in North America</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Xavier Bosch</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">My name is Terry S Singeltary Sr, and I live in Bacliff, Texas. I lost my mom to hvCJD (Heidenhain variant CJD) and have been searching for answers ever since. What I have found is that we have not been told the truth. CWD in deer and elk is a small portion of a much bigger problem.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">49-year-old Singeltary is one of a number of people who have remained largely unsatisfied after being told that a close relative died from a rapidly progressive dementia compatible with spontaneous Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). So he decided to gather hundreds of documents on transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) and realised that if Britons could get variant CJD from bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), Americans might get a similar disorder from chronic wasting disease (CWD) the relative of mad cow disease seen among deer and elk in the USA. Although his feverish search did not lead him to the smoking gun linking CWD to a similar disease in North American people, it did uncover a largely disappointing situation.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary was greatly demoralised at the few attempts to monitor the occurrence of CJD and CWD in the USA. Only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal TSEs should be reportable nationwide and internationally, he complained in a letter to the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA 2003; 285: 733). I hope that the CDC does not continue to expect us to still believe that the 85% plus of all CJD cases which are sporadic are all spontaneous, without route or source.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Until recently, CWD was thought to be confined to the wild in a small region in Colorado. But since early 2002, it has been reported in other areas, including Wisconsin, South Dakota, and the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. Indeed, the occurrence of CWD in states that were not endemic previously increased concern about a widespread outbreak and possible transmission to people and cattle.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To date, experimental studies have proven that the CWD agent can be transmitted to cattle by intracerebral inoculation and that it can cross the mucous membranes of the digestive tract to initiate infection in lymphoid tissue before invasion of the central nervous system. Yet the plausibility of CWD spreading to people has remained elusive.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Part of the problem seems to stem from the US surveillance system. CJD is only reported in those areas known to be endemic foci of CWD. Moreover, US authorities have been criticised for not having performed enough prionic tests in farm deer and elk.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Although in November last year the US Food and Drug Administration issued a directive to state public-health and agriculture officials prohibiting material from CWD-positive animals from being used as an ingredient in feed for any animal species, epidemiological control and research in the USA has been quite different from the situation in the UK and Europe regarding BSE.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Getting data on TSEs in the USA from the government is like pulling teeth, Singeltary argues. You get it when they want you to have it, and only what they want you to have.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Norman Foster, director of the Cognitive Disorders Clinic at the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, MI, USA), says that current surveillance of prion disease in people in the USA is inadequate to detect whether CWD is occurring in human beings; adding that, the cases that we know about are reassuring, because they do not suggest the appearance of a new variant of CJD in the USA or atypical features in patients that might be exposed to CWD. However, until we establish a system that identifies and analyses a high proportion of suspected prion disease cases we will not know for sure. The USA should develop a system modelled on that established in the UK, he points out.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ali Samii, a neurologist at Seattle VA Medical Center who recently reported the cases of three hunters two of whom were friends who died from pathologically confirmed CJD, says that at present there are insufficient data to claim transmission of CWD into humans; adding that [only] by asking [the questions of venison consumption and deer/elk hunting] in every case can we collect suspect cases and look into the plausibility of transmission further. Samii argues that by making both doctors and hunters more aware of the possibility of prions spreading through eating venison, doctors treating hunters with dementia can consider a possible prion disease, and doctors treating CJD patients will know to ask whether they ate venison.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CDC spokesman Ermias Belay says that the CDC will not be investigating the [Samii] cases because there is no evidence that the men ate CWD-infected meat. He notes that although the likelihood of CWD jumping the species barrier to infect humans cannot be ruled out 100% and that [we] cannot be 100% sure that CWD does not exist in humans& the data seeking evidence of CWD transmission to humans have been very limited. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473309903007151/fulltext" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473309903007151/fulltext</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary 2007</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Pathological Protein: Mad Cow, Chronic Wasting, and Other Deadly Prion Diseases </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">by Philip Yam </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''Answering critics like Terry Singeltary, who feels that the US undercounts CJD, Schonberger _conceded_ that the current surveillance system has errors but stated that most of the errors will be confined to the older population''...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Revisiting Sporadic CJD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It’s not hard to get Terry Singeltary going. “I have my conspiracy theories,” admitted the 49-year-old Texan.1 Singeltary is probably the nation’s most relentless consumer advocate when it comes to issues in prion diseases. He has helped families learn about the sickness and coordinated efforts with support groups such as CJD Voice and the CJD Foundation. He has also connected with others who are critical of the American way of handling the threat of prion diseases. Such critics include Consumers Union’s Michael Hansen, journalist John Stauber, and Thomas Pringle, who used to run the voluminous www.madcow.org Web site. These three lend their expertise to newspaper and magazine stories about prion diseases, and they usually argue that</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">223</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">prions represent more of a threat than people realize, and that the government has responded poorly to the dangers because it is more concerned about protecting the beef industry than people’s health.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary has similar inclinations, but unlike these men, he doesn’t have the professional credentials behind him. He is an 11th-grade dropout, a machinist who retired because of a neck injury sustained at work. But you might not know that from the vast stores of information in his mind and on his hard drive. Over the years, he has provided unacknowledged help to reporters around the globe, passing on files to such big-time players as The New York Times, Newsweek, and USA Today. His networking with journalists, activists, and concerned citizens has helped medical authorities make contact with suspected CJD victims. He has kept scientists informed with his almost daily posting of news items and research abstracts on electronic newsgroups, including the bulletin board on www.vegsource.com and the BSE-listserv run out of the University of Karlsruhe, Germany. His combative, blunt, opinionated style sometimes borders on obsessive ranting that earns praise from some officials and researchers but infuriates others—especially when he repeats his conviction that “the government has lied to us, the feed industry has lied to us—all over a buck.” As evidence, Singeltary cites the USDA’s testing approach, which targets downer cows and examined 19,900 of them in 2002. To him, the USDA should test 1 million cattle, because the incidence of BSE may be as low as one in a million, as it was in some European countries. That the U.S. does not, he thinks, is a sign that the government is really not interested in finding mad cows because of fears of an economic disaster.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary got into the field of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy in 1997, just after his mother died of sporadic CJD. She had an especially aggressive version—the Heidenhain variant—that first causes the patient to go blind and then to deteriorate rapidly. She died just ten weeks after her symptoms began. Singeltary, who said he had watched his grandparents die of cancer, considered her death by CJD to be much, much worse: “It’s something you never forget.” Her uncontrollable muscle twitching became so bad “that it took three of us to hold her one time,” Singeltary recalled. “She did everything but levitate in bed and spin her head.” Doctors originally diagnosed Alzheimer’s disease, but a postmortem neuropathological exam demanded by Singeltary revealed the true nature of her death.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">224 CHAPTER 14</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Classifying a disease as “sporadic” is another way for doctors to say they don’t know the cause. Normal prion proteins just turn rogue in the brain for no apparent reason. The term “sporadic” is often particularly hard for the victims’ families to accept, especially when the patient was previously in robust health. Maybe it was something in the water, they wonder, or in the air, or something they ate—the same questions CJD researchers tried to answer decades ago. The names “sporadic CJD” and “variant CJD” also confuse the public and raise suspicions that U.S. authorities are hiding something when they say there have been no native variant CJD cases in the country.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary suspected an environmental cause in his mother’s demise—a feeling reinforced a year later when a neighbor died of sporadic CJD. For years, the neighbor had been taking nutritional supplements that contained cow brain extracts. Researchers from the National Institutes of Health collected samples of the supplement, Singeltary recounted, and inoculated suspensions into mice. The mice remained healthy—which only means that those supplement samples tested were prion-free.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Scientists have made several attempts during the past few decades to find a connection between sporadic CJD and the environment. Often, these studies take the form of asking family members about CJD victims—their diet, occupation, medical history, hobbies, pets, and so forth—and comparing them with non-CJD subjects. Such case-control CJD studies have produced some intriguing—and sometimes contradictory—results. In 1985, Carleton Gajdusek and his NIH colleagues reported a correlation between CJD and eating a lot of roast pork, ham, hot dogs, and lamb, as well as rare meats and raw oysters.2 Yet they also recognized that the findings were preliminary and that more studies were needed.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Following up, Robert Will of the U.K. National CJD Surveillance Unit and others pooled this data with those from two other case-control studies on CJD (one from Japan and one from the U.K.). In particular, they figured the so-called odds ratio—calculated by dividing the frequency of a possible factor in the patient group by the frequency of the factor in the control group. An odds ratio greater than 1 means that the factor may be significant. In their study, Will and his collaborators found an increase of CJD in people who have worked as health professionals (odds ratio of 1.5) and people who have had contact with cows</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Laying Odds 225</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1.7) and sheep (1.6). Unfortunately, those connections were not statistically significant: The numbers of pooled patients (117) and control subjects (333) were so small that the researchers felt the odds ratios needed to reach 2.5 to 8 (depending on the assumptions) before they could be deemed statistically significant. The only statistically significant correlations they found were between CJD and a family history of either CJD (19.1) or other psychotic disease (9.9), although the latter might simply be correlated because psychotic disease may be an early symptom of undiagnosed CJD.3 In contrast with earlier findings, the team concluded that there was no association between sporadic CJD and the consumption of organ meats, including brains (0.6).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Although these case-control studies shed a certain amount of light on potential risk factors for CJD, it’s impossible to draw firm conclusions. Obtaining data that produces statistically meaningful results can be difficult because of the rarity of CJD and hence the shortage of subjects. Human memory is quite fragile, too, so patients’ families may not accurately recall the lifestyle and dietary habits of their loved ones over the course of a decade or more. Consequently, researchers must cope with data that probably contain significant biases. In a review paper on CJD, Joe Gibbs of the NIH and Richard T. Johnson of Johns Hopkins University concluded that “the absence of geographic differences in incidence is more convincing evidence against major dietary factors, since large populations eschew pork and some consume no meat or meat products.” A CJD study of lifelong vegetarians, they proposed, could produce some interesting data.4</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The inconclusive results of case-control studies do not completely rule out the environment as a possible cause of CJD. “Dr. Prusiner’s theory does fit much of the data of spontaneous generation of [malformed] PrP somewhere in the brain,” Will remarked—that is, the idea that sporadic CJD just happens by itself falls within the realm of the prion theory. Still, “it’s very odd, if you look at all the forms of human prion diseases there are, all of them are transmissible in the laboratory and could be due to some sort of infectious agent.”5 One of the great difficulties, he explained, is that “given that this is a disease of an extraordinarily long incubation period, are we really confident that we can exclude childhood exposure that is transmitted from person to person, as people move around? It’s difficult to be sure about that.” There might a “carrier state” that leaves people healthy yet still able to</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">226 CHAPTER 14</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">infect others. If so, “you would never be able to identify what’s causing the spread of the disease,” concluded Will, who hasn’t stopped looking for a possible environmental link. He has some preliminary data based on studies that trace CJD victims’ lives well before the time symptoms began—up to 70 years; they suggest some degree of geographic clustering, but no obvious candidates for a source of infection.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A Case for Undercounting</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The difficulty in establishing causal links in sporadic prion diseases—if there are any in the first place—underlines the importance of thorough surveillance. The U.K. has an active program, and when a victim of CJD is reported, one of Robert Will’s colleagues visits and questions the victim’s family. “No one has looked for CJD systematically in the U.S.,” the NIH’s Paul Brown noted. “Ever.”6 The U.S., through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, has generally maintained a more passive system, collecting information from death certificates from the National Center for Health Statistics. Because CJD is invariably fatal, mortality data is considered to be an effective means of tabulating cases. The CDC assessed the accuracy of such data by comparing the numbers with figures garnered through an active search in 1996: Teams covering five regions of the U.S. contacted the specialists involved and reviewed medical records for CJD cases between 1991 and 1995. Comparing the actively garnered data with the death certificate information showed that “we miss about 14 percent,” said CDC epidemiologist Lawrence Schonberger. “That’s improving. Doctors are becoming more knowledgeable,” thanks to increased scientific and media attention given to prion diseases.7</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The active surveillance study of 1996, however, only looked at cases in which physicians attributed the deaths to CJD. Misdiagnosed patients or patients who never saw a neurologist were not tabulated— thus CJD may be grossly underreported. Many neurological ailments share symptoms, especially early on. According to various studies, autopsies have found that CJD is misdiagnosed as other ills, such as dementia or Alzheimer’s disease, 5 to 13 percent of the time. The CDC finds that around 50,000Americans die from Alzheimer’s each year</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Laying Odds 227</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(about 4 million have the disease, according to the Alzheimer’s Association). Therefore, one could argue that thousands of CJD cases are being missed. (On the flip side, CJD could be mistakenly diagnosed as Alzheimer’s disease or dementia, but the number of CJD patients is so small that they wouldn’t dramatically skew the statistics for other neurological ills.)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In part to address the issue of misdiagnosis, CJD families have asked the CDC to place the disease on the national list of officially notifiable illnesses, which tends to include more contagious conditions such as AIDS, tuberculosis, hepatitis, and viral forms of encephalitis. Currently, only some states impose this requirement. CDC officials have discounted the utility of such an approach, arguing that it would duplicate the mortality data, which is more accurate than early diagnoses of CJD, anyway. Moreover, mandatory reporting of CJD cases does not necessarily guarantee the end to missed cases.8</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">One clue suggests that the passive system is undercounting CJD in the U.S.: racial difference. The number of black CJD victims is about 38 percent that of white victims. Rather than sporadic CJD being a onein-a-million lottery, it’s more like one-in-2.5-million for AfricanAmericans. Access to medical care might be one reason. Schonberger recounted that the CDC had asked other countries with substantial black populations to submit CJD figures for comparison but found that the surveillance in those countries was inadequate. “We haven’t been able to find any comparable literature on this issue, so it’s still up in the air,” Schonberger said. On the other hand, Alzheimer’s disease is more common among black people than whites, with an estimated higher prevalence ranging from 14 percent to almost 100 percent, according to a February 2002 report by the Alzheimer’s Association. Are some black CJD cases being misdiagnosed as Alzheimer’s?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Answering critics like Terry Singeltary, who feels that the U.S. undercounts CJD, Schonberger conceded that the current surveillance system has errors but stated that most of the errors will be confined to the older population. As Schonberger pointed out, no doctor would misdiagnose a 30-year-old CJD patient as having Alzheimer’s. The average age of the first 100 variant CJD victims was 29; should the epidemiology of vCJD change—if older people start coming down with it—then there would be problems. “The adequacy of our overall CJD surveillance would be greatly reduced should the proportion of older individuals affected by variant CJD substantially increase,” Schonberger explained.9</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SNIP...SEE FULL TEXT;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/38386/1/516.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/38386/1/516.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary Submission SEAC 2007</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SEAC SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY ADVISORY COMMITTEE Minutes of the 99th meeting held on 14th December 2007 Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This was 22 years to the day Mom died from the Heidenhain Variant of Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease i.e. hvCJD, when i made this submission to SEAC and this was their reply to my questions of concern about cjd in the USA, my how things have changed...terry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SEAC SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY ADVISORY COMMITTEE Minutes of the 99th meeting held on 14th December 2007 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ITEM 8 – PUBLIC QUESTION AND ANSWER SESSION 40. The Chair explained that the purpose of the question and answer session was to give members of the public an opportunity to ask questions related to the work of SEAC. Mr Terry Singeltary (Texas, USA) had submitted a question prior to the meeting, asking: “With the Nor-98 now documented in five different states so far in the USA in 2007, and with the two atypical BSE H-base cases in Texas and Alabama, with both scrapie and chronic wasting disease (CWD) running rampant in the USA, is there any concern from SEAC with the rise of sporadic CJD in the USA from ''unknown phenotype'', and what concerns if any, in relations to blood donations, surgery, optical, and dental treatment, do you have with these unknown atypical phenotypes in both humans and animals in the USA? Does it concern SEAC, or is it of no concern to SEAC? Should it concern USA animal and human health officials?”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">41. A member considered that this question appeared to be primarily related to possible links between animal and human TSEs in the USA. There is no evidence that sCJD is increasing in the USA and no evidence of any direct link between TSEs and CJD in the USA. Current evidence does not suggest that CWD is a significant risk to human health. There are unpublished data from a case of human TSE in the USA that are suggestive of an apparently novel form of prion disease with distinct molecular characteristics. However, it is unclear whether the case had been further characterised, if it could be linked to animal TSEs or if other similar cases had been found in the USA or elsewhere. In relation to the possible public health implications of atypical scrapie, H-type BSE and CWD, research was being conducted to investigate possible links and surveillance was in place to detect any changes in human TSEs. Although possible links between these diseases and human TSEs are of concern and require research, there is no evidence to suggest immediate public health action is warranted. The possible human health risks from classical scrapie had been discussed earlier in the meeting. Members noted that there are effective channels of discussion and collaboration on research between USA and European groups. Members agreed it is important to keep a watching brief on new developments on TSEs. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132933/http://www.seac.gov.uk/minutes/99.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132933/http://www.seac.gov.uk/minutes/99.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, United States of America Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Immediate notification</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">United States of America - Bovine spongiform encephalopathy - Immediate notification</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">GENERAL INFORMATION</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">COUNTRY/TERRITORY OR ZONE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">COUNTRY/TERRITORY</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ANIMAL TYPE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TERRESTRIAL</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DISEASE CATEGORY</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Listed disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">EVENT ID 5067</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DISEASE Bovine spongiform encephalopathy</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CAUSAL AGENT Bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion, atypical strain, L-type</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">GENOTYPE / SEROTYPE / SUBTYPE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">START DATE 2023/05/15</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">REASON FOR NOTIFICATION Recurrence of an eradicated disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DATE OF LAST OCCURRENCE 2018/08/28</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/05/18</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">EVENT STATUS On-going</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">END DATE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">snip...see;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/5067" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/5067</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full text and more here;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Wednesday, May 24, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, United States of America Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Immediate notification</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Alzheimer's disease, iatrogenic transmission, what if?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">let's not forget the elephant in the room. curing Alzheimer's would be a great and wonderful thing, but for starters, why not start with the obvious, lets prove the cause or causes, and then start to stop that. think iatrogenic, friendly fire, or the pass it forward mode of transmission. think medical, surgical, dental, tissue, blood, related transmission. think transmissible spongiform encephalopathy aka tse prion disease aka mad cow type disease... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Commentary: Evidence for human transmission of amyloid-β pathology and cerebral amyloid angiopathy</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=info:doi/10.1371/annotation/933cc83a-a384-45c3-b3b2-336882c30f9d" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=info:doi/10.1371/annotation/933cc83a-a384-45c3-b3b2-336882c30f9d</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comments?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0111492" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comments?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0111492</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/933cc83a-a384-45c3-b3b2-336882c30f9d" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/933cc83a-a384-45c3-b3b2-336882c30f9d</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2016.00005/full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2016.00005/full</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Self-Propagative Replication of Ab Oligomers Suggests Potential Transmissibility in Alzheimer Disease </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** Singeltary comment PLoS *** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Alzheimer’s disease and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy prion disease, Iatrogenic, what if ? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Posted by flounder on 05 Nov 2014 at 21:27 GMT </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Alzheimer’s disease and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy prion disease, Iatrogenic, what if ? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Alzheimer’s disease and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy disease have both been around a long time, and was discovered in or around the same time frame, early 1900’s. Both diseases are incurable and debilitating brain disease, that are in the end, 100% fatal, with the incubation/clinical period of the Alzheimer’s disease being longer (most of the time) than the TSE prion disease. Symptoms are very similar, and pathology is very similar.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Through years of research, as a layperson, of peer review journals, transmission studies, and observations of loved ones and friends that have died from both Alzheimer’s and the TSE prion disease i.e. Heidenhain Variant Creutzfelt Jakob Disease CJD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I propose that Alzheimer’s is a TSE disease of low dose, slow, and long incubation disease, and that Alzheimer’s is Transmissible, and is a threat to the public via the many Iatrogenic routes and sources. It was said long ago that the only thing that disputes this, is Alzheimer’s disease transmissibility, or the lack of. The likelihood of many victims of Alzheimer’s disease from the many different Iatrogenic routes and modes of transmission as with the TSE prion disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There should be a Global Congressional Science round table event set up immediately to address these concerns from the many potential routes and sources of the TSE prion disease, including Alzheimer’s disease, and a emergency global doctrine put into effect to help combat the spread of Alzheimer’s disease via the medical, surgical, dental, tissue, and blood arena’s. All human and animal TSE prion disease, including Alzheimer’s should be made reportable in every state, and Internationally, WITH NO age restrictions. Until a proven method of decontamination and autoclaving is proven, and put forth in use universally, in all hospitals and medical, surgical arena’s, or the TSE prion agent will continue to spread. IF we wait until science and corporate politicians wait until politics lets science _prove_ this once and for all, and set forth regulations there from, we will all be exposed to the TSE Prion agents, if that has not happened already.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=82860" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=82860</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://betaamyloidcjd.blogspot.com/2021/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://betaamyloidcjd.blogspot.com/2021/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">In one transmission study documented in 1982, primates were inoculated with brain tissue from patients with confirmed Alzheimer’s disease. The animals developed a spongiform encephalopathy that was indistinguishable from CJD. However, other attempts to transmit AD have been unsuccessful.91<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080102112107/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/pdf/volume2/Chapter2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080102112107/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/pdf/volume2/Chapter2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">IN CONFIDENCE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">5 NOVEMBER 1992</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TRANSMISSION OF ALZHEIMER TYPE PLAQUES TO PRIMATES</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">[9. Whilst this matter is not at the moment directly concerned with the iatrogenic CJD cases from hgH, there remains a possibility of litigation here, and this presents an added complication. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There are also results to be made available shortly </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) concerning a farmer with CJD who had BSE animals, </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(2) on the possible transmissibility of Alzheimer’s and </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(3) a CMO letter on prevention of iatrogenic CJD transmission in neurosurgery, all of which will serve to increase media interest.]</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080102125543/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/evidence/yb/1993jan.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080102125543/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/evidence/yb/1993jan.htm</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">IN CONFIDENCE </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">4 November 1992</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TRANSMISSION OF ALZHEIMER TYPE PLAQUES TO PRIMATES</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1. Thank you for showing me Diana Dunstan’s letter. I am glad that MRC have recognised the public sensitivity of these findings and intend to report them in their proper context. This hopefully will avoid misunderstanding and possible distortion by the media to portray the results as having more greater significance than the findings so far justify.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2. Using a highly unusual route of transmission (intra-cerebral injection) the researchers have demonstrated the transmission of a pathological process from two : cases one of severe Alzheimer’s disease the other of Gerstmann-Straussler disease to marmosets. However they have not demonstrated the transmission of either clinical ‘condition as the “animals were behaving normally when killed". As the report emphasises the unanswered question is whether the disease condition would have revealed itself if the marmosets had lived longer. They are planning further research to'see if the conditions, as opposed to the partial pathological process, is transmissible.<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">What are the implications for public health?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3. The route of transmission is very specific and in the natural State of things highly unusual - However it could be argued that the results reveal a potential risk, in that brain tissue from these two patients has been shown to transmit a pathological process. Should therefore brain tissue from such cases be regarded as potentially infective? Pathologists, morticians, neuro surgeons and those assisting at neuro surgical procedures and others coming into contact with "raw" human brain tissue “could in theory be at risk. However, on a priori grounds given the highly specific route of transmission in these experiments that risk must be negligible if the usual precautions for handling brain tissue are observed.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">92/11.4/1.1</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">4. The other dimension to consider is the public reaction. To some extent the GSS case demonstrates little more than the transmission of BSE to a pig by intra-cerebral injection. If other prion diseases can be transmitted in this way it is little surprise that some pathological findings observed in GSS were also transmissible to a marmoset. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">But the transmission of features of Alzheimer’s pathology is a different matter, given the much greater frequency of this disease and raises the unanswered question whether some cases are the result of a transmissible prion. The only tenable public line will be that "more research is required" before that hypothesis could be evaluated. The possibility on a transmissible prion remains open. In the meantime MRC needs carefully to consider the range and sequence of studies needed to follow through from the preliminary observations in these two cases. Not a particularly comfortable message, but until we know more about the causation of Alzheimer’s disease the total reassurance is not practical.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">J S METTERS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Room 509</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Richmond House</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Pager No: 081-884 3344 Callsign: DOH 832</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">92/11.4/1.2 </div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170126060344/http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102232842/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/11/04001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170126060344/http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102232842/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/11/04001001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080102183026/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/evidence/yb/1992nov.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080102183026/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/evidence/yb/1992nov.htm</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Trouble has been brewing for some time...Dr. Collinge is lobbying hard, and is threatening to go to the media...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040315075058/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/12/16005001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20040315075058/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/12/16005001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040315075058/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/12/16005001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20040315075058/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/12/16005001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">p.s. before getting into the zoonosis, first i will post some very disturbing studies just out, besides the cwd zoonosis to humans part, but PRION CONFERENCE 2023, just out, CWD TRANSMITS TO CATTLE BY ORAL ROUTE, a cattlemans worst nightmare. the FDA MAD COW FEED BAN (which has failed terribly), does NOT INCULDE DEER, only voluntary, CWD AND SCRAPIE WILL TRANSMIT TO PIGS BY ORAL ROUTES. this is terrible news no one is speaking of, so there will have to be a PART 3...terry</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Price of TSE Prion Poker goes up substantially, all you cattle ranchers and such, better pay close attention here...terry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of the chronic wasting disease agent from elk to cattle after oronasal exposure</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Justin Greenlee, Jifeng Bian, Zoe Lambert, Alexis Frese, and Eric Cassmann Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, USA </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the susceptibility of cattle to chronic wasting disease agent from elk. </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: Initial studies were conducted in bovinized mice using inoculum derived from elk with various genotypes at codon 132 (MM, LM, LL). Based upon attack rates, inoculum (10% w/v brain homogenate) from an LM132 elk was selected for transmission studies in cattle. At approximately 2 weeks of age, one wild type steer (EE211) and one steer with the E211K polymorphism (EK211) were fed 1 mL of brain homogenate in a quart of milk replacer while another 1 mL was instilled intranasally. The cattle were examined daily for clinical signs for the duration of the experiment. One steer is still under observation at 71 months post-inoculation (mpi). </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Results: Inoculum derived from MM132 elk resulted in similar attack rates and incubation periods in mice expressing wild type or K211 bovine PRNP, 35% at 531 days post inoculation (dpi) and 27% at 448 dpi, respectively. Inoculum from LM132 elk had a slightly higher attack rates in mice: 45% (693 dpi) in wild type cattle PRNP and 33% (468) in K211 mice. Inoculum from LL132 elk resulted in the highest attack rate in wild type bovinized mice (53% at 625 dpi), but no K211 mice were affected at >700 days. At approximately 70 mpi, the EK211 genotype steer developed clinical signs suggestive of prion disease, depression, low head carriage, hypersalivation, and ataxia, and was necropsied. Enzyme immunoassay (IDEXX) was positive in brainstem (OD=4.00, but non-detect in retropharyngeal lymph nodes and palatine tonsil. Immunoreactivity was largely limited to the brainstem, midbrain, and cervical spinal cord with a pattern that was primarily glia-associated. </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Cattle with the E211K polymorphism are susceptible to the CWD agent after oronasal exposure of 0.2 g of infectious material. </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">"Cattle with the E211K polymorphism are susceptible to the CWD agent after oronasal exposure of 0.2 g of infectious material."</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Strain characterization of chronic wasting disease in bovine-PrP transgenic mice </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Nuria Jerez-Garrido1, Sara Canoyra1, Natalia Fernández-Borges1, Alba Marín Moreno1, Sylvie L. Benestad2, Olivier Andreoletti3, Gordon Mitchell4, Aru Balachandran4, Juan María Torres1 and Juan Carlos Espinosa1. 1 Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, CISA-INIA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain. 2 Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway. 3 UMR Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)/École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Toulouse, France. 4 Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Canada. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is an infectious prion disease that affects cervids. Various CWD prion strains have been identified in different cervid species from North America and Europe. The properties of the infectious prion strains are influenced by amino acid changes and polymorphisms in the PrP sequences of different cervid species. This study, aimed to assess the ability of a panel of CWD prion isolates from diverse cervid species from North America and Europe to infect bovine species, as well as to investigate the properties of the prion strains following the adaptation to the bovine-PrP context. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: BoPrP-Tg110 mice overexpressing the bovine-PrP sequence were inoculated by intracranial route with a panel of CWD prion isolates from both North America (two white-tailed deer and two elk) and Europe (one reindeer, one moose and one red deer). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Our results show distinct behaviours in the transmission of the CWD isolates to the BoPrP-Tg110 mouse model. Some of these isolates did not transmit even after the second passage. Those able to transmit displayed differences in terms of attack rate, survival times, biochemical properties of brain PrPres, and histopathology. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Altogether, these results exhibit the diversity of CWD strains present in the panel of CWD isolates and the ability of at least some CWD isolates to infect bovine species. Cattle being one of the most important farming species, this ability represents a potential threat to both animal and human health, and consequently deserves further study. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: MCIN/AEI /10.13039/501100011033 and by European Union NextGeneration EU/PRTR </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Grant number: PCI2020-120680-2 ICRAD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">"Altogether, these results exhibit the diversity of CWD strains present in the panel of CWD isolates and the ability of at least some CWD isolates to infect bovine species. Cattle being one of the most important farming species, this ability represents a potential threat to both animal and human health, and consequently deserves further study."<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Ruminant feed ban for cervids in the United States ?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Posted by flounder on 31 Jan 2015 at 20:14 GMT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Friday, December 14, 2012 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration’s BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin) from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Animals considered at high risk for CWD include: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1) animals from areas declared to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones and </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period prior to slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Therefore, in the USA, materials from cervids other than CWD positive animals may be used in animal feed and feed ingredients for non-ruminants. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The amount of animal PAP that is of deer and/or elk origin imported from the USA to GB can not be determined, however, as it is not specified in TRACES. It may constitute a small percentage of the 8412 kilos of non-fish origin processed animal proteins that were imported from US into GB in 2011. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Overall, therefore, it is considered there is a __greater than negligible risk___ that (nonruminant) animal feed and pet food containing deer and/or elk protein is imported into GB. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is uncertainty associated with this estimate given the lack of data on the amount of deer and/or elk protein possibly being imported in these products. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">36% in 2007 (Almberg et al., 2011). In such areas, population declines of deer of up to 30 to 50% have been observed (Almberg et al., 2011). In areas of Colorado, the prevalence can be as high as 30% (EFSA, 2011). The clinical signs of CWD in affected adults are weight loss and behavioural changes that can span weeks or months (Williams, 2005). In addition, signs might include excessive salivation, behavioural alterations including a fixed stare and changes in interaction with other animals in the herd, and an altered stance (Williams, 2005). These signs are indistinguishable from cervids experimentally infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Given this, if CWD was to be introduced into countries with BSE such as GB, for example, infected deer populations would need to be tested to differentiate if they were infected with CWD or BSE to minimise the risk of BSE entering the human food-chain via affected venison. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with CWD prion. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing, footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible. For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant uncertainty associated with these estimates. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists and returning GB residents. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://webarchive.nationa... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Friday, December 14, 2012 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://chronic-wasting-di... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128180140/http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/12/defra-uk-what-is-risk-of-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160128180140/http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/12/defra-uk-what-is-risk-of-chronic.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** The potential impact of prion diseases on human health was greatly magnified by the recognition that interspecies transfer of BSE to humans by beef ingestion resulted in vCJD. While changes in animal feed constituents and slaughter practices appear to have curtailed vCJD, there is concern that CWD of free-ranging deer and elk in the U.S. might also cross the species barrier. Thus, consuming venison could be a source of human prion disease. Whether BSE and CWD represent interspecies scrapie transfer or are newly arisen prion diseases is unknown. Therefore, the possibility of transmission of prion disease through other food animals cannot be ruled out. There is evidence that vCJD can be transmitted through blood transfusion. There is likely a pool of unknown size of asymptomatic individuals infected with vCJD, and there may be asymptomatic individuals infected with the CWD equivalent. These circumstances represent a potential threat to blood, blood products, and plasma supplies. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20121022162853/http://cdmrp.army.mil/prevfunded/nprp/NPRP_Summit_Final_Report.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20121022162853/http://cdmrp.army.mil/prevfunded/nprp/NPRP_Summit_Final_Report.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">==================================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration’s BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin) from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">================================= </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Draft Guidance on Use of Material From Deer and Elk in Animal Feed; CVM Updates on Deer and Elk Withdrawn FDA Veterinarian Newsletter July/August 2003 Volume XVIII, No 4</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FDA has announced the availability of a draft guidance for industry entitled “Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed.” This draft guidance document (GFI #158), when finalized, will describe FDA’s current thinking regarding the use in animal feed of material from deer and elk that are positive for Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) or that are at high risk for CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD is a neurological (brain) disease of farmed and wild deer and elk that belong in the cervidae animal family (cervids). Only deer and elk are known to be susceptible to CWD by natural transmission. The disease has been found in farmed and wild mule deer, white-tailed deer, North American elk, and farmed black-tailed deer. CWD belongs to a family of animal and human diseases called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). TSEs are very rare, but are always fatal.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This draft Level 1 guidance, when finalized, will represent the Agency’s current thinking on the topic. It does not create or confer any rights for or on any person and does not operate to bind FDA or the public. An alternate method may be used as long as it satisfies the requirements of applicable statutes and regulations.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Draft guidance #158 is posted on the FDA/Center for Veterinary Medicine Home Page. Single copies of the draft guidance may be obtained from the FDA Veterinarian.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">- - Page Last Updated: 04/16/2013 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://www.fda.gov/Animal... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20100310210459/http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/NewsEvents/FDAVeterinarianNewsletter/ucm103406.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20100310210459/http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/NewsEvents/FDAVeterinarianNewsletter/ucm103406.htm</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CONTAINS NON-BINDING RECOMMENDATIONS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">158</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Guidance for Industry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Comments and suggestions regarding the document should be submitted to Division of Dockets Management (HFA-305), Food and Drug Administration, 5630 Fishers Lane, Rm. 1061, Rockville, MD 20852. Submit electronic comments to http://www.regulations.go.... All comments should be identified with the Docket No. 03D-0186.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">For questions regarding this guidance, contact Burt Pritchett, Center for Veterinary Medicine (HFV- 222), Food and Drug Administration, 7519 Standish Place, Rockville, MD 20855, 240-453-6860, E-mail: burt.pritchett@fda.hhs.gov . Additional copies of this guidance document may be requested from the Communications Staff (HFV-12), Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration, 7519 Standish Place, Rockville, MD 20855, and may be viewed on the Internet at http://www.fda.gov/Animal....</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">U.S. Department of Health and Human Services</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine September 15, 2003</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CONTAINS NON-BINDING RECOMMENDATIONS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">158</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Guidance for Industry1</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This guidance represents the Food and Drug Administration’s current thinking on the use of material from deer and elk in animal feed. It does not create or confer any rights for or on any person and does not operate to bind FDA or the public. You can use an alternative approach if the approach satisfies the requirements of applicable statutes or regulations. If you want to discuss an alternative approach, contact the FDA staff responsible for implementing this guidance. If you cannot identify the appropriate FDA staff, call the appropriate number listed on the title page of this guidance. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I. Introduction </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FDA’s guidance documents, including this guidance, do not establish legally enforceable responsibilities. Instead, guidances describe the Agency’s current thinking on a topic and should be viewed only as recommendations, unless specific regulatory or statutory requirements are cited. The use of the word “should” in Agency guidances means that something is suggested or recommended, but not required. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Under FDA’s BSE feed regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. This guidance document describes FDA’s recommendations regarding the use in all animal feed of all material from deer and elk that are positive for Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) or are considered at high risk for CWD. The potential risks from CWD to humans or non-cervid animals such as poultry and swine are not well understood. However, because of recent recognition that CWD is spreading rapidly in white-tailed deer, and because CWD’s route of transmission is poorly understood, FDA is making recommendations regarding the use in animal feed of rendered materials from deer and elk that are CWD-positive or that are at high risk for CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">II. Background</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD is a neurological (brain) disease of farmed and wild deer and elk that belong in the animal family cervidae (cervids). Only deer and elk are known to be susceptible to CWD by natural transmission. The disease has been found in farmed and wild mule deer,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1 This guidance has been prepared by the Division of Animal Feeds in the Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) at the Food and Drug Administration.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CONTAINS NON-BINDING RECOMMENDATIONS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">white-tailed deer, North American elk, and in farmed black-tailed deer. CWD belongs to a family of animal and human diseases called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). These include bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE or “mad cow” disease) in cattle; scrapie in sheep and goats; and classical and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases (CJD and vCJD) in humans. There is no known treatment for these diseases, and there is no vaccine to prevent them. In addition, although validated postmortem diagnostic tests are available, there are no validated diagnostic tests for CWD that can be used to test for the disease in live animals.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">III.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Use in animal feed of material from CWD-positive deer and elk</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Material from CWD-positive animals may not be used in any animal feed or feed ingredients. Pursuant to Sec. 402(a)(5) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, animal feed and feed ingredients containing material from a CWD-positive animal would be considered adulterated. FDA recommends that any such adulterated feed or feed ingredients be recalled or otherwise removed from the marketplace.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">IV.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Use in animal feed of material from deer and elk considered at high risk for CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Deer and elk considered at high risk for CWD include: (1) animals from areas declared by State officials to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones; and (2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period immediately before the time of slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FDA recommends that materials from deer and elk considered at high risk for CWD no longer be entered into the animal feed system. Under present circumstances, FDA is not recommending that feed made from deer and elk from a non-endemic area be recalled if a State later declares the area endemic for CWD or a CWD eradication zone. In addition, at this time, FDA is not recommending that feed made from deer and elk believed to be from a captive herd that contained no CWD-positive animals be recalled if that herd is subsequently found to contain a CWD-positive animal. V. Use in animal feed of material from deer and elk NOT considered at high risk for CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FDA continues to consider materials from deer and elk NOT considered at high risk for CWD to be acceptable for use in NON-RUMINANT animal feeds in accordance with current agency regulations, 21 CFR 589.2000. Deer and elk not considered at high risk include: (1) deer and elk from areas not declared by State officials to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones; and (2) deer and elk that were not at some time during the 60-month period immediately before the time of slaughter in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://www.fda.gov/downlo... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20110210041729/http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/ucm052506.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20110210041729/http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/ucm052506.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">that voluntary mad cow feed ban that became law, how did that work out for us $ </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***e) "Big Jim's" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6; ***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">please note, considering .005 grams is lethal, I do not know how much of this 125 TONS of banned mad cow protein was part of the ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">e) "Big Jim's" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">bbbut, this was about 10 years post mad cow feed ban from 1997. 10 years later, and still feeding banned mad cow protein to cervids??? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">considering that .005 gram is lethal to several bovines, and we know that the oral consumption of CWD tainted products is very efficient mode of transmission of CWD. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALL AL AND FL VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 TONS Products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: August 6, 2006 at 6:16 pm PST </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRODUCT </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">a) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish, Recall # V-100-6; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">b) Performance Sheep Pell W/Decox/A/N, medicated, net wt. 50 lbs, Recall # V-101-6; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">c) Pro 40% Swine Conc Meal -- 50 lb, Recall # V-102-6; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">d) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish Food Medicated, Recall # V-103-6; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***e) "Big Jim's" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6; ***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">f) CO-OP 40% Hog Supplement Medicated Pelleted, Tylosin 100 grams/ton, 50 lb. bag, Recall # V-105-6; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">g) Pig Starter Pell II, 18% W/MCDX Medicated 282020, Carbadox -- 0.0055%, Recall # V-106-6; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">h) CO-OP STARTER-GROWER CRUMBLES, Complete Feed for Chickens from Hatch to 20 Weeks, Medicated, Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate, 25 and 50 Lbs, Recall # V-107-6; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i) CO-OP LAYING PELLETS, Complete Feed for Laying Chickens, Recall # 108-6; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">j) CO-OP LAYING CRUMBLES, Recall # V-109-6; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">k) CO-OP QUAIL FLIGHT CONDITIONER MEDICATED, net wt 50 Lbs, Recall # V-110-6; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">l) CO-OP QUAIL STARTER MEDICATED, Net Wt. 50 Lbs, Recall # V-111-6; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">m) CO-OP QUAIL GROWER MEDICATED, 50 Lbs, Recall # V-112-6 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CODE </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Product manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Alabama Farmers Cooperative, Inc., Decatur, AL, by telephone, fax, email and visit on June 9, 2006. FDA initiated recall is complete. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">REASON </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Animal and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants". </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">125 tons </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DISTRIBUTION </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">AL and FL </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">### </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://www.fda.gov/Safety... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20100120023832/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2006/ucm120413.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20100120023832/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2006/ucm120413.htm</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see more breaches in ruminant aka mad cow feed ban up to 2014 ; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This is a Comment on the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Notice: Agency Information Collection Activities; Proposals, Submissions, and Approvals: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Importation of Animals and Animal Products</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">For related information, Open Docket Folder Docket folder icon </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">--------------------------------------------------------------------------------</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Show agency attachment(s) AttachmentsView All (0) Empty</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">--------------------------------------------------------------------------------</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Comment View document:Docket No. APHIS-2014-0107 Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Importation of Animals and Animal Products Singeltary Submission ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I believe that there is more risk to the world from Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE prion aka mad cow type disease now, coming from the United States and all of North America, than there is risk coming to the USA and North America, from other Countries. I am NOT saying I dont think there is any risk for the BSE type TSE prion coming from other Countries, I am just saying that in 2015, why is the APHIS/USDA/FSIS/FDA still ignoring these present mad cow risk factors in North America like they are not here? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">North America has more strains of TSE prion disease, in more species (excluding zoo animals in the early BSE days, and excluding the Feline TSE and or Canine TSE, because they dont look, and yes, there has been documented evidence and scientific studies, and DEFRA Hound study, that shows the canine spongiform encephalopathy is very possible, if it has not already happened, just not documented), then any other Country in the world. Mink TME, Deer Elk cervid CWD (multiple strains), cBSE cattle, atypical L-type BSE cattle, atypical H-type BSE cattle, atyical HG type BSE cow (the only cow documented in the world to date with this strain), typical sheep goat Scrapie (multiple strains), and the atypical Nor-98 Scrapie, which has been linked to sporadic CJD, Nor-98 atypical Scrapie has spread from coast to coast. sporadic CJD on the rise, with different strains mounting, victims becoming younger, with the latest nvCJD human mad cow case being documented in Texas again, this case, NOT LINKED TO EUROPEAN TRAVEL CDC. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">typical BSE can propagate as nvCJD and or sporadic CJD (Collinge et al), and sporadic CJD has now been linked to atypical BSE, Scrapie and atypical Scrapie, and scientist are very concerned with CWD TSE prion in the Cervid populations. in my opinion, the BSE MRR policy, which overtook the BSE GBR risk assessments for each country, and then made BSE confirmed countries legal to trade mad cow disease, which was all brought forth AFTER that fateful day December 23, 2003, when the USA lost its gold card i.e. BSE FREE status, thats the day it all started. once the BSE MRR policy was shoved down every countries throat by USDA inc and the OIE, then the legal trading of Scrapie was validated to be a legal trading commodity, also shoved through by the USDA inc and the OIE, the world then lost 30 years of attempted eradication of the BSE TSE prion disease typical and atypical strains, and the BSE TSE Prion aka mad cow type disease was thus made a legal trading commodity, like it or not. its all about money now folks, trade, to hell with human health with a slow incubating disease, that is 100% fatal once clinical, and forget the fact of exposure, sub-clinical infection, and friendly fire there from i.e. iatrogenic TSE prion disease, the pass it forward mode of the TSE PRION aka mad cow type disease. its all going to be sporadic CJD or sporadic ffi, or sporadic gss, or now the infamous VPSPr. ...problem solved $$$ </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">the USDA/APHIS/FSIS/FDA triple mad cow BSE firewall, well, that was nothing but ink on paper. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">for this very reason I believe the BSE MRR policy is a total failure, and that this policy should be immediately withdrawn, and set back in place the BSE GBR Risk Assessments, with the BSE GBR risk assessments set up to monitor all TSE PRION disease in all species of animals, and that the BSE GBR risk assessments be made stronger than before. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">lets start with the recent notice that beef from Ireland will be coming to America. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ireland confirmed around 1655 cases of mad cow disease. with the highest year confirming about 333 cases in 2002, with numbers of BSE confirmed cases dropping from that point on, to a documentation of 1 confirmed case in 2013, to date. a drastic decrease in the feeding of cows to cows i.e. the ruminant mad cow feed ban, and the enforcement of that ban, has drastically reduced the number of BSE cases in Europe, minus a few BABs or BARBs. a far cry from the USDA FDA triple BSE firewall, which was nothing more than ink on paper, where in 2007, in one week recall alone, some 10 MILLION POUNDS OF BANNED POTENTIAL MAD COW FEED WENT OUT INTO COMMERCE IN THE USA. this is 10 years post feed ban. in my honest opinion, due to the blatant cover up of BSE TSE prion aka mad cow disease in the USA, we still have no clue as to the true number of cases of BSE mad cow disease in the USA or North America as a whole. ...just saying. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Number of reported cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in farmed cattle worldwide* (excluding the United Kingdom) </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Country/Year </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...please see attached pdf file, with references of breaches in the USA triple BSE mad cow firewalls, and recent science on the TSE prion disease. ...TSS </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Docket No. APHIS-2014-0107 Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Importation of Animals and Animal Products Singeltary Submission View Attachment: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://www.regulations.go...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.reginfo.gov/public/do/DownloadDocument?objectID=54003900" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.reginfo.gov/public/do/DownloadDocument?objectID=54003900</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Competing interests declared: ruminant feed ban for cervids in the United States ? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Posted by flounder on 31 Jan 2015 at 20:14 GMT </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=85351 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">See archived link;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128180140/http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=85351" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160128180140/http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=85351</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">PDF]Freas, William TSS SUBMISSION File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat -</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Page 1. J Freas, William From: Sent: To: Subject: Terry S. Singeltary</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sr. [flounder@wt.net] Monday, January 08, 200l 3:03 PM freas ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20170301223601/https://www.fda.gov/OHRMS/DOCKETS/AC/01/slides/3681s2_09.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20170301223601/https://www.fda.gov/OHRMS/DOCKETS/AC/01/slides/3681s2_09.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Wednesday, May 24, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, United States of America Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Immediate notification</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/125/wahis-woah-oie-immediate-notification" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/125/wahis-woah-oie-immediate-notification</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">May 2, 2023 Singeltary Submission to APHIS et al on BSE;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Docket No. APHIS–2023–0027 Notice of Request for Revision to and Extension of Approval of an Information Collection; National Veterinary Services Laboratories; Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Surveillance Program Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Document APHIS-2023-0027-0001 BSE Singeltary Comment Submission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Greetings again APHIS et al,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I would kindly like to again, post my concern or urgency, on why said information is so critical, and why the 3 year extension is so critical, especially today, with the recent mad cow cases in the UK, Switzerland, Brazil, Spain, and The Netherlands all atypical BSE cases, and the fact the OIE is so concerned with the recent science about atypical L-type BSE and atypical H-type BSE, both of which can transmit orally, (see OIE BSE atypical in my reference materials), new outbreak of a new Prion disease in a new livestock species, i.e. the camel. The fact Chronic Wasted Disease CWD TSE Prion of Cervid, is spreading across the USA, with no stopping it in the near future, now with 10 different strains, a spillover into cattle or sheep would be devastating, and the ramifications of human zoonosis there from, has great concern throughout the scientific community. The fact that the USA BSE feed ban was and is a joke today (see why, with the fact that CWD positive deer could enter the food/feed chain for other ruminants and what the DEFRA says), how the BSE surveillance and testing has failed us so terribly bad to date, by testing only 25k bovines a year for BSE, you will not find BSE until it's too late, again. THIS is all why INFORMATION COLLECTION is so vital for BSE and all human and animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''The purpose of this notice is to solicit comments from the public (as well as affected agencies) concerning our information collection. These comments will help us:''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Evaluate whether the collection of information is necessary for the proper performance of the functions of the Agency, including whether the information will have practical utility;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(2) Evaluate the accuracy of our estimate of the burden of the collection of information, including the validity of the methodology and assumptions used;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(3) Enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be collected; and</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(4) Minimize the burden of the collection of information on those who are to respond, through use, as appropriate, of automated, electronic, mechanical, and other collection technologies; ...end</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The question should be, what will the burden be, if WE DON'T COLLECT SAID INFORMATIONS ON BSE, and we find ourselves again facing a BSE epidemic?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I want to bring your attention too, and emphasize;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(3) Enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be collected; and...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I remember that infamous TEXAS MAD COW that instead of a 48 turnaround at Weybridge, said suspect positive, was declared NEGATIVE, until an Act of Congress and the Honorable Phyllis Fong overrode Texas negative test, sent that BSE sample to Weybridge, and 6 MONTHS LATER ON A 48 HOUR TURNAROUND (BSE REDBOOKS), that BSE sample was CONFIRMED POSITIVE (see history in my references).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Let's not kid ourselves, the BSE ENHANCED BSE SURVEILLANE efforts way back was a total failure, that's why it was shut down, too many atypical BSE cases were showing up.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ONLY by the Grace of God, have we not had a documented BSE outbreak, that and the fact the USDA et al are only testing 25K cattle for BSE, a number too low to find mad cow disease from some 28.9 million beef cows in the United States as of Jan. 1, 2023, down 4% from last year. The number of milk cows in the United States increased to 9.40 million. U.S. calf crop was estimated at 34.5 million head, down 2% from 2021. Jan 31, 2023.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ALL it would take is one BSE positive, yet alone a handful of BSE cases, this is why the Enhanced BSE was shut down, and the BSE testing shut down to 25k, and the BSE GBRs were replaced with BSE MRRs, after the 2003 Christmas Mad cow, the cow that stole Christmas, making it legal to trade BSE, imo.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">THE world was set back to square one with the BSE Minimal Risk Regions, from the BSE GBRs.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WE must enhance our BSE Surveillance and BSE Testing, and the FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED BAN must be revised to include Cervid by-products and SRM, and it should be made MANDATORY, AND THIS SHOULD BE WELL DOCUMENTED with information collection.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">said 'burden' cost, will be a heavy burden to bear, if we fail with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion disease, that is why this information collection is so critical...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary References</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see full submission;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: inherit; outline: none !important;">Notice of Request To Renew an Approved Information Collection: Specified Risk Materials DOCKET NUMBER Docket No. FSIS-2022-0027 Singeltary Submission</span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Greetings FSIS, USDA, et al,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Thank you kindly for allowing the public to comment on ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(a) whether the proposed collection of information is necessary for the proper performance of FSIS’ functions, including whether the information will have practical utility;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(b) the accuracy of FSIS’ estimate of the burden of the proposed collection of information, including the validity of the method and assumptions used;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(c) ways to enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be collected; and</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(d) ways to minimize the burden of the collection of information, including through the use of appropriate automated, electronic, mechanical, or other technological collection techniques, or other forms of information technology.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I will be commenting mostly on a, b, and c, because d, is wanting to minimize the burden of collection, and i do not think that is possible if ''These statutes mandate that FSIS protect the public by verifying that meat, poultry, and egg products are safe, wholesome, and properly labeled and packaged.'', is truly the intent of these statutes, and i would kindly like to explain why, and why it is so critical that these Specified Risk Materials SRM TSE Prion Statues are so important for public health, and WHY there is an urgent need to enhance them, considering the risk factors of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion in Cervid.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">THIS collection of SRM materials information should be done all the time, year after year, and ending it EVER would be foolish, imo, not scientific, and will lead to future risk to public health, if you consider just how bad USDA/FSIS/APHIS/FDA failed so badly with the FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED BAN, the SRM REMOVAL, THE BSE SURVEILLANCE AND TESTING PROGRAMS, THEY FAILED ALL OF THEM TERRIBLY IMO, AND BY CONTINUING TO INSIST ON TESTING 25K CATTLE FOR BSE IS A DISASTER WATING TO HAPPEND IMO!</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SPECIFIED RISK MATERS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Specified Risk Materials SRMs, are the most high risk infectious materials, organs, of a cow that is infected with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy, BSE TSE Prion. the atypical BSE strains are, like atypical L-type BSE are more infectious that the typical C-type BSE. Also, Science of the BSE TSE has evolved to show that there are more infectious tissues and organs than previously thought. I wish to kindly post all this evidence, as to show you why this information collection of SRMs are so vital to public safety, and why they should be enhanced for cattle, cervid, sheep, and goats, oh, and not to forget the new livestock prion disease in camel, the Camel Prion Disease CPD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ONE other thing, you must remember, SCIENCE AND TRANSMISSION STUDIES have now shown that CWD and Scrapie can transmit to PIGS by Oral route. This should be included in any enhancement of the SRM or FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">NOT to forget Zoonosis of all of the above, i will post the latest science to date at the bottom of the attached files.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Thank You, terry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FSIS-2022-0027-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FSIS-2022-0027-0002</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary further comments in attachment;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Specified Risk Materials DOCKET NUMBER Docket No. FSIS-2022-0027 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary Submission Attachment </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/FSIS-2022-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/FSIS-2022-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Monday, December 5, 2022 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Notice of Request To Renew an Approved Information Collection: Specified Risk Materials </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DOCKET NUMBER Docket No. FSIS-2022-0027 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2022/12/notice-of-request-to-renew-approved.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2022/12/notice-of-request-to-renew-approved.html<br style="outline: none !important;" /></a></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 30, 2022 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">USDA Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE, Scrapie, CWD, Testing and Surveillance 2022 A Review of History </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2022/11/usda-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2022/11/usda-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a></div></div></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2017</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, MAY 17, 2017</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD, TSE, PRION, Cattle, Pigs, Sheep, and Humans aka Mad Cow Disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: CWD, TSE, PRION, Cattle, Pigs, Sheep, and Humans aka Mad Cow Disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion to cattle, it's just a matter of time, if TSE Prion feed ban controls (or the lack there of), are not stringently enhanced. </div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">In reported (Sigurdson, 2008; Hamir et al., 2006). It is not known how susceptible humans are to CWD but given that the prion can be present in muscle, it is likely that humans have been exposed to the agent via consumption of venison (Sigurdson, 2008). Initial experimental research, however, suggests that human susceptibility to CWD is low and there may be a robust species barrier for CWD transmission to humans (Sigurdson, 2008). It is apparent, though, that CWD is affecting wild and farmed cervid populations in endemic areas with some deer populations decreasing as a result.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/514401/qra-chronic-wasting-disease.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/514401/qra-chronic-wasting-disease.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Technical Abstract:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***Cattle could be exposed to the agent of chronic wasting disease (CWD) through contact with infected farmed or free-ranging cervids or exposure to contaminated premises. The purpose of this study was to assess the potential for CWD derived from elk to transmit to cattle after intracranial inoculation. Calves (n=14) were inoculated with brain homogenate derived from elk with CWD to determine the potential for transmission and define the clinicopathologic features of disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Cattle were necropsied if clinical signs occurred or at the termination of experiment (49 months post-inoculation (MPI)).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Clinical signs of poor appetite, weight loss, circling, and bruxism occurred in two cattle (14%) at 16 and 17 MPI, respectively.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Accumulation of abnormal prion protein (PrP**Sc) in these cattle was confined to the central nervous system with the most prominent immunoreactivity in midbrain, brainstem, and hippocampus with lesser immunoreactivity in the cervical spinal cord.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** The rate of transmission was lower than in cattle inoculated with CWD derived from mule deer (38%) or white-tailed deer (86%).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Additional studies are required to fully assess the potential for cattle to develop CWD through a more natural route of exposure, but a low rate of transmission after intracranial inoculation suggests that risk of transmission through other routes is low.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***A critical finding here is that if CWD did transmit to exposed cattle, currently used diagnostic techniques would detect and differentiate it from other prion diseases in cattle based on absence of spongiform change, distinct pattern of PrP**Sc deposition, and unique molecular profile.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=277212" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=277212</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Monday, April 04, 2016</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** Limited amplification of chronic wasting disease prions in the peripheral tissues of intracerebrally inoculated cattle ***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">UPDATED CORRESPONDENCE FROM AUTHORS OF THIS STUDY I.E. COLBY, PRUSINER ET AL, ABOUT MY CONCERNS OF THE DISCREPANCY BETWEEN THEIR FIGURES AND MY FIGURES OF THE STUDIES ON CWD TRANSMISSION TO CATTLE ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/04/limited-amplification-of-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/04/limited-amplification-of-chronic.html</a> </div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/05/cwd-tse-prion-cattle-pigs-sheep-and.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/05/cwd-tse-prion-cattle-pigs-sheep-and.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, OCTOBER 16, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of the chronic wasting disease agent from elk to cattle after oronasal exposure </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Price of TSE Prion Poker goes up substantially, all you cattle ranchers and such, better pay close attention here...</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/10/transmission-of-chronic-wasting-disease.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/10/transmission-of-chronic-wasting-disease.html</a></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">NOW, IMO, EVERY WILD HUNTER SHOULD READ THIS, AND WRITE THE SENATOR$$$</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Texas Senator Slams Proposed TPWD Chronic Wasting Disease Rule as 'Draconian'</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“TPWD... should have a balanced approach for CWD with equal treatment of Deer Breeders and wild deer, and not side with one industry over the other,” Hall wrote in a publication issued by his office.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“At a minimum, they must first test each deer and then only kill those that test positive. And should the department continue to kill breeder deer, they should be responsible for the total costs of execution and disposal. Otherwise we will witness the slow death of a vital Texas industry.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://thetexan.news/state/texas-state-news/texas-senator-slams-proposed-tpwd-chronic-wasting-disease-rule-as-draconian/article_00a21560-7811-11ee-b3b7-879914f29064.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://thetexan.news/state/texas-state-news/texas-senator-slams-proposed-tpwd-chronic-wasting-disease-rule-as-draconian/article_00a21560-7811-11ee-b3b7-879914f29064.html</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Powerful Abbott appointee's lobbying sparks blowback in Legislature</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In an ironic twist for Gov. Greg Abbott, who has made ethics reform an urgent political priority, the Texas House is taking aim at what critics call a "pay to play" culture among his appointees.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BY JAY ROOT MAY 12, 2017 12 AM</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Houston billionaire Dan Friedkin is chairman of the Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">When Gov. Greg Abbott tapped one of his top campaign donors to become chairman of the Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission, he didn’t get a part-time appointee who would merely draft rules and implement conservation laws passed by the Legislature.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In Dan Friedkin, the governor got a Houston billionaire — with a team of privately funded lobbyists — willing to use his influence to ensure his wildlife interests are taken into account by the Legislature before they pass those laws, interviews and records show.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">On the receiving end of that influence, and not in a happy way, is state Rep. Chris Paddie, R-Marshall. Paddie said a lobbyist working for Friedkin’s business empire, which includes a massive South Texas hunting ranch, has been working against his deer breeder management bill, which many large ranchers oppose. The state Parks and Wildlife Department oversees deer breeding regulations in Texas.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“Many times these appointees are well-heeled, very influential people,” Paddie said. “Overall, I feel that it’s inappropriate for an appointee of a board or commission to have personal lobbyists lobbying on issues related to that board or commission.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Under Texas law, state agencies are barred from lobbying the Legislature. But the powerful people who oversee them aren’t.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">If Paddie and dozens of his colleagues get their way, that practice soon will be a Class A misdemeanor.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Last weekend, Paddie attached a ban on appointee lobbying — which would apply to any issues intersecting with their state responsibilities — to an ethics bill that already had powerful friends of the governor in its crosshairs. The provision was adopted unanimously and the bill sailed out of the Texas House on a 91-48 vote Saturday.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The ethics bill, authored by Rep. Lyle Larson, R-San Antonio, would bar big campaign donors from getting appointed by governors in the first place. Anyone who contributed over $2,500 would be barred from serving on state boards and commissions.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Larson pointed to news articles documenting the amount of campaign money appointees have collectively given governors. Last year the San Antonio Express-News calculated that Abbott had received nearly $9 million from people he’s picked for appointed office; before that, a widely cited report from Texans for Public Justice found former Gov. Rick Perry had received $17 million from his own appointees.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Larson said 20 years from now, Texans will be reading the same stories about a future governor unless the Legislature does something about it now.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“We’ve read that article for the last three decades,” Larson said during a brief floor speech. “This is your opportunity to say, 'We need to stop this.' The most egregious ethics violation we’ve got in the state is the pay to play in the governor’s office.” </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A prodigious fundraiser, Abbott has put plenty of big donors on prestigious boards and commissions. On the Parks and Wildlife Commission alone, he has installed three mega-donors — pipeline mogul Kelcy Warren, who’s given Abbott more than $800,000 over his statewide political career; Houston businessman S. Reed Morian, who has given $600,000; and Friedkin, who personally donated more than $700,000 — while his Gulf States Toyota PAC gave Abbott another $100,000, according to Ethics Commission records. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Passage of Larson’s HB 3305 represents an ironic twist for Abbott, who for the second session in a row has made ethics reform an urgent political priority — resulting in a bill that's now taking aim at his gubernatorial appointments. Abbott, who has made a habit of ignoring tough questions, hasn't made any public statements about the bill, and his office did not respond to multiple requests for comment.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Friedkin — whose wealth is estimated at $3.4 billion by Forbes — is the owner and CEO of Gulf States Toyota, founded in 1969, which has had the exclusive rights to distribute new Toyotas in Texas and four nearby states. He’d also been a mega-donor to former Gov. Rick Perry, who first appointed Friedkin to the Parks and Wildlife Commission in 2005. Abbott made Friedkin chairman of the commission in 2015.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Requests for comment from Friedkin's office went unanswered.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In addition to his public role as parks and wildlife chairman, a perch that gives him significant influence over deer management issues, Friedkin has private wildlife interests. He owns the sprawling Comanche Ranch in South Texas, according to published news accounts.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The January 2014 edition of Texas Wildlife, published by the Texas Wildlife Association, described Friedkin’s Comanche Ranch as “privately owned and privately hunted” and said it’s “in the business to produce as many trophy bucks as possible, without damaging the native habitat.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The association, which advocates for private landowners and hunting rights, has locked horns with deer breeding interests at Parks and Wildlife and the Capitol. They compete against each other in the lucrative trophy deer hunting market — and the battle between them perennially spills into the rule-making process at the Parks and Wildlife Commission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">One of their battles centers on how captive deer are tagged so that game wardens and others can distinguish them from native deer. Current law requires a combination of tags and tattoos, and the ranchers and large landowners want to keep it that way. The breeders, meanwhile, favor tagging deer with microchips, which they contend are more accurate and foolproof. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Wildlife Association said in a Facebook post that removing visible tag or tattoo requirements and allowing microchip tracking “creates real biosecurity risks and blurs ethical lines in the hunting community, as captive deer breeders are allowed to transport and release these animals to be co-mingled with pasture-born deer.” Proponents of the current system say tough rules on breeders are needed to keep out imported deer that may carry Chronic Wasting Disease, which has been found in Texas.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">On the other side of the issue is the Texas Deer Association, which represents breeder interests. Executive Director Patrick Tarlton said opposition to his $1.6 billion industry stems less from environmental and health concerns and more from wealthy ranch owners who want to boost profits from trophy-seeking hunters. He notes that Chronic Wasting Disease has been found in both free range and captive deer.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Paddie sided with the breeders by filing House Bill 2855, which would allow breeders to track their deer with microchips instead of relying on physical tags that they say can be torn off.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">No one identifying themselves as a Friedkin corporate lobbyist opposed the deer breeding bills during public hearings, according to House and Senate committee records published online.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Behind the scenes, it was a different story. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Paddie said his chief of staff reached out to Laird Doran, one of several lobbyists for Friedkin’s Gulf States Toyota, after hearing that he was trying to convince other legislators to help defeat Paddie's deer microchip bill.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“My chief called him and said, 'Hey, if you’ve got a problem with our bill why aren’t you talking to us?’ ” Paddie said. “He said he represented the Friedkin Group when that happened.” </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">According to an email from an aide to Sen. Craig Estes, R-Wichita Falls, who is carrying the deer breeding bill in the Senate, Doran also identified himself as a representative of the “Friedkin Group.” That’s the name of the consortium that contains Friedkin's Gulf States Toyota, according to the company’s Linked-In page. He told Estes’ aide that the Friedkin group was opposed to any bill that would “remove requirements for (deer) ear tags,” the senator’s office confirmed. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It’s not clear exactly which Friedkin interests Doran was advancing. Doran is registered at the Texas Ethics Commission with a single entity — Gulf States Toyota — and the agency has no record of a lobbyist working for an entity or individual with the name Friedkin in it, the commission confirmed Wednesday afternoon.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">However, Doran checked a variety of non-automotive subject areas in which he is lobbying during this legislative session on behalf of Friedkin’s lucrative distributorship, including “animals,” “parks & wildlife,” “state agencies, boards & commissions,” “environment” and more, his detailed lobby disclosures show.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Doran, director of government relations and senior counsel at the Friedkin Group, did not return phone and email messages left by The Texas Tribune.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Estes said he didn’t have a problem with a governor's appointee engaging in lobbying on issues that affected their private interests, as long as they keep that separate from their state roles. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“I don’t think they should be barred from expressing their views as long as they’re careful to say these are my views, not the views of the agency I’m representing,” Estes said.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">But Tarlton, the deer association director, said Friedkin’s use of lobbyists to oppose deer breeders in the Legislature gives the breeders' opponents a huge advantage.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“I think that if the commissioner of Texas Parks and Wildlife is actively lobbying against an industry which his department directly oversees, it absolutely sets up an unfair and closed system of government,” Tarlton said. “The commission is supposed to be the unbiased and equitable oversight for everything wildlife.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Paddie hopes his amendment to Larsen's ethics bill will even the playing field. He referred to the wealthy Parks and Wildlife chairman (see the 2:29:00 mark in this recorded exchange) when he tacked the appointee-lobbying provision onto Larson’s bill.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Paddie said he’s not singling out anyone. He said it would apply to other powerful gubernatorial appointees in a position to do the same. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“I could have named any number of examples as far as the agencies in particular,” Paddie said. “I want to stop it if anyone serving on any agency is doing this.” </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ryan Murphy contributed to this report.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Disclosure: The Texas Wildlife Association, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and Gulf States Toyota have been financial supporters of The Texas Tribune. A complete list of Tribune donors and sponsors is available here.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.texastribune.org/2017/05/12/powerful-abbott-appointees-lobbying-sparks-blowback-legislature/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.texastribune.org/2017/05/12/powerful-abbott-appointees-lobbying-sparks-blowback-legislature/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">***> NOW, WHAT ABOUT THOSE STRAW BRED BUCKS, 20k STRAWS, JERKING FOR DOLLARS, AND CWD, WHAT IF? <***</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Talk about big bucks: Deer semen donations are fueling South Texas campaign Each deer semen straw — from bucks with names like Gladiator Sunset, Sweet Dreams and Bandit — was assigned a $1,000 value, according to her campaign finance report.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Talk about big bucks: Deer semen donations are fueling South Texas campaign Each deer semen straw — from bucks with names like Gladiator Sunset, Sweet Dreams and Bandit — was assigned a $1,000 value, according to her campaign finance report.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">AUSTIN — Donations of deer semen, one of Texas deer breeders’ most precious commodities, account for more than half of the contributions to a South Texan’s state House campaign.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Each deer semen straw — from bucks with names like Gladiator Sunset, Sweet Dreams and Bandit — was assigned a $1,000 value, according to her campaign finance report. A straw refers to the container of ejaculate that is stored for later use. Breeders market their deers’ antler size and shape as reasons to buy straws from their bucks. Uvalde deer breeder Fred Gonzalez said the donors’ straws went into a semen tank to be sold as one lot at a Texas Deer Association event last month and donated to her campaign.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Gonzalez, the treasurer of the Texas Deer Association, donated one straw to the lot. He said the deer breeding community often donates straws instead of money, although not usually directly to a political campaign.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“Semen is a very common way for us to donate,” he said. “One collection on a buck could lead to 60 straws sometimes. If you have a desirable animal, it’s a way to bring value without breaking the bank.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Texas Deer Association’s political action committee has received $976,025 in deer semen donations between 2006 and 2016. It has given $885,695 to campaigns and interest groups in the same span. According to expenditure reports between 2006 and 2016, the PAC has never given in-kind donations in the form of deer semen. Though the straws donated to Garza were sold at a Texas Deer Association event, the organization’s political action committee did not contribute to her campaign</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Texas Deer Association contributions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The association’s political action committee has contributed $885,695 to campaigns and interest groups between 2006 and 2016. These are the top 10 candidates who have received money.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Candidate Amount</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rep. Ernest Bailes (R) $45,000</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rep. Lyle Larson (R) $26,611</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rep. Lance Gooden (R) $21,250</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">House Speaker Joe Straus (R) $21,000</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Lt. Gov. Dan Patrick (R) $20,000</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Comptroller Glenn Hegar (R) $16,000</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sen. Juan Hinojosa (D) $13,500</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rep. Todd Hunter (R) $13,000</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rep. Ryan Guillen (D) $12,750</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sen. Craig Estes (R) $12,500</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SOURCE: Texas Ethics Commission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.dallasnews.com/news/2018/03/01/talk-about-big-bucks-deer-semen-donations-are-fueling-south-texas-campaign/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.dallasnews.com/news/2018/03/01/talk-about-big-bucks-deer-semen-donations-are-fueling-south-texas-campaign/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Deer semen donations among campaign contributions to South Texas candidate</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Donations were made as part of an auction event</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">By Andrea Zelinski Published 1:26 pm CST, Wednesday, February 28, 2018</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A South Texas candidate for the state House reported $51,000 worth of campaign contributions in deer semen, according to campaign finance reports.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">AUSTIN — Many political candidates accept political gifts like food for events or legal advice for their campaigns, but one candidate from South Texas reported receiving thousands of dollars worth of deer semen.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ana Lisa Garza, a district court judge in Starr County, reported accepting at least 40 semen straws, doses valued at $51,000. According to a report filed with the Texas Ethics Commission, several of the in-kind donations were made as part of a Feb. 10 auction event.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Although deer have been bred for over a century, interest has spiked in recent decades, in part due to interest in a buck named Patrick that was kept as a pet in the Midwest and grew large and unique antlers in the 1980s.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The practice has since grown into a budding industry in Texas. The deer, with their attractive racks, are now largely used for hunting, venison or further breeding.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the filings, the straws are largely named after their sperm donors, including "Mabo Thicket" "Tack Hammer," "Strike Force." Other names of the straws include, "Bambi Chewy."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The economic impact of the deer breeding industry is $349.4 million annually in the state, according to a 2017 study by Texas A&M University. Combined with hunting, the study valued the industry's economic impact at $1.6 billion annually, according to the report.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Texas Deer Association did not respond to requests for comment.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.chron.com/news/politics/texas/article/Deer-semen-among-campaign-contributions-to-South-12717880.php" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.chron.com/news/politics/texas/article/Deer-semen-among-campaign-contributions-to-South-12717880.php</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SUNDAY, AUGUST 02, 2015</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TEXAS CWD, Have you been ThunderStruck, deer semen, straw bred bucks, super ovulation, and the potential TSE Prion connection, what if?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/08/texas-cwd-have-you-been-thunderstruck.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/08/texas-cwd-have-you-been-thunderstruck.html</a> </div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">VETERINARY RESEARCH</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Researchers Find CWD Proteins in Deer Semen</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Mechanisms for transmission of CWD prions among captive or wild cervids are not fully understood. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(John Maday)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">By JOHN MADAY January 14, 2020</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In research with potential implications for cervid breeders and wild herds, scientists have detected the presence of chronic wasting disease (CWD) prions in semen and sexual tissues of prion-infected whitetail deer bucks.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The team of researchers, from the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Colorado State University and USDA/APHIS Veterinary Services published their findings in a report titled “In Vitro detection of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) prions in semen and reproductive tissues of white tailed deer bucks (Odocoileus virginianus),” in the online journal PLOS ONE.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In their report, the researchers note that mechanisms for transmission of CWD prions are not fully understood, and previous research has not explored the presence of the prions in semen or sexual tissues in deer.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The team collected post-mortem samples from farmed pre-clinical, CWD positive WTD bucks, and analyzed them using Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) technology.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Overall CWD detection in these samples had a sensitivity of 59.3%, with a specificity of 97.2%. Results indicate high prevalence, 80 to 100% depending on the sample type, of CWD prions in male sexual organs and fluids in late stage, pre-clinical, CWD-infected deer. Improved PCMA technology with ultra-high sensitivity helped the researchers detect low levels of CWD prions in brain and lymph tissues, allowing them to identify animals with pre-clinical infections, and detect the prions in semen and sexual tissues.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Previous studies have shown that infected animals can shed CWD prions into the environment through urine, feces and saliva. The researchers note that progressive accumulation of prions in the environment by shedding, carcasses decomposition and other tissue sources over time, coupled with the prion’s environmental persistence and resistance to degradation “make a compelling argument as to the role of the environment contamination in CWD transmission in both natural and captive settings.” They suspect though, that other mechanisms are involved, including sporadic CWD cases, translocation of the infectious agent by scavengers, vertical transmission from mother to offspring, and potentially, transmission through sexual contact.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Based on their results, the researchers confirmed the presence of CWD prions in semen and male sexual tissues in CWD-infected deer. They note a need for additional experiments in live deer to determine whether CWD can be transmitted by breeding practices including sexual contacts or artificial insemination. Managers of captive cervid herds commonly exchange semen between herds for use in their breeding programs.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Read the full report from the peer-reviewed, open-access journal PLOS ONE.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0226560#sec007" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0226560#sec007</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">For more on CWD research, see these articles from BovineVetOnline</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.bovinevetonline.com/news/veterinary-research/researchers-find-cwd-proteins-deer-semen" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.bovinevetonline.com/news/veterinary-research/researchers-find-cwd-proteins-deer-semen</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">PMCA successfully detected CWD-prions in a diverse array of samples including blood, semen, feces, obex, retropharyngeal lymph node, fetuses (neural and peripheral tissues) and gestational tissues, parasites-insects, plants, compost-soil mixtures, and swabs from trash containers.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Importantly, our findings identified CWD in areas previously considered to be free of CWD. Overall, our findings demonstrate that PMCA is a powerful technique for the screening of biological and environmental samples, and it may prove useful as a CWD management and surveillance tool.</div></div><p class="ydp430318dcyiv0443839327ydp1c57bc29yiv1534490491ydp9624c983yiv1716088967ydpf4e8e150yiv4487014374ydp6aeb2d35yiv0409662753ydpb7785fd5yiv1668945118ydpb5354517yiv2248494667ydp2099043cyiv4704437803p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp430318dcyiv0443839327ydp1c57bc29yiv1534490491ydp9624c983yiv1716088967ydpf4e8e150yiv4487014374ydp6aeb2d35yiv0409662753ydpb7785fd5yiv1668945118ydpb5354517yiv2248494667ydp2099043cyiv4704437803s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important;"></span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></p><p class="ydp430318dcyiv0443839327ydp1c57bc29yiv1534490491ydp9624c983yiv1716088967ydpf4e8e150yiv4487014374ydp6aeb2d35yiv0409662753ydpb7785fd5yiv1668945118ydpb5354517yiv2248494667ydp2099043cyiv4704437803p1" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp430318dcyiv0443839327ydp1c57bc29yiv1534490491ydp9624c983yiv1716088967ydpf4e8e150yiv4487014374ydp6aeb2d35yiv0409662753ydpb7785fd5yiv1668945118ydpb5354517yiv2248494667ydp2099043cyiv4704437803s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true</a></span></p></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Published: 15 September 2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Detection of CWD prions in naturally infected white-tailed deer fetuses and gestational tissues by PMCA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Francisca Bravo-Risi, Paulina Soto, Thomas Eckland, Robert Dittmar, Santiago Ramírez, Celso S. G. Catumbela, Claudio Soto, Mitch Lockwood, Tracy Nichols & Rodrigo Morales Scientific Reports volume 11, Article number: 18385 (2021) Cite this article</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prevalent prion disease affecting cervids. CWD is thought to be transmitted through direct animal contact or by indirect exposure to contaminated environmental fomites. Other mechanisms of propagation such as vertical and maternal transmissions have also been suggested using naturally and experimentally infected animals. Here, we describe the detection of CWD prions in naturally-infected, farmed white-tailed deer (WTD) fetal tissues using the Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) technique. Prion seeding activity was identified in a variety of gestational and fetal tissues. Future studies should demonstrate if prions present in fetuses are at sufficient quantities to cause CWD after birth. This data confirms previous findings in other animal species and furthers vertical transmission as a relevant mechanism of CWD dissemination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Here, we report the presence of seeding competent CWD prions in fetal tissues collected from naturally prion-infected farmed WTD does using PMCA. The results presented in this article confirm the presence of CWD prions in fetal tissues from naturally infected farmed WTD dams suggesting that CWD could be transferred from mother to offspring.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Discussion CWD is rapidly expanding in both captive and wild cervid populations. While direct animal contact and environmental contamination provide reasonable explanations on how this disease is transmitted, evidence involving fetal infection and maternal exposure suggest that these routes may be relevant for disease transmission. Offspring from scrapie-infected sheep has been described as being at increased risk of developing prion disease32. Similar outcomes have been described for farmed elk41 and experimentally infected muntjac deer31. Relevant evidence supporting maternal-offspring CWD transmission include prion seeding activity identified in placenta and gestational fluids from pregnant elk and muntjac deer29,30. Importantly, prion detection has been identified in fetal tissues from elk30. Controlled experimental conditions in muntjac deer demonstrate that mother-to-offspring transmission is possible for CWD31. Our results show that fetal tissues collected from naturally infected CWD-positive asymptomatic farmed WTD females contain seeding competent prions. This suggests that mother-to-offspring prion transmission is a common feature of CWD across different cervid species.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In this report, we communicate the screening of 19 fetal and gestational tissues and fluids for the detection of CWD prions. Relevant CWD positive fetal tissues include liver, kidney, and lymphoid and reproductive tissues. The case of liver and kidney is interesting, as prion accumulation in these tissues is not observed by IHC in adult CWD-symptomatic animals5. The presence of CWD prions in fetuses’ sexual tissues is also interesting, especially considering our previous report showing that prion seeding activity is present in the testes of CWD-infected WTD bucks only at the late pre-symptomatic stages35. On the contrary, the identification of CWD prions in a large proportion of lymphoid tissues is in alignment with the expected pathophysiology of prions observed in adult animals2. This finding suggests that the tropism of infectious prions in lymphoid organs occurs even at fetal stages. However, the results presented in this article do not allow us to conclude whether CWD prions present in fetal tissues came from the mothers through circulation or were generated de novo in the fetuses. The poor detection of CWD prions in fetal brains strongly supports the idea that neuroinvasion (ergo, prion replication) does not occur at fetal stages.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PMCA can detect prions at sub-infectious levels34,42,43,44 and CWD prion amplification by PMCA is able to catch sub-infectious PrPSc quantities in the first round6,35. Whether CWD prions present in fetal tissues exist in quantities large enough to induce clinical CWD after birth cannot be concluded from our results. Previous results in goats show that embryo transfer from infected to naïve females failed to transmit prion disease to offspring28, suggesting that if prions in sheep and goat embryos contain prions, they are present in sub-infectious quantities. Nevertheless, it is important to acknowledge that embryos described in those studies were exposed to a prion-infected environment for a restricted time, and either prion absorption and replication by embryos may be limited. The latter assumption is supported by the fact that recipient females were not infected28. Nonetheless, similar studies in sheep demonstrated that in utero prion transmission is possible45. The presence of prion infectivity in mammary glands, colostrum and milk of sheep suggest that transmission can also occur after birth46,47,48,49. Future studies detecting prions in mammary glands and milk of deer does will help us to evaluate the different possible scenarios in which CWD can be transmitted from mother to offspring (i.e., in utero vs. milking/nursing). Research in this area is relevant considering that wild WTD CWD-positive does seems more likely to be parents compared to their CWD-negative counterparts50.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The results presented in this study show that CWD prions exist in WTD fetuses from naturally infected does. Whether prions in fetal tissues are enough to sustain infectivity after birth, as well as descriptions of the mechanisms governing mother-to-offspring CWD transmission in cervids, should be clarified in future studies. These studies should include the screening of larger number of samples collected from wild and farmed animals affected by different strains of CWD prions, bioassays in susceptible mice to measure infectivity titers, and controlled experiments using pregnant/CWD-infected WTD females.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-97737-y" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-97737-y</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">14 Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) as an ultra-sensitive technique for the screening of CWD prions in different sample types.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PMCA successfully detected CWD-prions in a diverse array of samples including blood, semen, feces, obex, retropharyngeal lymph node, fetuses (neural and peripheral tissues) and gestational tissues, parasites-insects, plants, compost-soil mixtures, and swabs from trash containers.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Importantly, our findings identified CWD in areas previously considered to be free of CWD. Overall, our findings demonstrate that PMCA is a powerful technique for the screening of biological and environmental samples, and it may prove useful as a CWD management and surveillance tool.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P74 High Prevalence of CWD prions in male reproductive samples</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The results showed positive CWD prion detection in testes, epididymis and seminal fluid samples. A high prevalence of CWD-PrPSc was found in samples collected at the late-presymptomatic stage of the disease. Our results showed a correlation between the presence of CWD-PrPSc in male reproductive organs and blood. These findings demonstrate a high efficiency of CWD prion detection by PMCA in testes, epididymis and seminal fluid, and offer a possibility for a routine screening of semen samples to be commercially distributed for artificial insemination. Our results may uncover new opportunities to understand the mechanisms of CWD spreading and decrease putative inter-individual transmission associated to insemination using CWD contaminated specimens.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191031195926/https://prion2018.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/program.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20191031195926/https://prion2018.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/program.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PLoS One. 2019; 14(12): e0226560. Published online 2019 Dec 30. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226560</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PMCID: PMC6936793PMID: 31887141</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In Vitro detection of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) prions in semen and reproductive tissues of white tailed deer bucks (Odocoileus virginianus)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our findings reveal the presence of CWD prions in semen and sexual tissues of prion infected WTD bucks. Future studies will be necessary to determine whether sexual contact and/or artificial inseminations are plausible means of CWD transmission in susceptible animal species.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6936793/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6936793/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Very low oral exposure to prions of brain or saliva origin can transmit chronic wasting disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We report that oral exposure to as little as 300 nanograms (ng) of CWD-positive brain or to saliva containing seeding activity equivalent to 300 ng of CWD-positive brain, were sufficient to transmit CWD disease. This was true whether the inoculum was administered as a single bolus or divided as three weekly 100 ng exposures. However, when the 300 ng total dose was apportioned as 10, 30 ng doses delivered over 12 weeks, no infection occurred. While low-dose exposures to prions of brain or saliva origin prolonged the time from inoculation to first detection of infection, once infection was established, we observed no differences in disease pathogenesis. These studies suggest that the CWD minimum infectious dose approximates 100 to 300 ng CWD-positive brain (or saliva equivalent), and that CWD infection appears to conform more with a threshold than a cumulative dose dynamic.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32817706/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32817706/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Study raises possibility of sexual spread of CWD in deer</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stephanie Soucheray | News Reporter | CIDRAP News January 17, 2020 Chronic Wasting Disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/chronic-wasting-disease/study-raises-possibility-sexual-spread-cwd-deer" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/chronic-wasting-disease/study-raises-possibility-sexual-spread-cwd-deer</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">SUNDAY, JANUARY 22, 2017 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Texas 85th Legislative Session 2017 Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Cervid Captive Breeder Industry </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/01/texas-85th-legislative-session-2017.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/01/texas-85th-legislative-session-2017.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, JANUARY 27, 2017 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TEXAS, Politicians, TAHC, TPWD, and the spread of CWD TSE Prion in Texas </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/01/texas-politicians-tahc-tpwd-and-spread.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/01/texas-politicians-tahc-tpwd-and-spread.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SUNDAY, MAY 14, 2017 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">85th Legislative Session 2017 AND THE TEXAS TWO STEP Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion, and paying to play $$$</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/05/85th-legislative-session-2017-and-texas.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/05/85th-legislative-session-2017-and-texas.html</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, AUGUST 02, 2016 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TEXAS TPWD Sets Public Hearings on Deer Movement Rule Proposals in Areas with CWD Rule Terry S. Singeltary Sr. comment submission </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/08/texas-tpwd-sets-public-hearings-on-deer.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/08/texas-tpwd-sets-public-hearings-on-deer.html</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SUNDAY, MAY 22, 2016 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TEXAS CWD DEER BREEDERS PLEA TO GOVERNOR ABBOTT TO CIRCUMVENT TPWD SOUND SCIENCE TO LET DISEASE SPREAD </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/05/texas-cwd-deer-breeders-plea-to.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/05/texas-cwd-deer-breeders-plea-to.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Wednesday, May 04, 2016 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TPWD proposes the repeal of §§65.90 -65.94 and new §§65.90 -65.99 Concerning Chronic Wasting Disease - Movement of Deer Singeltary Comment Submission </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/05/tpwd-proposes-repeal-of-6590-6594-and_4.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/05/tpwd-proposes-repeal-of-6590-6594-and_4.html</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Texas 84th Legislative Session Sunday, December 14, 2014 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** TEXAS 84th Legislature commencing this January, deer breeders are expected to advocate for bills that will seek to further deregulate their industry </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/12/texas-84th-legislature-commencing-this.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/12/texas-84th-legislature-commencing-this.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, DECEMBER 16, 2014 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Texas 84th Legislature 2015 H.R. No. 2597 Kuempel Deer Breeding Industry TAHC TPWD CWD TSE PRION </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/12/texas-84th-legislature-2015-hr-no-2597.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/12/texas-84th-legislature-2015-hr-no-2597.html</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><p class="ydp430318dcyiv0443839327ydp1c57bc29yiv1534490491ydp9624c983yiv1716088967ydp8555fd9dyiv6760349735MsoNormal" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; outline: none !important;">Proposed Amendments to Disease Management and Response Regulations Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Singeltary Updated Submission October 20, 2023</span></p></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/10/proposed-amendments-to-disease_20.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/10/proposed-amendments-to-disease_20.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><div style="color: #111111; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important;">***> TEXAS HISTORY OF CWD <***</div><div style="color: #111111; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #111111; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Singeltary telling TAHC, that CWD was waltzing into Texas from WSMR around Trans Pecos region, starting around 2001, 2002, and every year, there after, until New Mexico finally shamed TAHC et al to test where i had been telling them to test for a decade. 2012 cwd was detected first right there where i had been trying to tell TAHC for 10 years. </div><div style="color: #111111; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #111111; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important;">***> Singeltary on Texas Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion History <***</div><div style="color: #111111; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #111111; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/08/texas-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/08/texas-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html</a> </div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, JUNE 27, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">USAHA Report of the Subcommittee on Farmed Cervidae CWD TSE Prion Herds 2015 to 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/06/usaha-report-of-subcommittee-on-farmed.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/06/usaha-report-of-subcommittee-on-farmed.html</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/128/usaha-reports-farmed-cervidae-herds" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/128/usaha-reports-farmed-cervidae-herds</a></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 01, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">TEXAS CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE RISES SUBSTANTIALLY TO 575+ CONFIRMED CWD CASES TO DATE<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/11/texas-chronic-wasting-disease-rises.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/11/texas-chronic-wasting-disease-rises.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;">THURSDAY, DECEMBER 7, 2023</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Cervid Update By State December 2023 (Long Version)</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;">(Short Version)</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion_7.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion_7.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, DECEMBER 08, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">TEXAS CWD TSE PRION DIRE CONSEQUENCES ARE HERE! </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/texas-cwd-tse-prion-dire-consequences.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/texas-cwd-tse-prion-dire-consequences.html</a></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr., Bacliff, Texas USA 77518 flounder9@verizon.net</span><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37946824.post-26192993383586878802023-12-08T11:26:00.000-06:002023-12-08T11:26:08.969-06:00TEXAS CWD TSE PRION DIRE CONSEQUENCES ARE HERE!<div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">TEXAS CWD TSE PRION DIRE CONSEQUENCES ARE HERE!</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Texas TPWD CWD Update</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TITLE 31. NATURAL RESOURCES AND CONSERVATION PART 2. TEXAS PARKS AND WILDLIFE DEPARTMENT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CHAPTER 65. WILDLIFE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SUBCHAPTER B. DISEASE DETECTION AND RESPONSE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DIVISION 2. CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE - COMPREHENSIVE RULES</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">31 TAC §65.95</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Since mid-July of this year, the department has received confirmation of CWD in deer breeding facilities in Brooks, Frio, Zavala, Kimble, and Cherokee counties. Current rules provide that when CWD is detected in a breeding facility or at a location where breeder deer have been released, the facility and any directly connected facilities are immediately prohibited from receiving or transferring deer and the department and Texas Animal Health Commission (TAHC) staff immediately begin epidemiological investigations to determine the extent and significance of possible disease transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the case of the Brooks County breeding facility, department records indicate that the facility has within the last five years transferred 1,057 deer to 51 deer breeding facilities, five Deer Management Permit (DMP) sites, and 77 release sites located in a total of 67 counties, as well as to three destinations in Mexico.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the case of the Frio County breeding facility, department records indicate that the facility has "certified herd" status under the TAHC herd certification program and within the last five years has transferred 627 deer to 46 deer breeding facilities, two nursing facilities, two DMP sites, and 29 release sites located in a total of 41 counties.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the case of the Zavala County breeding facility, department records indicate that within the last five years the facility has transferred 276 deer to three deer breeding facilities, one DMP facility, and 21 release sites located in a total of 14 counties.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the case of the Kimble County breeding facility, the facility was the source or destination for 282 deer, including deer sent to seven release sites.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the case of the Cherokee County breeding facility, the facility received 17 deer from four breeding facilities but did not transfer deer to another breeding facility or release site.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The breeding facilities, nursing facilities, DMP facilities, and release sites that have received deer from the positive facilities are directly connected to those facilities and are of epidemiological concern. These facilities are by current rule also prohibited from receiving or transferring deer unless and until epidemiological investigation determines that Movement Qualified (MQ) status can be restored. Deer breeding facilities that received deer from one or more of the directly connected breeding facilities (referred to as "Tier 1" facilities) are indirectly connected to the positive facilities and are of epidemiological concern because they have received exposed deer that were in a trace-out breeding facility.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The recent detections of CWD in breeding facilities located in Brooks, Frio, Zavala, Kimble, and Cherokee counties are part of an ongoing outbreak of CWD in deer breeding facilities.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Since March 29, 2021, CWD has been detected in 15 counties.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In 2023 alone, CWD has been detected in 12 deer breeding facilities located in nine counties.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prior to 2021, CWD was detected in six deer breeding facilities located in four counties.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In response to the magnitude and the potential severity of this situation, the emergency rules require the ante-mortem testing of test eligible deer prior to transfer from a breeding facility to another breeding facility.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The emergency action is necessary to protect the state's white-tailed deer populations, as well as associated industries.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/December82023/Emergency%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/December82023/Emergency%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#9</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Texas CWD Surveillance Positives</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/positive-cases/listing-cwd-cases-texas.phtml#texasCWD" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/positive-cases/listing-cwd-cases-texas.phtml#texasCWD</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Counties where CWD Exposed Deer were Released</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/257/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/257/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Number of CWD Exposed Deer Released by County</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/258/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites-NbrDeer.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/258/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites-NbrDeer.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD Captive Herds updated April 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/cervid/cervids-cwd/cervids-voluntary-hcp" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/cervid/cervids-cwd/cervids-voluntary-hcp</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD Captive Herds updated April 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE PrP in Texas</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/b93f528938ac48e9b56dcc79953cbec0" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/b93f528938ac48e9b56dcc79953cbec0</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease Detected at Kerr Wildlife Management Area Captive Deer Research Facility</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dec. 1, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Media Contact: TPWD News, Business Hours, 512-389-8030</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">AUSTIN — Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) biologists have reported a suspect-positive case of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in a 14-month-old captive male white-tailed deer at the Kerr Wildlife Management Area (WMA) research facility. The detection resulted from ante-mortem testing conducted on all captive white-tailed deer as part of ongoing research. Samples from the buck were sent to the National Veterinary Service Laboratory in Iowa for confirmation.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Out of an abundance of caution, TPWD staff euthanized all deer in the research facility and collected post-mortem samples, which resulted in no additional detections. TPWD will continue monitoring for CWD throughout the research facility and the WMA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“TPWD staff are disappointed to abruptly end nearly 50 years of white-tailed deer research that has significantly influenced deer management in Texas and across the country” said John Silovsky, Wildlife Division Director. “Staff will continue to investigate opportunities to enhance the understanding of this insidious disease in both captive environments and free-ranging populations.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Built in 1974, the high-fenced research facility offers researchers facilities to study white-tailed deer in a controlled setting. The 23-acre facility now is double high fenced and consists of breeding and rearing enclosures, and a series of other structures that facilitate the safe handling of research animals.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The initial stock of deer in the research facility consisted of native Texas whitetails obtained from various locations throughout the state. TPWD did not routinely move deer into or out of the facility after that initial stocking.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The research herd has been maintained as a pedigreed herd investigating nutritional, age and genetic relationships in deer. Research programs in the facility have supported wild deer herd management activities, outreach programs, trainings and the development of antler regulations across the state.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Kerr WMA has conducted CWD surveillance of its wild and captive deer herds since 2002. Surveillance efforts within the research facility totaled 242 regulatory tests since 2018. Wild deer harvested on the WMA through the public hunting program and field research since 2018 have provided an additional 259 regulatory tests with no detections.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TPWD has intensified its investigations within the facility for the presence of CWD prions since May 8, when the agency received conflicting results —from a presumptive positive RT-QuIC amplification test and not-detected regulatory tests— on a female deer euthanized in January of this year. Assessments within the facility this summer included surveillance with swabs of equipment, water and feed sites paired with targeted euthanasia and tissue testing. Subsequent amplification and regulatory tests confirmed not-detected results on the 66 deer postmortem tested, as part of the investigation. Remaining individuals in the facility were screened with ante-mortem tonsil and rectal biopsies in October resulting in the positive detection from a tonsil biopsy on the 14-month-old male.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD is a fatal neurological disease found in certain cervids including deer, elk, moose and other members of the deer family. This slow, progressive disease may not produce visible signs in susceptible species for several years after infection. As the disease process continues, animals with CWD may show changes in behavior and appearance. Clinical signs may include progressive weight loss, stumbling or tremors with a lack of coordination, loss of appetite, teeth grinding, abnormal head posture and/or drooping ears, and excessive thirst, salivation or urination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD has an incubation period that can span years, so the first indication of the disease in a herd is often found through surveillance testing rather than observed clinical signs. Early detection and proactive monitoring improve the state’s response time to the detection of CWD and can greatly reduce the risk of further disease spread. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In Texas, the disease was first discovered in 2012 in free-ranging mule deer along a remote area of the Hueco Mountains near the Texas-New Mexico border. CWD has since been detected in Texas captive and free-ranging cervids, including white-tailed deer, mule deer, red deer and elk.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">For more information on previous detections in Texas and CWD best management practices for hunters and landowners, visit TPWD’s CWD page. For more information about the Kerr WMA and research projects visit Kerr WMA web page.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/newsmedia/releases/?req=20231201a&utm_campaign=govdelivery-email&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/newsmedia/releases/?req=20231201a&utm_campaign=govdelivery-email&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">very sad TPWD et al, but keep up the good work trying to detect and contain CWD...terry</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">HERE IS some previous suspect deer there i ask about in August 2023;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">***>I recommend you send questions to WL.Health@tpwd.texas.gov and our knowledge experts can respond to you. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Greetings TPWD et al, I have followed Cwd, BSE, Scrapie, Camel Prion Disease, CJD, closely since 1997, and every deer in Texas that had CWD since 2012, Mule deer. The travesty of the junk science the breeders are throwing out on cwd is almost comical, if not for the seriousness of Cwd. I keep hearing about a Deer at Kerr WMA, all these breeders keep asking about. Now I read a while back about Kerr WMA, that there was a false positive cwd, that was followed by two negative tests, so this deer was negative, but I have no confirmation on this. Could you please confirm or deny this please, and give me a bit of background on this? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Thank you kindly for all the hard work you are doing trying to contain this monster… </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Kindest regards, terry Terry S. Singeltary Sr. flounder9@verizon.com</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">On Aug 1, 2023, at 12:19 PM, WL Health <WL.Health@tpwd.texas.gov> wrote: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Hello sir, please see below for the background you are looking for. In the case of the Kerr WMA, included are 2 statements written by TPWD as the situation unfolded and the course of action taken by test type and subsequent results. These include the dates they were prepared as well. Currently the facility, as stated below, is conducting further testing out of an abundance of caution. June 8, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TPWD is continuing to investigate a test result on a white-tailed deer at the Kerr Wildlife Management Area. Researchers working with TPWD have reported a CWD-positive test result on the deer, produced by an experimental test not yet validated by USDA. However, this result conflicts with a “not-detected” test result from the same animal using a USDA-validated test. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TPWD has now received additional test results, using immunohistochemistry (IHC) testing, from Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory (TVMDL). The results came back “Not Detected.” </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Additional analysis is still being conducted to compare results.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TPWD is investigating this case, which involves one deer. The suspect and unofficial CWD-positive detection resulted from an RT-QuIC test, an experimental assay that shows some promise as a more sensitive CWD detection technique that can be used on a wider range of tissues than other available methods of detection. The “not-detected” test result was produced using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). ELISA is a USDA-validated immunological test administered by Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory. Out of an abundance of caution and to reconcile the different test results, TPWD is seeking further tissue testing and in the meantime is treating the facility with a high standard of precautionary measures. All deer from this CWD research project were euthanized at the end of the project and tested for CWD as part of established research protocol. All other deer tested “not detected” for CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Since 1974, TPWD has maintained the closed, pedigreed white-tailed deer herd at Kerr WMA for controlled studies on age, nutrition and genetics, providing results to stakeholders for management of wild deer herds. TPWD continues to operate the facility to share results with stakeholders for research and demonstration purposes and does not routinely move deer into or out of the facility. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">6-28-2023 Update The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) has received additional test results on a suspect CWD-positive white-tailed deer at the Kerr Wildlife Management Area (WMA). Researchers working with TPWD originally reported a suspect CWD-positive test result on the deer, produced by an RT-QuIC test, an experimental test not yet validated by USDA. However, this result conflicted with two “Not-Detected” test results from the same animal using USDA-validated tests, from Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory. Further testing on lymph nodes and brain tissue from the suspect animal utilizing protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) testing, a technique similar to RT-QuIC, have been performed and reported with “Not Detected” results. Out of an abundance of caution, TPWD is pursuing further testing in the facility and maintaining biosecurity measures. All deer from this CWD research project were euthanized at the end of the project and tested for CWD as part of established research protocol. All other deer tested “Not Detected” for CWD. The facility performs CWD testing on mortalities and euthanized individuals as part of routine protocols. Since 1974, TPWD has maintained the closed, pedigreed white-tailed deer herd at Kerr WMA for controlled studies on age, nutrition, and genetics, providing results to stakeholders for management of wild deer herds. TPWD does not routinely move deer into or out of the facility. </div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">end...personal communication...terry</div></div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">For Immediate Release<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">November 17, 2023</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease Detected in Cherokee County Deer Breeding Facility</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">AUSTIN, TX — Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) and Texas Animal Health Commission (TAHC) received confirmation of a case of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in Cherokee County, marking the first detection in a deer breeding facility in the county.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">A four-year-old buck tested positive using postmortem testing conducted to meet annual CWD surveillance requirements for the facility.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory initially analyzed the samples, and the National Veterinary Services Laboratory in Iowa confirmed the CWD detection.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">CWD has an incubation period that can span years, so the first indication of the disease in a herd is often found through surveillance testing rather than observed clinical signs. Early detection and proactive monitoring improve the state’s response time to the detection of CWD and can greatly reduce the risk of further disease spread.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Any person interested in having their harvest tested for CWD should contact a local biologist, found on the TPWD website.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">CWD is a fatal neurological disease found in certain cervids including deer, elk, moose and other members of the deer family. This slow, progressive disease may not produce visible signs in susceptible species for several years after infection. As the disease process continues, animals with CWD may show changes in behavior and appearance. Clinical signs may include progressive weight loss, stumbling or tremors with a lack of coordination, loss of appetite, teeth grinding, abnormal head posture and/or drooping ears, and excessive thirst, salivation or urination.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">In Texas, the disease was first discovered in 2012 in free-ranging mule deer along a remote area of the Hueco Mountains near the Texas-New Mexico border. CWD has since been detected in Texas captive and free-ranging cervids, including white-tailed deer, mule deer, red deer and elk.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">For more information on previous detections in Texas and CWD best management practices for hunters and landowners, visit TPWD's CWD page or the TAHC's CWD page.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">###</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tahc.texas.gov/news/2023/2023-11-17_CWD_CherokeeCo.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tahc.texas.gov/news/2023/2023-11-17_CWD_CherokeeCo.pdf</a></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, OCTOBER 24, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Texas Chronic Wasting Disease Detected in Medina County Deer Breeding Facility </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease Detected in Medina County Deer Breeding Facility</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Oct. 24, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Media Contact: TPWD News, Business Hours, 512-389-8030</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">AUSTIN — The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) received confirmation of a case of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in Medina County, marking the fifth detection since 2015 in a deer-breeding facility in the county.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A one-year-old buck tested positive through an antemortem (live-animal) test conducted to meet annual CWD surveillance requirements for the facility.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Lab initially analyzed the samples, and the National Veterinary Services Laboratory in Iowa confirmed the CWD detection.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD has an incubation period that can span years, so the first indication of the disease in a herd is often found through surveillance testing rather than observed clinical signs. Early detection and proactive monitoring improve the state’s response time to the detection of CWD and can greatly reduce the risk of further disease spread.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Due to this recent detection, TPWD may establish a surveillance zone encompassing a two-mile radius. Any hunter harvesting a deer on a property that is wholly or partially encompassed by the zone will be subject to CWD zone rules. All hunter-harvested deer from this new zone must be presented at the Hondo check station location within 48 hours of harvesting the deer.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">All affected landowners within this zone will be contacted by the department after the zone boundaries are established.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD is a fatal neurological disease found in certain cervids including deer, elk, moose and other members of the deer family. This slow, progressive disease may not produce visible signs in susceptible species for several years after infection. As the irreversible disease process continues, animals with CWD may show changes in behavior and appearance. Clinical signs may include progressive weight loss, stumbling or tremors with a lack of coordination, loss of appetite, teeth grinding, abnormal head posture and/or drooping ears, and excessive thirst, salivation or urination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In Texas, the disease was first discovered in 2012 in free-ranging mule deer along a remote area of the Hueco Mountains near the Texas-New Mexico border. CWD has since been detected in Texas captive and free-ranging cervids, including white-tailed deer, mule deer, red deer and elk.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">For more information on previous detections in Texas and CWD best management practices for hunters and landowners, visit TPWD’s CWD page. The recently updated page includes a map of all CWD zones, check stations and positive case tracking. This webpage can be utilized to find answers to frequently asked questions, view videos with information from wildlife veterinarians and review the latest news.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/newsmedia/releases/?req=20231024a" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/newsmedia/releases/?req=20231024a</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 13, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Texas Chronic Wasting Disease Detected in Kimble County Deer Breeding Facility </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease Detected in Kimble County Deer Breeding Facility</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sept. 13, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Media Contact: TPWD News, Business Hours, 512-389-8030</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">News Image Share on Facebook Share Release URL</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">AUSTIN — The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) received confirmation of a case of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in a deer-breeding facility in Kimble County, marking the second such detection in a deer-breeding facility located in the county.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A six-year-old doe tested positive through an antemortem (live-animal) test conducted to meet annual CWD surveillance requirements for the facility, and postmortem testing confirmed the initial result.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory in College Station initially analyzed the samples, with the National Veterinary Services Laboratory confirming the CWD detection.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD has an incubation period that can span years, meaning the first indication in a herd may likely come through surveillance testing rather than observed clinical signs. Early detection and proactive monitoring improve the state’s response time to the detection of CWD and can greatly reduce the risk of further disease spread. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prior to the beginning of all deer hunting seasons, TPWD will establish a surveillance zone encompassing a two-mile radius from this recent detection. All hunter harvested deer from this new zone must be presented at a check station location, yet to be determined, within 48 hours of harvesting the deer. All affected landowners within this zone will be contacted by the department after the zone boundaries are established.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD is a fatal neurological disease found in certain cervids including deer, elk, moose and other members of the deer family. This slow, progressive disease may not produce visible signs in susceptible species for several years after infection. As the irreversible disease process continues, animals with CWD may show changes in behavior and appearance. Clinical signs may include progressive weight loss, stumbling or tremors with a lack of coordination, loss of appetite, teeth grinding, abnormal head posture and/or drooping ears, and excessive thirst, salivation or urination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In Texas, the disease was first discovered in 2012 in free-ranging mule deer along a remote area of the Hueco Mountains near the Texas-New Mexico border. CWD has since been detected in Texas captive and free-ranging cervids, including white-tailed deer, mule deer, red deer and elk.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">For more information on previous detections in Texas and CWD best management practices for hunters and landowners, visit TPWD’s CWD page. The recently updated page includes a map of all CWD zones, check stations and positive case tracking. This webpage can be utilized to find answers to frequently asked questions, view videos with information from wildlife veterinarians and review the latest news.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/newsmedia/releases/?req=20230913a" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/newsmedia/releases/?req=20230913a</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, JULY 21, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TPWD Chronic Wasting Disease Detected in Brooks County Deer Breeding Facility </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease Detected in Brooks County Deer Breeding Facility</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">July 21, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Media Contact: TPWD News, Business Hours, 512-389-8030</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">AUSTIN — The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) and Texas Animal Health Commission (TAHC) received notification of a new case of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in a deer-breeding facility in Brooks County. This marks the first detection of the disease in the county and the ninth CWD-positive breeding facility in the state detected in 2023.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A five-year-old doe detected with CWD was transferred in 2022 from a facility in Frio County newly discovered to be positive for CWD. In this case, TPWD regulations required euthanization and testing for CWD as part of the epidemiological investigation.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory in College Station initially analyzed postmortem samples, and the National Veterinary Services Laboratory in Ames, Iowa, confirmed the CWD detection.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD has an incubation period that can span years, meaning the first indication in a herd may likely come through surveillance testing rather than observed clinical signs. Early detection and proactive monitoring improve the state’s response time to the detection of CWD and can greatly reduce the risk of further disease spread. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD is a fatal neurological disease found in certain cervids including deer, elk, moose and other members of the deer family. This slow, progressive disease may not produce visible signs in susceptible species for several years after infection. As the irreversible disease process continues, animals with CWD may show changes in behavior and appearance. Clinical signs may include progressive weight loss, stumbling or tremors with a lack of coordination, loss of appetite, teeth grinding, abnormal head posture and/or drooping ears, and excessive thirst, salivation or urination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In Texas, the disease was first discovered in 2012 in free-ranging mule deer along a remote area of the Hueco Mountains near the Texas-New Mexico border. CWD has since been detected in Texas captive and free-ranging cervids, including white-tailed deer, mule deer, red deer and elk. For more information on previous detections in Texas and CWD best management practices for hunters and landowners, visit TPWD’s CWD page.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The recently updated TPWD CWD webpage includes a map of all CWD zones, check stations and positive case tracking. This webpage can be utilized to find answers to frequently asked questions, view videos with information from wildlife veterinarians and review the latest news. Additional information regarding TAHC requirements, CWD zones, disease information and details pertaining to susceptible exotic species can be found on the TAHC CWD webpage.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/newsmedia/releases/?req=20230721a" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/newsmedia/releases/?req=20230721a</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TEXAS CWD Detected in Additional Breeding Facilities in Frio and Zavala Counties </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease Detected in Additional Breeding Facilities in Frio and Zavala Counties</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">July 13, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Media Contact: TPWD News, Business Hours, 512-389-8030 News Image Share on Facebook Share Release URL</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">AUSTIN — Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) received notification of two new cases of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in deer-breeding facilities in Frio and Zavala Counties.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In Frio County, a 2-year-old white-tailed doe died in a deer-breeding facility and was post-mortem tested following CWD surveillance testing requirements. This is the second deer-breeding facility in Frio County to have a positive CWD detection.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In Zavala County, a 3-year-old white-tailed buck died in a deer-breeding facility and was post-mortem tested following CWD surveillance testing requirements. This is the second deer-breeding facility in Zavala County to have a positive CWD detection.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory in College Station initially analyzed postmortem samples; the National Veterinary Services Laboratory in Ames, Iowa, provided a CWD-positive confirmation for both samples.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">During the upcoming August meeting of the Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission, TPWD staff will propose the development of CWD surveillance zones within the general vicinity of both CWD-positive facilities. If the proposal passes, the zones will include mandatory sampling of hunter harvested deer, as well as carcass movement and disposal requirements to take effect during the upcoming deer season.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD has an incubation period that can span years, meaning the first indication in a herd may likely come through surveillance testing rather than observed clinical signs. Early detection and proactive monitoring improve the state’s response time to a disease outbreak and can greatly reduce the risk of further disease spread.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD is a fatal neurological disease found in certain cervids including deer, elk, moose and other members of the deer family. This slow, progressive disease may not produce visible signs in susceptible species for several years after infection. As the disease progresses, animals with CWD may show changes in behavior and appearance. Clinical signs may include progressive weight loss, stumbling or tremors with a lack of coordination, loss of appetite, teeth grinding, abnormal head posture and/or drooping ears, and excessive thirst, salivation or urination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In Texas, the disease was first discovered in 2012 in free-ranging mule deer along a remote area of the Hueco Mountains near the Texas-New Mexico border. CWD has since been detected in Texas captive and free-ranging cervids, including white-tailed deer, mule deer, red deer and elk. For more information on previous detections in Texas and CWD best management practices for hunters and landowners, visit TPWD’s CWD page.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/newsmedia/releases/?req=20230713a" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/newsmedia/releases/?req=20230713a</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Texas Chronic Wasting Disease Discovered in Deer Breeding Facilities in Frio and Hamilton Counties</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">For Immediate Release</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">April 11, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease Discovered in Deer Breeding Facilities in Frio and Hamilton Counties</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">AUSTIN, TX – Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) and Texas Animal Health Commission (TAHC) received confirmation of two new cases of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in separate deer breeding facilities in Hamilton and Frio counties. These cases mark the first detection of the disease in each county.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A single case in a Hamilton County facility was detected using antemortem (live animal) testing conducted to determine if the animal was movement qualified to transfer from the property to a registered release site. A single case in a Frio County facility was detected using postmortem testing following a natural mortality conducted to meet TPWD surveillance requirements. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The samples submitted to the Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory in College Station were ultimately sent to the National Veterinary Services Laboratory (NVSL) in Ames, Iowa, where the presence of CWD was confirmed in all samples. Officials took immediate action to secure all deer at the facilities. TPWD and TAHC plan to continue working together to conduct additional investigations into the extent of the disease within the facilities.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">With an incubation period that can span years, the first indication of CWD in a herd may likely come through testing, rather than observing clinical signs. Early detection and proactive monitoring improve the state’s response time to a disease outbreak and can greatly reduce the risk of further disease spread. Antemortem testing provides a continuous testing baseline that can further clarify the epidemiological uncertainties related to the origin of a disease outbreak. In addition to postmortem testing and other surveillance requirements, this testing helps guide future changes to the disease management strategy. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD is a fatal neurological disease found in certain cervids including deer, elk, moose and other members of the deer family. CWD is a slow and progressive disease. Due to a long incubation, cervids infected with CWD may not produce any visible signs for several years after becoming infected. As the disease progresses, animals with CWD show changes in behavior and appearance. Clinical signs may include progressive weight loss, stumbling or tremors with a lack of coordination, excessive thirst, salivation or urination, loss of appetite, teeth grinding, abnormal head posture and/or drooping ears.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In Texas, the disease was first discovered in 2012 in free-ranging mule deer along a remote area of the Hueco Mountains near the Texas-New Mexico border. CWD has since been detected in captive and free-ranging cervids in the state including, white-tailed deer, mule deer, red deer and elk. For more information on previous detections in Texas, visit TPWD’s CWD page.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To date there are no known cases where CWD has infected a human; however, recent research suggests that CWD transmission from infected animals to humans should not be ruled out. As a precaution, it is recommended that hunters test harvested cervid species for CWD, and not consume the meat of infected animals.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">For more information about CWD, visit the TPWD website or the TAHC website.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">### The Texas Animal Health Commission (TAHC) was established in 1893 as the Livestock Sanitary Commission and charged with protecting the state’s domestic animals “from all contagious or infectious diseases of a malignant character.” TAHC remains true to this charge while evolving with the times to protect the health and marketability of all Texas livestock and poultry. Learn more about the TAHC visit www.tahc.texas.gov. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tahc.texas.gov/news/2023/2023-04-11_CWD_FrioHamilton.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tahc.texas.gov/news/2023/2023-04-11_CWD_FrioHamilton.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Texas CWD seven new cases three separate deer-breeding facilities in Zavala, Washington and Gonzales counties 471 confirmed to date</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease Discovered in Deer-Breeding Facilities in Zavala, Washington and Gonzales Counties </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">March 21, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Media Contact: TPWD News, Business Hours, 512-389-8030 News</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Additional Case Detected at High-Fence Release Site in Hunt County</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">AUSTIN – The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) and Texas Animal Health Commission (TAHC) received confirmation of seven new cases of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in three separate deer-breeding facilities in Zavala, Washington and Gonzales counties. These cases mark the first detection of the disease in each county.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Three cases in a Zavala County facility and one case in a Washington County facility were detected through antemortem (live animal) testing conducted prior to their transfer from the properties to registered release sites. Three cases in a Gonzales County facility were detected by antemortem and postmortem testing, as required by a CWD Herd Plan established after the facility received CWD-exposed deer from an Uvalde County deer breeding facility in which CWD was detected in 2021.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The samples were submitted to the Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory in College Station and were ultimately sent to the National Veterinary Services Laboratory in Ames, Iowa, where the presence of CWD was confirmed in all seven samples. Officials have taken immediate action to secure all deer at the facilities; TPWD and TAHC plan to continue working together to conduct additional investigations looking into the extent of the disease within the facilities.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“It continues to be imperative for producers to stay diligent with testing susceptible species for CWD,” said Dr. Andy Schwartz, TAHC executive director and state veterinarian. “With an incubation period that can span years, the first indication of this degenerative disease in a herd may likely come through testing, rather than observing clinical signs. Early detection and proactive monitoring improve the state’s response time and can greatly reduce the risk of further disease spread.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Since November 2021, when the Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission adopted a requirement to antemortem test deer for CWD prior to liberation, this disease surveillance tool has detected CWD in five deer breeding facilities where it was not previously known to exist. Transferring even one CWD-infected deer from a breeding facility could ultimately affect all deer in the vicinity of the transfer, with irreversible impacts.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“With disease surveillance, our goal is to monitor and identify disease expeditiously to minimize the impact of outbreaks,” said Dr. Hunter Reed, TPWD wildlife veterinarian. “This is a continuous process that hopefully results in little to no disease being detected since [ideally] our disease management strategies are effective in limiting transmission. This additional surveillance from antemortem testing not only allows us to respond more quickly to an outbreak, but it also provides us with a robust, continuous testing baseline that can further elucidate the epidemiological uncertainties related to the origin of the disease outbreak, in addition to guiding future changes to our disease management strategy.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In Hunt County, TPWD and TAHC received confirmation of CWD in a white-tailed doe harvested on a release site located adjacent to a breeding facility already known to have CWD. This is the first positive detection in a free-range deer in the county.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">First recognized in the U.S. in 1967, CWD has since been documented in captive and/or free-ranging deer in 30 states and three Canadian provinces.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In Texas, the disease was first discovered in 2012 in free-ranging mule deer along a remote area of the Hueco Mountains near the Texas-New Mexico border and has since been detected in 471 captive or free-ranging cervids — including white-tailed deer, mule deer, red deer and elk — in 20 Texas counties. For more information on previous detections, visit TPWD’s CWD page.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD is a fatal neurological disease found in certain cervids, including deer, elk, moose and other members of the deer family. CWD is a slow and progressive disease. Due to a long incubation, cervids infected with CWD may not produce any visible signs for several years after becoming infected. As the disease progresses, animals with CWD show changes in behavior and appearance. Clinical signs may include progressive weight loss, stumbling or tremors with a lack of coordination, excessive thirst, salivation or urination, loss of appetite, teeth grinding, abnormal head posture and/or drooping ears.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To date there are no known cases where CWD has infected a human; however, recent research suggests that CWD transmission from infected animals to humans should not be ruled out. Consequently, as a precaution, it is recommended that hunters test harvested cervid species for CWD, and that no one consumes the meat of infected animals.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">For more information about CWD, visit the TPWD website or the TAHC website.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/newsmedia/releases/?req=20230321b" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/newsmedia/releases/?req=20230321b</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">TEXAS CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/b93f528938ac48e9b56dcc79953cbec0" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/b93f528938ac48e9b56dcc79953cbec0</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">TEXAS CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE RISES SUBSTANTIALLY TO 575+ CONFIRMED CWD CASES TO DATE (TPWD CWD TRACKER PAGE OUTDATE...terry)<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Listing of CWD Cases in Texas</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Show 25</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Positive Number CWD Positive Confirmation Date Free Range Captive County Source Species Sex Age</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">575 2023-10-26 White-tailed Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer M 2.3</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">574 2023-10-26 White-tailed Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer F 4.3</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">573 2023-10-26 White-tailed Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer F 3.3</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">572 2023-10-26 White-tailed Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer M 3.4</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">571 2023-10-26 White-tailed Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer F 2.3</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">570 2023-10-19 White-tailed Deer Medina Facility #27 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer M 1.2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">569 2023-10-26 White-tailed Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Release Site F 3.5</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">568 2023-10-24 Elk Medina Facility #3 Elk - Breeder Release Site M Unknown</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">567 2023-10-24 White-tailed Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer F 2.3</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">566 2023-10-24 White-tailed Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer F 3.3</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">565 2023-10-12 White-tailed Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer F 0.3</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">564 2023-09-19 White-tailed Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer M 6.2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">563 2023-09-19 White-tailed Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer F 3.3</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">562 2023-09-19 White-tailed Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer F 3.1</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">561 2023-09-12 White-tailed Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer M 0.2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">560 2023-09-12 White-tailed Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer F 3.2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">559 2023-09-12 White-tailed Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer F 2.1</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">558 2023-09-12 White-tailed Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer F 3.2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">557 2023-09-11 White-tailed Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer F 3.1</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">556 2023-09-11 Elk Dallam N/A Elk - Free Range M Unknown</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">555 2023-09-07 White-tailed Deer Kimble Facility #26 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer F 6.2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">554 2023-09-08 Mule Deer El Paso N/A Mule Deer - Free Range F 4.5</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">553 2023-09-08 Breeder Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer F 4.1</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">552 2023-09-08 Breeder Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer F 13.1</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip...see all of the 575 CWD Positive Cervid in Texas, multiple pages;</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/positive-cases/listing-cwd-cases-texas.phtml#texasCWD" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/positive-cases/listing-cwd-cases-texas.phtml#texasCWD</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease in Texas</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A Real Disease with Proven Impacts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Produced by a coalition of concerned hunters, landowners, & conservationists (last update 08/2023)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Since 2012, CWD has been detected in wild deer in just 7 counties in Texas and is only established in the western panhandle and far west Texas.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In that same period of time, captive deer breeders have exposed almost half of Texas counties to CWD. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Deer held in captive breeding facilities are confined to much tighter spaces, and have intimate contact with many more animals on a daily basis. By far the greatest factor in amplifying the spread of CWD is the artificial movement of these animals, shipped in livestock trailers hundreds of miles, far outside of their natural home range, and ultimately released to co-mingle with wild deer. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Each year, Texas captive deer breeders liberate 20,000-30,000 deer from their pens to the wild. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">For every deer breeding facility where a CWD positive deer is discovered, an epidemiological investigation is conducted by the Texas Parks & Wildlife Department and the Texas Animal Health Commission to determine how many other deer may have been exposed to the disease and where they have been shipped. Because of the prolific artificial movement of captive deer, one deer with CWD can impact hundreds of other facilities and ranches across the state.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Unfortunately, released deer in Texas are not required to retain any kind of visible identification (an ear tag), and for this reason, the vast majority of released deer cannot be relocated for testing. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">As of August 2023, 116 Texas counties have received possibly infected breeder deer that cannot be located, putting more than 140,000 landowners at risk of the disease. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The state of Texas has been testing for CWD since 2002. Since that time, more than 302,360 captive and free range deer have been tested. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From 2015-2022, more than 127,000 samples were collected from hunter-harvested and roadkill deer. This sampling rate and risk-based distribution provides scientists confidence that they would have detected the disease if it existed at a very low prevalence (<1%) in any given region at the time sampling began.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We have learned from other states where CWD has been present the longest, that a constant increase in the prevalence of the disease may lead to a significant decline in the deer population. When disease prevalence exceeds 20%, deer populations have declined by up to 50%. In some areas of Colorado, where CWD has been present since 1985, mule deer abundance has declined by 45% since that time, despite adequate habitat and no hunting ( Miller et al. 2008 ). Similarly, the South Converse Game Unit in Wyoming has documented CWD prevalence exceeding 50% and has seen an approximate 50% decline in mule deer populations.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rural Economies</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Deer hunting is the lifeblood of rural Texas. White-tailed deer hunting is by far the most impactful segment of the hunting economy, representing $4.3 billion, according to a recent Texas A&M Study. And while deer breeders represent a very small segment of that economy (less than 5%), they represent one of the greatest risks. ( Full Texas A&M Report )</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Real Estate</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rural land prices are largely driven by recreational buyers with hunting as a top land amenity. Without deer hunting, many of these properties will be worth much less.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conservation Funding</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Deer hunters are the largest funders of wildlife conservation in Texas through excise taxes on firearms, ammunition, and gear along with active membership supporting and funding conservation organizations. If deer hunting suffers due to CWD, all wildlife in Texas lose.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Culture & Health</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Texas’ native deer herd has iconic value for all Texans. Deer hunting brings families together, creates camaraderie in communities, and serves to connect Texans to nature. There is no better protein than wild, locally harvested, non-GMO and totally organic venison. A healthy deer herd leads to healthy Texans and a healthy and prosperous Texas. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This isn't a disease for our lifetime. It's a disease for our grandchildren's lifetime. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> - Dr. Bob Dittmar, Former Texas State Wildlife Veterinarian </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">See the full text with maps, graphs, much more, excellent data…</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bit.ly/3xL16Gm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bit.ly/3xL16Gm</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Since 2012, CWD has been detected in wild deer in just 7 counties in Texas and is only established in the western panhandle and far west Texas.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In that same period of time, captive deer breeders have exposed almost half of Texas counties to CWD. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bit.ly/3xL16Gm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bit.ly/3xL16Gm</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">As of August 2023, 116 Texas counties have received possibly infected breeder deer that cannot be located, putting more than 140,000 landowners at risk of the disease. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bit.ly/3xL16Gm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bit.ly/3xL16Gm</a></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Texas CWD Surveillance Positives as of today, this page is outdated!</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/positive-cases/listing-cwd-cases-texas.phtml#texasCWD" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/positive-cases/listing-cwd-cases-texas.phtml#texasCWD</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Counties where CWD Exposed Deer were Released </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> <a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/257/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/257/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites.pdf</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Number of CWD Exposed Deer Released by County </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> <a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/258/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites-NbrDeer.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/258/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites-NbrDeer.pdf</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD Captive Herds updated April 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/cervid/cervids-cwd/cervids-voluntary-hcp" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/cervid/cervids-cwd/cervids-voluntary-hcp</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD Captive Herds updated April 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TPWD Executive Order No. 23-003 CWD Emergency Rules Adopted for Movement of Breeder Deer </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Executive Orders</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Executive Order No. 23-003</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: July 24, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Executive Director finds that additional discoveries of CWD in free-ranging white-tailed deer within deer breeding facilities regulated under Parks and Wildlife Code, Chapter 43, Subchapter L and regulations adopted pursuant to that subchapter (31 TAC Chapter 65, Subchapters B and T) constitute an immediate danger to the white-tailed deer and mule deer resources of Texas and that the adoption of rules on an emergency basis with fewer than 30 days’ notice is necessary to address an immediate danger.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/publications/executive_orders/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/publications/executive_orders/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15 minute mark video shows sick deer with cwd, and this deer DIED FROM CWD, IT'S DOCUMENTED, commentator says ''so if anyone every tells you, that a deer has never died from CWD, think of this picture, because the Wisconsin Veterinary Lab told us, what when they looked at her sample under a microscope, she was the hottest animal they had ever seen, and that's in terms of the fluorescents that comes off the slide when the look at it, so, a lot of Prion in her system.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see much more about 2 hours long...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O3CAI-EwlgM" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O3CAI-EwlgM</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TEXAS BREEDER DEER ESCAPEE WITH CWD IN THE WILD, or so the genetics would show?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">OH NO, please tell me i heard this wrong, a potential Texas captive escapee with cwd in the wild, in an area with positive captive cwd herd?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">apparently, no ID though. tell me it ain't so please...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23:00 minute mark</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''Free Ranging Deer, Dr. Deyoung looked at Genetics of this free ranging deer and what he found was, that the genetics on this deer were more similar to captive deer, than the free ranging population, but he did not see a significant connection to any one captive facility that he analyzed, so we believe, Ahhhhhh, this animal had some captive ahhh, whatnot.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://youtu.be/aoPDeGL6mpQ?t=1384" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://youtu.be/aoPDeGL6mpQ?t=1384</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Commission Agenda Item No. 5 Exhibit B</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DISEASE DETECTION AND RESPONSE RULES</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PROPOSAL PREAMBLE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1. Introduction. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> A third issue is the accuracy of mortality reporting. Department records indicate that for each of the last five years an average of 26 deer breeders have reported a shared total of 159 escapes. Department records for the same time period indicate an average of 31 breeding facilities reported a shared total of 825 missing deer (deer that department records indicate should be present in the facility, but cannot be located or verified). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/business/feedback/meetings/2022/1104/agenda/item.phtml?item=5" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/business/feedback/meetings/2022/1104/agenda/item.phtml?item=5</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">On January 21, 2017 a tornado took down thousands of feet of fence for a 420-acre illegal deer enclosure in Lamar County that had been subject to federal and state investigation for illegally importing white-tailed deer into Mississippi from Texas (a CWD positive state). Native deer were free to move on and off the property before all of the deer were able to be tested for CWD. Testing will be made available for a period of three years for CWD on the property and will be available for deer killed within a 5-mile radius of the property on a voluntary basis. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.mdwfp.com/media/254796/2016-17-deer-report.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.mdwfp.com/media/254796/2016-17-deer-report.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“It is interesting to note that, in 2001, the State of Texas shifted its deer management strategies toward the same leanings that Kroll has suggested for Wisconsin. In Texas, the change was brought about via heavy lobbying from the high-fence deer ranching industry. This pressure helped convince the Texas Parks and Wildlife to change their regulations and allow private landowners to select the own deer biologists.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.texasmonthly.com/story/which-side-fence-are-you" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.texasmonthly.com/story/which-side-fence-are-you</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2012 “For 10 years, Texas has had an aggressive Chronic Wasting Disease prevention and monitoring program. Wildlife agency regulations prohibit importing deer into the state, and the agency has tested more than 26,000 hunter-taken deer and 7,400 animals from the captive-deer industry. None of those deer tested positive.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Brain-eating-disease-found-in-Texas-deer-3697731.php" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Brain-eating-disease-found-in-Texas-deer-3697731.php</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div>PRION CONFERENCE 2023 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS FOR CWD TSE PRION</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">CWD TSE PRION CERVID ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation."</div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Detection of prions in soils contaminated by multiple routes</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stuart Siegfried Lichtenberg1,2 , Heather Inzalaco3 , Sam Thomas4 , Dan Storm5 , Dan Walsh6</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A. 2Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A. 3 Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A 4Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A. 5Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, U.S.A. 6U.S. Geological Survey, Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, U.S.A.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Free-ranging animals afflicted with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies frequently shed infectious prions into the broader environment. The quintessential example is chronic wasting disease, the TSE of cervids. Over the course of the disease, an infected animal will shed infectious prions in blood, urine, saliva, and feces. Upon death, the total prion load interred in the animal’s tissues will be deposited wherever the animal falls. This contamination creates substantial risk to naïve animals, and likely contributes to disease spread. Identification and quantification of prions at contamination hotspots is essential for any attempt at mitigation of environmental transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: Surfactant extraction of soils followed by precipitation yields a sample that is amenable to analysis by real-time quaking induced conversion. However, differences in extraction yield are apparent depending on the properties of the matrix from which the prions are being extracted, principally soil clay content.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: We are able to detect prion seeding activity at multiple types of environmental hotspots, including carcass sites, contaminated captive facilities, and scrapes (i.e. urine and saliva). Differences in relative prion concentration vary depending on the nature and source of the contamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Detection of prions in the environment is of the utmost importance for controlling chronic wasting disease spread. Here, we have demonstrated a viable method for detection of prions in complex environmental matrices. However, it is quite likely that this method underestimates the total infectious prion load in a contaminated sample, due to incomplete recovery of infectious prions. Further refinements are necessary for accurate quantification of prions in such samples, and to account for the intrinsic heterogeneities found in the broader environment.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">The detection and decontamination of chronic wasting disease prions during venison processing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Marissa S. Milstein1,2, Marc D. Schwabenlander1,2, Sarah C. Gresch1,2, Manci Li1,2, Stuart Lichtenberg1,2, Rachel Shoemaker1,2, Gage R. Rowden1,2, Jason C. Bartz2,3 , Tiffany M. Wolf2,4, Peter A. Larsen1,2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Presenting author: Tiffany M. Wolf 1 Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 2 Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 3 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA 4 Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: There is a growing concern that chronic wasting disease (CWD) prions in venison pose a risk to human health. CWD prions accumulate in infected deer tissues that commonly enter the human food chain through meat processing and consumption. The United States (US) Food and Drug Administration and US Department of Agriculture now formally consider CWD-positive venison unfit for human and animal consumption. Yet, the degree to which prion contamination occurs during routine venison processing is unknown. Here, we use environmental surface swab methods to: a) experimentally test meat processing equipment (i.e., stainless steel knives and polyethylene cutting boards) before and after processing CWD-positive venison and b) test the efficacy of five different disinfectant types (i.e., Dawn dish soap, Virkon-S, Briotech, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach) to determine prion decontamination efficacy.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: We used a real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay to determine CWD infection status of venison and to detect CWD prions in the swabs. We collected three swabs per surface and ran eight technical replicates on RT-QuIC.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: CWD prions were detected on all cutting boards (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8 and knives (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) used in processing CWD-positive venison, but not on those used for CWD-negative venison. After processing CWD-positive venison, allowing the surfaces to dry, and washing the cutting board with Dawn dish soap, we detected CWD prions on the cutting board surface (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) but not on the knife (n= 3, replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). Similar patterns were observed with Briotech (cutting board: n= 3; replicates= 7/8, 1/8, 0/8; knife: n= 3; replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). We did not detect CWD prions on the knives or cutting boards after disinfecting with Virkon-S, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: These preliminary results suggest that Dawn dish soap and Briotech do not reliably decontaminate CWD prions from these surfaces. Our data suggest that Virkon-S and various bleach concentrations are more effective in reducing prion contamination of meat processing surfaces; however, surface type may also influence the ability of prions to adsorb to surfaces, preventing complete decontamination. Our results will directly inform best practices to prevent the introduction of CWD prions into the human food chain during venison processing.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: Funding was provided by the Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund as recommended by the Legislative-Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources (LCCMR), the Rapid Agriculture Response Fund (#95385/RR257), and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Theme: Animal prion diseases</div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2023 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> Nine of these recurrences occurred 14–21 years after culling, apparently as the result of environmental contamination, but outside entry could not always be absolutely excluded. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY Volume 87, Issue 12</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years Free</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82011-0" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82011-0</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Rapid recontamination of a farm building occurs after attempted prion removal</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">First published: 19 January 2019 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">The data illustrates the difficulty in decontaminating farm buildings from scrapie, and demonstrates the likely contribution of farm dust to the recontamination of these environments to levels that are capable of causing disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">This study clearly demonstrates the difficulty in removing scrapie infectivity from the farm environment. Practical and effective prion decontamination methods are still urgently required for decontamination of scrapie infectivity from farms that have had cases of scrapie and this is particularly relevant for scrapiepositive goatherds, which currently have limited genetic resistance to scrapie within commercial breeds.24 This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids.</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***>This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids.</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Front. Vet. Sci., 14 September 2015 | <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Objects in contact with classical scrapie sheep act as a reservoir for scrapie transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">In conclusion, the results in the current study indicate that removal of furniture that had been in contact with scrapie-infected animals should be recommended, particularly since cleaning and decontamination may not effectively remove scrapie infectivity (31), even though infectivity declines considerably if the pasture and the field furniture have not been in contact with scrapie-infected sheep for several months. As sPMCA failed to detect PrPSc in furniture that was subjected to weathering, even though exposure led to infection in sheep, this method may not always be reliable in predicting the risk of scrapie infection through environmental contamination. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">172. Establishment of PrPCWD extraction and detection methods in the farm soil</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Conclusions: Our studies showed that PrPCWD persist in 0.001% CWD contaminated soil for at least 4 year and natural CWD-affected farm soil. When cervid reintroduced into CWD outbreak farm, the strict decontamination procedures of the infectious agent should be performed in the environment of CWD-affected cervid habitat.</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">SUBJECT MATTER: Chronic Wasting Disease Carcass Disposal Dumpster Management and Biosecurity</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BACKGROUND INFORMATION:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">State and tribal wildlife agencies may identify collection points (dumpsters) within an identified chronic wasting disease (CWD) management zone for the disposal of hunter-harvested cervid carcasses to remove potentially infected carcasses off the landscape for disposal by an approved method (Gillin & Mawdsley, 2018, chap.14). However, depending on their placement and maintenance these dumpsters could potentially increase the risk of CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In several different states, photographic evidence has shown dumpsters in state identified CWD management zones overflowing with deer carcasses and limbs scattered on the land nearby. This could provide an opportunity for scavengers to potentially move infected carcass material to non-infected zones or increase contamination of the ground material around the dumpster’s location.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Federal guidance does not explicitly address uniform standards for collection locations for carcasses of free-ranging cervids; however, the United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services Program Standards on CWD outlines procedures for carcass disposal, equipment sanitation, and decontamination of premises for captive cervid facilities.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">RESOLUTION:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The United States Animal Health Association urges the Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (AFWA), Wildlife Health Committee to further refine the AFWA Technical Report on Best Management Practices for Prevention, Surveillance, and Management of Chronic Wasting Disease; Chapter 14, Carcass Disposal to address the placement and management of chronic wasting disease carcass disposal dumpsters or other carcass collection containers.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Reference:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1. Gillin, Colin M., and Mawdsley, Jonathan R. (eds.). 2018. AFWA Technical Report on Best Management Practices for Surveillance, Management and Control of Chronic Wasting Disease. Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Washington, D. C. 111 pp. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.usaha.org/upload/Resolution/2022/2022_Resolution_30_CWD_Dumpste.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.usaha.org/upload/Resolution/2022/2022_Resolution_30_CWD_Dumpste.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">THE tse prion aka mad cow type disease is not your normal pathogen. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">The TSE prion disease survives ashing to 600 degrees celsius, that’s around 1112 degrees farenheit. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">you cannot cook the TSE prion disease out of meat. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">you can take the ash and mix it with saline and inject that ash into a mouse, and the mouse will go down with TSE. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production as well. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">the TSE prion agent also survives Simulated Wastewater Treatment Processes. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">IN fact, you should also know that the TSE Prion agent will survive in the environment for years, if not decades. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">you can bury it and it will not go away. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">The TSE agent is capable of infected your water table i.e. Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">it’s not your ordinary pathogen you can just cook it out and be done with. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> that’s what’s so worrisome about Iatrogenic mode of transmission, a simple autoclave will not kill this TSE prion agent. I’m thinking tools used to dress a deer, knives with wooden handles, carcass disposal, burial only 3ft, scavengers, exposure of Cwd to soil and surrounding area, plants intake, …I could go on…Terry</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">1: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994 Jun;57(6):757-8 </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> Transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease to a chimpanzee by electrodes contaminated during neurosurgery. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Asher DM, Kobrine A, Amyx HL, Sulima MP, Gajdusek DC. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Laboratory of Central Nervous System Studies, National Institute of </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Bethesda, MD 20892. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Stereotactic multicontact electrodes used to probe the cerebral cortex of a middle aged woman with progressive dementia were previously implicated in the accidental transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) to two younger patients. The diagnoses of CJD have been confirmed for all three cases. More than two years after their last use in humans, after three cleanings and repeated sterilisation in ethanol and formaldehyde vapour, the electrodes were implanted in the cortex of a chimpanzee. Eighteen months later the animal became ill with CJD. This finding serves to re-emphasise the potential danger posed by reuse of instruments contaminated with the agents of spongiform encephalopathies, even after scrupulous attempts to clean them. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">PMID: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">8006664</span> [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8006664?dopt=Abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8006664?dopt=Abstract</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">New studies on the heat resistance of hamster-adapted scrapie agent: Threshold survival after ashing at 600°C suggests an inorganic template of replication </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">A Quantitative Assessment of the Amount of Prion Diverted to Category 1 Materials and Wastewater During Processing </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Rapid assessment of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion inactivation by heat treatment in yellow grease produced in the industrial manufacturing process of meat and bone meals </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 2019 </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">BSE infectivity survives burial for five years with only limited spread</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">5 or 6 years quarantine is NOT LONG ENOUGH FOR CWD TSE PRION !!!</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">QUARANTINE NEEDS TO BE 21 YEARS FOR CWD TSE PRION !</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">You can take this communication from my old files with how ever many grains of salt you wish…Terry</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">FRIDAY, APRIL 30, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Should Property Evaluations Contain Scrapie, CWD, TSE PRION Environmental Contamination of the land?</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> Confidential!!!!</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> As early as 1992-3 there had been long studies conducted on small pastures containing scrapie infected sheep at the sheep research station associated with the Neuropathogenesis Unit in Edinburgh, Scotland. Whether these are documented...I don't know. But personal recounts both heard and recorded in a daily journal indicate that leaving the pastures free and replacing the topsoil completely at least 2 feet of thickness each year for SEVEN years....and then when very clean (proven scrapie free) sheep were placed on these small pastures.... the new sheep also broke out with scrapie and passed it to offspring. I am not sure that TSE contaminated ground could ever be free of the agent!! A very frightening revelation!!!</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">---end personal email early BSE days---end...tss</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">and so it seems...</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Scrapie Agent (Strain 263K) Can Transmit Disease via the Oral Route after Persistence in Soil over Years</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Published: May 9, 2007</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Our results showed that 263K scrapie agent can persist in soil at least over 29 months. Strikingly, not only the contaminated soil itself retained high levels of infectivity, as evidenced by oral administration to Syrian hamsters, but also feeding of aqueous soil extracts was able to induce disease in the reporter animals. We could also demonstrate that PrPSc in soil, extracted after 21 months, provides a catalytically active seed in the protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) reaction. PMCA opens therefore a perspective for considerably improving the detectability of prions in soil samples from the field.</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0000435" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0000435</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Dr. Paul Brown Scrapie Soil Test BSE Inquiry Document</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090505211734/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/Seac07/tab03.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090505211734/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/Seac07/tab03.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Trucking CWD TSE PrP</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Friday, December 14, 2012 <div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with CWD prion. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing, footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible. For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant uncertainty associated with these estimates. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists and returning GB residents. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://webarchive.nationa... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Published: 06 September 2021<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> Chronic wasting disease: a cervid prion infection looming to spillover</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Alicia Otero, Camilo Duque Velásquez, Judd Aiken & Debbie McKenzie </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Veterinary Research volume 52, Article number: 115 (2021) </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-021-00986-y" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-021-00986-y</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Detection of chronic wasting disease prions in processed meats</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rebeca Benavente1 , Francisca Bravo1,2, J. Hunter Reed3 , Mitch Lockwood3 , Glenn Telling4 , Rodrigo Morales1,2 1 Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA; 2 Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins. Santiago, Chile; 3 Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Texas, USA. 4 Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: identify the presence of CWD prions in processed meats derived from elk. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: In this study, we analyzed different processed meats derived from a CWD-positive (pre-clinical) free-ranging elk. Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats. The presence of CWD-prions in these samples were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates. The same analyses were performed in grilled and boiled meats to evaluate the resistance of the infectious agent to these procedures. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Our results show positive prion detection in all the samples analyzed using deer and elk substrates. Surprisingly, cooked meats displayed increased seeding activities. This data suggests that CWD-prions are available to people even after meats are processed and cooked. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: These results suggest CWD prions are accessible to humans through meats, even after processing and cooking. Considering the fact that these samples were collected from already processed specimens, the availability of CWD prions to humans is probably underestimated. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH and USDA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Grant number: 1R01AI132695 and APP-20115 to RM </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We would like to thank TPWD personnel for providing us with valuable samples</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">"Our results show positive prion detection in all the samples analyzed using deer and elk substrates. Surprisingly, cooked meats displayed increased seeding activities."</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">end... </span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Fortuitous generation of a zoonotic cervid prion strain </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Manuel Camacho, Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Sydney Smith, Jieji Hu, Wanyun Tao, Ignazio Cali, Qingzhong Kong. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Whether CWD prions can infect humans remains unclear despite the very substantial scale and long history of human exposure of CWD in many states or provinces of USA and Canada. Multiple in vitro conversion experiments and in vivo animal studies indicate that the CWD-to-human transmission barrier is not unbreakable. A major long-term public health concern on CWD zoonosis is the emergence of highly zoonotic CWD strains. We aim to address the question of whether highly zoonotic CWD strains are possible. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: We inoculated several sCJD brain samples into cervidized transgenic mice (Tg12), which were intended as negative controls for bioassays of brain tissues from sCJD cases who had potentially been exposed to CWD. Some of the Tg12 mice became infected and their brain tissues were further examined by Western blot as well as serial passages in humanized or cervidized mice. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Passage of sCJDMM1 in transgenic mice expressing elk PrP (Tg12) resulted in a “cervidized” CJD strain that we termed CJDElkPrP. We observed 100% transmission of the original CJDElkPrP in transgenic mice expressing human PrP. We passaged CJDElkPrP two more times in the Tg12 mice. We found that such second and third passage CJDElkPrP prions retained 100% transmission rate in the humanized mice, despite that the natural elk CWD isolates and CJDElkPrP share the same elk PrP sequence. In contrast, we and others found zero or poor transmission of natural elk CWD isolates in humanized mice. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our data indicate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can retain zoonotic potential after serial passages in cervids, suggesting a very significant and serious long-term risk of CWD zoonosis given that the broad and continuing spread of CWD prions will provide fertile grounds for the emergence of zoonotic CWD strains over time. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O'Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples used in this study, respectively</div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">"Our data indicate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can retain zoonotic potential after serial passages in cervids, suggesting a very significant and serious long-term risk of CWD zoonosis given that the broad and continuing spread of CWD prions will provide fertile grounds for the emergence of zoonotic CWD strains over time."</span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A probable diagnostic marker for CWD infection in humans </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Manuel Camacho, Ignazio Cali, Qingzhong Kong. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Multiple in vitro CWD-seeded human PrP conversion experiments and some animal model studies indicate that the species barrier for CWD to human transmission can be overcome, but whether CWD prion can infect humans in real life remains controversial. The very limited understanding on the likely features of CWD infection in humans and the lack of a reliable diagnostic marker for identification of acquired human CWD cases contribute to this uncertainty. We aim to stablish such a reliable diagnostic marker for CWD infections in humans should they occur. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: A couple of PrPSc-positive spleens were identified from humanized transgenic mice inoculated with either CWD or sCJDMM1. Prions in these spleens were compared by bioassays in cervidized or humanized transgenic mice. A couple of PrPSc-positive spleens from UK sCJDMM1 patients were also examined similarly as controls with no exposure to CWD. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: We have detected two prion-positive spleens in humanized transgenic mice inoculated with some CWD isolates. Such experimentally generated splenic “humanized” CWD prions (termed eHuCWDsp) appear indistinguishable from prions in the brain of sCJDMM1 patients on Western blot. We compared eHuCWDsp with prions in the spleen from humanized mice infected with sCJDMM1 (termed sCJDMM1sp) by bioassays in cervidized or humanized transgenic mice. Significantly, we found that eHuCWDsp can efficiently infect not only the humanized mice but also cervidized transgenic mice, and cervidized mice infected by eHuCWDsp produced PrPSc and brain pathology that are practically identical to those of CWD-infected cervidized mice. In contrast, sCJDMM1sp, similar to prions from sCJDMM1 patient brains, is poorly transmissible in the cervidized mice. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that high transmissibility with CWD features of splenic prions in cervidized transgenic mice is unique to acquired human CWD prions, and it may serve as a reliable marker to identify the first acquired human CWD cases. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O'Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples used in this study, respectively.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2023 Experimental Oronasal Inoculation of the Chronic Wasting Disease Agent into White Tailed Deer </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author list: Sarah Zurbuchena,b , S. Jo Moorea,b , Jifeng Biana , Eric D. Cassmanna , and Justin J. Greenleea . a. Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, US b. Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, United States </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether white-tailed deer (WTD) are susceptible to inoculation of chronic wasting disease (CWD) via oronasal exposure. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and methods: Six male, neutered WTD were oronasally inoculated with brainstem material (10% w/v) from a CWD-positive wild-type WTD. The genotypes of five inoculated deer were Q95/G96 (wild-type). One inoculated deer was homozygous S at codon 96 (96SS). Cervidized (Tg12; M132 elk PrP) mice were inoculated with 1% w/v brainstem homogenate from either a 96GG WTD (n=10) or the 96SS WTD (n=10). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: All deer developed characteristic clinical signs of CWD including weight loss, regurgitation, and ataxia. The 96SS individual had a prolonged disease course and incubation period compared to the other deer. Western blots of the brainstem on all deer yielded similar molecular profiles. All deer had widespread lymphoid distribution of PrPCWD and neuropathologic lesions associated with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Both groups of mice had a 100% attack rate and developed clinical signs, including loss of body condition, ataxia, and loss of righting reflex. Mice inoculated with material from the 96SS deer had a significantly shorter incubation period than mice inoculated with material from 96GG deer (Welch two sample T-test, P<0.05). Serial dilutions of each inocula suggests that differences in incubation period were not due to a greater concentration of PrPCWD in the 96SS inoculum. Molecular profiles from western blot of brain homogenates from mice appeared similar regardless of inoculum and appear similar to those of deer used for inoculum. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: This study characterizes the lesions and clinical course of CWD in WTD inoculated in a similar manner to natural conditions. It supports previous findings that 96SS deer have a prolonged disease course. Further, it describes a first pass of inoculum from a 96SS deer in cervidized mice which shortened the incubation period. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection, analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We thank Ami Frank and Kevin Hassall for their technical contributions to this project.</div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">The detection and decontamination of chronic wasting disease prions during venison processing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Marissa S. Milstein1,2, Marc D. Schwabenlander1,2, Sarah C. Gresch1,2, Manci Li1,2, Stuart Lichtenberg1,2, Rachel Shoemaker1,2, Gage R. Rowden1,2, Jason C. Bartz2,3 , Tiffany M. Wolf2,4, Peter A. Larsen1,2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Presenting author: Tiffany M. Wolf 1 Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 2 Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 3 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA 4 Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: There is a growing concern that chronic wasting disease (CWD) prions in venison pose a risk to human health. CWD prions accumulate in infected deer tissues that commonly enter the human food chain through meat processing and consumption. The United States (US) Food and Drug Administration and US Department of Agriculture now formally consider CWD-positive venison unfit for human and animal consumption. Yet, the degree to which prion contamination occurs during routine venison processing is unknown. Here, we use environmental surface swab methods to: a) experimentally test meat processing equipment (i.e., stainless steel knives and polyethylene cutting boards) before and after processing CWD-positive venison and b) test the efficacy of five different disinfectant types (i.e., Dawn dish soap, Virkon-S, Briotech, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach) to determine prion decontamination efficacy.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: We used a real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay to determine CWD infection status of venison and to detect CWD prions in the swabs. We collected three swabs per surface and ran eight technical replicates on RT-QuIC.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: CWD prions were detected on all cutting boards (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8 and knives (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) used in processing CWD-positive venison, but not on those used for CWD-negative venison. After processing CWD-positive venison, allowing the surfaces to dry, and washing the cutting board with Dawn dish soap, we detected CWD prions on the cutting board surface (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) but not on the knife (n= 3, replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). Similar patterns were observed with Briotech (cutting board: n= 3; replicates= 7/8, 1/8, 0/8; knife: n= 3; replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). We did not detect CWD prions on the knives or cutting boards after disinfecting with Virkon-S, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: These preliminary results suggest that Dawn dish soap and Briotech do not reliably decontaminate CWD prions from these surfaces. Our data suggest that Virkon-S and various bleach concentrations are more effective in reducing prion contamination of meat processing surfaces; however, surface type may also influence the ability of prions to adsorb to surfaces, preventing complete decontamination. Our results will directly inform best practices to prevent the introduction of CWD prions into the human food chain during venison processing.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: Funding was provided by the Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund as recommended by the Legislative-Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources (LCCMR), the Rapid Agriculture Response Fund (#95385/RR257), and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Theme: Animal prion diseases</div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2023 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">''Currently, there is scientific evidence to suggest that CWD has zoonotic potential; however, no confirmed cases of CWD have been found in humans.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PART 2. TPWD CHAPTER 65. DIVISION 1. CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, 65.88</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission in a duly noticed meeting on May 25, 2023 adopted amendments to 31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, and §65.88, concerning Disease Detection and Response, without changes to the proposed text as published in the April 21, 2023, issue of the Texas Register (48 TexReg 2048). The rules will not be republished.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Currently, there is scientific evidence to suggest that CWD has zoonotic potential; however, no confirmed cases of CWD have been found in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 DETECTION OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE PRIONS IN PROCESSED MEATS.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rebeca Benavente1, Francisca Bravo1,2, Paulina Soto1,2, J. Hunter Reed3, Mitch Lockwood3, Rodrigo Morales1,2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA. 2Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile. 3Texas Parks and Wildlife, Austin, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease (CWD) remains unknown. Currently, there are no known natural cases of CWD transmission to humans but increasing evidence suggests that the host range of CWD is not confined only to cervid species. Alarmingly, recent experimental evidence suggests that certain CWD isolates can induce disease in non-human primates. While the CDC strongly recommends determining CWD status in animals prior to consumption, this practice is voluntary. Consequently, it is plausible that a proportion of the cervid meat entering the human food chain may be contaminated with CWD. Of additional concern is that traditional diagnostic techniques used to detect CWD have relatively low sensitivity and are only approved for use in tissues other than those typically ingested by humans. In this study, we analyzed different processed meats derived from a pre-clinical, CWD-positive free-ranging elk. Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats. CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates. Our results show positive prion detection in all products. To confirm the resilience of CWD-prions to traditional cooking methods, we grilled and boiled the meat products and evaluated them for any remnant PMCA seeding activity. Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking. Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our results show positive prion detection in all products.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">9 Carrot plants as potential vectors for CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Paulina Soto1,2, Francisca Bravo-Risi1,2, Claudio Soto1, Rodrigo Morales1,2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA. 2Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> We show that edible plant components can absorb prions from CWD-contaminated soils and transport them to their aerial parts.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our results indicate that edible plants could participate as vectors of CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of prion infectivity from CWD-infected macaque tissues to rodent models demonstrates the zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaoui1,2, Ginny Cheng1,2, Wiebke Wemheuer3, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer3, Sabine Gilch1,2, Hermann Schatzl1,2 1University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. 2Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada. 3Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Further passage to cervidized mice revealed transmission with a 100% attack rate.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our findings demonstrate that macaques, considered the best model for the zoonotic potential of prions, were infected upon CWD challenge, including the oral one.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">****> The disease manifested as atypical in macaques and initial transgenic mouse transmissions, but with infectivity present at all times, as unveiled in the bank vole model with an unusual tissue tropism.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Epidemiologic surveillance of prion disease among cervid hunters and people likely to have consumed venison contaminated with chronic wasting disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of Cervid Prions to Humanized Mice Demonstrates the Zoonotic Potential of CWD </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaouia, Irina Zemlyankinaa, Sheng Chun Changa, Maria Immaculata Arifina, Vincent Béringueb, Debbie McKenziec, Hermann M. Schatzla, and Sabine Gilcha </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Results: Here, we provide the strongest evidence supporting the zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and their possible phenotype in humans. Inoculation of mice expressing human PrPCwith deer CWD isolates (strains Wisc-1 and 116AG) resulted in atypical clinical manifestations in > 75% of the mice, with myoclonus as leading clinical sign. Most of tg650brain homogenates were positive for seeding activity in RT-QuIC. Clinical disease and presentation was transmissible to <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> mice and bank voles. Intriguingly, protease-resistant PrP in the brain of <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> mice resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon passage. Abnormal PrP aggregates upon infection with Wisc-1 were detectable in thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain/pons regions. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Unprecedented in human prion disease, feces of CWD-inoculated <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> mice harbored prion seeding activity and infectious prions, as shown by inoculation of bank voles and <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> with fecal homogenates. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Conclusions: This is the first evidence that CWD can infect humans and cause disease with a distinctive clinical presentation, signature, and tropism, which might be transmissible between humans while current diagnostic assays might fail to detect it. These findings have major implications for public health and CWD-management. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a> </div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">The finding that infectious PrPSc was shed in fecal material of CWD-infected humanized mice and induced clinical disease, different tropism, and typical three banding pattern-PrPres in bank voles that is transmissible upon second passage is highly concerning for public health. The fact that this biochemical signature in bank voles resembles that of the Wisc-1 original deer isolate and is different from that of bvWisc-1, in the migration profile and the glyco-form-ratio, is valid evidence that these results are not a product of contamination in our study. If CWD in humans is found to be contagious and transmissible among humans, as it is in cervids [57], the spread of the disease within humans might become endemic.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acta Neuropathol 144, 767–784 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 August 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaoui1 · Irina Zemlyankina1 · Sheng Chun Chang1 · Maria Immaculata Arifn1 · Vincent Béringue2 · Debbie McKenzie3 · Hermann M. Schatzl1 · Sabine Gilch1</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Received: 24 May 2022 / Revised: 5 August 2022 / Accepted: 7 August 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">© The Author(s) 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prions cause infectious and fatal neurodegenerative diseases in mammals. Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease of cervids, spreads efficiently among wild and farmed animals. Potential transmission to humans of CWD is a growing concern due to its increasing prevalence. Here, we provide evidence for a zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and its probable signature using mice expressing human prion protein (PrP) as an infection model. Inoculation of these mice with deer CWD isolates resulted in atypical clinical manifestation with prion seeding activity and efficient transmissible infectivity in the brain and, remarkably, in feces, but without classical neuropathological or Western blot appearances of prion diseases. Intriguingly, the protease-resistant PrP in the brain resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon second passage. Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Keywords Chronic wasting disease · CWD · Zoonotic potential · Prion strains · Zoonotic prions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">HIGHLIGHTS OF THIS STUDY</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">================================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In this study, we evaluated the zoonotic potential of CWD using a transgenic mouse model overexpressing human M129-PrPC (tg650 [12]). We inoculated tg650 mice intracerebrally with two deer CWD isolates, Wisc-1 and 116AG [22, 23, 27, 29]. We demonstrate that this transgenic line was susceptible to infection with CWD prions and displayed a distinct leading clinical sign, an atypical PrPSc signature and unusual fecal shedding of infectious prions. Importantly, these prions generated by the human PrP transgenic mice were transmissible upon passage. Our results are the first evidence of a zoonotic risk of CWD when using one of the most common CWD strains, Wisc-1/CWD1 for infection. We demonstrated in a human transgenic mouse model that the species barrier for transmission of CWD to humans is not absolute. The fact that its signature was not typical raises the questions whether CWD would manifest in humans as a subclinical infection, whether it would arise through direct or indirect transmission including an intermediate host, or a silent to uncovered human-to-human transmission, and whether current detection techniques will be suffcient to unveil its presence.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our findings strongly suggest that CWD should be regarded as an actual public health risk. Here, we use humanized mice to show that CWD prions can cross the species barrier to humans, and remarkably, infectious prions can be excreted in feces.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our results indicate that if CWD crosses the species-barrier to humans, it is unlikely to resemble the most common forms of human prion diseases with respect to clinical signs, tissue tropism and PrPSc signature. For instance, PrPSc in variable protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr), a sporadic form of human prion disease, and in the genetic form Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS) is defined by an atypical PK-resistant PrPSc fragment that is non-glycosylated and truncated at both C- and N-termini, with a molecular weight between 6 and 8 kDa [24, 44–46]. These biochemical features are unique and distinctive from PrPSc (PrP27-30) found in most other human or animal prion disease. The atypical PrPSc signature detected in brain homogenate of tg650 mice #321 (1st passage) and #3063 (2nd passage), and the 7–8 kDa fragment (Figs. 2, 4) are very similar to that of GSS, both in terms of migration profile and the N-terminal cleavage site.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD in humans might remain subclinical but with PrPSc deposits in the brain with an unusual morphology that does not resemble the patterns usually seen in different prion diseases (e.g., mouse #328; Fig. 3), clinical with untraceable abnormal PrP (e.g., mouse #327) but still transmissible and uncovered upon subsequent passage (e.g., mouse #3063; Fig. 4), or prions have other reservoirs than the usual ones, hence the presence of infectivity in feces (e.g., mouse #327) suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=================================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) Antonia Ricci Ana Allende Declan Bolton Marianne Chemaly Robert Davies Pablo Salvador Fernández Escámez ... See all authors </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">First published: 17 January 2018 <a href="https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">also, see; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers.. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Paper</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Cellular prion protein distribution in the vomeronasal organ, parotid, and scent glands of white-tailed deer and mule deer</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Anthony Ness, Aradhana Jacob, Kelsey Saboraki, Alicia Otero, Danielle Gushue, Diana Martinez Moreno, Melanie de Peña, Xinli Tang, Judd Aiken, Susan Lingle & Debbie McKenzieORCID Icon show less</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Pages 40-57 | Received 03 Feb 2022, Accepted 13 May 2022, Published online: 29 May 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Download citation</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ABSTRACT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting species of the cervidae family. CWD has an expanding geographic range and complex, poorly understood transmission mechanics. CWD is disproportionately prevalent in wild male mule deer and male white-tailed deer. Sex and species influences on CWD prevalence have been hypothesized to be related to animal behaviours that involve deer facial and body exocrine glands. Understanding CWD transmission potential requires a foundational knowledge of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) in glands associated with cervid behaviours. In this study, we characterized the presence and distribution of PrPC in six integumentary and two non-integumentary tissues of hunter-harvested mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (O. virginianus). We report that white-tailed deer expressed significantly more PrPC than their mule deer in the parotid, metatarsal, and interdigital glands. Females expressed more PrPC than males in the forehead and preorbital glands. The distribution of PrPC within the integumentary exocrine glands of the face and legs were localized to glandular cells, hair follicles, epidermis, and immune cell infiltrates. All tissues examined expressed sufficient quantities of PrPC to serve as possible sites of prion initial infection, propagation, and shedding.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ARS RESEARCH Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Publication Acceptance Date: 9/8/2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author item WANG, ZERUI - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item QIN, KEFENG - University Of Chicago item CAMACHO, MANUEL - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item SHEN, PINGPING - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item YUAN, JUE - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item Greenlee, Justin item CUI, LI - Jilin University item KONG, QINGZHONG - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item MASTRIANNI, JAMES - University Of Chicago item ZOU, WEN-QUAN - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Submitted to: Acta Neuropathologica Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 9/8/2021 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Interpretive Summary: Prion diseases are invariably fatal neurologic diseases for which there is no known prevention or cure. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease of deer and elk and is present in farmed and free ranging herds throughout North America. To date there is no clear evidence that the CWD agent could be transmitted to humans. This manuscript describes the use of an in vitro technique, cell-free serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA), to generate a CWD prion that is infectious to transgenic mice expressing the human prion protein. This study provides the first evidence that CWD prions may be able to cause misfolding in the human prion protein. This information will impact medical experts and those involved in making policy for farmed cervids and wildlife.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Technical Abstract: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a cervid spongiform encephalopathy or prion disease caused by the infectious prion or PrPSc, a misfolded conformer of cellular prion protein (PrPC). It has rapidly spread in North America and also has been found in Asia and Europe. In contrast to the zoonotic mad cow disease that is the first animal prion disease found transmissible to humans, the transmissibility of CWD to humans remains uncertain although most previous studies have suggested that humans may not be susceptible to CWD. Here we report the generation of an infectious human PrPSc by seeding CWD PrPSc in normal human brain PrPC through the in vitro cell-free serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA). Western blotting confirms that the sPMCA-induced proteinase K-resistant PrPSc is a human form, evidenced by a PrP-specific antibody that recognizes human but not cervid PrP. Remarkably, two lines of humanized transgenic (Tg) mice expressing human PrP-129Val/Val (VV) or -129Met/Met (MM) polymorphism develop prion disease at 233 ± 6 (mean ± SE) days post-inoculation (dpi) and 552 ± 27 dpi, respectively, upon intracerebral inoculation with the sPMCA-generated PrPSc. The brain of diseased Tg mice reveals the electrophoretic profile of PrPSc similar to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) MM1 or VV2 subtype but different neuropathological patterns. We believe that our study provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc is able to convert human PrPC into PrPSc in vitro and the CWD-derived human PrPSc mimics atypical sCJD subtypes in humanized Tg mice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''The brain of diseased Tg mice reveals the electrophoretic profile of PrPSc similar to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) MM1 or VV2 subtype but different neuropathological patterns.'' </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''We believe that our study provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc is able to convert human PrPC into PrPSc in vitro and the CWD-derived human PrPSc mimics atypical sCJD subtypes in humanized Tg mice.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published: 26 September 2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Zerui Wang, Kefeng Qin, Manuel V. Camacho, Ignazio Cali, Jue Yuan, Pingping Shen, Justin Greenlee, Qingzhong Kong, James A. Mastrianni & Wen-Quan Zou</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acta Neuropathologica Communications volume 9, Article number: 158 (2021)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a cervid prion disease caused by the accumulation of an infectious misfolded conformer (PrPSc) of cellular prion protein (PrPC). It has been spreading rapidly in North America and also found in Asia and Europe. Although bovine spongiform encephalopathy (i.e. mad cow disease) is the only animal prion disease known to be zoonotic, the transmissibility of CWD to humans remains uncertain. Here we report the generation of the first CWD-derived infectious human PrPSc by elk CWD PrPSc-seeded conversion of PrPC in normal human brain homogenates using in vitro protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA). Western blotting with human PrP selective antibody confirmed that the PMCA-generated protease-resistant PrPSc was derived from the human PrPC substrate. Two lines of humanized transgenic mice expressing human PrP with either Val or Met at the polymorphic codon 129 developed clinical prion disease following intracerebral inoculation with the PMCA-generated CWD-derived human PrPSc. Diseased mice exhibited distinct PrPSc patterns and neuropathological changes in the brain. Our study, using PMCA and animal bioassays, provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc can cross the species barrier to convert human PrPC into infectious PrPSc that can produce bona fide prion disease when inoculated into humanized transgenic mice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It is worth noting that the annual number of sporadic CJD (sCJD) cases in the USA has increased, with the total number of suspected and confirmed sCJD cases rising from 284 in 2003 to 511 in 2017 (https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cjd/occurrence-transmission.html). The greatly enhanced CJD surveillance and an aging population in the USA certainly contributed to the observed increase in annual sCJD case numbers in recent years, but the possibility cannot be excluded that some of the increased sCJD prevalence is linked to CWD exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the present study, using serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) assay we generate PrPSc by seeding CWD prions in normal human brain homogenates. Importantly, we reveal that two lines of humanized Tg mice expressing human PrP-129VV and 129MM develop prion diseases upon intracerebral inoculation of the abnormal PrP generated by sPMCA. We believe that our study provides the first opportunity to dissect the clinical, pathological and biochemical features of the CWD-derived human prion disease in two lines of humanized Tg mice expressing two major human PrP genotypes, respectively.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i thought i might share some news about cwd zoonosis that i got, that i cannot share or post to the public yet, i promised for various reasons, one that it will cause a shit storm for sure, but it was something i really already knew from previous studies, but, i was told that ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">==================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''As you can imagine, 2 and 5 (especially 5) may raise alarms. The evidence we have for 4 are not as strong or tight as I would like to have. At this point, please do not post any of the points publicly yet, but you can refer to points 1-3 in private discussions and all 5 points when discussing with relevant public officials to highlight the long-term risks of CWD zoonosis.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">====================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">so, i figure your as about as official as it gets, and i think this science is extremely important for you to know and to converse about with your officials. it's about to burn a whole in my pocket. this is about as close as it will ever get for cwd zoonosis to be proven in my time, this and what Canada Czub et al found with the Macaques, plus an old study from cjd surveillance unit back that showed cjd and a 9% increase in risk from folks that eat venison, i will post all this below for your files Sir. i remember back in the BSE nvCJD days, from when the first BSE case in bovine was confirmed around 1984 maybe 83, i forget the good vets named that screwed it up first, Carol something, but from 83ish to 95 96 when nvCJD was linked to humans from BSE in cattle, so that took 10 to 15 years. hell, at that rate, especially with Texas and cwd zoonsis, hell, i'll be dead before it's official, if ever, so here ya go Sir. there was a grant study on cwd zoonosis that had been going on for some time, i followed it over the years, then the grant date for said study had expired, so, i thought i would write the good Professor about said study i.e. Professor Kong, CWRU et al. i will post the grant study abstract first, and then after that, what reply i got back, about said study that i was told not to post/publish...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD ZOONOSIS GRANT FIRST;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Cervid to human prion transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Kong, Qingzhong </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Abstract Prion disease is transmissible and invariably fatal. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease affecting deer, elk and moose, and it is a widespread and expanding epidemic affecting 22 US States and 2 Canadian provinces so far. CWD poses the most serious zoonotic prion transmission risks in North America because of huge venison consumption (>6 million deer/elk hunted and consumed annually in the USA alone), significant prion infectivity in muscles and other tissues/fluids from CWD-affected cervids, and usually high levels of individual exposure to CWD resulting from consumption of the affected animal among often just family and friends. However, we still do not know whether CWD prions can infect humans in the brain or peripheral tissues or whether clinical/asymptomatic CWD zoonosis has already occurred, and we have no essays to reliably detect CWD infection in humans. We hypothesize that: (1) The classic CWD prion strain can infect humans at low levels in the brain and peripheral lymphoid tissues; (2) The cervid-to-human transmission barrier is dependent on the cervid prion strain and influenced by the host (human) prion protein (PrP) primary sequence; (3) Reliable essays can be established to detect CWD infection in humans; and (4) CWD transmission to humans has already occurred. We will test these hypotheses in 4 Aims using transgenic (Tg) mouse models and complementary in vitro approaches. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 1 will prove that the classical CWD strain may infect humans in brain or peripheral lymphoid tissues at low levels by conducting systemic bioassays in a set of humanized Tg mouse lines expressing common human PrP variants using a number of CWD isolates at varying doses and routes. Experimental human CWD samples will also be generated for Aim 3. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 2 will test the hypothesis that the cervid-to-human prion transmission barrier is dependent on prion strain and influenced by the host (human) PrP sequence by examining and comparing the transmission efficiency and phenotypes of several atypical/unusual CWD isolates/strains as well as a few prion strains from other species that have adapted to cervid PrP sequence, utilizing the same panel of humanized Tg mouse lines as in Aim 1. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 3 will establish reliable essays for detection and surveillance of CWD infection in humans by examining in details the clinical, pathological, biochemical and in vitro seeding properties of existing and future experimental human CWD samples generated from Aims 1-2 and compare them with those of common sporadic human Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) prions. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 4 will attempt to detect clinical CWD-affected human cases by examining a significant number of brain samples from prion-affected human subjects in the USA and Canada who have consumed venison from CWD-endemic areas utilizing the criteria and essays established in Aim 3. The findings from this proposal will greatly advance our understandings on the potential and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for CWD zoonosis and potentially discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Public Health Relevance There are significant and increasing human exposure to cervid prions because chronic wasting disease (CWD, a widespread and highly infectious prion disease among deer and elk in North America) continues spreading and consumption of venison remains popular, but our understanding on cervid-to-human prion transmission is still very limited, raising public health concerns. This proposal aims to define the zoonotic risks of cervid prions and set up and apply essays to detect CWD zoonosis using mouse models and in vitro methods. The findings will greatly expand our knowledge on the potentials and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for such infections and may discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Funding Agency Agency National Institute of Health (NIH) Institute National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Type Research Project (R01) Project # 1R01NS088604-01A1 Application # 9037884 Study Section Cellular and Molecular Biology of Neurodegeneration Study Section (CMND) Program Officer Wong, May Project Start 2015-09-30 Project End 2019-07-31 Budget Start 2015-09-30 Budget End 2016-07-31 Support Year 1 Fiscal Year 2015 Total Cost $337,507 Indirect Cost $118,756</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1#panel-abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1#panel-abstract</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Professor Kongs reply to me just this month about above grant study that has NOT been published in peer reveiw yet...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=================================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Here is a brief summary of our findings:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...can't post, made a promise...tss</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">On Sat, Apr 3, 2021 at 12:19 PM Terry Singeltary <flounder9@verizon.net> wrote:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">end...tss</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">==============</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD ZOONOSIS THE FULL MONTY TO DATE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">International Conference on Emerging Diseases, Outbreaks & Case Studies & 16th Annual Meeting on Influenza March 28-29, 2018 | Orlando, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Qingzhong Kong</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease prions from cervids</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease in cervids (mule deer, white-tailed deer, American elk, moose, and reindeer). It has become an epidemic in North America, and it has been detected in the Europe (Norway) since 2016. The widespread CWD and popular hunting and consumption of cervid meat and other products raise serious public health concerns, but questions remain on human susceptibility to CWD prions, especially on the potential difference in zoonotic potential among the various CWD prion strains. We have been working to address this critical question for well over a decade. We used CWD samples from various cervid species to inoculate transgenic mice expressing human or elk prion protein (PrP). We found infectious prions in the spleen or brain in a small fraction of CWD-inoculated transgenic mice expressing human PrP, indicating that humans are not completely resistant to CWD prions; this finding has significant ramifications on the public health impact of CWD prions. The influence of cervid PrP polymorphisms, the prion strain dependence of CWD-to-human transmission barrier, and the characterization of experimental human CWD prions will be discussed.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Speaker Biography Qingzhong Kong has completed his PhD from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst and Post-doctoral studies at Yale University. He is currently an Associate Professor of Pathology, Neurology and Regenerative Medicine. He has published over 50 original research papers in reputable journals (including Science Translational Medicine, JCI, PNAS and Cell Reports) and has been serving as an Editorial Board Member on seven scientific journals. He has multiple research interests, including public health risks of animal prions (CWD of cervids and atypical BSE of cattle), animal modeling of human prion diseases, mechanisms of prion replication and pathogenesis, etiology of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD) in humans, normal cellular PrP in the biology and pathology of multiple brain and peripheral diseases, proteins responsible for the α-cleavage of cellular PrP, as well as gene therapy and DNA vaccination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">qxk2@case.edu </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SUNDAY, JULY 25, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">North American and Norwegian Chronic Wasting Disease prions exhibit different potential for interspecies transmission and zoonotic risk </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''Our data suggest that reindeer and red deer from Norway could be the most transmissible CWD prions to other mammals, whereas North American CWD prions were more prone to generate human prions in vitro.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/north-american-and-norwegian-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/north-american-and-norwegian-chronic.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, JULY 19, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> U Calgary researchers at work on a vaccine against a fatal infectious disease affecting deer and potentially people</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/u-calgary-researchers-at-work-on.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/u-calgary-researchers-at-work-on.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE aka MAD COW DISEASE, was first discovered in 1984, and it took until 1995 to finally admit that BSE was causing nvCJD, the rest there is history, but that science is still evolving i.e. science now shows that indeed atypical L-type BSE, atypical Nor-98 Scrapie, and typical Scrapie are all zoonosis, zoonotic for humans, there from. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">HOW long are we going to wait for Chronic Wasting Disease, CWD TSE Prion of Cervid, and zoonosis, zoonotic tranmission to humans there from?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Studies have shown since 1994 that humans are susceptible to CWD TSE Prion, so, what's the hold up with making CWD a zoonotic zoonosis disease, the iatrogenic transmissions there from is not waiting for someone to make a decision.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P190 Human prion disease mortality rates by occurrence of chronic wasting disease in freeranging cervids, United States</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abrams JY (1), Maddox RA (1), Schonberger LB (1), Person MK (1), Appleby BS (2), Belay ED (1)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease of deer and elk that has been identified in freeranging cervids in 23 US states. While there is currently no epidemiological evidence for zoonotic transmission through the consumption of contaminated venison, studies suggest the CWD agent can cross the species barrier in experimental models designed to closely mimic humans. We compared rates of human prion disease in states with and without CWD to examine the possibility of undetermined zoonotic transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Death records from the National Center for Health Statistics, case records from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, and additional state case reports were combined to create a database of human prion disease cases from 2003-2015. Identification of CWD in each state was determined through reports of positive CWD tests by state wildlife agencies. Age- and race-adjusted mortality rates for human prion disease, excluding cases with known etiology, were determined for four categories of states based on CWD occurrence: highly endemic (>16 counties with CWD identified in free-ranging cervids); moderately endemic (3-10 counties with CWD); low endemic (1-2 counties with CWD); and no CWD states. States were counted as having no CWD until the year CWD was first identified. Analyses stratified by age, sex, and time period were also conducted to focus on subgroups for which zoonotic transmission would be more likely to be detected: cases <55 years old, male sex, and the latter half of the study (2010-2015).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Highly endemic states had a higher rate of prion disease mortality compared to non-CWD states (rate ratio [RR]: 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01 - 1.23), as did low endemic states (RR: 1.15, 95% CI = 1.04 - 1.27). Moderately endemic states did not have an elevated mortality rate (RR: 1.05, 95% CI = 0.93 - 1.17). In age-stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates among the <55 year old population were elevated for moderately endemic states (RR: 1.57, 95% CI = 1.10 – 2.24) while mortality rates were elevated among those ≥55 for highly endemic states (RR: 1.13, 95% CI = 1.02 - 1.26) and low endemic states (RR: 1.16, 95% CI = 1.04 - 1.29). In other stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates for males were only elevated for low endemic states (RR: 1.27, 95% CI = 1.10 - 1.48), and none of the categories of CWD-endemic states had elevated mortality rates for the latter time period (2010-2015).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">While higher prion disease mortality rates in certain categories of states with CWD in free-ranging cervids were noted, additional stratified analyses did not reveal markedly elevated rates for potentially sensitive subgroups that would be suggestive of zoonotic transmission. Unknown confounding factors or other biases may explain state-by-state differences in prion disease mortality.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P172 Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Prion Disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Wang H(1), Cohen M(1), Appleby BS(1,2)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio (2) National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Cleveland, Ohio.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion disease is a fatal progressive neurodegenerative disease due to deposition of an abnormal protease-resistant isoform of prion protein. Typical symptoms include rapidly progressive dementia, myoclonus, visual disturbance and hallucinations. Interestingly, in patients with prion disease, the abnormal protein canould also be found in the peripheral nervous system. Case reports of prion deposition in peripheral nerves have been reported. Peripheral nerve involvement is thought to be uncommon; however, little is known about the exact prevalence and features of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We reviewed autopsy-proven prion cases from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center that were diagnosed between September 2016 to March 2017. We collected information regarding prion protein diagnosis, demographics, comorbidities, clinical symptoms, physical exam, neuropathology, molecular subtype, genetics lab, brain MRI, image and EMG reports. Our study included 104 patients. Thirteen (12.5%) patients had either subjective symptoms or objective signs of peripheral neuropathy. Among these 13 patients, 3 had other known potential etiologies of peripheral neuropathy such as vitamin B12 deficiency or prior chemotherapy. Among 10 patients that had no other clear etiology, 3 (30%) had familial CJD. The most common sCJD subtype was MV1-2 (30%), followed by MM1-2 (20%). The Majority of cases wasere male (60%). Half of them had exposure to wild game. The most common subjective symptoms were tingling and/or numbness of distal extremities. The most common objective finding was diminished vibratory sensation in the feet. Half of them had an EMG with the findings ranging from fasciculations to axonal polyneuropathy or demyelinating polyneuropathy.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our study provides an overview of the pattern of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease. Among patients with peripheral neuropathy symptoms or signs, majority has polyneuropathy. It is important to document the baseline frequency of peripheral neuropathy in prion diseases as these symptoms may become important when conducting surveillance for potential novel zoonotic prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P177 PrP plaques in methionine homozygous Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abrams JY (1), Schonberger LB (1), Cali I (2), Cohen Y (2), Blevins JE (2), Maddox RA (1), Belay ED (1), Appleby BS (2), Cohen ML (2)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is widely believed to originate from de novo spontaneous conversion of normal prion protein (PrP) to its pathogenic form, but concern remains that some reported sporadic CJD cases may actually be caused by disease transmission via iatrogenic processes. For cases with methionine homozygosity (CJD-MM) at codon 129 of the PRNP gene, recent research has pointed to plaque-like PrP deposition as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission for a subset of cases. This phenotype is theorized to originate from specific iatrogenic source CJD types that comprise roughly a quarter of known CJD cases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We reviewed scientific literature for studies which described PrP plaques among CJD patients with known epidemiological links to iatrogenic transmission (receipt of cadaveric human grown hormone or dura mater), as well as in cases of reported sporadic CJD. The presence and description of plaques, along with CJD classification type and other contextual factors, were used to summarize the current evidence regarding plaques as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission. In addition, 523 cases of reported sporadic CJD cases in the US from January 2013 through September 2017 were assessed for presence of PrP plaques.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We identified four studies describing 52 total cases of CJD-MM among either dura mater recipients or growth hormone recipients, of which 30 were identified as having PrP plaques. While sporadic cases were not generally described as having plaques, we did identify case reports which described plaques among sporadic MM2 cases as well as case reports of plaques exclusively in white matter among sporadic MM1 cases. Among the 523 reported sporadic CJD cases, 0 of 366 MM1 cases had plaques, 2 of 48 MM2 cases had kuru plaques, and 4 of 109 MM1+2 cases had either kuru plaques or both kuru and florid plaques. Medical chart review of the six reported sporadic CJD cases with plaques did not reveal clinical histories suggestive of potential iatrogenic transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PrP plaques occur much more frequently for iatrogenic CJD-MM cases compared to sporadic CJDMM cases. Plaques may indicate iatrogenic transmission for CJD-MM cases without a type 2 Western blot fragment. The study results suggest the absence of significant misclassifications of iatrogenic CJD as sporadic. To our knowledge, this study is the first to describe grey matter kuru plaques in apparently sporadic CJD-MM patients with a type 2 Western blot fragment.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P180 Clinico-pathological analysis of human prion diseases in a brain bank series</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ximelis T (1), Aldecoa I (1,2), Molina-Porcel L (1,3), Grau-Rivera O (4), Ferrer I (5), Nos C (6), Gelpi E (1,7), Sánchez-Valle R (1,4)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobanc-Hospital ClÃnic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (2) Pathological Service of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (3) EAIA Trastorns Cognitius, Centre Emili Mira, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain (4) Department of Neurology of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (5) Institute of Neuropathology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona (6) General subdirectorate of Surveillance and Response to Emergencies in Public Health, Department of Public Health in Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain (7) Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background and objective:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Neurological Tissue Bank (NTB) of the Hospital Clínic-Institut d‘Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain is the reference center in Catalonia for the neuropathological study of prion diseases in the region since 2001. The aim of this study is to analyse the characteristics of the confirmed prion diseases registered at the NTB during the last 15 years.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We reviewed retrospectively all neuropathologically confirmed cases registered during the period January 2001 to December 2016.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">176 cases (54,3% female, mean age: 67,5 years and age range: 25-86 years) of neuropathological confirmed prion diseases have been studied at the NTB. 152 cases corresponded to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), 10 to genetic CJD, 10 to Fatal Familial Insomnia, 2 to GerstmannSträussler-Scheinker disease, and 2 cases to variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr). Within sCJD subtypes the MM1 subtype was the most frequent, followed by the VV2 histotype.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Clinical and neuropathological diagnoses agreed in 166 cases (94%). The clinical diagnosis was not accurate in 10 patients with definite prion disease: 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Fronto-temporal dementia (FTD), 1 Niemann-Pick‘s disease, 1 Lewy Body‘s Disease, 2 Alzheimer‘s disease, 1 Cortico-basal syndrome and 2 undetermined dementia. Among patients with VPSPr, 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and the other one with FTD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Concomitant pathologies are frequent in older age groups, mainly AD neuropathological changes were observed in these subjects.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Discussion:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A wide spectrum of human prion diseases have been identified in the NTB being the relative frequencies and main characteristics like other published series. There is a high rate of agreement between clinical and neuropathological diagnoses with prion diseases. These findings show the importance that public health has given to prion diseases during the past 15 years. Continuous surveillance of human prion disease allows identification of new emerging phenotypes. Brain tissue samples from these donors are available to the scientific community. For more information please visit:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P192 Prion amplification techniques for the rapid evaluation of surface decontamination procedures</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Bruyere-Ostells L (1), Mayran C (1), Belondrade M (1), Boublik Y (2), Haïk S (3), Fournier-Wirth C (1), Nicot S (1), Bougard D (1)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Pathogenesis and control of chronic infections, Etablissement Français du Sang, Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (2) Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (3) Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) or prion diseases are a group of incurable and always fatal neurodegenerative disorders including Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases (CJD) in humans. These pathologies include sporadic (sCJD), genetic and acquired (variant CJD) forms. By the past, sCJD and vCJD were transmitted by different prion contaminated biological materials to patients resulting in more than 400 iatrogenic cases (iCJD). The atypical nature and the biochemical properties of the infectious agent, formed by abnormal prion protein or PrPTSE, make it particularly resistant to conventional decontamination procedures. In addition, PrPTSE is widely distributed throughout the organism before clinical onset in vCJD and can also be detected in some peripheral tissues in sporadic CJD. Risk of iatrogenic transmission of CJD by contaminated medical device remains thus a concern for healthcare facilities. Bioassay is the gold standard method to evaluate the efficacy of prion decontamination procedures but is time-consuming and expensive. Here, we propose to compare in vitro prion amplification techniques: Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) and Real-Time Quaking Induced Conversion (RT-QuIC) for the detection of residual prions on surface after decontamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stainless steel wires, by mimicking the surface of surgical instruments, were proposed as a carrier model of prions for inactivation studies. To determine the sensitivity of the two amplification techniques on wires (Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC), steel wires were therefore contaminated with serial dilutions of brain homogenates (BH) from a 263k infected hamster and from a patient with sCJD (MM1 subtype). We then compared the different standard decontamination procedures including partially and fully efficient treatments by detecting the residual seeding activity on 263K and sCJD contaminated wires. We completed our study by the evaluation of marketed reagents endorsed for prion decontamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The two amplification techniques can detect minute quantities of PrPTSE adsorbed onto a single wire. 8/8 wires contaminated with a 10-6 dilution of 263k BH and 1/6 with the 10-8 dilution are positive with Surf-PMCA. Similar performances were obtained with Surf-QuIC on 263K: 10/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilution and 1/8 wires contaminated with 10-8 dilution are positive. Regarding the human sCJD-MM1 prion, Surf-QuIC allows us to detect 16/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilutions and 14/16 with 10-7 . Results obtained after decontamination treatments are very similar between 263K and sCJD prions. Efficiency of marketed treatments to remove prions is lower than expected.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC are very sensitive methods for the detection of prions on wires and could be applied to prion decontamination studies for rapid evaluation of new treatments. Sodium hypochlorite is the only product to efficiently remove seeding activity of both 263K and sCJD prions.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WA2 Oral transmission of CWD into Cynomolgus macaques: signs of atypical disease, prion conversion and infectivity in macaques and bio-assayed transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Schatzl HM (1, 2), Hannaoui S (1, 2), Cheng Y-C (1, 2), Gilch S (1, 2), Beekes M (3), SchulzSchaeffer W (4), Stahl-Hennig C (5) and Czub S (2, 6)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) University of Calgary, Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada (2) University of Calgary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calgary, Canada, (3) Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany, (4) University of Homburg/Saar, Homburg, Germany, (5) German Primate Center, Goettingen, Germany, (6) Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), Lethbridge, Canada.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To date, BSE is the only example of interspecies transmission of an animal prion disease into humans. The potential zoonotic transmission of CWD is an alarming issue and was addressed by many groups using a variety of in vitro and in vivo experimental systems. Evidence from these studies indicated a substantial, if not absolute, species barrier, aligning with the absence of epidemiological evidence suggesting transmission into humans. Studies in non-human primates were not conclusive so far, with oral transmission into new-world monkeys and no transmission into old-world monkeys. Our consortium has challenged 18 Cynomolgus macaques with characterized CWD material, focusing on oral transmission with muscle tissue. Some macaques have orally received a total of 5 kg of muscle material over a period of 2 years. After 5-7 years of incubation time some animals showed clinical symptoms indicative of prion disease, and prion neuropathology and PrPSc deposition were found in spinal cord and brain of euthanized animals. PrPSc in immunoblot was weakly detected in some spinal cord materials and various tissues tested positive in RT-QuIC, including lymph node and spleen homogenates. To prove prion infectivity in the macaque tissues, we have intracerebrally inoculated 2 lines of transgenic mice, expressing either elk or human PrP. At least 3 TgElk mice, receiving tissues from 2 different macaques, showed clinical signs of a progressive prion disease and brains were positive in immunoblot and RT-QuIC. Tissues (brain, spinal cord and spleen) from these and preclinical mice are currently tested using various read-outs and by second passage in mice. Transgenic mice expressing human PrP were so far negative for clear clinical prion disease (some mice >300 days p.i.). In parallel, the same macaque materials are inoculated into bank voles. Taken together, there is strong evidence of transmissibility of CWD orally into macaques and from macaque tissues into transgenic mouse models, although with an incomplete attack rate. The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology. Our ongoing studies will show whether the transmission of CWD into macaques and passage in transgenic mice represents a form of non-adaptive prion amplification, and whether macaque-adapted prions have the potential to infect mice expressing human PrP. The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">See also poster P103</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WA16 Monitoring Potential CWD Transmission to Humans</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Belay ED</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The spread of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in animals has raised concerns about increasing human exposure to the CWD agent via hunting and venison consumption, potentially facilitating CWD transmission to humans. Several studies have explored this possibility, including limited epidemiologic studies, in vitro experiments, and laboratory studies using various types of animal models. Most human exposures to the CWD agent in the United States would be expected to occur in association with deer and elk hunting in CWD-endemic areas. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) collaborated with state health departments in Colorado, Wisconsin, and Wyoming to identify persons at risk of CWD exposure and to monitor their vital status over time. Databases were established of persons who hunted in Colorado and Wyoming and those who reported consumption of venison from deer that later tested positive in Wisconsin. Information from the databases is periodically cross-checked with mortality data to determine the vital status and causes of death for deceased persons. Long-term follow-up of these hunters is needed to assess their risk of development of a prion disease linked to CWD exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P166 Characterization of CJD strain profiles in venison consumers and non-consumers from Alberta and Saskatchewan</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stephanie Booth (1,2), Lise Lamoureux (1), Debra Sorensen (1), Jennifer L. Myskiw (1,2), Megan Klassen (1,2), Michael Coulthart (3), Valerie Sim (4)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg (2) Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (3) Canadian CJD Surveillance System, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (4) Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is spreading rapidly through wild cervid populations in the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. While this has implications for tourism and hunting, there is also concern over possible zoonotic transmission to humans who eat venison from infected deer. Whilst there is no evidence of any human cases of CWD to date, the Canadian CJD Surveillance System (CJDSS) in Canada is staying vigilant. When variant CJD occurred following exposure to BSE, the unique biochemical fingerprint of the pathologic PrP enabled a causal link to be confirmed. However, we cannot be sure what phenotype human CWD prions would present with, or indeed, whether this would be distinct from that see in sporadic CJD. Therefore we are undertaking a systematic analysis of the molecular diversity of CJD cases of individuals who resided in Alberta and Saskatchewan at their time of death comparing venison consumers and non-consumers, using a variety of clinical, imaging, pathological and biochemical markers. Our initial objective is to develop novel biochemical methodologies that will extend the baseline glycoform and genetic polymorphism typing that is already completed by the CJDSS. Firstly, we are reviewing MRI, EEG and pathology information from over 40 cases of CJD to select clinically affected areas for further investigation. Biochemical analysis will include assessment of the levels of protease sensitive and resistant prion protein, glycoform typing using 2D gel electrophoresis, testing seeding capabilities and kinetics of aggregation by quaking-induced conversion, and determining prion oligomer size distributions with asymmetric flow field fractionation with in-line light scattering. Progress and preliminary data will be presented. Ultimately, we intend to further define the relationship between PrP structure and disease phenotype and establish a baseline for the identification of future atypical CJD cases that may arise as a result of exposure to CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Source Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/</a> </div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Volume 24, Number 8—August 2018 </span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-size: 30.2px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 3px; outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Research Susceptibility of Human Prion Protein to Conversion by Chronic Wasting Disease Prions</span></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Marcelo A. BarriaComments to Author , Adriana Libori, Gordon Mitchell, and Mark W. Head Author affiliations: National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (M.A. Barria, A. Libori, M.W. Head); National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Scrapie and CWD, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (G. Mitchell)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal neurodegenerative disease and a serious animal health issue for deer and elk in North America. The identification of the first cases of CWD among free-ranging reindeer and moose in Europe brings back into focus the unresolved issue of whether CWD can be zoonotic like bovine spongiform encephalopathy. We used a cell-free seeded protein misfolding assay to determine whether CWD prions from elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer in North America can convert the human prion protein to the disease-associated form. We found that prions can convert, but the efficiency of conversion is affected by polymorphic variation in the cervid and human prion protein genes. In view of the similarity of reindeer, elk, and white-tailed deer in North America to reindeer, red deer, and roe deer, respectively, in Europe, a more comprehensive and thorough assessment of the zoonotic potential of CWD might be warranted.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Discussion Characterization of the transmission properties of CWD and evaluation of their zoonotic potential are important for public health purposes. Given that CWD affects several members of the family Cervidae, it seems reasonable to consider whether the zoonotic potential of CWD prions could be affected by factors such as CWD strain, cervid species, geographic location, and Prnp–PRNP polymorphic variation. We have previously used an in vitro conversion assay (PMCA) to investigate the susceptibility of the human PrP to conversion to its disease-associated form by several animal prion diseases, including CWD (15,16,22). The sensitivity of our molecular model for the detection of zoonotic conversion depends on the combination of 1) the action of proteinase K to degrade the abundant human PrPC that constitutes the substrate while only N terminally truncating any human PrPres produced and 2) the presence of the 3F4 epitope on human but not cervid PrP. In effect, this degree of sensitivity means that any human PrPres formed during the PMCA reaction can be detected down to the limit of Western blot sensitivity. In contrast, if other antibodies that detect both cervid and human PrP are used, such as 6H4, then newly formed human PrPres must be detected as a measurable increase in PrPres over the amount remaining in the reaction product from the cervid seed. Although best known for the efficient amplification of prions in research and diagnostic contexts, the variation of the PMCA method employed in our study is optimized for the definitive detection of zoonotic reaction products of inherently inefficient conversion reactions conducted across species barriers. By using this system, we previously made and reported the novel observation that elk CWD prions could convert human PrPC from human brain and could also convert recombinant human PrPC expressed in transgenic mice and eukaryotic cell cultures (15).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A previous publication suggested that mule deer PrPSc was unable to convert humanized transgenic substrate in PMCA assays (23) and required a further step of in vitro conditioning in deer substrate PMCA before it was able to cross the deer–human molecular barrier (24). However, prions from other species, such as elk (15) and reindeer affected by CWD, appear to be compatible with the human protein in a single round of amplification (as shown in our study). These observations suggest that different deer species affected by CWD could present differing degrees of the olecular compatibility with the normal form of human PrP.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The contribution of the polymorphism at codon 129 of the human PrP gene has been extensively studied and is recognized as a risk factor for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (4). In cervids, the equivalent codon corresponds to the position 132 encoding methionine or leucine. This polymorphism in the elk gene has been shown to play an important role in CWD susceptibility (25,26). We have investigated the effect of this cervid Prnp polymorphism on the conversion of the humanized transgenic substrate according to the variation in the equivalent PRNP codon 129 polymorphism. Interestingly, only the homologs methionine homozygous seed–substrate reactions could readily convert the human PrP, whereas the heterozygous elk PrPSc was unable to do so, even though comparable amounts of PrPres were used to seed the reaction. In addition, we observed only low levels of human PrPres formation in the reactions seeded with the homozygous methionine (132 MM) and the heterozygous (132 ML) seeds incubated with the other 2 human polymorphic substrates (129 MV and 129 VV). The presence of the amino acid leucine at position 132 of the elk Prnp gene has been attributed to a lower degree of prion conversion compared with methionine on the basis of experiments in mice made transgenic for these polymorphic variants (26). Considering the differences observed for the amplification of the homozygous human methionine substrate by the 2 polymorphic elk seeds (MM and ML), reappraisal of the susceptibility of human PrPC by the full range of cervid polymorphic variants affected by CWD would be warranted.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In light of the recent identification of the first cases of CWD in Europe in a free-ranging reindeer (R. tarandus) in Norway (2), we also decided to evaluate the in vitro conversion potential of CWD in 2 experimentally infected reindeer (18). Formation of human PrPres was readily detectable after a single round of PMCA, and in all 3 humanized polymorphic substrates (MM, MV, and VV). This finding suggests that CWD prions from reindeer could be more compatible with human PrPC generally and might therefore present a greater risk for zoonosis than, for example, CWD prions from white-tailed deer. A more comprehensive comparison of CWD in the affected species, coupled with the polymorphic variations in the human and deer PRNP–Prnp genes, in vivo and in vitro, will be required before firm conclusions can be drawn. Analysis of the Prnp sequence of the CWD reindeer in Norway was reported to be identical to the specimens used in our study (2). This finding raises the possibility of a direct comparison of zoonotic potential between CWD acquired in the wild and that produced in a controlled laboratory setting. (Table).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The prion hypothesis proposes that direct molecular interaction between PrPSc and PrPC is necessary for conversion and prion replication. Accordingly, polymorphic variants of the PrP of host and agent might play a role in determining compatibility and potential zoonotic risk. In this study, we have examined the capacity of the human PrPC to support in vitro conversion by elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer CWD PrPSc. Our data confirm that elk CWD prions can convert the human PrPC, at least in vitro, and show that the homologous PRNP polymorphisms at codon 129 and 132 in humans and cervids affect conversion efficiency. Other species affected by CWD, particularly caribou or reindeer, also seem able to convert the human PrP. It will be important to determine whether other polymorphic variants found in other CWD-affected Cervidae or perhaps other factors (17) exert similar effects on the ability to convert human PrP and thus affect their zoonotic potential.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dr. Barria is a research scientist working at the National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh. His research has focused on understanding the molecular basis of a group of fatal neurologic disorders called prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgments We thank Aru Balachandran for originally providing cervid brain tissues, Abigail Diack and Jean Manson for providing mouse brain tissue, and James Ironside for his critical reading of the manuscript at an early stage.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This report is independent research commissioned and funded by the United Kingdom’s Department of Health Policy Research Programme and the Government of Scotland. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Department of Health or the Government of Scotland.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author contributions: The study was conceived and designed by M.A.B. and M.W.H. The experiments were conducted by M.A.B. and A.L. Chronic wasting disease brain specimens were provided by G.M. The manuscript was written by M.A.B. and M.W.H. All authors contributed to the editing and revision of the manuscript.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion</a></div></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Prion 2017 Conference Abstracts</span></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none !important;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">First evidence of intracranial and peroral transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) into Cynomolgus macaques: a work in progress Stefanie Czub1, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer2, Christiane Stahl-Hennig3, Michael Beekes4, Hermann Schaetzl5 and Dirk Motzkus6 1 </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine/Canadian Food Inspection Agency; 2Universitatsklinikum des Saarlandes und Medizinische Fakultat der Universitat des Saarlandes; 3 Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen; 4 Robert-Koch-Institut Berlin; 5 University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; 6 presently: Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center; previously: Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">This is a progress report of a project which started in 2009. </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">21 cynomolgus macaques were challenged with characterized CWD material from white-tailed deer (WTD) or elk by intracerebral (ic), oral, and skin exposure routes. Additional blood transfusion experiments are supposed to assess the CWD contamination risk of human blood product. Challenge materials originated from symptomatic cervids for ic, skin scarification and partially per oral routes (WTD brain). Challenge material for feeding of muscle derived from preclinical WTD and from preclinical macaques for blood transfusion experiments. We have confirmed that the CWD challenge material contained at least two different CWD agents (brain material) as well as CWD prions in muscle-associated nerves. </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Here we present first data on a group of animals either challenged ic with steel wires or per orally and sacrificed with incubation times ranging from 4.5 to 6.9 years at postmortem. Three animals displayed signs of mild clinical disease, including anxiety, apathy, ataxia and/or tremor. In four animals wasting was observed, two of those had confirmed diabetes. All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals. Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuiC) and PET-blot assays to further substantiate these findings are on the way, as well as bioassays in bank voles and transgenic mice. </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">At present, a total of 10 animals are sacrificed and read-outs are ongoing. Preclinical incubation of the remaining macaques covers a range <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">from 6.4 to 7.10</span> years. Based on the species barrier and an incubation time of > 5 years for BSE in macaques and about 10 years for scrapie in macaques, we expected an onset of clinical disease beyond 6 years post inoculation. </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">PRION 2017 DECIPHERING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS ABSTRACTS REFERENCE</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 23, 2019 </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion and THE FEAST 2003 CDC an updated review of the science 2019 </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 04, 2014 </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Six-year follow-up of a point-source exposure to CWD contaminated venison in an Upstate New York community: risk behaviours and health outcomes 2005–2011 Authors, though, acknowledged the study was limited in geography and sample size and so it couldn't draw a conclusion about the risk to humans. They recommended more study. Dr. Ermias Belay was the report's principal author but he said New York and Oneida County officials are following the proper course by not launching a study. "There's really nothing to monitor presently. No one's sick," Belay said, noting the disease's incubation period in deer and elk is measured in years. " </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Transmission Studies Mule deer transmissions of CWD were by intracerebral inoculation and compared with natural cases {the following was written but with a single line marked through it ''first passage (by this route)}....TSS resulted in a more rapidly progressive clinical disease with repeated episodes of synocopy ending in coma. One control animal became affected, it is believed through contamination of inoculum (?saline). Further CWD transmissions were carried out by Dick Marsh into ferret, mink and squirrel monkey. Transmission occurred in ALL of these species with the shortest incubation period in the ferret. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip.... </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Prion Infectivity in Fat of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease▿ </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Brent Race#, Kimberly Meade-White#, Richard Race and Bruce Chesebro* + Author Affiliations In mice, prion infectivity was recently detected in fat. Since ruminant fat is consumed by humans and fed to animals, we determined infectivity titers in fat from two CWD-infected deer. Deer fat devoid of muscle contained low levels of CWD infectivity and might be a risk factor for prion infection of other species. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Prions in Skeletal Muscles of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease Here bioassays in transgenic mice expressing cervid prion protein revealed the presence of infectious prions in skeletal muscles of CWD-infected deer, demonstrating that humans consuming or handling meat from CWD-infected deer are at risk to prion exposure. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> *** now, let’s see what the authors said about this casual link, personal communications years ago, and then the latest on the zoonotic potential from CWD to humans from the TOKYO PRION 2016 CONFERENCE. see where it is stated NO STRONG evidence. so, does this mean there IS casual evidence ???? “Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans” </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">From: TSS Subject: CWD aka MAD DEER/ELK TO HUMANS ??? </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Date: September 30, 2002 at 7:06 am PST </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">From: "Belay, Ermias" </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">To: Cc: "Race, Richard (NIH)" ; ; "Belay, Ermias" </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Sent: Monday, September 30, 2002 9:22 AM Subject: RE: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Dear Sir/Madam, In the Archives of Neurology you quoted (the abstract of which was attached to your email), we did not say CWD in humans will present like variant CJD.. That assumption would be wrong. I encourage you to read the whole article and call me if you have questions or need more clarification (phone: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">404-639-3091</span></span>). </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Also, we do not claim that "no-one has ever been infected with prion disease from eating venison." Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans in the article you quoted or in any other forum is limited to the patients we investigated. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Ermias Belay, M.D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">-----Original Message----- From: </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Sent: Sunday, September 29, 2002 10:15 AM To: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">rr26k@nih.gov</span></span>; <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">rrace@niaid.nih.gov</span></span>; <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">ebb8@CDC.GOV</span></span> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Subject: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Sunday, November 10, 2002 6:26 PM .......snip........end..............TSS </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Thursday, April 03, 2008 </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease 2008 1: Vet Res. 2008 Apr 3;39(4):41 A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease Sigurdson CJ. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip... *** twenty-seven CJD patients who regularly consumed venison were reported to the Surveillance Center***, </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip... full text ; </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">sporadic, spontaneous CJD, 85%+ of all human TSE, did not just happen. never in scientific literature has this been proven. if one looks up the word sporadic or spontaneous at pubmed, you will get a laundry list of disease that are classified in such a way; </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">sporadic = 54,983 hits </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic</a><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">spontaneous = 325,650 hits </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous</a><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">key word here is 'reported'. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can't, and it's as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it's being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. ...terry </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people.<br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;">key word here is ‘reported’. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can’t, and it’s as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it’s being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. …terry</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;">*** These results would seem to suggest that CWD does indeed have zoonotic potential, at least as judged by the compatibility of CWD prions and their human PrPC target. Furthermore, extrapolation from this simple in vitro assay suggests that if zoonotic CWD occurred, it would most likely effect those of the PRNP codon 129-MM genotype and that the PrPres type would be similar to that found in the most common subtype of sCJD (MM1).***</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys</a></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true</a></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: white; color: #196ad4; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD TSE PRION AND ZOONOTIC, ZOONOSIS, POTENTIAL</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: Re: DEER SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY SURVEY & HOUND STUDY </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: Fri, 18 Oct 2002 23:12:22 +0100 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: Steve Dealler </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Organization: Netscape Online member </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: BSE-L@ References: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dear Terry,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">An excellent piece of review as this literature is desperately difficult to get back from Government sites.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">What happened with the deer was that an association between deer meat eating and sporadic CJD was found in about 1993. The evidence was not great but did not disappear after several years of asking CJD cases what they had eaten. I think that the work into deer disease largely stopped because it was not helpful to the UK industry...and no specific cases were reported. Well, if you dont look adequately like they are in USA currenly then you wont find any!</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Steve Dealler </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM THIRD ANNUAL REPORT AUGUST 1994</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Consumption of venison and veal was much less widespread among both cases and controls. For both of these meats there was evidence of a trend with increasing frequency of consumption being associated with increasing risk of CJD. (not nvCJD, but sporadic CJD...tss) These associations were largely unchanged when attention was restricted to pairs with data obtained from relatives. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Table 9 presents the results of an analysis of these data.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is STRONG evidence of an association between ‘’regular’’ veal eating and risk of CJD (p = .0.01).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Individuals reported to eat veal on average at least once a year appear to be at 13 TIMES THE RISK of individuals who have never eaten veal.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is, however, a very wide confidence interval around this estimate. There is no strong evidence that eating veal less than once per year is associated with increased risk of CJD (p = 0.51).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is some evidence that risk of CJD INCREASES WITH INCREASING FREQUENCY OF LAMB EATING (p = 0.02).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The evidence for such an association between beef eating and CJD is weaker (p = 0.14). When only controls for whom a relative was interviewed are included, this evidence becomes a little STRONGER (p = 0.08).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It was found that when veal was included in the model with another exposure, the association between veal and CJD remained statistically significant (p = < 0.05 for all exposures), while the other exposures ceased to be statistically significant (p = > 0.05).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In conclusion, an analysis of dietary histories revealed statistical associations between various meats/animal products and INCREASED RISK OF CJD. When some account was taken of possible confounding, the association between VEAL EATING AND RISK OF CJD EMERGED AS THE STRONGEST OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS STATISTICALLY. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the study in the USA, a range of foodstuffs were associated with an increased risk of CJD, including liver consumption which was associated with an apparent SIX-FOLD INCREASE IN THE RISK OF CJD. By comparing the data from 3 studies in relation to this particular dietary factor, the risk of liver consumption became non-significant with an odds ratio of 1.2 (PERSONAL COMMUNICATION, PROFESSOR A. HOFMAN. ERASMUS UNIVERSITY, ROTTERDAM). (???...TSS)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full report ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stephen Dealler is a consultant medical microbiologist <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">deal@airtime.co.uk</span> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE Inquiry Steve Dealler</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Management In Confidence</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE: Private Submission of Bovine Brain Dealler</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> MAD DOGS AND ENGLISHMEN BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, CJD, TSE PRION A REVIEW 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> ''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> In conclusion, sensory symptoms and loss of reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome can be explained by neuropathological changes in the spinal cord. We conclude that the sensory symptoms and loss of lower limb reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome is due to pathology in the caudal spinal cord. <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology.<*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD. <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals.<*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids.'' Scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease (II) <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, MAY 11, 2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">> A Unique Presentation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in a Patient Consuming Deer Antler Velvet <</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusion</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We believe that our patient’s case of CJD is highly suspicious for cervid etiology given the circumstances of the case as well as the strong evidence of plausibility reported in published literature. This is the first known case of CJD in a patient who had consumed deer antler velvet. Despite the confirmed diagnosis of CJD, a causal relationship between the patient’s disease and his consumption of deer antler velvet cannot be definitively concluded.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Supplemental data including molecular tissue sample analysis and autopsy findings could yield further supporting evidence. Given this patient’s clinical resemblance to CBD and the known histological similarities of CBD with CJD, clinicians should consider both diseases in the differential diagnosis of patients with a similarly esoteric presentation. Regardless of the origin of this patient’s disease, it is clear that the potential for prion transmission from cervids to humans should be further investigated by the academic community with considerable urgency.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''We believe that our patient’s case of CJD is highly suspicious for cervid etiology given the circumstances of the case as well as the strong evidence of plausibility reported in published literature. This is the first known case of CJD in a patient who had consumed deer antler velvet. Despite the confirmed diagnosis of CJD, a causal relationship between the patient’s disease and his consumption of deer antler velvet cannot be definitively concluded.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE: A Unique Presentation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in a Patient Consuming Deer Antler Velvet</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i was warning England and the BSE Inquiry about just this, way back in 1998, and was ask to supply information to the BSE Inquiry. for anyone that might be interested, see;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary submission to the BSE Inquiry on CJD and Nutritional Supplements 1998</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ABOUT that deer antler spray and CWD TSE PRION... I have been screaming this since my neighbors mom died from cjd, and she had been taking a supplement that contained bovine brain, bovine eyeball, and other SRMs specified risk materials, the most high risk for mad cow disease. just saying...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I made a submission to the BSE Inquiry long ago during the BSE Inquiry days, and they seemed pretty interested.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sender: "Patricia Cantos"</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: "Terry S Singeltary Sr. (E-mail)"</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: Your submission to the Inquiry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: Fri, 3 Jul 1998 10:10:05 +0100 3 July 1998</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Mr Terry S Singeltary Sr. E-Mail: Flounder at <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">wt.net</span> Ref: E2979</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dear Mr Singeltary, Thank you for your E-mail message of the 30th of June 1998 providing the Inquiry with your further comments. Thank you for offering to provide the Inquiry with any test results on the nutritional supplements your mother was taking before she died. As requested I am sending you our general Information Pack and a copy of the Chairman's letter. Please contact me if your system cannot read the attachments. Regarding your question, the Inquiry is looking into many aspects of the scientific evidence on BSE and nvCJD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I would refer you to the transcripts of evidence we have already heard which are found on our internet site at ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">http://www.bse.org.uk</span>.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Could you please provide the Inquiry with a copy of the press article you refer to in your e-mail? If not an approximate date for the article so that we can locate it? In the meantime, thank you for you comments. Please do not hesitate to contact me on... snip...end...tss</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">everyone I tell this too gets it screwed up...MY MOTHER WAS NOT TAKING THOSE SUPPLEMENTS IPLEX (that I ever knew of). this was my neighbors mother that died exactly one year previously and to the day of sporadic CJD that was diagnosed as Alzheimer’s at first. my mother died exactly a year later from the Heidenhain Variant of Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease hvCJD, and exceedingly rare strains of the ever growing sporadic CJD’s. both cases confirmed. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">kind regards, terry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TSEs i.e. mad cow disease's BSE/BASE and NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS IPLEX, mad by standard process; vacuum dried bovine BRAIN, bone meal, bovine EYE, veal Bone, bovine liver powder, bovine adrenal, vacuum dried bovine kidney, and vacuum dried porcine stomach. also; what about potential mad cow candy bars ? see their potential mad cow candy bar list too... THESE are just a few of MANY of just this ONE COMPANY...TSS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''So, in sum, dietary supplements sold in the United States often contain ruminant tissues from undisclosed sources. Personally, I am rather squeamish and I don't think I would be eating prostate or testicle or pituitary, but I am also a little bit wary of consuming products with those glands, not just out of personal repugnance but simply out of a health concern.'' DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION CENTER FOR BIOLOGICS EVALUATION AND RESEARCH TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES ADVISORY COMMITTEE Friday, January 19, 2001</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15 Open Public Hearing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">16 DR. FREAS: We are opening the open public hearing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 now. We have received one response to speak in this</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">18 afternoon's open public hearing. That is from Dr. Scott</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">19 Norton. If Dr. Norton is here, would you please come</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">20 forward. You can either use the podium or the microphone,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">21 whichever is your choice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 DR. NORTON: I am Scott Norton and I am a</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23 physician in the Washington D.C. area. I am here speaking</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">24 as a private citizen today.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">25 I first became concerned about the presence of 231</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1 tissues from ruminant animals in dietary supplements about</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2 six months ago and expressed my concern in a letter that was 3 published in New England Journal of Medicine in July of Year 4 2000. 5 A couple of the products that I had looked at, and 6 examined their labels, that raised these concerns I brought 7 in right here. I will just read some of the organs that are 8 found in one that is called Male Power. Deer antler, 9 pancreas, orchic--despite what we just heard that the FDA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">10 prefers the term "testicular tissue" to be written on the</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">11 labels, I have never seen a dietary supplement say</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">12 "testicle." They always say "orchis" or "orchic" which may</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">13 sound rather flowery to the etymologically impaired--thymus,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">14 adrenal, heart, lymph node, prostate, spleen and pituitary.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15 There are actually seventeen organs in that particular</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">16 product.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 There is another product that is called Brain</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">18 Nutrition that tells us that it is vitamins and minerals</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">19 essential for important brain function. It does not mention</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">20 that there is any glandulars on at least the bold print. 21 But if you look at the small print on the back, we learn</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 that it has brain extract and pituitary extract, raw, in</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23 there.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">24 We know that many of the organs that can be found</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">25 in the dietary supplements do fall in that list of organs</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">232</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1 that are suspect for contamination with TSEs, the labels, in 2 nearly all cases, identify neither the animal source nor the 3 geographic location from which the organs were derived. I 4 have seen one line that did specify from New Zealand cattle 5 but no other manufacturer will list either the species or 6 the geographic location. 7 The FDA's and the USDA's import alerts that we 8 just learned about prohibit the use of these organs in 9 foods, medicines and medical devices. But my reading of the</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">10 alert, 17-04, suggests that DSHEA does allow some loopholes</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">11 for these tissues to possible slip in.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">12 I will just read <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">from 17-04</span> that we heard. On the</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">13 first page, it says that, "This alert does not establish any</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">14 obligations on regulated entities." I love seeing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15 legislation that starts out with that caveat.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">16 Then it says, further, "The USDA regulations do</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 not apply to bovine-derived materials intended for human</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">18 consumption as finished dietary supplements." We also learn</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">19 that the prohibition, or the import alert, is limited to</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">20 bulk lots of these tissues, completed tissues, from BSE-</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">21 derived countries. It does not mention if it is not a bulk</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 import or if it is raw materials rather than finished</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23 materials.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">24 Further, we know that it is strongly recommended</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">25 but not actually prohibited in the language here. So I have</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">233</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1 not taken the assurances from that import alert that Dr. 2 Moore was trying to convey to us. 3 So, in sum, dietary supplements sold in the United 4 States often contain ruminant tissues from undisclosed 5 sources. Personally, I am rather squeamish and I don't 6 think I would be eating prostate or testicle or pituitary, 7 but I am also a little bit wary of consuming products with 8 those glands, not just out of personal repugnance but simply 9 out of a health concern.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">10 So my question to the advisory committee is this;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">11 is my caution reasonable and, if it is, should we take</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">12 further efforts to inform, or even protect, the American</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">13 public from such exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">14 I was curious about Dr.</span> Moore's remarks. I sensed</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15 two messages. One was the initial reassurance that FDA has</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">16 the regulatory authority but then I also learned that it is</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 the manufacturer's responsibility to provide those 18 assurances, that the FDA doesn't actually inspect.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">19 I think that the FDA commissioners from Harvey</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">20 Wylie to David Kessler would say that that track record has</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">21 proven itself.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 Thank you very much.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23 [Applause.]</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">24 DR. BROWN: Thanks, Dr. Norton. 25 Committee Discussion snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 But I think that we could exhibit some quite 18 reasonable concern about blood donors who are taking dietary 19 supplements that contain a certain amount of unspecified- 20 origin brain, brain-related, brain and pituitary material. 21 If they have done this for more than a sniff or something 22 like that, then, perhaps, they should be deferred as blood 23 donors. 24 That is probably worse than spending six months in 25 the U.K. 1/19/01 3681t2.rtf(845) page 501 <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/cber01.htm</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Advisory Committees: CBER 2001 Meeting Documents</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see actual paper;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20110616...ov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t2.rtf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20110616...ov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t2.rtf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Mar03/031403/96N-0417-EC-2.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Mar03/031403/96N-0417-EC-2.htm</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_07.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_07.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">-------- Original Message --------</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: METABOLIFE AND TSEs GAO-03-494 ''URGENT DATA''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: Thu, 01 May 2003 11:23:01 -0500</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: NelliganJ at <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">gao.gov</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The General Accounting Office (GAO) today released the following reports and testimonies:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">REPORTS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1. Dietary Supplements: Review of Health-Related Call Records for Users of Metabolife 356. GAO-03-494, <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">March 31.</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-03-494" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-03-494</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see updated url link;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050205084229/http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20050205084229/http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">GREETINGS GAO:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i was surprised that i did not see any listing of bovine tissue in metabolife on it's label. have they ceased using these desiccated tissues???</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i see that the lable on this product METABOLIFE 356, does not state that it has any tissues of desiccated bovine organs? i no the product use to, so i am curious if they have ceased the use of the tissues of cattle they use to use (see below)???</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">METABOLIFE 356 BOVINE COMPLEX/GLANDULAR SYSTEM OVARIES, PROSTATE, SCROTUM AND ADRENAL USDA SOURCE CATTLE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i tried warning them years ago of this potential threat of CJD/TSEs;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: Randy Smith To: "'flounder at <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">wt.net</span>'" Subject: Metabolife Date: Mon, 7 Dec 1998 14:21:35 -0800</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dear Sir,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We are looking at reformulation. I agree that slow virus diseases present a problem in some areas of the world.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our product uses healthy USDA inspected cattle for the glandular extract.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">If you have any links to more information on this subject I would like to examine them.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Thank you for your interest and concern,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dr. Smith ============</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see full text links of this archived information ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/03/chronic-wasting-disease-prions-in-elk.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/03/chronic-wasting-disease-prions-in-elk.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/ohio-division-of-wildlife-confirms.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/ohio-division-of-wildlife-confirms.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/124/additional-cases-marion-wyandot-counties" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/124/additional-cases-marion-wyandot-counties</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">with that, there is abundance of other scientific studies that show it's very likely CWD will or already has, transmit to humans, it's just that no one wants to believe it, they simply don't want it to happen, neither do i, but in the real world, imo, it's already happened and is being masked as sporadic CJD imo, you can see this science archived here, skroll down to about the halfway point of this blog on the recent cases of cwd in Texas;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see about half way down to;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> PRION CONFERENCE 2022 ABSTRACTS CWD TSE PrP ZOONOSIS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/texas-cwd-now-confirmed-505-cervid-101.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/texas-cwd-now-confirmed-505-cervid-101.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">***> creutzfeldt jakob disease IS NOT ONE IN A MILLION!<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">***> 2023 COLLINGE ET AL, CJD is about 1 IN 5,000!</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Professor John Collinge on tackling prion diseases, sCJD accounts for around 1 in 5000 deaths worldwide</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 11, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Professor John Collinge on tackling prion diseases </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“The best-known human prion disease is sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), a rapidly progressive dementia which accounts for around 1 in 5000 deaths worldwide.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is accumulating evidence also for iatrogenic AD. Understanding prion biology, and in particular how propagation of prions leads to neurodegeneration, is therefore of central research importance in medicine.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/brain-sciences/dementia-ucl-priority/professor-john-collinge-tackling-prion-diseases" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ucl.ac.uk/brain-sciences/dementia-ucl-priority/professor-john-collinge-tackling-prion-diseases</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;">February 14, 2001<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary, Sr</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author Affiliations</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">JAMA. 2001;285(6):733-734. doi:10-1001/pubs.JAMA-ISSN-0098-7484-285-6-jlt0214 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To the Editor: In their Research Letter, Dr Gibbons and colleagues1 reported that the annual US death rate due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has been stable since 1985. These estimates, however, are based only on reported cases, and do not include misdiagnosed or preclinical cases. It seems to me that misdiagnosis alone would drastically change these figures. An unknown number of persons with a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in fact may have CJD, although only a small number of these patients receive the postmortem examination necessary to make this diagnosis. Furthermore, only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies should be reportable nationwide and internationally.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1031186" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1031186</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">February 14, 2001</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary, Sr</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author Affiliations</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">JAMA. 2001;285(6):733-734. doi:10-1001/pubs.JAMA-ISSN-0098-7484-285-6-jlt0214 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To the Editor: In their Research Letter, Dr Gibbons and colleagues1 reported that the annual US death rate due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has been stable since 1985. These estimates, however, are based only on reported cases, and do not include misdiagnosed or preclinical cases. It seems to me that misdiagnosis alone would drastically change these figures. An unknown number of persons with a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in fact may have CJD, although only a small number of these patients receive the postmortem examination necessary to make this diagnosis. Furthermore, only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies should be reportable nationwide and internationally.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1031186" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1031186</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;">RE-Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary, retired (medically), CJD WATCH</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Submitted March 26, 2003</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I lost my mother to hvCJD (Heidenhain Variant CJD). I would like to comment on the CDC's attempts to monitor the occurrence of emerging forms of CJD. Asante, Collinge et al [1] have reported that BSE transmission to the 129-methionine genotype can lead to an alternate phenotype that is indistinguishable from type 2 PrPSc, the commonest sporadic CJD. However, CJD and all human TSEs are not reportable nationally. CJD and all human TSEs must be made reportable in every state and internationally. I hope that the CDC does not continue to expect us to still believe that the 85%+ of all CJD cases which are sporadic are all spontaneous, without route/source. We have many TSEs in the USA in both animal and man. CWD in deer/elk is spreading rapidly and CWD does transmit to mink, ferret, cattle, and squirrel monkey by intracerebral inoculation. With the known incubation periods in other TSEs, oral transmission studies of CWD may take much longer. Every victim/family of CJD/TSEs should be asked about route and source of this agent. To prolong this will only spread the agent and needlessly expose others. In light of the findings of Asante and Collinge et al, there should be drastic measures to safeguard the medical and surgical arena from sporadic CJDs and all human TSEs. I only ponder how many sporadic CJDs in the USA are type 2 PrPSc?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://n.neurology.org/content/re-monitoring-occurrence-emerging-forms-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-united-states" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://n.neurology.org/content/re-monitoring-occurrence-emerging-forms-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-united-states</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States 2003 revisited 2009</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">August 10, 2009</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Greetings,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I would like to submit a review of past CJD surveillance in the USA, and the urgent need to make all human TSE in the USA a reportable disease, in every state, of every age group, and to make this mandatory immediately without further delay. The ramifications of not doing so will only allow this agent to spread further in the medical, dental, surgical arena's. North America seems to have the most species with documented Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy's, most all of which have been rendered and fed back to food producing animals and to humans for years. If you look at the statistics, sporadic CJD seems to be rising in the USA, and has been, with atypical cases of the sCJD. I find deeply disturbing in the year of 2009, that Human Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy of any strain and or phenotype, of all age groups, and I stress all age groups, because human TSE's do not know age, and they do not know borders. someone 56 years old, that has a human TSE, that has surgery, can pass this TSE agent on i.e. friendly fire, and or passing it forward, and there have been documented nvCJD in a 74 year old. Remembering also that only sporadic CJD has been documented to transmit via iatrogenic routes, until recently with the 4 cases of blood related transmission, of which the origin is thought to be nvCJD donors. However most Iatrogenic CJD cases are nothing more than sporadic CJD, until the source is proven, then it becomes Iatrogenic. An oxymoron of sorts, because all sporadic CJD is, are multiple forms, or strains, or phenotypes of Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease, that the route and source and species have not been confirmed and or documented. When will the myth of the UKBSEnvCJD only theory be put to bed for good. This theory in my opinion, and the following there from, as the GOLD STANDARD, has done nothing more than help spread this agent around the globe. Politics and money have caused the terrible consequences to date, and the fact that TSEs are a slow incubating death, but a death that is 100% certain for those that are exposed and live long enough to go clinical. once clinical, there is no recourse, to date. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">But, while sub-clinical, how many can one exposed human infect? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Can humans exposed to CWD and scrapie strains pass it forward as some form of sporadic CJD in the surgical and medical arenas? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">why must we wait decades and decades to prove this point, only to expose millions needlessly, only for the sake of the industries involved? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">would it not have been prudent from the beginning to just include all TSE's, and rule them out from there with transmission studies and change policies there from, as opposed to doing just the opposite? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The science of TSE's have been nothing more than a political circus since the beginning, and for anyone to still believe in this one strain, one group of bovines, in one geographical location, with only one age group of human TSE i.e. nvCJD myth, for anyone to believe this today only enhances to spreading of these human and animal TSE's. This is exactly why we have been in this quagmire.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The ones that believe that there is a spontaneous CJD in 85%+ of all cases of human TSE, and the ones that do not believe that cattle can have this same phenomenon, are two of the same, the industry, and so goes the political science aspect of this tobacco and or asbestos scenario i.e. follow the money. I could go into all angles of this man made nightmare, the real facts and science, for instance, the continuing rendering technology and slow cooking with low temps that brewed this stew up, and the fact that THE USA HAD THIS TECHNOLOGY FIRST AND SHIPPED IT TO THE U.K. SOME 5 YEARS BEFORE THE U.S. STARTED USING THE SAME TECHNOLOGY, to save on fuel cost. This is what supposedly amplified the TSE agent via sheep scrapie, and spread via feed in the U.K. bovine, and other countries exporting the tainted product. BUT most everyone ignores this fact, and the fact that the U.S. has been recycling more TSE, from more species with TSEs, than any other country documented, but yet, it's all spontaneous, and the rise in sporadic CJD in the U.S. is a happenstance of bad luck ??? I respectfully disagree. To top that all off, the infamous BSE-FIREWALL that the USDA always brags about was nothing more than ink on paper, and I can prove this. YOU can ignore it, but this is FACT (see source, as late as 2007, in one recall alone, some 10,000,000 MILLION POUNDS OF BANNED MAD COW FEED WENT OUT INTO COMMERCE TO BE FED OUT, and most was never recovered. This was banned blood laced, meat and bone meal. 2006 was a banner year for banned mad cow protein going into commerce in the U.S. (see source of FDA feed ban warning letter below). I stress that the August 4, 1997 USA mad cow feed ban and this infamous BSE firewall, was nothing more than ink on paper, it was never enforceable.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I propose that the current diagnostic criteria for human TSEs only enhances and helps the spreading of human TSE from the continued belief of the UKBSEnvCJD only theory in 2009. With all the science to date refuting it, to continue to validate this old myth, will only spread this TSE agent through a multitude of potential routes and sources i.e. consumption, medical i.e., surgical, blood, dental, endoscopy, optical, nutritional supplements, cosmetics etc. I propose as with Aguzzi, Asante, Collinge, Caughey, Deslys, Dormont, Gibbs, Gajdusek, Ironside, Manuelidis, Marsh, et al and many more, that the world of TSE Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy is far from an exact science, but there is enough proven science to date that this myth should be put to rest once and for all, and that we move forward with a new classification for human and animal TSE that would properly identify the infected species, the source species, and then the route. This would further have to be broken down to strain of species and then the route of transmission would further have to be broken down. Accumulation and Transmission are key to the threshold from sub- clinical to clinical disease, and key to all this, is to stop the amplification and transmission of this agent, the spreading of, no matter what strain. In my opinion, to continue with this myth that the U.K. strain of BSE one strain TSE in cows, and the nv/v CJD one strain TSE humans, and the one geographical location source i.e. U.K., and that all the rest of human TSE are just one single strain i.e. sporadic CJD, a happenstance of bad luck that just happens due to a twisted protein that just twisted the wrong way, IN 85%+ OF ALL HUMAN TSEs, when to date there are 6 different phenotypes of sCJD, and growing per Gambetti et al, and that no other animal TSE transmits to humans ??? With all due respect to all Scientist that believe this, I beg to differ. To continue with this masquerade will only continue to spread, expose, and kill, who knows how many more in the years and decades to come. ONE was enough for me, My Mom, hvCJD i.e. Heidenhain Variant CJD, DOD 12/14/97 confirmed, which is nothing more than another mans name added to CJD, like CJD itself, Jakob and Creutzfeldt, or Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, just another CJD or human TSE, named after another human. WE are only kidding ourselves with the current diagnostic criteria for human and animal TSE, especially differentiating between the nvCJD vs the sporadic CJD strains and then the GSS strains and also the FFI fatal familial insomnia strains or the ones that mimics one or the other of those TSE? Tissue infectivity and strain typing of the many variants of the human and animal TSEs are paramount in all variants of all TSE. There must be a proper classification that will differentiate between all these human TSE in order to do this. With the CDI and other more sensitive testing coming about, I only hope that my proposal will some day be taken seriously. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">please see history, and the ever evolving TSE science to date ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Saturday, June 13, 2009</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States 2003 revisited 2009</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary 2000</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BMJ 2000; 320 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.320.7226.8/b (Published 01 January 2000) Cite this as: BMJ 2000;320:8</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">02 January 2000 Terry S Singeltary retired</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rapid Response: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">U.S. Scientist should be concerned with a CJD epidemic in the U.S., as well... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In reading your short article about 'Scientist warn of CJD epidemic' news in brief Jan. 1, 2000. I find the findings in the PNAS old news, made famous again. Why is the U.S. still sitting on their butts, ignoring the facts? We have the beginning of a CJD epidemic in the U.S., and the U.S. Gov. is doing everything in it's power to conceal it.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The exact same recipe for B.S.E. existed in the U.S. for years and years. In reading over the Qualitative Analysis of BSE Risk Factors-1, this is a 25 page report by the USDA:APHIS:VS. It could have been done in one page. The first page, fourth paragraph says it all;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Similarities exist in the two countries usage of continuous rendering technology and the lack of usage of solvents, however, large differences still remain with other risk factors which greatly reduce the potential risk at the national level."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Then, the next 24 pages tries to down-play the high risks of B.S.E. in the U.S., with nothing more than the cattle to sheep ratio count, and the geographical locations of herds and flocks. That's all the evidence they can come up with, in the next 24 pages.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Something else I find odd, page 16;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"In the United Kingdom there is much concern for a specific continuous rendering technology which uses lower temperatures and accounts for 25 percent of total output. This technology was _originally_ designed and imported from the United States. However, the specific application in the production process is _believed_ to be different in the two countries."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A few more factors to consider, page 15;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Figure 26 compares animal protein production for the two countries. The calculations are based on slaughter numbers, fallen stock estimates, and product yield coefficients. This approach is used due to variation of up to 80 percent from different reported sources. At 3.6 million tons, the United States produces 8 times more animal rendered product than the United Kingdom."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"The risk of introducing the BSE agent through sheep meat and bone meal is more acute in both relative and absolute terms in the United Kingdom (Figures 27 and 28). Note that sheep meat and bone meal accounts for 14 percent, or 61 thousand tons, in the United Kingdom versus 0.6 percent or 22 thousand tons in the United States. For sheep greater than 1 year, this is less than one-tenth of one percent of the United States supply."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"The potential risk of amplification of the BSE agent through cattle meat and bone meal is much greater in the United States where it accounts for 59 percent of total product or almost 5 times more than the total amount of rendered product in the United Kingdom."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Considering, it would only take _one_ scrapie infected sheep to contaminate the feed. Considering Scrapie has run rampant in the U.S. for years, as of Aug. 1999, 950 scrapie infected flocks. Also, Considering only one quarter spoonful of scrapie infected material is lethal to a cow.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Considering all this, the sheep to cow ration is meaningless. As I said, it's 24 pages of B.S.e.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To be continued...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr. Bacliff, Texas USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Competing interests: No competing interests</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/us-scientist-should-be-concerned-cjd-epidemic-us-well" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/us-scientist-should-be-concerned-cjd-epidemic-us-well</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00715-1 Copyright © 2003 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Newsdesk</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Tracking spongiform encephalopathies in North America</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Xavier Bosch</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Available online 29 July 2003. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Volume 3, Issue 8, August 2003, Page 463 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Volume 3, Number 8 01 August 2003</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Newsdesk</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Tracking spongiform encephalopathies in North America</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Xavier Bosch</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">My name is Terry S Singeltary Sr, and I live in Bacliff, Texas. I lost my mom to hvCJD (Heidenhain variant CJD) and have been searching for answers ever since. What I have found is that we have not been told the truth. CWD in deer and elk is a small portion of a much bigger problem.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">49-year-old Singeltary is one of a number of people who have remained largely unsatisfied after being told that a close relative died from a rapidly progressive dementia compatible with spontaneous Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). So he decided to gather hundreds of documents on transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) and realised that if Britons could get variant CJD from bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), Americans might get a similar disorder from chronic wasting disease (CWD) the relative of mad cow disease seen among deer and elk in the USA. Although his feverish search did not lead him to the smoking gun linking CWD to a similar disease in North American people, it did uncover a largely disappointing situation.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary was greatly demoralised at the few attempts to monitor the occurrence of CJD and CWD in the USA. Only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal TSEs should be reportable nationwide and internationally, he complained in a letter to the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA 2003; 285: 733). I hope that the CDC does not continue to expect us to still believe that the 85% plus of all CJD cases which are sporadic are all spontaneous, without route or source.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Until recently, CWD was thought to be confined to the wild in a small region in Colorado. But since early 2002, it has been reported in other areas, including Wisconsin, South Dakota, and the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. Indeed, the occurrence of CWD in states that were not endemic previously increased concern about a widespread outbreak and possible transmission to people and cattle.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To date, experimental studies have proven that the CWD agent can be transmitted to cattle by intracerebral inoculation and that it can cross the mucous membranes of the digestive tract to initiate infection in lymphoid tissue before invasion of the central nervous system. Yet the plausibility of CWD spreading to people has remained elusive.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Part of the problem seems to stem from the US surveillance system. CJD is only reported in those areas known to be endemic foci of CWD. Moreover, US authorities have been criticised for not having performed enough prionic tests in farm deer and elk.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Although in November last year the US Food and Drug Administration issued a directive to state public-health and agriculture officials prohibiting material from CWD-positive animals from being used as an ingredient in feed for any animal species, epidemiological control and research in the USA has been quite different from the situation in the UK and Europe regarding BSE.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Getting data on TSEs in the USA from the government is like pulling teeth, Singeltary argues. You get it when they want you to have it, and only what they want you to have.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Norman Foster, director of the Cognitive Disorders Clinic at the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, MI, USA), says that current surveillance of prion disease in people in the USA is inadequate to detect whether CWD is occurring in human beings; adding that, the cases that we know about are reassuring, because they do not suggest the appearance of a new variant of CJD in the USA or atypical features in patients that might be exposed to CWD. However, until we establish a system that identifies and analyses a high proportion of suspected prion disease cases we will not know for sure. The USA should develop a system modelled on that established in the UK, he points out.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ali Samii, a neurologist at Seattle VA Medical Center who recently reported the cases of three hunters two of whom were friends who died from pathologically confirmed CJD, says that at present there are insufficient data to claim transmission of CWD into humans; adding that [only] by asking [the questions of venison consumption and deer/elk hunting] in every case can we collect suspect cases and look into the plausibility of transmission further. Samii argues that by making both doctors and hunters more aware of the possibility of prions spreading through eating venison, doctors treating hunters with dementia can consider a possible prion disease, and doctors treating CJD patients will know to ask whether they ate venison.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CDC spokesman Ermias Belay says that the CDC will not be investigating the [Samii] cases because there is no evidence that the men ate CWD-infected meat. He notes that although the likelihood of CWD jumping the species barrier to infect humans cannot be ruled out 100% and that [we] cannot be 100% sure that CWD does not exist in humans& the data seeking evidence of CWD transmission to humans have been very limited. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473309903007151/fulltext" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473309903007151/fulltext</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary 2007</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Pathological Protein: Mad Cow, Chronic Wasting, and Other Deadly Prion Diseases </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">by Philip Yam </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''Answering critics like Terry Singeltary, who feels that the US undercounts CJD, Schonberger _conceded_ that the current surveillance system has errors but stated that most of the errors will be confined to the older population''...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Revisiting Sporadic CJD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It’s not hard to get Terry Singeltary going. “I have my conspiracy theories,” admitted the 49-year-old Texan.1 Singeltary is probably the nation’s most relentless consumer advocate when it comes to issues in prion diseases. He has helped families learn about the sickness and coordinated efforts with support groups such as CJD Voice and the CJD Foundation. He has also connected with others who are critical of the American way of handling the threat of prion diseases. Such critics include Consumers Union’s Michael Hansen, journalist John Stauber, and Thomas Pringle, who used to run the voluminous www.madcow.org Web site. These three lend their expertise to newspaper and magazine stories about prion diseases, and they usually argue that</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">223</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">prions represent more of a threat than people realize, and that the government has responded poorly to the dangers because it is more concerned about protecting the beef industry than people’s health.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary has similar inclinations, but unlike these men, he doesn’t have the professional credentials behind him. He is an 11th-grade dropout, a machinist who retired because of a neck injury sustained at work. But you might not know that from the vast stores of information in his mind and on his hard drive. Over the years, he has provided unacknowledged help to reporters around the globe, passing on files to such big-time players as The New York Times, Newsweek, and USA Today. His networking with journalists, activists, and concerned citizens has helped medical authorities make contact with suspected CJD victims. He has kept scientists informed with his almost daily posting of news items and research abstracts on electronic newsgroups, including the bulletin board on www.vegsource.com and the BSE-listserv run out of the University of Karlsruhe, Germany. His combative, blunt, opinionated style sometimes borders on obsessive ranting that earns praise from some officials and researchers but infuriates others—especially when he repeats his conviction that “the government has lied to us, the feed industry has lied to us—all over a buck.” As evidence, Singeltary cites the USDA’s testing approach, which targets downer cows and examined 19,900 of them in 2002. To him, the USDA should test 1 million cattle, because the incidence of BSE may be as low as one in a million, as it was in some European countries. That the U.S. does not, he thinks, is a sign that the government is really not interested in finding mad cows because of fears of an economic disaster.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary got into the field of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy in 1997, just after his mother died of sporadic CJD. She had an especially aggressive version—the Heidenhain variant—that first causes the patient to go blind and then to deteriorate rapidly. She died just ten weeks after her symptoms began. Singeltary, who said he had watched his grandparents die of cancer, considered her death by CJD to be much, much worse: “It’s something you never forget.” Her uncontrollable muscle twitching became so bad “that it took three of us to hold her one time,” Singeltary recalled. “She did everything but levitate in bed and spin her head.” Doctors originally diagnosed Alzheimer’s disease, but a postmortem neuropathological exam demanded by Singeltary revealed the true nature of her death.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">224 CHAPTER 14</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Classifying a disease as “sporadic” is another way for doctors to say they don’t know the cause. Normal prion proteins just turn rogue in the brain for no apparent reason. The term “sporadic” is often particularly hard for the victims’ families to accept, especially when the patient was previously in robust health. Maybe it was something in the water, they wonder, or in the air, or something they ate—the same questions CJD researchers tried to answer decades ago. The names “sporadic CJD” and “variant CJD” also confuse the public and raise suspicions that U.S. authorities are hiding something when they say there have been no native variant CJD cases in the country.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary suspected an environmental cause in his mother’s demise—a feeling reinforced a year later when a neighbor died of sporadic CJD. For years, the neighbor had been taking nutritional supplements that contained cow brain extracts. Researchers from the National Institutes of Health collected samples of the supplement, Singeltary recounted, and inoculated suspensions into mice. The mice remained healthy—which only means that those supplement samples tested were prion-free.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Scientists have made several attempts during the past few decades to find a connection between sporadic CJD and the environment. Often, these studies take the form of asking family members about CJD victims—their diet, occupation, medical history, hobbies, pets, and so forth—and comparing them with non-CJD subjects. Such case-control CJD studies have produced some intriguing—and sometimes contradictory—results. In 1985, Carleton Gajdusek and his NIH colleagues reported a correlation between CJD and eating a lot of roast pork, ham, hot dogs, and lamb, as well as rare meats and raw oysters.2 Yet they also recognized that the findings were preliminary and that more studies were needed.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Following up, Robert Will of the U.K. National CJD Surveillance Unit and others pooled this data with those from two other case-control studies on CJD (one from Japan and one from the U.K.). In particular, they figured the so-called odds ratio—calculated by dividing the frequency of a possible factor in the patient group by the frequency of the factor in the control group. An odds ratio greater than 1 means that the factor may be significant. In their study, Will and his collaborators found an increase of CJD in people who have worked as health professionals (odds ratio of 1.5) and people who have had contact with cows</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Laying Odds 225</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1.7) and sheep (1.6). Unfortunately, those connections were not statistically significant: The numbers of pooled patients (117) and control subjects (333) were so small that the researchers felt the odds ratios needed to reach 2.5 to 8 (depending on the assumptions) before they could be deemed statistically significant. The only statistically significant correlations they found were between CJD and a family history of either CJD (19.1) or other psychotic disease (9.9), although the latter might simply be correlated because psychotic disease may be an early symptom of undiagnosed CJD.3 In contrast with earlier findings, the team concluded that there was no association between sporadic CJD and the consumption of organ meats, including brains (0.6).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Although these case-control studies shed a certain amount of light on potential risk factors for CJD, it’s impossible to draw firm conclusions. Obtaining data that produces statistically meaningful results can be difficult because of the rarity of CJD and hence the shortage of subjects. Human memory is quite fragile, too, so patients’ families may not accurately recall the lifestyle and dietary habits of their loved ones over the course of a decade or more. Consequently, researchers must cope with data that probably contain significant biases. In a review paper on CJD, Joe Gibbs of the NIH and Richard T. Johnson of Johns Hopkins University concluded that “the absence of geographic differences in incidence is more convincing evidence against major dietary factors, since large populations eschew pork and some consume no meat or meat products.” A CJD study of lifelong vegetarians, they proposed, could produce some interesting data.4</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The inconclusive results of case-control studies do not completely rule out the environment as a possible cause of CJD. “Dr. Prusiner’s theory does fit much of the data of spontaneous generation of [malformed] PrP somewhere in the brain,” Will remarked—that is, the idea that sporadic CJD just happens by itself falls within the realm of the prion theory. Still, “it’s very odd, if you look at all the forms of human prion diseases there are, all of them are transmissible in the laboratory and could be due to some sort of infectious agent.”5 One of the great difficulties, he explained, is that “given that this is a disease of an extraordinarily long incubation period, are we really confident that we can exclude childhood exposure that is transmitted from person to person, as people move around? It’s difficult to be sure about that.” There might a “carrier state” that leaves people healthy yet still able to</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">226 CHAPTER 14</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">infect others. If so, “you would never be able to identify what’s causing the spread of the disease,” concluded Will, who hasn’t stopped looking for a possible environmental link. He has some preliminary data based on studies that trace CJD victims’ lives well before the time symptoms began—up to 70 years; they suggest some degree of geographic clustering, but no obvious candidates for a source of infection.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A Case for Undercounting</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The difficulty in establishing causal links in sporadic prion diseases—if there are any in the first place—underlines the importance of thorough surveillance. The U.K. has an active program, and when a victim of CJD is reported, one of Robert Will’s colleagues visits and questions the victim’s family. “No one has looked for CJD systematically in the U.S.,” the NIH’s Paul Brown noted. “Ever.”6 The U.S., through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, has generally maintained a more passive system, collecting information from death certificates from the National Center for Health Statistics. Because CJD is invariably fatal, mortality data is considered to be an effective means of tabulating cases. The CDC assessed the accuracy of such data by comparing the numbers with figures garnered through an active search in 1996: Teams covering five regions of the U.S. contacted the specialists involved and reviewed medical records for CJD cases between 1991 and 1995. Comparing the actively garnered data with the death certificate information showed that “we miss about 14 percent,” said CDC epidemiologist Lawrence Schonberger. “That’s improving. Doctors are becoming more knowledgeable,” thanks to increased scientific and media attention given to prion diseases.7</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The active surveillance study of 1996, however, only looked at cases in which physicians attributed the deaths to CJD. Misdiagnosed patients or patients who never saw a neurologist were not tabulated— thus CJD may be grossly underreported. Many neurological ailments share symptoms, especially early on. According to various studies, autopsies have found that CJD is misdiagnosed as other ills, such as dementia or Alzheimer’s disease, 5 to 13 percent of the time. The CDC finds that around 50,000Americans die from Alzheimer’s each year</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Laying Odds 227</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(about 4 million have the disease, according to the Alzheimer’s Association). Therefore, one could argue that thousands of CJD cases are being missed. (On the flip side, CJD could be mistakenly diagnosed as Alzheimer’s disease or dementia, but the number of CJD patients is so small that they wouldn’t dramatically skew the statistics for other neurological ills.)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In part to address the issue of misdiagnosis, CJD families have asked the CDC to place the disease on the national list of officially notifiable illnesses, which tends to include more contagious conditions such as AIDS, tuberculosis, hepatitis, and viral forms of encephalitis. Currently, only some states impose this requirement. CDC officials have discounted the utility of such an approach, arguing that it would duplicate the mortality data, which is more accurate than early diagnoses of CJD, anyway. Moreover, mandatory reporting of CJD cases does not necessarily guarantee the end to missed cases.8</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">One clue suggests that the passive system is undercounting CJD in the U.S.: racial difference. The number of black CJD victims is about 38 percent that of white victims. Rather than sporadic CJD being a onein-a-million lottery, it’s more like one-in-2.5-million for AfricanAmericans. Access to medical care might be one reason. Schonberger recounted that the CDC had asked other countries with substantial black populations to submit CJD figures for comparison but found that the surveillance in those countries was inadequate. “We haven’t been able to find any comparable literature on this issue, so it’s still up in the air,” Schonberger said. On the other hand, Alzheimer’s disease is more common among black people than whites, with an estimated higher prevalence ranging from 14 percent to almost 100 percent, according to a February 2002 report by the Alzheimer’s Association. Are some black CJD cases being misdiagnosed as Alzheimer’s?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Answering critics like Terry Singeltary, who feels that the U.S. undercounts CJD, Schonberger conceded that the current surveillance system has errors but stated that most of the errors will be confined to the older population. As Schonberger pointed out, no doctor would misdiagnose a 30-year-old CJD patient as having Alzheimer’s. The average age of the first 100 variant CJD victims was 29; should the epidemiology of vCJD change—if older people start coming down with it—then there would be problems. “The adequacy of our overall CJD surveillance would be greatly reduced should the proportion of older individuals affected by variant CJD substantially increase,” Schonberger explained.9</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SNIP...SEE FULL TEXT;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/38386/1/516.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/38386/1/516.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary Submission SEAC 2007</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SEAC SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY ADVISORY COMMITTEE Minutes of the 99th meeting held on 14th December 2007 Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This was 22 years to the day Mom died from the Heidenhain Variant of Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease i.e. hvCJD, when i made this submission to SEAC and this was their reply to my questions of concern about cjd in the USA, my how things have changed...terry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SEAC SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY ADVISORY COMMITTEE Minutes of the 99th meeting held on 14th December 2007 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ITEM 8 – PUBLIC QUESTION AND ANSWER SESSION 40. The Chair explained that the purpose of the question and answer session was to give members of the public an opportunity to ask questions related to the work of SEAC. Mr Terry Singeltary (Texas, USA) had submitted a question prior to the meeting, asking: “With the Nor-98 now documented in five different states so far in the USA in 2007, and with the two atypical BSE H-base cases in Texas and Alabama, with both scrapie and chronic wasting disease (CWD) running rampant in the USA, is there any concern from SEAC with the rise of sporadic CJD in the USA from ''unknown phenotype'', and what concerns if any, in relations to blood donations, surgery, optical, and dental treatment, do you have with these unknown atypical phenotypes in both humans and animals in the USA? Does it concern SEAC, or is it of no concern to SEAC? Should it concern USA animal and human health officials?”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">41. A member considered that this question appeared to be primarily related to possible links between animal and human TSEs in the USA. There is no evidence that sCJD is increasing in the USA and no evidence of any direct link between TSEs and CJD in the USA. Current evidence does not suggest that CWD is a significant risk to human health. There are unpublished data from a case of human TSE in the USA that are suggestive of an apparently novel form of prion disease with distinct molecular characteristics. However, it is unclear whether the case had been further characterised, if it could be linked to animal TSEs or if other similar cases had been found in the USA or elsewhere. In relation to the possible public health implications of atypical scrapie, H-type BSE and CWD, research was being conducted to investigate possible links and surveillance was in place to detect any changes in human TSEs. Although possible links between these diseases and human TSEs are of concern and require research, there is no evidence to suggest immediate public health action is warranted. The possible human health risks from classical scrapie had been discussed earlier in the meeting. Members noted that there are effective channels of discussion and collaboration on research between USA and European groups. Members agreed it is important to keep a watching brief on new developments on TSEs. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132933/http://www.seac.gov.uk/minutes/99.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132933/http://www.seac.gov.uk/minutes/99.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, United States of America Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Immediate notification</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">United States of America - Bovine spongiform encephalopathy - Immediate notification</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">GENERAL INFORMATION</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">COUNTRY/TERRITORY OR ZONE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">COUNTRY/TERRITORY</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ANIMAL TYPE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TERRESTRIAL</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DISEASE CATEGORY</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Listed disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">EVENT ID 5067</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DISEASE Bovine spongiform encephalopathy</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CAUSAL AGENT Bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion, atypical strain, L-type</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">GENOTYPE / SEROTYPE / SUBTYPE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">START DATE 2023/05/15</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">REASON FOR NOTIFICATION Recurrence of an eradicated disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DATE OF LAST OCCURRENCE 2018/08/28</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/05/18</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">EVENT STATUS On-going</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">END DATE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">snip...see;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/5067" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/5067</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full text and more here;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Wednesday, May 24, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, United States of America Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Immediate notification</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Alzheimer's disease, iatrogenic transmission, what if?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">let's not forget the elephant in the room. curing Alzheimer's would be a great and wonderful thing, but for starters, why not start with the obvious, lets prove the cause or causes, and then start to stop that. think iatrogenic, friendly fire, or the pass it forward mode of transmission. think medical, surgical, dental, tissue, blood, related transmission. think transmissible spongiform encephalopathy aka tse prion disease aka mad cow type disease... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Commentary: Evidence for human transmission of amyloid-β pathology and cerebral amyloid angiopathy</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=info:doi/10.1371/annotation/933cc83a-a384-45c3-b3b2-336882c30f9d" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=info:doi/10.1371/annotation/933cc83a-a384-45c3-b3b2-336882c30f9d</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comments?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0111492" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comments?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0111492</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/933cc83a-a384-45c3-b3b2-336882c30f9d" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/933cc83a-a384-45c3-b3b2-336882c30f9d</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2016.00005/full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2016.00005/full</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Self-Propagative Replication of Ab Oligomers Suggests Potential Transmissibility in Alzheimer Disease </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** Singeltary comment PLoS *** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Alzheimer’s disease and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy prion disease, Iatrogenic, what if ? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Posted by flounder on 05 Nov 2014 at 21:27 GMT </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Alzheimer’s disease and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy prion disease, Iatrogenic, what if ? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Alzheimer’s disease and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy disease have both been around a long time, and was discovered in or around the same time frame, early 1900’s. Both diseases are incurable and debilitating brain disease, that are in the end, 100% fatal, with the incubation/clinical period of the Alzheimer’s disease being longer (most of the time) than the TSE prion disease. Symptoms are very similar, and pathology is very similar.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Through years of research, as a layperson, of peer review journals, transmission studies, and observations of loved ones and friends that have died from both Alzheimer’s and the TSE prion disease i.e. Heidenhain Variant Creutzfelt Jakob Disease CJD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I propose that Alzheimer’s is a TSE disease of low dose, slow, and long incubation disease, and that Alzheimer’s is Transmissible, and is a threat to the public via the many Iatrogenic routes and sources. It was said long ago that the only thing that disputes this, is Alzheimer’s disease transmissibility, or the lack of. The likelihood of many victims of Alzheimer’s disease from the many different Iatrogenic routes and modes of transmission as with the TSE prion disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There should be a Global Congressional Science round table event set up immediately to address these concerns from the many potential routes and sources of the TSE prion disease, including Alzheimer’s disease, and a emergency global doctrine put into effect to help combat the spread of Alzheimer’s disease via the medical, surgical, dental, tissue, and blood arena’s. All human and animal TSE prion disease, including Alzheimer’s should be made reportable in every state, and Internationally, WITH NO age restrictions. Until a proven method of decontamination and autoclaving is proven, and put forth in use universally, in all hospitals and medical, surgical arena’s, or the TSE prion agent will continue to spread. IF we wait until science and corporate politicians wait until politics lets science _prove_ this once and for all, and set forth regulations there from, we will all be exposed to the TSE Prion agents, if that has not happened already.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=82860" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=82860</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://betaamyloidcjd.blogspot.com/2021/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://betaamyloidcjd.blogspot.com/2021/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">In one transmission study documented in 1982, primates were inoculated with brain tissue from patients with confirmed Alzheimer’s disease. The animals developed a spongiform encephalopathy that was indistinguishable from CJD. However, other attempts to transmit AD have been unsuccessful.91<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080102112107/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/pdf/volume2/Chapter2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080102112107/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/pdf/volume2/Chapter2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">IN CONFIDENCE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">5 NOVEMBER 1992</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TRANSMISSION OF ALZHEIMER TYPE PLAQUES TO PRIMATES</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">[9. Whilst this matter is not at the moment directly concerned with the iatrogenic CJD cases from hgH, there remains a possibility of litigation here, and this presents an added complication. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There are also results to be made available shortly </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) concerning a farmer with CJD who had BSE animals, </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(2) on the possible transmissibility of Alzheimer’s and </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(3) a CMO letter on prevention of iatrogenic CJD transmission in neurosurgery, all of which will serve to increase media interest.]</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080102125543/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/evidence/yb/1993jan.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080102125543/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/evidence/yb/1993jan.htm</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">IN CONFIDENCE </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">4 November 1992</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TRANSMISSION OF ALZHEIMER TYPE PLAQUES TO PRIMATES</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1. Thank you for showing me Diana Dunstan’s letter. I am glad that MRC have recognised the public sensitivity of these findings and intend to report them in their proper context. This hopefully will avoid misunderstanding and possible distortion by the media to portray the results as having more greater significance than the findings so far justify.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2. Using a highly unusual route of transmission (intra-cerebral injection) the researchers have demonstrated the transmission of a pathological process from two : cases one of severe Alzheimer’s disease the other of Gerstmann-Straussler disease to marmosets. However they have not demonstrated the transmission of either clinical ‘condition as the “animals were behaving normally when killed". As the report emphasises the unanswered question is whether the disease condition would have revealed itself if the marmosets had lived longer. They are planning further research to'see if the conditions, as opposed to the partial pathological process, is transmissible.<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">What are the implications for public health?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3. The route of transmission is very specific and in the natural State of things highly unusual - However it could be argued that the results reveal a potential risk, in that brain tissue from these two patients has been shown to transmit a pathological process. Should therefore brain tissue from such cases be regarded as potentially infective? Pathologists, morticians, neuro surgeons and those assisting at neuro surgical procedures and others coming into contact with "raw" human brain tissue “could in theory be at risk. However, on a priori grounds given the highly specific route of transmission in these experiments that risk must be negligible if the usual precautions for handling brain tissue are observed.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">92/11.4/1.1</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">4. The other dimension to consider is the public reaction. To some extent the GSS case demonstrates little more than the transmission of BSE to a pig by intra-cerebral injection. If other prion diseases can be transmitted in this way it is little surprise that some pathological findings observed in GSS were also transmissible to a marmoset. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">But the transmission of features of Alzheimer’s pathology is a different matter, given the much greater frequency of this disease and raises the unanswered question whether some cases are the result of a transmissible prion. The only tenable public line will be that "more research is required" before that hypothesis could be evaluated. The possibility on a transmissible prion remains open. In the meantime MRC needs carefully to consider the range and sequence of studies needed to follow through from the preliminary observations in these two cases. Not a particularly comfortable message, but until we know more about the causation of Alzheimer’s disease the total reassurance is not practical.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">J S METTERS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Room 509</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Richmond House</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Pager No: 081-884 3344 Callsign: DOH 832</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">92/11.4/1.2 </div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170126060344/http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102232842/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/11/04001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170126060344/http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102232842/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/11/04001001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080102183026/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/evidence/yb/1992nov.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080102183026/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/evidence/yb/1992nov.htm</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Trouble has been brewing for some time...Dr. Collinge is lobbying hard, and is threatening to go to the media...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040315075058/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/12/16005001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20040315075058/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/12/16005001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040315075058/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/12/16005001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20040315075058/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/12/16005001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">p.s. before getting into the zoonosis, first i will post some very disturbing studies just out, besides the cwd zoonosis to humans part, but PRION CONFERENCE 2023, just out, CWD TRANSMITS TO CATTLE BY ORAL ROUTE, a cattlemans worst nightmare. the FDA MAD COW FEED BAN (which has failed terribly), does NOT INCULDE DEER, only voluntary, CWD AND SCRAPIE WILL TRANSMIT TO PIGS BY ORAL ROUTES. this is terrible news no one is speaking of, so there will have to be a PART 3...terry</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Price of TSE Prion Poker goes up substantially, all you cattle ranchers and such, better pay close attention here...terry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of the chronic wasting disease agent from elk to cattle after oronasal exposure</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Justin Greenlee, Jifeng Bian, Zoe Lambert, Alexis Frese, and Eric Cassmann Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, USA </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the susceptibility of cattle to chronic wasting disease agent from elk. </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: Initial studies were conducted in bovinized mice using inoculum derived from elk with various genotypes at codon 132 (MM, LM, LL). Based upon attack rates, inoculum (10% w/v brain homogenate) from an LM132 elk was selected for transmission studies in cattle. At approximately 2 weeks of age, one wild type steer (EE211) and one steer with the E211K polymorphism (EK211) were fed 1 mL of brain homogenate in a quart of milk replacer while another 1 mL was instilled intranasally. The cattle were examined daily for clinical signs for the duration of the experiment. One steer is still under observation at 71 months post-inoculation (mpi). </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Results: Inoculum derived from MM132 elk resulted in similar attack rates and incubation periods in mice expressing wild type or K211 bovine PRNP, 35% at 531 days post inoculation (dpi) and 27% at 448 dpi, respectively. Inoculum from LM132 elk had a slightly higher attack rates in mice: 45% (693 dpi) in wild type cattle PRNP and 33% (468) in K211 mice. Inoculum from LL132 elk resulted in the highest attack rate in wild type bovinized mice (53% at 625 dpi), but no K211 mice were affected at >700 days. At approximately 70 mpi, the EK211 genotype steer developed clinical signs suggestive of prion disease, depression, low head carriage, hypersalivation, and ataxia, and was necropsied. Enzyme immunoassay (IDEXX) was positive in brainstem (OD=4.00, but non-detect in retropharyngeal lymph nodes and palatine tonsil. Immunoreactivity was largely limited to the brainstem, midbrain, and cervical spinal cord with a pattern that was primarily glia-associated. </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Cattle with the E211K polymorphism are susceptible to the CWD agent after oronasal exposure of 0.2 g of infectious material. </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">"Cattle with the E211K polymorphism are susceptible to the CWD agent after oronasal exposure of 0.2 g of infectious material."</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Strain characterization of chronic wasting disease in bovine-PrP transgenic mice </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Nuria Jerez-Garrido1, Sara Canoyra1, Natalia Fernández-Borges1, Alba Marín Moreno1, Sylvie L. Benestad2, Olivier Andreoletti3, Gordon Mitchell4, Aru Balachandran4, Juan María Torres1 and Juan Carlos Espinosa1. 1 Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, CISA-INIA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain. 2 Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway. 3 UMR Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)/École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Toulouse, France. 4 Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Canada. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is an infectious prion disease that affects cervids. Various CWD prion strains have been identified in different cervid species from North America and Europe. The properties of the infectious prion strains are influenced by amino acid changes and polymorphisms in the PrP sequences of different cervid species. This study, aimed to assess the ability of a panel of CWD prion isolates from diverse cervid species from North America and Europe to infect bovine species, as well as to investigate the properties of the prion strains following the adaptation to the bovine-PrP context. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: BoPrP-Tg110 mice overexpressing the bovine-PrP sequence were inoculated by intracranial route with a panel of CWD prion isolates from both North America (two white-tailed deer and two elk) and Europe (one reindeer, one moose and one red deer). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Our results show distinct behaviours in the transmission of the CWD isolates to the BoPrP-Tg110 mouse model. Some of these isolates did not transmit even after the second passage. Those able to transmit displayed differences in terms of attack rate, survival times, biochemical properties of brain PrPres, and histopathology. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Altogether, these results exhibit the diversity of CWD strains present in the panel of CWD isolates and the ability of at least some CWD isolates to infect bovine species. Cattle being one of the most important farming species, this ability represents a potential threat to both animal and human health, and consequently deserves further study. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: MCIN/AEI /10.13039/501100011033 and by European Union NextGeneration EU/PRTR </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Grant number: PCI2020-120680-2 ICRAD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">"Altogether, these results exhibit the diversity of CWD strains present in the panel of CWD isolates and the ability of at least some CWD isolates to infect bovine species. Cattle being one of the most important farming species, this ability represents a potential threat to both animal and human health, and consequently deserves further study."<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Ruminant feed ban for cervids in the United States ?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Posted by flounder on 31 Jan 2015 at 20:14 GMT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Friday, December 14, 2012 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration’s BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin) from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Animals considered at high risk for CWD include: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1) animals from areas declared to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones and </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period prior to slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Therefore, in the USA, materials from cervids other than CWD positive animals may be used in animal feed and feed ingredients for non-ruminants. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The amount of animal PAP that is of deer and/or elk origin imported from the USA to GB can not be determined, however, as it is not specified in TRACES. It may constitute a small percentage of the 8412 kilos of non-fish origin processed animal proteins that were imported from US into GB in 2011. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Overall, therefore, it is considered there is a __greater than negligible risk___ that (nonruminant) animal feed and pet food containing deer and/or elk protein is imported into GB. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is uncertainty associated with this estimate given the lack of data on the amount of deer and/or elk protein possibly being imported in these products. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">36% in 2007 (Almberg et al., 2011). In such areas, population declines of deer of up to 30 to 50% have been observed (Almberg et al., 2011). In areas of Colorado, the prevalence can be as high as 30% (EFSA, 2011). The clinical signs of CWD in affected adults are weight loss and behavioural changes that can span weeks or months (Williams, 2005). In addition, signs might include excessive salivation, behavioural alterations including a fixed stare and changes in interaction with other animals in the herd, and an altered stance (Williams, 2005). These signs are indistinguishable from cervids experimentally infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Given this, if CWD was to be introduced into countries with BSE such as GB, for example, infected deer populations would need to be tested to differentiate if they were infected with CWD or BSE to minimise the risk of BSE entering the human food-chain via affected venison. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with CWD prion. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing, footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible. For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant uncertainty associated with these estimates. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists and returning GB residents. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://webarchive.nationa... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Friday, December 14, 2012 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://chronic-wasting-di... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128180140/http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/12/defra-uk-what-is-risk-of-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160128180140/http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/12/defra-uk-what-is-risk-of-chronic.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** The potential impact of prion diseases on human health was greatly magnified by the recognition that interspecies transfer of BSE to humans by beef ingestion resulted in vCJD. While changes in animal feed constituents and slaughter practices appear to have curtailed vCJD, there is concern that CWD of free-ranging deer and elk in the U.S. might also cross the species barrier. Thus, consuming venison could be a source of human prion disease. Whether BSE and CWD represent interspecies scrapie transfer or are newly arisen prion diseases is unknown. Therefore, the possibility of transmission of prion disease through other food animals cannot be ruled out. There is evidence that vCJD can be transmitted through blood transfusion. There is likely a pool of unknown size of asymptomatic individuals infected with vCJD, and there may be asymptomatic individuals infected with the CWD equivalent. These circumstances represent a potential threat to blood, blood products, and plasma supplies. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20121022162853/http://cdmrp.army.mil/prevfunded/nprp/NPRP_Summit_Final_Report.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20121022162853/http://cdmrp.army.mil/prevfunded/nprp/NPRP_Summit_Final_Report.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">==================================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration’s BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin) from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">================================= </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Draft Guidance on Use of Material From Deer and Elk in Animal Feed; CVM Updates on Deer and Elk Withdrawn FDA Veterinarian Newsletter July/August 2003 Volume XVIII, No 4</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FDA has announced the availability of a draft guidance for industry entitled “Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed.” This draft guidance document (GFI #158), when finalized, will describe FDA’s current thinking regarding the use in animal feed of material from deer and elk that are positive for Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) or that are at high risk for CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD is a neurological (brain) disease of farmed and wild deer and elk that belong in the cervidae animal family (cervids). Only deer and elk are known to be susceptible to CWD by natural transmission. The disease has been found in farmed and wild mule deer, white-tailed deer, North American elk, and farmed black-tailed deer. CWD belongs to a family of animal and human diseases called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). TSEs are very rare, but are always fatal.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This draft Level 1 guidance, when finalized, will represent the Agency’s current thinking on the topic. It does not create or confer any rights for or on any person and does not operate to bind FDA or the public. An alternate method may be used as long as it satisfies the requirements of applicable statutes and regulations.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Draft guidance #158 is posted on the FDA/Center for Veterinary Medicine Home Page. Single copies of the draft guidance may be obtained from the FDA Veterinarian.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">- - Page Last Updated: 04/16/2013 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://www.fda.gov/Animal... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20100310210459/http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/NewsEvents/FDAVeterinarianNewsletter/ucm103406.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20100310210459/http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/NewsEvents/FDAVeterinarianNewsletter/ucm103406.htm</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CONTAINS NON-BINDING RECOMMENDATIONS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">158</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Guidance for Industry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Comments and suggestions regarding the document should be submitted to Division of Dockets Management (HFA-305), Food and Drug Administration, 5630 Fishers Lane, Rm. 1061, Rockville, MD 20852. Submit electronic comments to http://www.regulations.go.... All comments should be identified with the Docket No. 03D-0186.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">For questions regarding this guidance, contact Burt Pritchett, Center for Veterinary Medicine (HFV- 222), Food and Drug Administration, 7519 Standish Place, Rockville, MD 20855, 240-453-6860, E-mail: burt.pritchett@fda.hhs.gov . Additional copies of this guidance document may be requested from the Communications Staff (HFV-12), Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration, 7519 Standish Place, Rockville, MD 20855, and may be viewed on the Internet at http://www.fda.gov/Animal....</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">U.S. Department of Health and Human Services</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine September 15, 2003</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CONTAINS NON-BINDING RECOMMENDATIONS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">158</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Guidance for Industry1</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This guidance represents the Food and Drug Administration’s current thinking on the use of material from deer and elk in animal feed. It does not create or confer any rights for or on any person and does not operate to bind FDA or the public. You can use an alternative approach if the approach satisfies the requirements of applicable statutes or regulations. If you want to discuss an alternative approach, contact the FDA staff responsible for implementing this guidance. If you cannot identify the appropriate FDA staff, call the appropriate number listed on the title page of this guidance. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I. Introduction </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FDA’s guidance documents, including this guidance, do not establish legally enforceable responsibilities. Instead, guidances describe the Agency’s current thinking on a topic and should be viewed only as recommendations, unless specific regulatory or statutory requirements are cited. The use of the word “should” in Agency guidances means that something is suggested or recommended, but not required. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Under FDA’s BSE feed regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. This guidance document describes FDA’s recommendations regarding the use in all animal feed of all material from deer and elk that are positive for Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) or are considered at high risk for CWD. The potential risks from CWD to humans or non-cervid animals such as poultry and swine are not well understood. However, because of recent recognition that CWD is spreading rapidly in white-tailed deer, and because CWD’s route of transmission is poorly understood, FDA is making recommendations regarding the use in animal feed of rendered materials from deer and elk that are CWD-positive or that are at high risk for CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">II. Background</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD is a neurological (brain) disease of farmed and wild deer and elk that belong in the animal family cervidae (cervids). Only deer and elk are known to be susceptible to CWD by natural transmission. The disease has been found in farmed and wild mule deer,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1 This guidance has been prepared by the Division of Animal Feeds in the Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) at the Food and Drug Administration.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CONTAINS NON-BINDING RECOMMENDATIONS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">white-tailed deer, North American elk, and in farmed black-tailed deer. CWD belongs to a family of animal and human diseases called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). These include bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE or “mad cow” disease) in cattle; scrapie in sheep and goats; and classical and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases (CJD and vCJD) in humans. There is no known treatment for these diseases, and there is no vaccine to prevent them. In addition, although validated postmortem diagnostic tests are available, there are no validated diagnostic tests for CWD that can be used to test for the disease in live animals.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">III.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Use in animal feed of material from CWD-positive deer and elk</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Material from CWD-positive animals may not be used in any animal feed or feed ingredients. Pursuant to Sec. 402(a)(5) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, animal feed and feed ingredients containing material from a CWD-positive animal would be considered adulterated. FDA recommends that any such adulterated feed or feed ingredients be recalled or otherwise removed from the marketplace.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">IV.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Use in animal feed of material from deer and elk considered at high risk for CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Deer and elk considered at high risk for CWD include: (1) animals from areas declared by State officials to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones; and (2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period immediately before the time of slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FDA recommends that materials from deer and elk considered at high risk for CWD no longer be entered into the animal feed system. Under present circumstances, FDA is not recommending that feed made from deer and elk from a non-endemic area be recalled if a State later declares the area endemic for CWD or a CWD eradication zone. In addition, at this time, FDA is not recommending that feed made from deer and elk believed to be from a captive herd that contained no CWD-positive animals be recalled if that herd is subsequently found to contain a CWD-positive animal. V. Use in animal feed of material from deer and elk NOT considered at high risk for CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FDA continues to consider materials from deer and elk NOT considered at high risk for CWD to be acceptable for use in NON-RUMINANT animal feeds in accordance with current agency regulations, 21 CFR 589.2000. Deer and elk not considered at high risk include: (1) deer and elk from areas not declared by State officials to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones; and (2) deer and elk that were not at some time during the 60-month period immediately before the time of slaughter in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://www.fda.gov/downlo... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20110210041729/http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/ucm052506.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20110210041729/http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/ucm052506.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">that voluntary mad cow feed ban that became law, how did that work out for us $ </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***e) "Big Jim's" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6; ***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">please note, considering .005 grams is lethal, I do not know how much of this 125 TONS of banned mad cow protein was part of the ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">e) "Big Jim's" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">bbbut, this was about 10 years post mad cow feed ban from 1997. 10 years later, and still feeding banned mad cow protein to cervids??? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">considering that .005 gram is lethal to several bovines, and we know that the oral consumption of CWD tainted products is very efficient mode of transmission of CWD. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALL AL AND FL VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 TONS Products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: August 6, 2006 at 6:16 pm PST </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRODUCT </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">a) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish, Recall # V-100-6; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">b) Performance Sheep Pell W/Decox/A/N, medicated, net wt. 50 lbs, Recall # V-101-6; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">c) Pro 40% Swine Conc Meal -- 50 lb, Recall # V-102-6; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">d) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish Food Medicated, Recall # V-103-6; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***e) "Big Jim's" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6; ***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">f) CO-OP 40% Hog Supplement Medicated Pelleted, Tylosin 100 grams/ton, 50 lb. bag, Recall # V-105-6; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">g) Pig Starter Pell II, 18% W/MCDX Medicated 282020, Carbadox -- 0.0055%, Recall # V-106-6; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">h) CO-OP STARTER-GROWER CRUMBLES, Complete Feed for Chickens from Hatch to 20 Weeks, Medicated, Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate, 25 and 50 Lbs, Recall # V-107-6; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i) CO-OP LAYING PELLETS, Complete Feed for Laying Chickens, Recall # 108-6; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">j) CO-OP LAYING CRUMBLES, Recall # V-109-6; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">k) CO-OP QUAIL FLIGHT CONDITIONER MEDICATED, net wt 50 Lbs, Recall # V-110-6; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">l) CO-OP QUAIL STARTER MEDICATED, Net Wt. 50 Lbs, Recall # V-111-6; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">m) CO-OP QUAIL GROWER MEDICATED, 50 Lbs, Recall # V-112-6 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CODE </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Product manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Alabama Farmers Cooperative, Inc., Decatur, AL, by telephone, fax, email and visit on June 9, 2006. FDA initiated recall is complete. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">REASON </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Animal and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants". </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">125 tons </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DISTRIBUTION </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">AL and FL </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">### </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://www.fda.gov/Safety... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20100120023832/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2006/ucm120413.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20100120023832/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2006/ucm120413.htm</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see more breaches in ruminant aka mad cow feed ban up to 2014 ; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This is a Comment on the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Notice: Agency Information Collection Activities; Proposals, Submissions, and Approvals: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Importation of Animals and Animal Products</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">For related information, Open Docket Folder Docket folder icon </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">--------------------------------------------------------------------------------</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Show agency attachment(s) AttachmentsView All (0) Empty</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">--------------------------------------------------------------------------------</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Comment View document:Docket No. APHIS-2014-0107 Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Importation of Animals and Animal Products Singeltary Submission ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I believe that there is more risk to the world from Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE prion aka mad cow type disease now, coming from the United States and all of North America, than there is risk coming to the USA and North America, from other Countries. I am NOT saying I dont think there is any risk for the BSE type TSE prion coming from other Countries, I am just saying that in 2015, why is the APHIS/USDA/FSIS/FDA still ignoring these present mad cow risk factors in North America like they are not here? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">North America has more strains of TSE prion disease, in more species (excluding zoo animals in the early BSE days, and excluding the Feline TSE and or Canine TSE, because they dont look, and yes, there has been documented evidence and scientific studies, and DEFRA Hound study, that shows the canine spongiform encephalopathy is very possible, if it has not already happened, just not documented), then any other Country in the world. Mink TME, Deer Elk cervid CWD (multiple strains), cBSE cattle, atypical L-type BSE cattle, atypical H-type BSE cattle, atyical HG type BSE cow (the only cow documented in the world to date with this strain), typical sheep goat Scrapie (multiple strains), and the atypical Nor-98 Scrapie, which has been linked to sporadic CJD, Nor-98 atypical Scrapie has spread from coast to coast. sporadic CJD on the rise, with different strains mounting, victims becoming younger, with the latest nvCJD human mad cow case being documented in Texas again, this case, NOT LINKED TO EUROPEAN TRAVEL CDC. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">typical BSE can propagate as nvCJD and or sporadic CJD (Collinge et al), and sporadic CJD has now been linked to atypical BSE, Scrapie and atypical Scrapie, and scientist are very concerned with CWD TSE prion in the Cervid populations. in my opinion, the BSE MRR policy, which overtook the BSE GBR risk assessments for each country, and then made BSE confirmed countries legal to trade mad cow disease, which was all brought forth AFTER that fateful day December 23, 2003, when the USA lost its gold card i.e. BSE FREE status, thats the day it all started. once the BSE MRR policy was shoved down every countries throat by USDA inc and the OIE, then the legal trading of Scrapie was validated to be a legal trading commodity, also shoved through by the USDA inc and the OIE, the world then lost 30 years of attempted eradication of the BSE TSE prion disease typical and atypical strains, and the BSE TSE Prion aka mad cow type disease was thus made a legal trading commodity, like it or not. its all about money now folks, trade, to hell with human health with a slow incubating disease, that is 100% fatal once clinical, and forget the fact of exposure, sub-clinical infection, and friendly fire there from i.e. iatrogenic TSE prion disease, the pass it forward mode of the TSE PRION aka mad cow type disease. its all going to be sporadic CJD or sporadic ffi, or sporadic gss, or now the infamous VPSPr. ...problem solved $$$ </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">the USDA/APHIS/FSIS/FDA triple mad cow BSE firewall, well, that was nothing but ink on paper. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">for this very reason I believe the BSE MRR policy is a total failure, and that this policy should be immediately withdrawn, and set back in place the BSE GBR Risk Assessments, with the BSE GBR risk assessments set up to monitor all TSE PRION disease in all species of animals, and that the BSE GBR risk assessments be made stronger than before. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">lets start with the recent notice that beef from Ireland will be coming to America. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ireland confirmed around 1655 cases of mad cow disease. with the highest year confirming about 333 cases in 2002, with numbers of BSE confirmed cases dropping from that point on, to a documentation of 1 confirmed case in 2013, to date. a drastic decrease in the feeding of cows to cows i.e. the ruminant mad cow feed ban, and the enforcement of that ban, has drastically reduced the number of BSE cases in Europe, minus a few BABs or BARBs. a far cry from the USDA FDA triple BSE firewall, which was nothing more than ink on paper, where in 2007, in one week recall alone, some 10 MILLION POUNDS OF BANNED POTENTIAL MAD COW FEED WENT OUT INTO COMMERCE IN THE USA. this is 10 years post feed ban. in my honest opinion, due to the blatant cover up of BSE TSE prion aka mad cow disease in the USA, we still have no clue as to the true number of cases of BSE mad cow disease in the USA or North America as a whole. ...just saying. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Number of reported cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in farmed cattle worldwide* (excluding the United Kingdom) </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Country/Year </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...please see attached pdf file, with references of breaches in the USA triple BSE mad cow firewalls, and recent science on the TSE prion disease. ...TSS </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Docket No. APHIS-2014-0107 Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Importation of Animals and Animal Products Singeltary Submission View Attachment: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://www.regulations.go...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.reginfo.gov/public/do/DownloadDocument?objectID=54003900" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.reginfo.gov/public/do/DownloadDocument?objectID=54003900</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Competing interests declared: ruminant feed ban for cervids in the United States ? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Posted by flounder on 31 Jan 2015 at 20:14 GMT </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=85351 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">See archived link;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128180140/http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=85351" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160128180140/http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=85351</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">PDF]Freas, William TSS SUBMISSION File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat -</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Page 1. J Freas, William From: Sent: To: Subject: Terry S. Singeltary</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sr. [flounder@wt.net] Monday, January 08, 200l 3:03 PM freas ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20170301223601/https://www.fda.gov/OHRMS/DOCKETS/AC/01/slides/3681s2_09.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20170301223601/https://www.fda.gov/OHRMS/DOCKETS/AC/01/slides/3681s2_09.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Wednesday, May 24, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, United States of America Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Immediate notification</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/125/wahis-woah-oie-immediate-notification" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/125/wahis-woah-oie-immediate-notification</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">May 2, 2023 Singeltary Submission to APHIS et al on BSE;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Docket No. APHIS–2023–0027 Notice of Request for Revision to and Extension of Approval of an Information Collection; National Veterinary Services Laboratories; Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Surveillance Program Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Document APHIS-2023-0027-0001 BSE Singeltary Comment Submission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Greetings again APHIS et al,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I would kindly like to again, post my concern or urgency, on why said information is so critical, and why the 3 year extension is so critical, especially today, with the recent mad cow cases in the UK, Switzerland, Brazil, Spain, and The Netherlands all atypical BSE cases, and the fact the OIE is so concerned with the recent science about atypical L-type BSE and atypical H-type BSE, both of which can transmit orally, (see OIE BSE atypical in my reference materials), new outbreak of a new Prion disease in a new livestock species, i.e. the camel. The fact Chronic Wasted Disease CWD TSE Prion of Cervid, is spreading across the USA, with no stopping it in the near future, now with 10 different strains, a spillover into cattle or sheep would be devastating, and the ramifications of human zoonosis there from, has great concern throughout the scientific community. The fact that the USA BSE feed ban was and is a joke today (see why, with the fact that CWD positive deer could enter the food/feed chain for other ruminants and what the DEFRA says), how the BSE surveillance and testing has failed us so terribly bad to date, by testing only 25k bovines a year for BSE, you will not find BSE until it's too late, again. THIS is all why INFORMATION COLLECTION is so vital for BSE and all human and animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''The purpose of this notice is to solicit comments from the public (as well as affected agencies) concerning our information collection. These comments will help us:''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Evaluate whether the collection of information is necessary for the proper performance of the functions of the Agency, including whether the information will have practical utility;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(2) Evaluate the accuracy of our estimate of the burden of the collection of information, including the validity of the methodology and assumptions used;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(3) Enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be collected; and</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(4) Minimize the burden of the collection of information on those who are to respond, through use, as appropriate, of automated, electronic, mechanical, and other collection technologies; ...end</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The question should be, what will the burden be, if WE DON'T COLLECT SAID INFORMATIONS ON BSE, and we find ourselves again facing a BSE epidemic?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I want to bring your attention too, and emphasize;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(3) Enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be collected; and...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I remember that infamous TEXAS MAD COW that instead of a 48 turnaround at Weybridge, said suspect positive, was declared NEGATIVE, until an Act of Congress and the Honorable Phyllis Fong overrode Texas negative test, sent that BSE sample to Weybridge, and 6 MONTHS LATER ON A 48 HOUR TURNAROUND (BSE REDBOOKS), that BSE sample was CONFIRMED POSITIVE (see history in my references).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Let's not kid ourselves, the BSE ENHANCED BSE SURVEILLANE efforts way back was a total failure, that's why it was shut down, too many atypical BSE cases were showing up.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ONLY by the Grace of God, have we not had a documented BSE outbreak, that and the fact the USDA et al are only testing 25K cattle for BSE, a number too low to find mad cow disease from some 28.9 million beef cows in the United States as of Jan. 1, 2023, down 4% from last year. The number of milk cows in the United States increased to 9.40 million. U.S. calf crop was estimated at 34.5 million head, down 2% from 2021. Jan 31, 2023.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ALL it would take is one BSE positive, yet alone a handful of BSE cases, this is why the Enhanced BSE was shut down, and the BSE testing shut down to 25k, and the BSE GBRs were replaced with BSE MRRs, after the 2003 Christmas Mad cow, the cow that stole Christmas, making it legal to trade BSE, imo.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">THE world was set back to square one with the BSE Minimal Risk Regions, from the BSE GBRs.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WE must enhance our BSE Surveillance and BSE Testing, and the FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED BAN must be revised to include Cervid by-products and SRM, and it should be made MANDATORY, AND THIS SHOULD BE WELL DOCUMENTED with information collection.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">said 'burden' cost, will be a heavy burden to bear, if we fail with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion disease, that is why this information collection is so critical...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary References</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see full submission;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: inherit; outline: none !important;">Notice of Request To Renew an Approved Information Collection: Specified Risk Materials DOCKET NUMBER Docket No. FSIS-2022-0027 Singeltary Submission</span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Greetings FSIS, USDA, et al,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Thank you kindly for allowing the public to comment on ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(a) whether the proposed collection of information is necessary for the proper performance of FSIS’ functions, including whether the information will have practical utility;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(b) the accuracy of FSIS’ estimate of the burden of the proposed collection of information, including the validity of the method and assumptions used;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(c) ways to enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be collected; and</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(d) ways to minimize the burden of the collection of information, including through the use of appropriate automated, electronic, mechanical, or other technological collection techniques, or other forms of information technology.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I will be commenting mostly on a, b, and c, because d, is wanting to minimize the burden of collection, and i do not think that is possible if ''These statutes mandate that FSIS protect the public by verifying that meat, poultry, and egg products are safe, wholesome, and properly labeled and packaged.'', is truly the intent of these statutes, and i would kindly like to explain why, and why it is so critical that these Specified Risk Materials SRM TSE Prion Statues are so important for public health, and WHY there is an urgent need to enhance them, considering the risk factors of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion in Cervid.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">THIS collection of SRM materials information should be done all the time, year after year, and ending it EVER would be foolish, imo, not scientific, and will lead to future risk to public health, if you consider just how bad USDA/FSIS/APHIS/FDA failed so badly with the FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED BAN, the SRM REMOVAL, THE BSE SURVEILLANCE AND TESTING PROGRAMS, THEY FAILED ALL OF THEM TERRIBLY IMO, AND BY CONTINUING TO INSIST ON TESTING 25K CATTLE FOR BSE IS A DISASTER WATING TO HAPPEND IMO!</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SPECIFIED RISK MATERS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Specified Risk Materials SRMs, are the most high risk infectious materials, organs, of a cow that is infected with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy, BSE TSE Prion. the atypical BSE strains are, like atypical L-type BSE are more infectious that the typical C-type BSE. Also, Science of the BSE TSE has evolved to show that there are more infectious tissues and organs than previously thought. I wish to kindly post all this evidence, as to show you why this information collection of SRMs are so vital to public safety, and why they should be enhanced for cattle, cervid, sheep, and goats, oh, and not to forget the new livestock prion disease in camel, the Camel Prion Disease CPD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ONE other thing, you must remember, SCIENCE AND TRANSMISSION STUDIES have now shown that CWD and Scrapie can transmit to PIGS by Oral route. This should be included in any enhancement of the SRM or FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">NOT to forget Zoonosis of all of the above, i will post the latest science to date at the bottom of the attached files.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Thank You, terry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FSIS-2022-0027-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FSIS-2022-0027-0002</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary further comments in attachment;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Specified Risk Materials DOCKET NUMBER Docket No. FSIS-2022-0027 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary Submission Attachment </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/FSIS-2022-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/FSIS-2022-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Monday, December 5, 2022 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Notice of Request To Renew an Approved Information Collection: Specified Risk Materials </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DOCKET NUMBER Docket No. FSIS-2022-0027 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2022/12/notice-of-request-to-renew-approved.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2022/12/notice-of-request-to-renew-approved.html<br style="outline: none !important;" /></a></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 30, 2022 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">USDA Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE, Scrapie, CWD, Testing and Surveillance 2022 A Review of History </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2022/11/usda-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2022/11/usda-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a></div></div></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2017</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, MAY 17, 2017</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD, TSE, PRION, Cattle, Pigs, Sheep, and Humans aka Mad Cow Disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: CWD, TSE, PRION, Cattle, Pigs, Sheep, and Humans aka Mad Cow Disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion to cattle, it's just a matter of time, if TSE Prion feed ban controls (or the lack there of), are not stringently enhanced. </div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">In reported (Sigurdson, 2008; Hamir et al., 2006). It is not known how susceptible humans are to CWD but given that the prion can be present in muscle, it is likely that humans have been exposed to the agent via consumption of venison (Sigurdson, 2008). Initial experimental research, however, suggests that human susceptibility to CWD is low and there may be a robust species barrier for CWD transmission to humans (Sigurdson, 2008). It is apparent, though, that CWD is affecting wild and farmed cervid populations in endemic areas with some deer populations decreasing as a result.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/514401/qra-chronic-wasting-disease.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/514401/qra-chronic-wasting-disease.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Technical Abstract:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***Cattle could be exposed to the agent of chronic wasting disease (CWD) through contact with infected farmed or free-ranging cervids or exposure to contaminated premises. The purpose of this study was to assess the potential for CWD derived from elk to transmit to cattle after intracranial inoculation. Calves (n=14) were inoculated with brain homogenate derived from elk with CWD to determine the potential for transmission and define the clinicopathologic features of disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Cattle were necropsied if clinical signs occurred or at the termination of experiment (49 months post-inoculation (MPI)).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Clinical signs of poor appetite, weight loss, circling, and bruxism occurred in two cattle (14%) at 16 and 17 MPI, respectively.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Accumulation of abnormal prion protein (PrP**Sc) in these cattle was confined to the central nervous system with the most prominent immunoreactivity in midbrain, brainstem, and hippocampus with lesser immunoreactivity in the cervical spinal cord.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** The rate of transmission was lower than in cattle inoculated with CWD derived from mule deer (38%) or white-tailed deer (86%).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Additional studies are required to fully assess the potential for cattle to develop CWD through a more natural route of exposure, but a low rate of transmission after intracranial inoculation suggests that risk of transmission through other routes is low.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***A critical finding here is that if CWD did transmit to exposed cattle, currently used diagnostic techniques would detect and differentiate it from other prion diseases in cattle based on absence of spongiform change, distinct pattern of PrP**Sc deposition, and unique molecular profile.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=277212" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=277212</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Monday, April 04, 2016</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** Limited amplification of chronic wasting disease prions in the peripheral tissues of intracerebrally inoculated cattle ***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">UPDATED CORRESPONDENCE FROM AUTHORS OF THIS STUDY I.E. COLBY, PRUSINER ET AL, ABOUT MY CONCERNS OF THE DISCREPANCY BETWEEN THEIR FIGURES AND MY FIGURES OF THE STUDIES ON CWD TRANSMISSION TO CATTLE ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/04/limited-amplification-of-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/04/limited-amplification-of-chronic.html</a> </div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/05/cwd-tse-prion-cattle-pigs-sheep-and.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/05/cwd-tse-prion-cattle-pigs-sheep-and.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, OCTOBER 16, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of the chronic wasting disease agent from elk to cattle after oronasal exposure </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Price of TSE Prion Poker goes up substantially, all you cattle ranchers and such, better pay close attention here...</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/10/transmission-of-chronic-wasting-disease.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/10/transmission-of-chronic-wasting-disease.html</a></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">NOW, IMO, EVERY WILD HUNTER SHOULD READ THIS, AND WRITE THE SENATOR$$$</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Texas Senator Slams Proposed TPWD Chronic Wasting Disease Rule as 'Draconian'</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“TPWD... should have a balanced approach for CWD with equal treatment of Deer Breeders and wild deer, and not side with one industry over the other,” Hall wrote in a publication issued by his office.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“At a minimum, they must first test each deer and then only kill those that test positive. And should the department continue to kill breeder deer, they should be responsible for the total costs of execution and disposal. Otherwise we will witness the slow death of a vital Texas industry.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://thetexan.news/state/texas-state-news/texas-senator-slams-proposed-tpwd-chronic-wasting-disease-rule-as-draconian/article_00a21560-7811-11ee-b3b7-879914f29064.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://thetexan.news/state/texas-state-news/texas-senator-slams-proposed-tpwd-chronic-wasting-disease-rule-as-draconian/article_00a21560-7811-11ee-b3b7-879914f29064.html</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Powerful Abbott appointee's lobbying sparks blowback in Legislature</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In an ironic twist for Gov. Greg Abbott, who has made ethics reform an urgent political priority, the Texas House is taking aim at what critics call a "pay to play" culture among his appointees.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BY JAY ROOT MAY 12, 2017 12 AM</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Houston billionaire Dan Friedkin is chairman of the Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">When Gov. Greg Abbott tapped one of his top campaign donors to become chairman of the Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission, he didn’t get a part-time appointee who would merely draft rules and implement conservation laws passed by the Legislature.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In Dan Friedkin, the governor got a Houston billionaire — with a team of privately funded lobbyists — willing to use his influence to ensure his wildlife interests are taken into account by the Legislature before they pass those laws, interviews and records show.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">On the receiving end of that influence, and not in a happy way, is state Rep. Chris Paddie, R-Marshall. Paddie said a lobbyist working for Friedkin’s business empire, which includes a massive South Texas hunting ranch, has been working against his deer breeder management bill, which many large ranchers oppose. The state Parks and Wildlife Department oversees deer breeding regulations in Texas.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“Many times these appointees are well-heeled, very influential people,” Paddie said. “Overall, I feel that it’s inappropriate for an appointee of a board or commission to have personal lobbyists lobbying on issues related to that board or commission.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Under Texas law, state agencies are barred from lobbying the Legislature. But the powerful people who oversee them aren’t.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">If Paddie and dozens of his colleagues get their way, that practice soon will be a Class A misdemeanor.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Last weekend, Paddie attached a ban on appointee lobbying — which would apply to any issues intersecting with their state responsibilities — to an ethics bill that already had powerful friends of the governor in its crosshairs. The provision was adopted unanimously and the bill sailed out of the Texas House on a 91-48 vote Saturday.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The ethics bill, authored by Rep. Lyle Larson, R-San Antonio, would bar big campaign donors from getting appointed by governors in the first place. Anyone who contributed over $2,500 would be barred from serving on state boards and commissions.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Larson pointed to news articles documenting the amount of campaign money appointees have collectively given governors. Last year the San Antonio Express-News calculated that Abbott had received nearly $9 million from people he’s picked for appointed office; before that, a widely cited report from Texans for Public Justice found former Gov. Rick Perry had received $17 million from his own appointees.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Larson said 20 years from now, Texans will be reading the same stories about a future governor unless the Legislature does something about it now.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“We’ve read that article for the last three decades,” Larson said during a brief floor speech. “This is your opportunity to say, 'We need to stop this.' The most egregious ethics violation we’ve got in the state is the pay to play in the governor’s office.” </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A prodigious fundraiser, Abbott has put plenty of big donors on prestigious boards and commissions. On the Parks and Wildlife Commission alone, he has installed three mega-donors — pipeline mogul Kelcy Warren, who’s given Abbott more than $800,000 over his statewide political career; Houston businessman S. Reed Morian, who has given $600,000; and Friedkin, who personally donated more than $700,000 — while his Gulf States Toyota PAC gave Abbott another $100,000, according to Ethics Commission records. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Passage of Larson’s HB 3305 represents an ironic twist for Abbott, who for the second session in a row has made ethics reform an urgent political priority — resulting in a bill that's now taking aim at his gubernatorial appointments. Abbott, who has made a habit of ignoring tough questions, hasn't made any public statements about the bill, and his office did not respond to multiple requests for comment.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Friedkin — whose wealth is estimated at $3.4 billion by Forbes — is the owner and CEO of Gulf States Toyota, founded in 1969, which has had the exclusive rights to distribute new Toyotas in Texas and four nearby states. He’d also been a mega-donor to former Gov. Rick Perry, who first appointed Friedkin to the Parks and Wildlife Commission in 2005. Abbott made Friedkin chairman of the commission in 2015.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Requests for comment from Friedkin's office went unanswered.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In addition to his public role as parks and wildlife chairman, a perch that gives him significant influence over deer management issues, Friedkin has private wildlife interests. He owns the sprawling Comanche Ranch in South Texas, according to published news accounts.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The January 2014 edition of Texas Wildlife, published by the Texas Wildlife Association, described Friedkin’s Comanche Ranch as “privately owned and privately hunted” and said it’s “in the business to produce as many trophy bucks as possible, without damaging the native habitat.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The association, which advocates for private landowners and hunting rights, has locked horns with deer breeding interests at Parks and Wildlife and the Capitol. They compete against each other in the lucrative trophy deer hunting market — and the battle between them perennially spills into the rule-making process at the Parks and Wildlife Commission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">One of their battles centers on how captive deer are tagged so that game wardens and others can distinguish them from native deer. Current law requires a combination of tags and tattoos, and the ranchers and large landowners want to keep it that way. The breeders, meanwhile, favor tagging deer with microchips, which they contend are more accurate and foolproof. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Wildlife Association said in a Facebook post that removing visible tag or tattoo requirements and allowing microchip tracking “creates real biosecurity risks and blurs ethical lines in the hunting community, as captive deer breeders are allowed to transport and release these animals to be co-mingled with pasture-born deer.” Proponents of the current system say tough rules on breeders are needed to keep out imported deer that may carry Chronic Wasting Disease, which has been found in Texas.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">On the other side of the issue is the Texas Deer Association, which represents breeder interests. Executive Director Patrick Tarlton said opposition to his $1.6 billion industry stems less from environmental and health concerns and more from wealthy ranch owners who want to boost profits from trophy-seeking hunters. He notes that Chronic Wasting Disease has been found in both free range and captive deer.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Paddie sided with the breeders by filing House Bill 2855, which would allow breeders to track their deer with microchips instead of relying on physical tags that they say can be torn off.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">No one identifying themselves as a Friedkin corporate lobbyist opposed the deer breeding bills during public hearings, according to House and Senate committee records published online.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Behind the scenes, it was a different story. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Paddie said his chief of staff reached out to Laird Doran, one of several lobbyists for Friedkin’s Gulf States Toyota, after hearing that he was trying to convince other legislators to help defeat Paddie's deer microchip bill.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“My chief called him and said, 'Hey, if you’ve got a problem with our bill why aren’t you talking to us?’ ” Paddie said. “He said he represented the Friedkin Group when that happened.” </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">According to an email from an aide to Sen. Craig Estes, R-Wichita Falls, who is carrying the deer breeding bill in the Senate, Doran also identified himself as a representative of the “Friedkin Group.” That’s the name of the consortium that contains Friedkin's Gulf States Toyota, according to the company’s Linked-In page. He told Estes’ aide that the Friedkin group was opposed to any bill that would “remove requirements for (deer) ear tags,” the senator’s office confirmed. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It’s not clear exactly which Friedkin interests Doran was advancing. Doran is registered at the Texas Ethics Commission with a single entity — Gulf States Toyota — and the agency has no record of a lobbyist working for an entity or individual with the name Friedkin in it, the commission confirmed Wednesday afternoon.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">However, Doran checked a variety of non-automotive subject areas in which he is lobbying during this legislative session on behalf of Friedkin’s lucrative distributorship, including “animals,” “parks & wildlife,” “state agencies, boards & commissions,” “environment” and more, his detailed lobby disclosures show.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Doran, director of government relations and senior counsel at the Friedkin Group, did not return phone and email messages left by The Texas Tribune.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Estes said he didn’t have a problem with a governor's appointee engaging in lobbying on issues that affected their private interests, as long as they keep that separate from their state roles. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“I don’t think they should be barred from expressing their views as long as they’re careful to say these are my views, not the views of the agency I’m representing,” Estes said.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">But Tarlton, the deer association director, said Friedkin’s use of lobbyists to oppose deer breeders in the Legislature gives the breeders' opponents a huge advantage.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“I think that if the commissioner of Texas Parks and Wildlife is actively lobbying against an industry which his department directly oversees, it absolutely sets up an unfair and closed system of government,” Tarlton said. “The commission is supposed to be the unbiased and equitable oversight for everything wildlife.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Paddie hopes his amendment to Larsen's ethics bill will even the playing field. He referred to the wealthy Parks and Wildlife chairman (see the 2:29:00 mark in this recorded exchange) when he tacked the appointee-lobbying provision onto Larson’s bill.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Paddie said he’s not singling out anyone. He said it would apply to other powerful gubernatorial appointees in a position to do the same. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“I could have named any number of examples as far as the agencies in particular,” Paddie said. “I want to stop it if anyone serving on any agency is doing this.” </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ryan Murphy contributed to this report.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Disclosure: The Texas Wildlife Association, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and Gulf States Toyota have been financial supporters of The Texas Tribune. A complete list of Tribune donors and sponsors is available here.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.texastribune.org/2017/05/12/powerful-abbott-appointees-lobbying-sparks-blowback-legislature/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.texastribune.org/2017/05/12/powerful-abbott-appointees-lobbying-sparks-blowback-legislature/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">***> NOW, WHAT ABOUT THOSE STRAW BRED BUCKS, 20k STRAWS, JERKING FOR DOLLARS, AND CWD, WHAT IF? <***</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Talk about big bucks: Deer semen donations are fueling South Texas campaign Each deer semen straw — from bucks with names like Gladiator Sunset, Sweet Dreams and Bandit — was assigned a $1,000 value, according to her campaign finance report.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Talk about big bucks: Deer semen donations are fueling South Texas campaign Each deer semen straw — from bucks with names like Gladiator Sunset, Sweet Dreams and Bandit — was assigned a $1,000 value, according to her campaign finance report.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">AUSTIN — Donations of deer semen, one of Texas deer breeders’ most precious commodities, account for more than half of the contributions to a South Texan’s state House campaign.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Each deer semen straw — from bucks with names like Gladiator Sunset, Sweet Dreams and Bandit — was assigned a $1,000 value, according to her campaign finance report. A straw refers to the container of ejaculate that is stored for later use. Breeders market their deers’ antler size and shape as reasons to buy straws from their bucks. Uvalde deer breeder Fred Gonzalez said the donors’ straws went into a semen tank to be sold as one lot at a Texas Deer Association event last month and donated to her campaign.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Gonzalez, the treasurer of the Texas Deer Association, donated one straw to the lot. He said the deer breeding community often donates straws instead of money, although not usually directly to a political campaign.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“Semen is a very common way for us to donate,” he said. “One collection on a buck could lead to 60 straws sometimes. If you have a desirable animal, it’s a way to bring value without breaking the bank.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Texas Deer Association’s political action committee has received $976,025 in deer semen donations between 2006 and 2016. It has given $885,695 to campaigns and interest groups in the same span. According to expenditure reports between 2006 and 2016, the PAC has never given in-kind donations in the form of deer semen. Though the straws donated to Garza were sold at a Texas Deer Association event, the organization’s political action committee did not contribute to her campaign</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Texas Deer Association contributions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The association’s political action committee has contributed $885,695 to campaigns and interest groups between 2006 and 2016. These are the top 10 candidates who have received money.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Candidate Amount</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rep. Ernest Bailes (R) $45,000</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rep. Lyle Larson (R) $26,611</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rep. Lance Gooden (R) $21,250</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">House Speaker Joe Straus (R) $21,000</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Lt. Gov. Dan Patrick (R) $20,000</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Comptroller Glenn Hegar (R) $16,000</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sen. Juan Hinojosa (D) $13,500</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rep. Todd Hunter (R) $13,000</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rep. Ryan Guillen (D) $12,750</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sen. Craig Estes (R) $12,500</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SOURCE: Texas Ethics Commission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.dallasnews.com/news/2018/03/01/talk-about-big-bucks-deer-semen-donations-are-fueling-south-texas-campaign/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.dallasnews.com/news/2018/03/01/talk-about-big-bucks-deer-semen-donations-are-fueling-south-texas-campaign/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Deer semen donations among campaign contributions to South Texas candidate</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Donations were made as part of an auction event</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">By Andrea Zelinski Published 1:26 pm CST, Wednesday, February 28, 2018</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A South Texas candidate for the state House reported $51,000 worth of campaign contributions in deer semen, according to campaign finance reports.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">AUSTIN — Many political candidates accept political gifts like food for events or legal advice for their campaigns, but one candidate from South Texas reported receiving thousands of dollars worth of deer semen.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ana Lisa Garza, a district court judge in Starr County, reported accepting at least 40 semen straws, doses valued at $51,000. According to a report filed with the Texas Ethics Commission, several of the in-kind donations were made as part of a Feb. 10 auction event.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Although deer have been bred for over a century, interest has spiked in recent decades, in part due to interest in a buck named Patrick that was kept as a pet in the Midwest and grew large and unique antlers in the 1980s.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The practice has since grown into a budding industry in Texas. The deer, with their attractive racks, are now largely used for hunting, venison or further breeding.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the filings, the straws are largely named after their sperm donors, including "Mabo Thicket" "Tack Hammer," "Strike Force." Other names of the straws include, "Bambi Chewy."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The economic impact of the deer breeding industry is $349.4 million annually in the state, according to a 2017 study by Texas A&M University. Combined with hunting, the study valued the industry's economic impact at $1.6 billion annually, according to the report.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Texas Deer Association did not respond to requests for comment.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.chron.com/news/politics/texas/article/Deer-semen-among-campaign-contributions-to-South-12717880.php" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.chron.com/news/politics/texas/article/Deer-semen-among-campaign-contributions-to-South-12717880.php</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SUNDAY, AUGUST 02, 2015</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TEXAS CWD, Have you been ThunderStruck, deer semen, straw bred bucks, super ovulation, and the potential TSE Prion connection, what if?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/08/texas-cwd-have-you-been-thunderstruck.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/08/texas-cwd-have-you-been-thunderstruck.html</a> </div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">VETERINARY RESEARCH</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Researchers Find CWD Proteins in Deer Semen</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Mechanisms for transmission of CWD prions among captive or wild cervids are not fully understood. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(John Maday)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">By JOHN MADAY January 14, 2020</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In research with potential implications for cervid breeders and wild herds, scientists have detected the presence of chronic wasting disease (CWD) prions in semen and sexual tissues of prion-infected whitetail deer bucks.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The team of researchers, from the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Colorado State University and USDA/APHIS Veterinary Services published their findings in a report titled “In Vitro detection of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) prions in semen and reproductive tissues of white tailed deer bucks (Odocoileus virginianus),” in the online journal PLOS ONE.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In their report, the researchers note that mechanisms for transmission of CWD prions are not fully understood, and previous research has not explored the presence of the prions in semen or sexual tissues in deer.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The team collected post-mortem samples from farmed pre-clinical, CWD positive WTD bucks, and analyzed them using Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) technology.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Overall CWD detection in these samples had a sensitivity of 59.3%, with a specificity of 97.2%. Results indicate high prevalence, 80 to 100% depending on the sample type, of CWD prions in male sexual organs and fluids in late stage, pre-clinical, CWD-infected deer. Improved PCMA technology with ultra-high sensitivity helped the researchers detect low levels of CWD prions in brain and lymph tissues, allowing them to identify animals with pre-clinical infections, and detect the prions in semen and sexual tissues.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Previous studies have shown that infected animals can shed CWD prions into the environment through urine, feces and saliva. The researchers note that progressive accumulation of prions in the environment by shedding, carcasses decomposition and other tissue sources over time, coupled with the prion’s environmental persistence and resistance to degradation “make a compelling argument as to the role of the environment contamination in CWD transmission in both natural and captive settings.” They suspect though, that other mechanisms are involved, including sporadic CWD cases, translocation of the infectious agent by scavengers, vertical transmission from mother to offspring, and potentially, transmission through sexual contact.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Based on their results, the researchers confirmed the presence of CWD prions in semen and male sexual tissues in CWD-infected deer. They note a need for additional experiments in live deer to determine whether CWD can be transmitted by breeding practices including sexual contacts or artificial insemination. Managers of captive cervid herds commonly exchange semen between herds for use in their breeding programs.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Read the full report from the peer-reviewed, open-access journal PLOS ONE.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0226560#sec007" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0226560#sec007</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">For more on CWD research, see these articles from BovineVetOnline</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.bovinevetonline.com/news/veterinary-research/researchers-find-cwd-proteins-deer-semen" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.bovinevetonline.com/news/veterinary-research/researchers-find-cwd-proteins-deer-semen</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">PMCA successfully detected CWD-prions in a diverse array of samples including blood, semen, feces, obex, retropharyngeal lymph node, fetuses (neural and peripheral tissues) and gestational tissues, parasites-insects, plants, compost-soil mixtures, and swabs from trash containers.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Importantly, our findings identified CWD in areas previously considered to be free of CWD. Overall, our findings demonstrate that PMCA is a powerful technique for the screening of biological and environmental samples, and it may prove useful as a CWD management and surveillance tool.</div></div><p class="ydp1c57bc29yiv1534490491ydp9624c983yiv1716088967ydpf4e8e150yiv4487014374ydp6aeb2d35yiv0409662753ydpb7785fd5yiv1668945118ydpb5354517yiv2248494667ydp2099043cyiv4704437803p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp1c57bc29yiv1534490491ydp9624c983yiv1716088967ydpf4e8e150yiv4487014374ydp6aeb2d35yiv0409662753ydpb7785fd5yiv1668945118ydpb5354517yiv2248494667ydp2099043cyiv4704437803s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important;"></span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></p><p class="ydp1c57bc29yiv1534490491ydp9624c983yiv1716088967ydpf4e8e150yiv4487014374ydp6aeb2d35yiv0409662753ydpb7785fd5yiv1668945118ydpb5354517yiv2248494667ydp2099043cyiv4704437803p1" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp1c57bc29yiv1534490491ydp9624c983yiv1716088967ydpf4e8e150yiv4487014374ydp6aeb2d35yiv0409662753ydpb7785fd5yiv1668945118ydpb5354517yiv2248494667ydp2099043cyiv4704437803s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true</a></span></p></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Published: 15 September 2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Detection of CWD prions in naturally infected white-tailed deer fetuses and gestational tissues by PMCA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Francisca Bravo-Risi, Paulina Soto, Thomas Eckland, Robert Dittmar, Santiago Ramírez, Celso S. G. Catumbela, Claudio Soto, Mitch Lockwood, Tracy Nichols & Rodrigo Morales Scientific Reports volume 11, Article number: 18385 (2021) Cite this article</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prevalent prion disease affecting cervids. CWD is thought to be transmitted through direct animal contact or by indirect exposure to contaminated environmental fomites. Other mechanisms of propagation such as vertical and maternal transmissions have also been suggested using naturally and experimentally infected animals. Here, we describe the detection of CWD prions in naturally-infected, farmed white-tailed deer (WTD) fetal tissues using the Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) technique. Prion seeding activity was identified in a variety of gestational and fetal tissues. Future studies should demonstrate if prions present in fetuses are at sufficient quantities to cause CWD after birth. This data confirms previous findings in other animal species and furthers vertical transmission as a relevant mechanism of CWD dissemination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Here, we report the presence of seeding competent CWD prions in fetal tissues collected from naturally prion-infected farmed WTD does using PMCA. The results presented in this article confirm the presence of CWD prions in fetal tissues from naturally infected farmed WTD dams suggesting that CWD could be transferred from mother to offspring.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Discussion CWD is rapidly expanding in both captive and wild cervid populations. While direct animal contact and environmental contamination provide reasonable explanations on how this disease is transmitted, evidence involving fetal infection and maternal exposure suggest that these routes may be relevant for disease transmission. Offspring from scrapie-infected sheep has been described as being at increased risk of developing prion disease32. Similar outcomes have been described for farmed elk41 and experimentally infected muntjac deer31. Relevant evidence supporting maternal-offspring CWD transmission include prion seeding activity identified in placenta and gestational fluids from pregnant elk and muntjac deer29,30. Importantly, prion detection has been identified in fetal tissues from elk30. Controlled experimental conditions in muntjac deer demonstrate that mother-to-offspring transmission is possible for CWD31. Our results show that fetal tissues collected from naturally infected CWD-positive asymptomatic farmed WTD females contain seeding competent prions. This suggests that mother-to-offspring prion transmission is a common feature of CWD across different cervid species.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In this report, we communicate the screening of 19 fetal and gestational tissues and fluids for the detection of CWD prions. Relevant CWD positive fetal tissues include liver, kidney, and lymphoid and reproductive tissues. The case of liver and kidney is interesting, as prion accumulation in these tissues is not observed by IHC in adult CWD-symptomatic animals5. The presence of CWD prions in fetuses’ sexual tissues is also interesting, especially considering our previous report showing that prion seeding activity is present in the testes of CWD-infected WTD bucks only at the late pre-symptomatic stages35. On the contrary, the identification of CWD prions in a large proportion of lymphoid tissues is in alignment with the expected pathophysiology of prions observed in adult animals2. This finding suggests that the tropism of infectious prions in lymphoid organs occurs even at fetal stages. However, the results presented in this article do not allow us to conclude whether CWD prions present in fetal tissues came from the mothers through circulation or were generated de novo in the fetuses. The poor detection of CWD prions in fetal brains strongly supports the idea that neuroinvasion (ergo, prion replication) does not occur at fetal stages.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PMCA can detect prions at sub-infectious levels34,42,43,44 and CWD prion amplification by PMCA is able to catch sub-infectious PrPSc quantities in the first round6,35. Whether CWD prions present in fetal tissues exist in quantities large enough to induce clinical CWD after birth cannot be concluded from our results. Previous results in goats show that embryo transfer from infected to naïve females failed to transmit prion disease to offspring28, suggesting that if prions in sheep and goat embryos contain prions, they are present in sub-infectious quantities. Nevertheless, it is important to acknowledge that embryos described in those studies were exposed to a prion-infected environment for a restricted time, and either prion absorption and replication by embryos may be limited. The latter assumption is supported by the fact that recipient females were not infected28. Nonetheless, similar studies in sheep demonstrated that in utero prion transmission is possible45. The presence of prion infectivity in mammary glands, colostrum and milk of sheep suggest that transmission can also occur after birth46,47,48,49. Future studies detecting prions in mammary glands and milk of deer does will help us to evaluate the different possible scenarios in which CWD can be transmitted from mother to offspring (i.e., in utero vs. milking/nursing). Research in this area is relevant considering that wild WTD CWD-positive does seems more likely to be parents compared to their CWD-negative counterparts50.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The results presented in this study show that CWD prions exist in WTD fetuses from naturally infected does. Whether prions in fetal tissues are enough to sustain infectivity after birth, as well as descriptions of the mechanisms governing mother-to-offspring CWD transmission in cervids, should be clarified in future studies. These studies should include the screening of larger number of samples collected from wild and farmed animals affected by different strains of CWD prions, bioassays in susceptible mice to measure infectivity titers, and controlled experiments using pregnant/CWD-infected WTD females.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-97737-y" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-97737-y</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">14 Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) as an ultra-sensitive technique for the screening of CWD prions in different sample types.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PMCA successfully detected CWD-prions in a diverse array of samples including blood, semen, feces, obex, retropharyngeal lymph node, fetuses (neural and peripheral tissues) and gestational tissues, parasites-insects, plants, compost-soil mixtures, and swabs from trash containers.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Importantly, our findings identified CWD in areas previously considered to be free of CWD. Overall, our findings demonstrate that PMCA is a powerful technique for the screening of biological and environmental samples, and it may prove useful as a CWD management and surveillance tool.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P74 High Prevalence of CWD prions in male reproductive samples</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The results showed positive CWD prion detection in testes, epididymis and seminal fluid samples. A high prevalence of CWD-PrPSc was found in samples collected at the late-presymptomatic stage of the disease. Our results showed a correlation between the presence of CWD-PrPSc in male reproductive organs and blood. These findings demonstrate a high efficiency of CWD prion detection by PMCA in testes, epididymis and seminal fluid, and offer a possibility for a routine screening of semen samples to be commercially distributed for artificial insemination. Our results may uncover new opportunities to understand the mechanisms of CWD spreading and decrease putative inter-individual transmission associated to insemination using CWD contaminated specimens.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191031195926/https://prion2018.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/program.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20191031195926/https://prion2018.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/program.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PLoS One. 2019; 14(12): e0226560. Published online 2019 Dec 30. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226560</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PMCID: PMC6936793PMID: 31887141</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In Vitro detection of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) prions in semen and reproductive tissues of white tailed deer bucks (Odocoileus virginianus)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our findings reveal the presence of CWD prions in semen and sexual tissues of prion infected WTD bucks. Future studies will be necessary to determine whether sexual contact and/or artificial inseminations are plausible means of CWD transmission in susceptible animal species.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6936793/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6936793/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Very low oral exposure to prions of brain or saliva origin can transmit chronic wasting disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We report that oral exposure to as little as 300 nanograms (ng) of CWD-positive brain or to saliva containing seeding activity equivalent to 300 ng of CWD-positive brain, were sufficient to transmit CWD disease. This was true whether the inoculum was administered as a single bolus or divided as three weekly 100 ng exposures. However, when the 300 ng total dose was apportioned as 10, 30 ng doses delivered over 12 weeks, no infection occurred. While low-dose exposures to prions of brain or saliva origin prolonged the time from inoculation to first detection of infection, once infection was established, we observed no differences in disease pathogenesis. These studies suggest that the CWD minimum infectious dose approximates 100 to 300 ng CWD-positive brain (or saliva equivalent), and that CWD infection appears to conform more with a threshold than a cumulative dose dynamic.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32817706/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32817706/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Study raises possibility of sexual spread of CWD in deer</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stephanie Soucheray | News Reporter | CIDRAP News January 17, 2020 Chronic Wasting Disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/chronic-wasting-disease/study-raises-possibility-sexual-spread-cwd-deer" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/chronic-wasting-disease/study-raises-possibility-sexual-spread-cwd-deer</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">SUNDAY, JANUARY 22, 2017 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Texas 85th Legislative Session 2017 Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Cervid Captive Breeder Industry </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/01/texas-85th-legislative-session-2017.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/01/texas-85th-legislative-session-2017.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, JANUARY 27, 2017 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TEXAS, Politicians, TAHC, TPWD, and the spread of CWD TSE Prion in Texas </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/01/texas-politicians-tahc-tpwd-and-spread.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/01/texas-politicians-tahc-tpwd-and-spread.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SUNDAY, MAY 14, 2017 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">85th Legislative Session 2017 AND THE TEXAS TWO STEP Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion, and paying to play $$$</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/05/85th-legislative-session-2017-and-texas.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/05/85th-legislative-session-2017-and-texas.html</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, AUGUST 02, 2016 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TEXAS TPWD Sets Public Hearings on Deer Movement Rule Proposals in Areas with CWD Rule Terry S. Singeltary Sr. comment submission </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/08/texas-tpwd-sets-public-hearings-on-deer.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/08/texas-tpwd-sets-public-hearings-on-deer.html</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SUNDAY, MAY 22, 2016 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TEXAS CWD DEER BREEDERS PLEA TO GOVERNOR ABBOTT TO CIRCUMVENT TPWD SOUND SCIENCE TO LET DISEASE SPREAD </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/05/texas-cwd-deer-breeders-plea-to.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/05/texas-cwd-deer-breeders-plea-to.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Wednesday, May 04, 2016 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TPWD proposes the repeal of §§65.90 -65.94 and new §§65.90 -65.99 Concerning Chronic Wasting Disease - Movement of Deer Singeltary Comment Submission </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/05/tpwd-proposes-repeal-of-6590-6594-and_4.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/05/tpwd-proposes-repeal-of-6590-6594-and_4.html</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Texas 84th Legislative Session Sunday, December 14, 2014 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** TEXAS 84th Legislature commencing this January, deer breeders are expected to advocate for bills that will seek to further deregulate their industry </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/12/texas-84th-legislature-commencing-this.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/12/texas-84th-legislature-commencing-this.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, DECEMBER 16, 2014 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Texas 84th Legislature 2015 H.R. No. 2597 Kuempel Deer Breeding Industry TAHC TPWD CWD TSE PRION </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/12/texas-84th-legislature-2015-hr-no-2597.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/12/texas-84th-legislature-2015-hr-no-2597.html</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><p class="ydp1c57bc29yiv1534490491ydp9624c983yiv1716088967ydp8555fd9dyiv6760349735MsoNormal" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; outline: none !important;">Proposed Amendments to Disease Management and Response Regulations Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Singeltary Updated Submission October 20, 2023</span></p></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/10/proposed-amendments-to-disease_20.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/10/proposed-amendments-to-disease_20.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><div style="color: #111111; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important;">***> TEXAS HISTORY OF CWD <***</div><div style="color: #111111; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #111111; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Singeltary telling TAHC, that CWD was waltzing into Texas from WSMR around Trans Pecos region, starting around 2001, 2002, and every year, there after, until New Mexico finally shamed TAHC et al to test where i had been telling them to test for a decade. 2012 cwd was detected first right there where i had been trying to tell TAHC for 10 years. </div><div style="color: #111111; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #111111; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important;">***> Singeltary on Texas Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion History <***</div><div style="color: #111111; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #111111; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/08/texas-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/08/texas-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html</a> </div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, JUNE 27, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">USAHA Report of the Subcommittee on Farmed Cervidae CWD TSE Prion Herds 2015 to 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/06/usaha-report-of-subcommittee-on-farmed.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/06/usaha-report-of-subcommittee-on-farmed.html</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/128/usaha-reports-farmed-cervidae-herds" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/128/usaha-reports-farmed-cervidae-herds</a></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 01, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">TEXAS CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE RISES SUBSTANTIALLY TO 575+ CONFIRMED CWD CASES TO DATE<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/11/texas-chronic-wasting-disease-rises.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/11/texas-chronic-wasting-disease-rises.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;">THURSDAY, DECEMBER 7, 2023</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Cervid Update By State December 2023 (Long Version)</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;">(Short Version)</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion_7.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion_7.html</a></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr., Bacliff, Texas USA 77518 flounder9@verizon.net</div></div></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;" /></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37946824.post-57367536536073221372023-12-01T14:08:00.006-06:002023-12-01T14:08:46.349-06:00TPWD Chronic Wasting Disease Detected at Kerr Wildlife Management Area Captive Deer Research Facility<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Chronic Wasting Disease Detected at Kerr Wildlife Management Area Captive Deer Research Facility</span></p><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Dec. 1, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Media Contact: TPWD News, Business Hours, 512-389-8030</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">AUSTIN — Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) biologists have reported a suspect-positive case of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in a 14-month-old captive male white-tailed deer at the Kerr Wildlife Management Area (WMA) research facility. The detection resulted from ante-mortem testing conducted on all captive white-tailed deer as part of ongoing research. Samples from the buck were sent to the National Veterinary Service Laboratory in Iowa for confirmation.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Out of an abundance of caution, TPWD staff euthanized all deer in the research facility and collected post-mortem samples, which resulted in no additional detections. TPWD will continue monitoring for CWD throughout the research facility and the WMA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“TPWD staff are disappointed to abruptly end nearly 50 years of white-tailed deer research that has significantly influenced deer management in Texas and across the country” said John Silovsky, Wildlife Division Director. “Staff will continue to investigate opportunities to enhance the understanding of this insidious disease in both captive environments and free-ranging populations.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Built in 1974, the high-fenced research facility offers researchers facilities to study white-tailed deer in a controlled setting. The 23-acre facility now is double high fenced and consists of breeding and rearing enclosures, and a series of other structures that facilitate the safe handling of research animals.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The initial stock of deer in the research facility consisted of native Texas whitetails obtained from various locations throughout the state. TPWD did not routinely move deer into or out of the facility after that initial stocking.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The research herd has been maintained as a pedigreed herd investigating nutritional, age and genetic relationships in deer. Research programs in the facility have supported wild deer herd management activities, outreach programs, trainings and the development of antler regulations across the state.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Kerr WMA has conducted CWD surveillance of its wild and captive deer herds since 2002. Surveillance efforts within the research facility totaled 242 regulatory tests since 2018. Wild deer harvested on the WMA through the public hunting program and field research since 2018 have provided an additional 259 regulatory tests with no detections.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TPWD has intensified its investigations within the facility for the presence of CWD prions since May 8, when the agency received conflicting results —from a presumptive positive RT-QuIC amplification test and not-detected regulatory tests— on a female deer euthanized in January of this year. Assessments within the facility this summer included surveillance with swabs of equipment, water and feed sites paired with targeted euthanasia and tissue testing. Subsequent amplification and regulatory tests confirmed not-detected results on the 66 deer postmortem tested, as part of the investigation. Remaining individuals in the facility were screened with ante-mortem tonsil and rectal biopsies in October resulting in the positive detection from a tonsil biopsy on the 14-month-old male.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD is a fatal neurological disease found in certain cervids including deer, elk, moose and other members of the deer family. This slow, progressive disease may not produce visible signs in susceptible species for several years after infection. As the disease process continues, animals with CWD may show changes in behavior and appearance. Clinical signs may include progressive weight loss, stumbling or tremors with a lack of coordination, loss of appetite, teeth grinding, abnormal head posture and/or drooping ears, and excessive thirst, salivation or urination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD has an incubation period that can span years, so the first indication of the disease in a herd is often found through surveillance testing rather than observed clinical signs. Early detection and proactive monitoring improve the state’s response time to the detection of CWD and can greatly reduce the risk of further disease spread. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In Texas, the disease was first discovered in 2012 in free-ranging mule deer along a remote area of the Hueco Mountains near the Texas-New Mexico border. CWD has since been detected in Texas captive and free-ranging cervids, including white-tailed deer, mule deer, red deer and elk.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">For more information on previous detections in Texas and CWD best management practices for hunters and landowners, visit TPWD’s CWD page. For more information about the Kerr WMA and research projects visit Kerr WMA web page.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/newsmedia/releases/?req=20231201a&utm_campaign=govdelivery-email&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/newsmedia/releases/?req=20231201a&utm_campaign=govdelivery-email&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">very sad TPWD et al, but keep up the good work trying to detect and contain CWD...terry</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">HERE IS some previous suspect deer there i ask about in August 2023;</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">***>I recommend you send questions to WL.Health@tpwd.texas.gov and our knowledge experts can respond to you. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Greetings TPWD et al, I have followed Cwd, BSE, Scrapie, Camel Prion Disease, CJD, closely since 1997, and every deer in Texas that had CWD since 2012, Mule deer. The travesty of the junk science the breeders are throwing out on cwd is almost comical, if not for the seriousness of Cwd. I keep hearing about a Deer at Kerr WMA, all these breeders keep asking about. Now I read a while back about Kerr WMA, that there was a false positive cwd, that was followed by two negative tests, so this deer was negative, but I have no confirmation on this. Could you please confirm or deny this please, and give me a bit of background on this? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Thank you kindly for all the hard work you are doing trying to contain this monster… </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Kindest regards, terry Terry S. Singeltary Sr. flounder9@verizon.com</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">On Aug 1, 2023, at 12:19 PM, WL Health <WL.Health@tpwd.texas.gov> wrote: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Hello sir, please see below for the background you are looking for. In the case of the Kerr WMA, included are 2 statements written by TPWD as the situation unfolded and the course of action taken by test type and subsequent results. These include the dates they were prepared as well. Currently the facility, as stated below, is conducting further testing out of an abundance of caution. June 8, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TPWD is continuing to investigate a test result on a white-tailed deer at the Kerr Wildlife Management Area. Researchers working with TPWD have reported a CWD-positive test result on the deer, produced by an experimental test not yet validated by USDA. However, this result conflicts with a “not-detected” test result from the same animal using a USDA-validated test. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TPWD has now received additional test results, using immunohistochemistry (IHC) testing, from Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory (TVMDL). The results came back “Not Detected.” </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Additional analysis is still being conducted to compare results.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TPWD is investigating this case, which involves one deer. The suspect and unofficial CWD-positive detection resulted from an RT-QuIC test, an experimental assay that shows some promise as a more sensitive CWD detection technique that can be used on a wider range of tissues than other available methods of detection. The “not-detected” test result was produced using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). ELISA is a USDA-validated immunological test administered by Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory. Out of an abundance of caution and to reconcile the different test results, TPWD is seeking further tissue testing and in the meantime is treating the facility with a high standard of precautionary measures. All deer from this CWD research project were euthanized at the end of the project and tested for CWD as part of established research protocol. All other deer tested “not detected” for CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Since 1974, TPWD has maintained the closed, pedigreed white-tailed deer herd at Kerr WMA for controlled studies on age, nutrition and genetics, providing results to stakeholders for management of wild deer herds. TPWD continues to operate the facility to share results with stakeholders for research and demonstration purposes and does not routinely move deer into or out of the facility. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">6-28-2023 Update The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) has received additional test results on a suspect CWD-positive white-tailed deer at the Kerr Wildlife Management Area (WMA). Researchers working with TPWD originally reported a suspect CWD-positive test result on the deer, produced by an RT-QuIC test, an experimental test not yet validated by USDA. However, this result conflicted with two “Not-Detected” test results from the same animal using USDA-validated tests, from Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory. Further testing on lymph nodes and brain tissue from the suspect animal utilizing protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) testing, a technique similar to RT-QuIC, have been performed and reported with “Not Detected” results. Out of an abundance of caution, TPWD is pursuing further testing in the facility and maintaining biosecurity measures. All deer from this CWD research project were euthanized at the end of the project and tested for CWD as part of established research protocol. All other deer tested “Not Detected” for CWD. The facility performs CWD testing on mortalities and euthanized individuals as part of routine protocols. Since 1974, TPWD has maintained the closed, pedigreed white-tailed deer herd at Kerr WMA for controlled studies on age, nutrition, and genetics, providing results to stakeholders for management of wild deer herds. TPWD does not routinely move deer into or out of the facility. </div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">end...personal communication...terry</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Texas CWD Surveillance Positives (please note, TPWD CWD POSITIVE Tracking page is outdated again)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/positive-cases/listing-cwd-cases-texas.phtml#texasCWD" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/positive-cases/listing-cwd-cases-texas.phtml#texasCWD</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Counties where CWD Exposed Deer were Released</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/257/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/257/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Number of CWD Exposed Deer Released by County</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/258/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites-NbrDeer.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/258/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites-NbrDeer.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD Captive Herds updated April 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/cervid/cervids-cwd/cervids-voluntary-hcp" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/cervid/cervids-cwd/cervids-voluntary-hcp</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD Captive Herds updated April 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE PrP in Texas</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/b93f528938ac48e9b56dcc79953cbec0" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/b93f528938ac48e9b56dcc79953cbec0</a></div></div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 17, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">TAHC Chronic Wasting Disease Detected in Cherokee County Deer Breeding Facility<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/11/tahc-chronic-wasting-disease-detected.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/11/tahc-chronic-wasting-disease-detected.html</a></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 01, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">TEXAS CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE RISES SUBSTANTIALLY TO 575 CONFIRMED CWD CASES TO DATE<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/11/texas-chronic-wasting-disease-rises.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/11/texas-chronic-wasting-disease-rises.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 28, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">EFSA TSE Report 2022 First published 28 November 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The European Union summary report on surveillance for the presence of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) in 2022</div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2023/11/efsa-tse-report-2022-first-published-28.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2023/11/efsa-tse-report-2022-first-published-28.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr. </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37946824.post-15052414160196596932023-11-22T14:29:00.005-06:002023-11-22T14:29:46.580-06:00North Carolina Wildlife Agency Confirms First Case of CWD in Franklin County<p>North Carolina Wildlife Agency Confirms First Case of CWD in Franklin County</p><div style="outline: none !important;">Wildlife Agency Confirms First Case of CWD in Franklin County, North Carolina</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">21 November 2023Number of views: 837</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission (NCWRC) confirms a 2.5-year-old female white-tailed deer harvested in Franklin County has tested positive for Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD). The deer was hunter-harvested during firearms season and represents the first detection of the disease in Franklin County. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD is transmissible to other deer and spreads through infected saliva, urine and feces of live deer and the movement of infected deer carcasses and carcass parts. During early stages of infection, deer may appear healthy, therefore, NCWRC stresses to hunters the importance of taking precautions when transporting or disposing of deer carcasses as this may lead to moving CWD to new locations. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">NCWRC is collecting important data related to the distribution of the disease, due primarily to the cooperation of hunters who have submitted samples for testing of the disease. NCWRC’s Wildlife Management Division Chief, Brad Howard, said this new detection in yet another county further from the initial detections is disappointing, but illustrates that efforts to determine the extent of the disease in North Carolina are working. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“I want to point out that this detection in Franklin County, along with the last two unexpected CWD positive cases we detected in Johnston and Cumberland counties, doesn’t necessarily mean that CWD is spreading rapidly across the state,” says Howard “More likely it means that all the sample submissions we are getting from hunters is really helping to find the places where CWD has already gotten a foothold in the state. It’s likely that it’s been in these places for a few years and had not been detected. I’d rather CWD not be here at all, but if it is here, I’m glad we are finding out about it as soon as possible. My hat’s off to all the cooperating hunters, cervid health cooperators, and the hard work of all our employees in the field.” </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“As we continue to find the disease in new counties, hunters should be aware that CWD could be anywhere. We need to continue to test as many hunter-harvested deer as possible to determine the distribution of CWD in our state,” said Howard. “It is also essential that we understand how important it is to safely dispose of deer carcasses. Deer hunters must be vigilant and mindful of carcass disposal. The last thing we want to do is inadvertently move it to yet another new location. We continue to stress don’t give it a ride.” </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Howard confirmed that the current Surveillance Areas in the northwest and southeast portions of the state will remain unchanged. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“Franklin County will become a primary county, but not until next year. As with the detection earlier this season in Johnston County, the realities of establishing rules and ensuring hunters are aware of the changes during an open hunting season are challenging, therefore the rules will not change this season for Franklin County,” said Howard. Hunters should still be mindful of this new confirmed detection and follow NCWRC’s carcass transportation and disposal guidelines to prevent the potential spread of the disease to other locations. NCWRC also recommends hunters submit deer harvested in Franklin and surrounding counties for testing. Hunters can use NCWRC’s interactive map for information on testing locations. Additional locations will be added to the map throughout the hunting season. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">NCWRC recommends that whole deer carcasses and high-risk carcass parts remain in Franklin County or be taken to a processor or taxidermist participating in the NCWRC’s Cervid Health Cooperator Program for proper carcass disposal and test submission. Hunters should follow one of the following disposal methods if not taken to a Cervid Health Cooperator: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Bury the deer remains where you harvest the animal when possible. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Double bag deer remains for disposal at the closest landfill. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Leave the deer remains on the ground where the animal was harvested. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Low-risk carcass parts, including boned-out meat, caped hides, antlers and cleaned skulls, cleaned jawbones and teeth, and finished taxidermy products are safe for transportation to areas outside of Franklin County. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To learn more about CWD and NCWRC’s response, visit ncwildlife.org/CWD and visit ncwildlife.org. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">About the N.C. Wildlife Resources Commission </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Since 1947, the N.C. Wildlife Resources Commission has been dedicated to the conservation and sustainability of the state’s fish and wildlife resources through research, scientific management, wise use and public input. The Commission is the state regulatory agency responsible for the enforcement of fishing, hunting, trapping and boating laws and provides programs and opportunities for wildlife-related educational, recreational and sporting activities. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Get N.C. Wildlife Update — news including season dates, bag limits, legislative updates and more — delivered free to your Inbox from the N.C. Wildlife Resources Commission. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncwildlife.org/Connect-With-Us/wildlife-agency-confirms-first-case-of-cwd-in-franklin-county-north-carolina" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncwildlife.org/Connect-With-Us/wildlife-agency-confirms-first-case-of-cwd-in-franklin-county-north-carolina</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Wildlife Agency Confirms First Case of CWD in Johnston County, North Carolina</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">13 October 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Wildlife Agency Confirms First Case of CWD in Johnston County, North Carolina</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Wildlife Commission has confirmed the first case of a CWD-positive deer in Johnston County.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">RALEIGH, NC (October 13, 2023) – The North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission (NCWRC) confirms a 3 1/2-year-old female white-tailed deer harvested in Johnston County has tested positive for Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD). The deer was hunter-harvested during archery season and represents the first detection of the disease in Johnston County since the state’s first recorded case of CWD in March 2022. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD is highly transmissible to other deer. It spreads through infected saliva, urine and feces of live deer and the movement of deer carcasses and carcass parts. During early stages of infection, deer may appear healthy, therefore, NCWRC stresses to hunters the importance of taking precautions when transporting or disposing of deer carcasses as this may lead to moving CWD to new locations. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">NCWRC’s Wildlife Management Division Chief, Brad Howard, said, although a new detection in yet another county is disappointing, it illustrates that efforts to determine the extent of the disease in North Carolina are working, including the cooperation from hunters who have submitted samples for testing of the disease. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“Now more than ever we need the cooperation of sportsmen and sportswomen. We need to continue to test as many hunter-harvested deer as possible to determine the distribution of CWD in our state and how many deer are infected,” said Howard. “It is also essential that we understand how important it is to safely dispose of deer carcasses. Deer hunters must be vigilant and mindful of carcass disposal. The last thing we want to do is inadvertently move it to a new location. We continue to stress to "don't give it a ride." </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Howard confirmed that the current Surveillance Areas in the northwest and southeast portions of the state will remain unchanged. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“Johnston County will become a primary county. However, the realities of establishing rules and ensuring hunters are aware of the changes during an open hunting season are challenging, and so the rules will not change for this season for Johnston County,” said Howard. Hunters should still be mindful of this new confirmed detection and follow NCWRC’s carcass transportation and disposal guidelines to prevent the potential spread of the disease to other locations. NCWRC also recommends hunters submit deer harvested in Johnston and surrounding counties for testing. Hunters can use NCWRC’s interactive map for information on testing locations. Additional locations will be added to the map throughout the hunting season. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">NCWRC recommends that whole deer carcasses and high-risk carcass parts remain in Johnston County or be taken to a processor or taxidermist participating in the NCWRC’s Cervid Health Cooperator Program in an adjacent county for proper carcass disposal and test submission. Hunters should follow one of the following disposal methods if not taken to a Cervid Health Cooperator: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Bury the deer remains where you harvest the animal when possible. Double bag deer remains for disposal at the closest landfill. Leave the deer remains on the ground where the animal was harvested. Low-risk carcass parts, including boned-out meat, caped hides, antlers and cleaned skulls, cleaned jawbones and teeth, and finished taxidermy products are safe for transportation to areas outside of Johnston County. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To learn more about CWD and NCWRC’s response, visit ncwildlife.org/CWD. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncwildlife.org/Connect-With-Us/wildlife-agency-confirms-first-case-of-cwd-in-johnston-county-north-carolina" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncwildlife.org/Connect-With-Us/wildlife-agency-confirms-first-case-of-cwd-in-johnston-county-north-carolina</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">North Carolina Wildlife Commission Announces First Chronic Wasting Disease CWD-Positive TSE PrP Deer</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Wildlife Commission Announces First CWD-Positive Deer in North Carolina</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Agency officials confirmed Chronic Wasting Disease found in Yadkin County</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">31 March 2022Number of views: 1</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">RALEIGH, N.C. (March 31, 2022) – Officials with the N.C. Wildlife Resources Commission announced today that a sample collected from a hunter-harvested, white-tailed deer in Yadkin County has tested positive for Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD). This is the first case of CWD detected in North Carolina’s deer herd and was confirmed by the National Veterinary Services Laboratory in Ames, Iowa.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The deer was harvested in northern Yadkin County in December 2021. The sample was sent in by a taxidermist through a cooperator program established by the Wildlife Commission. Wildlife Commission staff ramped up testing this past season and collected over 7,200 samples from cooperators and hunters due to the discovery of a CWD-positive deer 33 miles away from the North Carolina border last year in Montgomery County, Virginia.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“We are appreciative of all the cooperating taxidermists, meat processors and hunters that have helped us with our CWD surveillance,” said Brad Howard, chief of Wildlife Commission’s Wildlife Management Division. “Their diligence helped us to detect the presence of CWD now, which is much better than if the disease had gone undetected. Now that we know the disease is in North Carolina we will implement our CWD Response Plan to help slow the spread of CWD while preserving our deer herd and deer hunting tradition.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">While there has been only one confirmed positive to date, the Wildlife Commission continues to receive results from this year’s testing. At this time, the agency has received results from 60% (4,287) of all samples submitted, and 76% (626) of results from a four-county focal area (Alleghany, Surry, Stokes, and Rockingham) that was initiated because of the 2021 Virginia CWD-positive deer.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Now that a positive detection has been verified, agency staff will continue to follow the CWD Response Plan</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncwildlife.org/Portals/0/Hunting/Documents/Deer/CWD-Response-Plan.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncwildlife.org/Portals/0/Hunting/Documents/Deer/CWD-Response-Plan.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> in collaboration with the NC Department of Agriculture & Consumer Science, and will continue to share the agency’s next steps with the public through multiple communication channels. An out-of-cycle meeting with Commissioners will be held on April 7, and public meetings in the impacted area will be announced as they are scheduled.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“Although the detection of CWD is bad news, we have been preparing for this possibility for decades. Our long-term goal is to protect our deer herd and our deer hunting culture. Achieving that goal means we must work with our constituents to implement our response plan and refine our long-term management strategy,” said Howard. “We’ve been in contact with wildlife professionals in other states that are already CWD-positive to learn from their experiences. Adapting to CWD is going to be a challenge for everyone, but I’m confident that our staff and North Carolina deer hunters can do it.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Continued testing is imperative because it’s nearly impossible to tell if a deer has CWD by observation. Signs of illness may not be apparent for 16 months or more after infection. The slow incubation period, ease of transmission, and the fact that there is no vaccine, treatment or cure make CWD a looming threat to the state’s white-tailed deer population and deer hunting traditions. Given enough time, the disease is always fatal.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD is caused by abnormal proteins, called prions, that slowly spread through a deer’s nervous system, eventually causing spongy holes in the brain that lead to death. The disease is spread between deer through direct contact and environmental contamination from infected saliva, urine and feces of live deer or carcasses and body parts.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">For more information about CWD, including answers to frequently asked questions, visit ncwildlife.org/CWD and get to KNOW CWD through this 5 minute video released by the Wildlife Commission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Media Contact: Fairley Mahlum</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">fairley.mahlum@ncwildlife.org</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">919-817-6820 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">https://fb.watch/c5QK3AM_cY/</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncwildlife.org/Connect-With-Us/wildlife-commission-announces-first-cwd-positive-deer-in-north-carolina" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncwildlife.org/Connect-With-Us/wildlife-commission-announces-first-cwd-positive-deer-in-north-carolina</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncwildlife.org/Hunting/Chronic-Wasting-Disease" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncwildlife.org/Hunting/Chronic-Wasting-Disease</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Saturday, September 20, 2014</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** North Carolina Captive cervid licenses and permits Senate Bill 744 Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Description The proposed changes to 15A NACA 10H .0301 would allow the Commission to issue new captivity licenses and permits for the purpose of holding cervids in captivity and allow certified herd owners to sell or transfer cervids to any licensed facility. Also, mandatory testing for CWD will be raised from all cervids that die at age 6 months or older to all cervids that die at age 12 months or older.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.ncwildlife.org/Portals/0/ProposedRegulations/15A%20NCAC%2010H%20.0301%20for%20web%20posting.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.ncwildlife.org/Portals/0/ProposedRegulations/15A%20NCAC%2010H%20.0301%20for%20web%20posting.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">North Carolina Captive cervid licenses and permits Senate Bill 744 Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** p.s. please add this to my submission, very important information...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Saturday, February 04, 2012</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** Wisconsin 16 age limit on testing dead deer Game Farm CWD Testing Protocol Needs To Be Revised</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Approximately 4,200 fawns, defined as deer under 1 year of age, were sampled from the eradication zone over the last year. The majority of fawns sampled were between the ages of 5 to 9 months, though some were as young as 1 month.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** Two of the six fawns with CWD detected were 5 to 6 months old.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">All six of the positive fawns were taken from the core area of the CWD eradication zone where the highest numbers of positive deer have been identified.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Saturday, February 04, 2012</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** Wisconsin 16 age limit on testing dead deer Game Farm CWD Testing Protocol Needs To Be Revised</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/02/wisconsin-16-age-limit-on-testing-dead.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/02/wisconsin-16-age-limit-on-testing-dead.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** Conclusion. CWD prions (as inferred by prion seeding activity by RT-QuIC) are shed in urine of infected deer as early as 6 months post inoculation and throughout the subsequent disease course. Further studies are in progress refining the real-time urinary prion assay sensitivity and we are examining more closely the excretion time frame, magnitude, and sample variables in relationship to inoculation route and prionemia in naturally and experimentally CWD-infected cervids. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/6.Poster_Topic%202_Prion%20Diseases%20in%20Animals.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/6.Poster_Topic%202_Prion%20Diseases%20in%20Animals.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SNIP...SEE FULL TEXT ; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Saturday, September 20, 2014</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** North Carolina Captive cervid licenses and permits Senate Bill 744 Singeltary Submission </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/09/north-carolina-captive-cervid-licenses.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/09/north-carolina-captive-cervid-licenses.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">2023 CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PrP</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Price of TSE Prion Poker goes up substantially, all you cattle ranchers and such, better pay close attention here...terry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of the chronic wasting disease agent from elk to cattle after oronasal exposure</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Justin Greenlee, Jifeng Bian, Zoe Lambert, Alexis Frese, and Eric Cassmann Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the susceptibility of cattle to chronic wasting disease agent from elk. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: Initial studies were conducted in bovinized mice using inoculum derived from elk with various genotypes at codon 132 (MM, LM, LL). Based upon attack rates, inoculum (10% w/v brain homogenate) from an LM132 elk was selected for transmission studies in cattle. At approximately 2 weeks of age, one wild type steer (EE211) and one steer with the E211K polymorphism (EK211) were fed 1 mL of brain homogenate in a quart of milk replacer while another 1 mL was instilled intranasally. The cattle were examined daily for clinical signs for the duration of the experiment. One steer is still under observation at 71 months post-inoculation (mpi). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Inoculum derived from MM132 elk resulted in similar attack rates and incubation periods in mice expressing wild type or K211 bovine PRNP, 35% at 531 days post inoculation (dpi) and 27% at 448 dpi, respectively. Inoculum from LM132 elk had a slightly higher attack rates in mice: 45% (693 dpi) in wild type cattle PRNP and 33% (468) in K211 mice. Inoculum from LL132 elk resulted in the highest attack rate in wild type bovinized mice (53% at 625 dpi), but no K211 mice were affected at >700 days. At approximately 70 mpi, the EK211 genotype steer developed clinical signs suggestive of prion disease, depression, low head carriage, hypersalivation, and ataxia, and was necropsied. Enzyme immunoassay (IDEXX) was positive in brainstem (OD=4.00, but non-detect in retropharyngeal lymph nodes and palatine tonsil. Immunoreactivity was largely limited to the brainstem, midbrain, and cervical spinal cord with a pattern that was primarily glia-associated. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Cattle with the E211K polymorphism are susceptible to the CWD agent after oronasal exposure of 0.2 g of infectious material. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Cattle with the E211K polymorphism are susceptible to the CWD agent after oronasal exposure of 0.2 g of infectious material."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Strain characterization of chronic wasting disease in bovine-PrP transgenic mice </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Nuria Jerez-Garrido1, Sara Canoyra1, Natalia Fernández-Borges1, Alba Marín Moreno1, Sylvie L. Benestad2, Olivier Andreoletti3, Gordon Mitchell4, Aru Balachandran4, Juan María Torres1 and Juan Carlos Espinosa1. 1 Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, CISA-INIA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain. 2 Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway. 3 UMR Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)/École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Toulouse, France. 4 Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Canada. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is an infectious prion disease that affects cervids. Various CWD prion strains have been identified in different cervid species from North America and Europe. The properties of the infectious prion strains are influenced by amino acid changes and polymorphisms in the PrP sequences of different cervid species. This study, aimed to assess the ability of a panel of CWD prion isolates from diverse cervid species from North America and Europe to infect bovine species, as well as to investigate the properties of the prion strains following the adaptation to the bovine-PrP context. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: BoPrP-Tg110 mice overexpressing the bovine-PrP sequence were inoculated by intracranial route with a panel of CWD prion isolates from both North America (two white-tailed deer and two elk) and Europe (one reindeer, one moose and one red deer). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Our results show distinct behaviours in the transmission of the CWD isolates to the BoPrP-Tg110 mouse model. Some of these isolates did not transmit even after the second passage. Those able to transmit displayed differences in terms of attack rate, survival times, biochemical properties of brain PrPres, and histopathology. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Altogether, these results exhibit the diversity of CWD strains present in the panel of CWD isolates and the ability of at least some CWD isolates to infect bovine species. Cattle being one of the most important farming species, this ability represents a potential threat to both animal and human health, and consequently deserves further study. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: MCIN/AEI /10.13039/501100011033 and by European Union NextGeneration EU/PRTR </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Grant number: PCI2020-120680-2 ICRAD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Altogether, these results exhibit the diversity of CWD strains present in the panel of CWD isolates and the ability of at least some CWD isolates to infect bovine species. Cattle being one of the most important farming species, this ability represents a potential threat to both animal and human health, and consequently deserves further study."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: Disease-associated prion protein detected in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the agent of chronic wasting disease </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=326166" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=326166</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: The agent of chronic wasting disease from pigs is infectious in transgenic mice expressing human PRNP </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author item MOORE, S - Orise Fellow item Kokemuller, Robyn item WEST-GREENLEE, M - Iowa State University item BALKEMA-BUSCHMANN, ANNE - Friedrich-Loeffler-institut item GROSCHUP, MARTIN - Friedrich-Loeffler-institut item Greenlee, Justin Submitted to: Prion Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 5/10/2018 Publication Date: 5/22/2018 Citation: Moore, S.J., Kokemuller, R.D., West-Greenlee, M.H., Balkema-Buschmann, A., Groschup, M.H., Greenlee, J.J. 2018. The agent of chronic wasting disease from pigs is infectious in transgenic mice expressing human PRNP. Prion 2018, Santiago de Compostela, Spain, May 22-25, 2018. Paper No. WA15, page 44.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Interpretive Summary:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> The successful transmission of pig-passaged CWD to Tg40 mice reported here suggests that passage of the CWD agent through pigs results in a change of the transmission characteristics which reduces the transmission barrier of Tg40 mice to the CWD agent. If this biological behavior is recapitulated in the original host species, passage of the CWD agent through pigs could potentially lead to increased pathogenicity of the CWD agent in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">cwd scrapie pigs oral routes </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. <*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">>*** Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health. <*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CONFIDENTIAL</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">LINE TO TAKE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3. If questions on pharmaceuticals are raised at the Press conference, the suggested line to take is as follows:- </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> "There are no medicinal products licensed for use on the market which make use of UK-derived porcine tissues with which any hypothetical “high risk" ‘might be associated. The results of the recent experimental work at the CSM will be carefully examined by the CSM‘s Working Group on spongiform encephalopathy at its next meeting.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DO Hagger RM 1533 MT Ext 3201</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">While this clearly is a cause for concern we should not jump to the conclusion that this means that pigs will necessarily be infected by bone and meat meal fed by the oral route as is the case with cattle. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">we cannot rule out the possibility that unrecognised subclinical spongiform encephalopathy could be present in British pigs though there is no evidence for this: only with parenteral/implantable pharmaceuticals/devices is the theoretical risk to humans of sufficient concern to consider any action.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">May I, at the outset, reiterate that we should avoid dissemination of papers relating to this experimental finding to prevent premature release of the information. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3. It is particularly important that this information is not passed outside the Department, until Ministers have decided how they wish it to be handled. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">But it would be easier for us if pharmaceuticals/devices are not directly mentioned at all. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our records show that while some use is made of porcine materials in medicinal products, the only products which would appear to be in a hypothetically ''higher risk'' area are the adrenocorticotrophic hormone for which the source material comes from outside the United Kingdom, namely America China Sweden France and Germany. The products are manufactured by Ferring and Armour. A further product, ''Zenoderm Corium implant'' manufactured by Ethicon, makes use of porcine skin - which is not considered to be a ''high risk'' tissue, but one of its uses is described in the data sheet as ''in dural replacement''. This product is sourced from the United Kingdom.....</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Monday, November 13, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) Singeltary Another Request for Update 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://fdabse589.blogspot.com/2023/11/food-and-drug-administrations-bse-feed.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://fdabse589.blogspot.com/2023/11/food-and-drug-administrations-bse-feed.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">CWD TSE PRION CERVID ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation."</div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Detection of prions in soils contaminated by multiple routes</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stuart Siegfried Lichtenberg1,2 , Heather Inzalaco3 , Sam Thomas4 , Dan Storm5 , Dan Walsh6</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A. 2Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A. 3 Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A 4Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A. 5Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, U.S.A. 6U.S. Geological Survey, Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, U.S.A.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Free-ranging animals afflicted with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies frequently shed infectious prions into the broader environment. The quintessential example is chronic wasting disease, the TSE of cervids. Over the course of the disease, an infected animal will shed infectious prions in blood, urine, saliva, and feces. Upon death, the total prion load interred in the animal’s tissues will be deposited wherever the animal falls. This contamination creates substantial risk to naïve animals, and likely contributes to disease spread. Identification and quantification of prions at contamination hotspots is essential for any attempt at mitigation of environmental transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: Surfactant extraction of soils followed by precipitation yields a sample that is amenable to analysis by real-time quaking induced conversion. However, differences in extraction yield are apparent depending on the properties of the matrix from which the prions are being extracted, principally soil clay content.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: We are able to detect prion seeding activity at multiple types of environmental hotspots, including carcass sites, contaminated captive facilities, and scrapes (i.e. urine and saliva). Differences in relative prion concentration vary depending on the nature and source of the contamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Detection of prions in the environment is of the utmost importance for controlling chronic wasting disease spread. Here, we have demonstrated a viable method for detection of prions in complex environmental matrices. However, it is quite likely that this method underestimates the total infectious prion load in a contaminated sample, due to incomplete recovery of infectious prions. Further refinements are necessary for accurate quantification of prions in such samples, and to account for the intrinsic heterogeneities found in the broader environment.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">The detection and decontamination of chronic wasting disease prions during venison processing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Marissa S. Milstein1,2, Marc D. Schwabenlander1,2, Sarah C. Gresch1,2, Manci Li1,2, Stuart Lichtenberg1,2, Rachel Shoemaker1,2, Gage R. Rowden1,2, Jason C. Bartz2,3 , Tiffany M. Wolf2,4, Peter A. Larsen1,2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Presenting author: Tiffany M. Wolf 1 Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 2 Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 3 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA 4 Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: There is a growing concern that chronic wasting disease (CWD) prions in venison pose a risk to human health. CWD prions accumulate in infected deer tissues that commonly enter the human food chain through meat processing and consumption. The United States (US) Food and Drug Administration and US Department of Agriculture now formally consider CWD-positive venison unfit for human and animal consumption. Yet, the degree to which prion contamination occurs during routine venison processing is unknown. Here, we use environmental surface swab methods to: a) experimentally test meat processing equipment (i.e., stainless steel knives and polyethylene cutting boards) before and after processing CWD-positive venison and b) test the efficacy of five different disinfectant types (i.e., Dawn dish soap, Virkon-S, Briotech, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach) to determine prion decontamination efficacy.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: We used a real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay to determine CWD infection status of venison and to detect CWD prions in the swabs. We collected three swabs per surface and ran eight technical replicates on RT-QuIC.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: CWD prions were detected on all cutting boards (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8 and knives (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) used in processing CWD-positive venison, but not on those used for CWD-negative venison. After processing CWD-positive venison, allowing the surfaces to dry, and washing the cutting board with Dawn dish soap, we detected CWD prions on the cutting board surface (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) but not on the knife (n= 3, replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). Similar patterns were observed with Briotech (cutting board: n= 3; replicates= 7/8, 1/8, 0/8; knife: n= 3; replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). We did not detect CWD prions on the knives or cutting boards after disinfecting with Virkon-S, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: These preliminary results suggest that Dawn dish soap and Briotech do not reliably decontaminate CWD prions from these surfaces. Our data suggest that Virkon-S and various bleach concentrations are more effective in reducing prion contamination of meat processing surfaces; however, surface type may also influence the ability of prions to adsorb to surfaces, preventing complete decontamination. Our results will directly inform best practices to prevent the introduction of CWD prions into the human food chain during venison processing.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: Funding was provided by the Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund as recommended by the Legislative-Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources (LCCMR), the Rapid Agriculture Response Fund (#95385/RR257), and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Theme: Animal prion diseases</div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2023 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> Nine of these recurrences occurred 14–21 years after culling, apparently as the result of environmental contamination, but outside entry could not always be absolutely excluded. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY Volume 87, Issue 12</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years Free</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82011-0" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82011-0</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Rapid recontamination of a farm building occurs after attempted prion removal</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">First published: 19 January 2019 https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">The data illustrates the difficulty in decontaminating farm buildings from scrapie, and demonstrates the likely contribution of farm dust to the recontamination of these environments to levels that are capable of causing disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">This study clearly demonstrates the difficulty in removing scrapie infectivity from the farm environment. Practical and effective prion decontamination methods are still urgently required for decontamination of scrapie infectivity from farms that have had cases of scrapie and this is particularly relevant for scrapiepositive goatherds, which currently have limited genetic resistance to scrapie within commercial breeds.24 This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids.</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***>This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids.</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Front. Vet. Sci., 14 September 2015 | <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Objects in contact with classical scrapie sheep act as a reservoir for scrapie transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">In conclusion, the results in the current study indicate that removal of furniture that had been in contact with scrapie-infected animals should be recommended, particularly since cleaning and decontamination may not effectively remove scrapie infectivity (31), even though infectivity declines considerably if the pasture and the field furniture have not been in contact with scrapie-infected sheep for several months. As sPMCA failed to detect PrPSc in furniture that was subjected to weathering, even though exposure led to infection in sheep, this method may not always be reliable in predicting the risk of scrapie infection through environmental contamination. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">172. Establishment of PrPCWD extraction and detection methods in the farm soil</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Conclusions: Our studies showed that PrPCWD persist in 0.001% CWD contaminated soil for at least 4 year and natural CWD-affected farm soil. When cervid reintroduced into CWD outbreak farm, the strict decontamination procedures of the infectious agent should be performed in the environment of CWD-affected cervid habitat.</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">SUBJECT MATTER: Chronic Wasting Disease Carcass Disposal Dumpster Management and Biosecurity</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BACKGROUND INFORMATION:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">State and tribal wildlife agencies may identify collection points (dumpsters) within an identified chronic wasting disease (CWD) management zone for the disposal of hunter-harvested cervid carcasses to remove potentially infected carcasses off the landscape for disposal by an approved method (Gillin & Mawdsley, 2018, chap.14). However, depending on their placement and maintenance these dumpsters could potentially increase the risk of CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In several different states, photographic evidence has shown dumpsters in state identified CWD management zones overflowing with deer carcasses and limbs scattered on the land nearby. This could provide an opportunity for scavengers to potentially move infected carcass material to non-infected zones or increase contamination of the ground material around the dumpster’s location.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Federal guidance does not explicitly address uniform standards for collection locations for carcasses of free-ranging cervids; however, the United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services Program Standards on CWD outlines procedures for carcass disposal, equipment sanitation, and decontamination of premises for captive cervid facilities.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">RESOLUTION:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The United States Animal Health Association urges the Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (AFWA), Wildlife Health Committee to further refine the AFWA Technical Report on Best Management Practices for Prevention, Surveillance, and Management of Chronic Wasting Disease; Chapter 14, Carcass Disposal to address the placement and management of chronic wasting disease carcass disposal dumpsters or other carcass collection containers.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Reference:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1. Gillin, Colin M., and Mawdsley, Jonathan R. (eds.). 2018. AFWA Technical Report on Best Management Practices for Surveillance, Management and Control of Chronic Wasting Disease. Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Washington, D. C. 111 pp. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.usaha.org/upload/Resolution/2022/2022_Resolution_30_CWD_Dumpste.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.usaha.org/upload/Resolution/2022/2022_Resolution_30_CWD_Dumpste.pdf</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">THE tse prion aka mad cow type disease is not your normal pathogen. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">The TSE prion disease survives ashing to 600 degrees celsius, that’s around 1112 degrees farenheit. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">you cannot cook the TSE prion disease out of meat. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">you can take the ash and mix it with saline and inject that ash into a mouse, and the mouse will go down with TSE. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production as well. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">the TSE prion agent also survives Simulated Wastewater Treatment Processes. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">IN fact, you should also know that the TSE Prion agent will survive in the environment for years, if not decades. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">you can bury it and it will not go away. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">The TSE agent is capable of infected your water table i.e. Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">it’s not your ordinary pathogen you can just cook it out and be done with. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> that’s what’s so worrisome about Iatrogenic mode of transmission, a simple autoclave will not kill this TSE prion agent. I’m thinking tools used to dress a deer, knives with wooden handles, carcass disposal, burial only 3ft, scavengers, exposure of Cwd to soil and surrounding area, plants intake, …I could go on…Terry</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">1: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994 Jun;57(6):757-8 </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> Transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease to a chimpanzee by electrodes contaminated during neurosurgery. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Asher DM, Kobrine A, Amyx HL, Sulima MP, Gajdusek DC. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Laboratory of Central Nervous System Studies, National Institute of </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Bethesda, MD 20892. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Stereotactic multicontact electrodes used to probe the cerebral cortex of a middle aged woman with progressive dementia were previously implicated in the accidental transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) to two younger patients. The diagnoses of CJD have been confirmed for all three cases. More than two years after their last use in humans, after three cleanings and repeated sterilisation in ethanol and formaldehyde vapour, the electrodes were implanted in the cortex of a chimpanzee. Eighteen months later the animal became ill with CJD. This finding serves to re-emphasise the potential danger posed by reuse of instruments contaminated with the agents of spongiform encephalopathies, even after scrupulous attempts to clean them. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">PMID: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">8006664</span> [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8006664?dopt=Abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8006664?dopt=Abstract</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">New studies on the heat resistance of hamster-adapted scrapie agent: Threshold survival after ashing at 600°C suggests an inorganic template of replication </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">A Quantitative Assessment of the Amount of Prion Diverted to Category 1 Materials and Wastewater During Processing </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Rapid assessment of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion inactivation by heat treatment in yellow grease produced in the industrial manufacturing process of meat and bone meals </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 2019 </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">BSE infectivity survives burial for five years with only limited spread</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">5 or 6 years quarantine is NOT LONG ENOUGH FOR CWD TSE PRION !!!</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">QUARANTINE NEEDS TO BE 21 YEARS FOR CWD TSE PRION !</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">You can take this communication from my old files with how ever many grains of salt you wish…Terry</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">FRIDAY, APRIL 30, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Should Property Evaluations Contain Scrapie, CWD, TSE PRION Environmental Contamination of the land?</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> Confidential!!!!</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> As early as 1992-3 there had been long studies conducted on small pastures containing scrapie infected sheep at the sheep research station associated with the Neuropathogenesis Unit in Edinburgh, Scotland. Whether these are documented...I don't know. But personal recounts both heard and recorded in a daily journal indicate that leaving the pastures free and replacing the topsoil completely at least 2 feet of thickness each year for SEVEN years....and then when very clean (proven scrapie free) sheep were placed on these small pastures.... the new sheep also broke out with scrapie and passed it to offspring. I am not sure that TSE contaminated ground could ever be free of the agent!! A very frightening revelation!!!</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">---end personal email early BSE days---end...tss</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">and so it seems...</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Scrapie Agent (Strain 263K) Can Transmit Disease via the Oral Route after Persistence in Soil over Years</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Published: May 9, 2007</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Our results showed that 263K scrapie agent can persist in soil at least over 29 months. Strikingly, not only the contaminated soil itself retained high levels of infectivity, as evidenced by oral administration to Syrian hamsters, but also feeding of aqueous soil extracts was able to induce disease in the reporter animals. We could also demonstrate that PrPSc in soil, extracted after 21 months, provides a catalytically active seed in the protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) reaction. PMCA opens therefore a perspective for considerably improving the detectability of prions in soil samples from the field.</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0000435" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0000435</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Dr. Paul Brown Scrapie Soil Test BSE Inquiry Document</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090505211734/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/Seac07/tab03.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090505211734/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/Seac07/tab03.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Trucking CWD TSE PrP</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Friday, December 14, 2012 <div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with CWD prion. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing, footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible. For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant uncertainty associated with these estimates. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists and returning GB residents. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">http://webarchive.nationa</span>... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Published: 06 September 2021<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> Chronic wasting disease: a cervid prion infection looming to spillover</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Alicia Otero, Camilo Duque Velásquez, Judd Aiken & Debbie McKenzie </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Veterinary Research volume 52, Article number: 115 (2021) </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-021-00986-y" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-021-00986-y</a></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Detection of chronic wasting disease prions in processed meats</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rebeca Benavente1 , Francisca Bravo1,2, J. Hunter Reed3 , Mitch Lockwood3 , Glenn Telling4 , Rodrigo Morales1,2 1 Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA; 2 Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins. Santiago, Chile; 3 Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Texas, USA. 4 Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: identify the presence of CWD prions in processed meats derived from elk. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: In this study, we analyzed different processed meats derived from a CWD-positive (pre-clinical) free-ranging elk. Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats. The presence of CWD-prions in these samples were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates. The same analyses were performed in grilled and boiled meats to evaluate the resistance of the infectious agent to these procedures. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Our results show positive prion detection in all the samples analyzed using deer and elk substrates. Surprisingly, cooked meats displayed increased seeding activities. This data suggests that CWD-prions are available to people even after meats are processed and cooked. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: These results suggest CWD prions are accessible to humans through meats, even after processing and cooking. Considering the fact that these samples were collected from already processed specimens, the availability of CWD prions to humans is probably underestimated. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH and USDA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Grant number: 1R01AI132695 and APP-20115 to RM </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We would like to thank TPWD personnel for providing us with valuable samples</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">"Our results show positive prion detection in all the samples analyzed using deer and elk substrates. Surprisingly, cooked meats displayed increased seeding activities."</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">end... <br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Fortuitous generation of a zoonotic cervid prion strain </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Manuel Camacho, Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Sydney Smith, Jieji Hu, Wanyun Tao, Ignazio Cali, Qingzhong Kong. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Whether CWD prions can infect humans remains unclear despite the very substantial scale and long history of human exposure of CWD in many states or provinces of USA and Canada. Multiple in vitro conversion experiments and in vivo animal studies indicate that the CWD-to-human transmission barrier is not unbreakable. A major long-term public health concern on CWD zoonosis is the emergence of highly zoonotic CWD strains. We aim to address the question of whether highly zoonotic CWD strains are possible. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: We inoculated several sCJD brain samples into cervidized transgenic mice (<span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Tg12</span>), which were intended as negative controls for bioassays of brain tissues from sCJD cases who had potentially been exposed to CWD. Some of the <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Tg12</span> mice became infected and their brain tissues were further examined by Western blot as well as serial passages in humanized or cervidized mice. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Passage of sCJDMM1 in transgenic mice expressing elk PrP (<span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Tg12</span>) resulted in a “cervidized” CJD strain that we termed CJDElkPrP. We observed 100% transmission of the original CJDElkPrP in transgenic mice expressing human PrP. We passaged CJDElkPrP two more times in the <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Tg12</span> mice. We found that such second and third passage CJDElkPrP prions retained 100% transmission rate in the humanized mice, despite that the natural elk CWD isolates and CJDElkPrP share the same elk PrP sequence. In contrast, we and others found zero or poor transmission of natural elk CWD isolates in humanized mice. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our data indicate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can retain zoonotic potential after serial passages in cervids, suggesting a very significant and serious long-term risk of CWD zoonosis given that the broad and continuing spread of CWD prions will provide fertile grounds for the emergence of zoonotic CWD strains over time. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O'Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples used in this study, respectively</div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">"Our data indicate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can retain zoonotic potential after serial passages in cervids, suggesting a very significant and serious long-term risk of CWD zoonosis given that the broad and continuing spread of CWD prions will provide fertile grounds for the emergence of zoonotic CWD strains over time."<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A probable diagnostic marker for CWD infection in humans </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Manuel Camacho, Ignazio Cali, Qingzhong Kong. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Multiple in vitro CWD-seeded human PrP conversion experiments and some animal model studies indicate that the species barrier for CWD to human transmission can be overcome, but whether CWD prion can infect humans in real life remains controversial. The very limited understanding on the likely features of CWD infection in humans and the lack of a reliable diagnostic marker for identification of acquired human CWD cases contribute to this uncertainty. We aim to stablish such a reliable diagnostic marker for CWD infections in humans should they occur. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: A couple of PrPSc-positive spleens were identified from humanized transgenic mice inoculated with either CWD or sCJDMM1. Prions in these spleens were compared by bioassays in cervidized or humanized transgenic mice. A couple of PrPSc-positive spleens from UK sCJDMM1 patients were also examined similarly as controls with no exposure to CWD. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: We have detected two prion-positive spleens in humanized transgenic mice inoculated with some CWD isolates. Such experimentally generated splenic “humanized” CWD prions (termed eHuCWDsp) appear indistinguishable from prions in the brain of sCJDMM1 patients on Western blot. We compared eHuCWDsp with prions in the spleen from humanized mice infected with sCJDMM1 (termed sCJDMM1sp) by bioassays in cervidized or humanized transgenic mice. Significantly, we found that eHuCWDsp can efficiently infect not only the humanized mice but also cervidized transgenic mice, and cervidized mice infected by eHuCWDsp produced PrPSc and brain pathology that are practically identical to those of CWD-infected cervidized mice. In contrast, sCJDMM1sp, similar to prions from sCJDMM1 patient brains, is poorly transmissible in the cervidized mice. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that high transmissibility with CWD features of splenic prions in cervidized transgenic mice is unique to acquired human CWD prions, and it may serve as a reliable marker to identify the first acquired human CWD cases. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O'Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples used in this study, respectively.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2023 Experimental Oronasal Inoculation of the Chronic Wasting Disease Agent into White Tailed Deer </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author list: Sarah Zurbuchena,b , S. Jo Moorea,b , Jifeng Biana , Eric D. Cassmanna , and Justin J. Greenleea . a. Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, US b. Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, United States </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether white-tailed deer (WTD) are susceptible to inoculation of chronic wasting disease (CWD) via oronasal exposure. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and methods: Six male, neutered WTD were oronasally inoculated with brainstem material (10% w/v) from a CWD-positive wild-type WTD. The genotypes of five inoculated deer were Q95/G96 (wild-type). One inoculated deer was homozygous S at codon 96 (96SS). Cervidized (<span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Tg12</span>; M132 elk PrP) mice were inoculated with 1% w/v brainstem homogenate from either a 96GG WTD (n=10) or the 96SS WTD (n=10). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: All deer developed characteristic clinical signs of CWD including weight loss, regurgitation, and ataxia. The 96SS individual had a prolonged disease course and incubation period compared to the other deer. Western blots of the brainstem on all deer yielded similar molecular profiles. All deer had widespread lymphoid distribution of PrPCWD and neuropathologic lesions associated with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Both groups of mice had a 100% attack rate and developed clinical signs, including loss of body condition, ataxia, and loss of righting reflex. Mice inoculated with material from the 96SS deer had a significantly shorter incubation period than mice inoculated with material from 96GG deer (Welch two sample T-test, P<0.05). Serial dilutions of each inocula suggests that differences in incubation period were not due to a greater concentration of PrPCWD in the 96SS inoculum. Molecular profiles from western blot of brain homogenates from mice appeared similar regardless of inoculum and appear similar to those of deer used for inoculum. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: This study characterizes the lesions and clinical course of CWD in WTD inoculated in a similar manner to natural conditions. It supports previous findings that 96SS deer have a prolonged disease course. Further, it describes a first pass of inoculum from a 96SS deer in cervidized mice which shortened the incubation period. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection, analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We thank Ami Frank and Kevin Hassall for their technical contributions to this project.</div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">''Currently, there is scientific evidence to suggest that CWD has zoonotic potential; however, no confirmed cases of CWD have been found in humans.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PART 2. TPWD CHAPTER 65. DIVISION 1. CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, 65.88</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission in a duly noticed meeting on May 25, 2023 adopted amendments to 31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, and §65.88, concerning Disease Detection and Response, without changes to the proposed text as published in the April 21, 2023, issue of the Texas Register (48 TexReg 2048). The rules will not be republished.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Currently, there is scientific evidence to suggest that CWD has zoonotic potential; however, no confirmed cases of CWD have been found in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 DETECTION OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE PRIONS IN PROCESSED MEATS.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rebeca Benavente1, Francisca Bravo1,2, Paulina Soto1,2, J. Hunter Reed3, Mitch Lockwood3, Rodrigo Morales1,2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA. 2Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile. 3Texas Parks and Wildlife, Austin, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease (CWD) remains unknown. Currently, there are no known natural cases of CWD transmission to humans but increasing evidence suggests that the host range of CWD is not confined only to cervid species. Alarmingly, recent experimental evidence suggests that certain CWD isolates can induce disease in non-human primates. While the CDC strongly recommends determining CWD status in animals prior to consumption, this practice is voluntary. Consequently, it is plausible that a proportion of the cervid meat entering the human food chain may be contaminated with CWD. Of additional concern is that traditional diagnostic techniques used to detect CWD have relatively low sensitivity and are only approved for use in tissues other than those typically ingested by humans. In this study, we analyzed different processed meats derived from a pre-clinical, CWD-positive free-ranging elk. Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats. CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates. Our results show positive prion detection in all products. To confirm the resilience of CWD-prions to traditional cooking methods, we grilled and boiled the meat products and evaluated them for any remnant PMCA seeding activity. Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking. Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our results show positive prion detection in all products.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">9 Carrot plants as potential vectors for CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Paulina Soto1,2, Francisca Bravo-Risi1,2, Claudio Soto1, Rodrigo Morales1,2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA. 2Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> We show that edible plant components can absorb prions from CWD-contaminated soils and transport them to their aerial parts.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our results indicate that edible plants could participate as vectors of CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of prion infectivity from CWD-infected macaque tissues to rodent models demonstrates the zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaoui1,2, Ginny Cheng1,2, Wiebke Wemheuer3, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer3, Sabine Gilch1,2, Hermann Schatzl1,2 1University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. 2Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada. 3Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Further passage to cervidized mice revealed transmission with a 100% attack rate.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our findings demonstrate that macaques, considered the best model for the zoonotic potential of prions, were infected upon CWD challenge, including the oral one.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">****> The disease manifested as atypical in macaques and initial transgenic mouse transmissions, but with infectivity present at all times, as unveiled in the bank vole model with an unusual tissue tropism.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Epidemiologic surveillance of prion disease among cervid hunters and people likely to have consumed venison contaminated with chronic wasting disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of Cervid Prions to Humanized Mice Demonstrates the Zoonotic Potential of CWD </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaouia, Irina Zemlyankinaa, Sheng Chun Changa, Maria Immaculata Arifina, Vincent Béringueb, Debbie McKenziec, Hermann M. Schatzla, and Sabine Gilcha </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Results: Here, we provide the strongest evidence supporting the zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and their possible phenotype in humans. Inoculation of mice expressing human PrPCwith deer CWD isolates (strains Wisc-1 and 116AG) resulted in atypical clinical manifestations in > 75% of the mice, with myoclonus as leading clinical sign. Most of tg650brain homogenates were positive for seeding activity in RT-QuIC. Clinical disease and presentation was transmissible to <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> mice and bank voles. Intriguingly, protease-resistant PrP in the brain of <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> mice resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon passage. Abnormal PrP aggregates upon infection with Wisc-1 were detectable in thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain/pons regions. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Unprecedented in human prion disease, feces of CWD-inoculated <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> mice harbored prion seeding activity and infectious prions, as shown by inoculation of bank voles and <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> with fecal homogenates. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Conclusions: This is the first evidence that CWD can infect humans and cause disease with a distinctive clinical presentation, signature, and tropism, which might be transmissible between humans while current diagnostic assays might fail to detect it. These findings have major implications for public health and CWD-management. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286 </div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">The finding that infectious PrPSc was shed in fecal material of CWD-infected humanized mice and induced clinical disease, different tropism, and typical three banding pattern-PrPres in bank voles that is transmissible upon second passage is highly concerning for public health. The fact that this biochemical signature in bank voles resembles that of the Wisc-1 original deer isolate and is different from that of bvWisc-1, in the migration profile and the glyco-form-ratio, is valid evidence that these results are not a product of contamination in our study. If CWD in humans is found to be contagious and transmissible among humans, as it is in cervids [57], the spread of the disease within humans might become endemic.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acta Neuropathol 144, 767–784 (2022). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 August 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaoui1 · Irina Zemlyankina1 · Sheng Chun Chang1 · Maria Immaculata Arifn1 · Vincent Béringue2 · Debbie McKenzie3 · Hermann M. Schatzl1 · Sabine Gilch1</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Received: 24 May 2022 / Revised: 5 August 2022 / Accepted: 7 August 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">© The Author(s) 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prions cause infectious and fatal neurodegenerative diseases in mammals. Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease of cervids, spreads efficiently among wild and farmed animals. Potential transmission to humans of CWD is a growing concern due to its increasing prevalence. Here, we provide evidence for a zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and its probable signature using mice expressing human prion protein (PrP) as an infection model. Inoculation of these mice with deer CWD isolates resulted in atypical clinical manifestation with prion seeding activity and efficient transmissible infectivity in the brain and, remarkably, in feces, but without classical neuropathological or Western blot appearances of prion diseases. Intriguingly, the protease-resistant PrP in the brain resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon second passage. Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Keywords Chronic wasting disease · CWD · Zoonotic potential · Prion strains · Zoonotic prions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">HIGHLIGHTS OF THIS STUDY</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">================================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In this study, we evaluated the zoonotic potential of CWD using a transgenic mouse model overexpressing human M129-PrPC (<span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> [12]). We inoculated <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> mice intracerebrally with two deer CWD isolates, Wisc-1 and 116AG [22, 23, 27, 29]. We demonstrate that this transgenic line was susceptible to infection with CWD prions and displayed a distinct leading clinical sign, an atypical PrPSc signature and unusual fecal shedding of infectious prions. Importantly, these prions generated by the human PrP transgenic mice were transmissible upon passage. Our results are the first evidence of a zoonotic risk of CWD when using one of the most common CWD strains, Wisc-1/CWD1 for infection. We demonstrated in a human transgenic mouse model that the species barrier for transmission of CWD to humans is not absolute. The fact that its signature was not typical raises the questions whether CWD would manifest in humans as a subclinical infection, whether it would arise through direct or indirect transmission including an intermediate host, or a silent to uncovered human-to-human transmission, and whether current detection techniques will be suffcient to unveil its presence.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our findings strongly suggest that CWD should be regarded as an actual public health risk. Here, we use humanized mice to show that CWD prions can cross the species barrier to humans, and remarkably, infectious prions can be excreted in feces.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our results indicate that if CWD crosses the species-barrier to humans, it is unlikely to resemble the most common forms of human prion diseases with respect to clinical signs, tissue tropism and PrPSc signature. For instance, PrPSc in variable protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr), a sporadic form of human prion disease, and in the genetic form Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS) is defined by an atypical PK-resistant PrPSc fragment that is non-glycosylated and truncated at both C- and N-termini, with a molecular weight between 6 and 8 kDa [24, 44–46]. These biochemical features are unique and distinctive from PrPSc (PrP27-30) found in most other human or animal prion disease. The atypical PrPSc signature detected in brain homogenate of <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> mice #321 (1st passage) and #3063 (2nd passage), and the 7–8 kDa fragment (Figs. 2, 4) are very similar to that of GSS, both in terms of migration profile and the N-terminal cleavage site.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD in humans might remain subclinical but with PrPSc deposits in the brain with an unusual morphology that does not resemble the patterns usually seen in different prion diseases (e.g., mouse #328; Fig. 3), clinical with untraceable abnormal PrP (e.g., mouse #327) but still transmissible and uncovered upon subsequent passage (e.g., mouse #3063; Fig. 4), or prions have other reservoirs than the usual ones, hence the presence of infectivity in feces (e.g., mouse #327) suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=================================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) Antonia Ricci Ana Allende Declan Bolton Marianne Chemaly Robert Davies Pablo Salvador Fernández Escámez ... See all authors </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">First published: 17 January 2018 https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">also, see; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers.. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Paper</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Cellular prion protein distribution in the vomeronasal organ, parotid, and scent glands of white-tailed deer and mule deer</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Anthony Ness, Aradhana Jacob, Kelsey Saboraki, Alicia Otero, Danielle Gushue, Diana Martinez Moreno, Melanie de Peña, Xinli Tang, Judd Aiken, Susan Lingle & Debbie McKenzieORCID Icon show less</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Pages 40-57 | Received 03 Feb 2022, Accepted 13 May 2022, Published online: 29 May 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Download citation</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ABSTRACT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting species of the cervidae family. CWD has an expanding geographic range and complex, poorly understood transmission mechanics. CWD is disproportionately prevalent in wild male mule deer and male white-tailed deer. Sex and species influences on CWD prevalence have been hypothesized to be related to animal behaviours that involve deer facial and body exocrine glands. Understanding CWD transmission potential requires a foundational knowledge of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) in glands associated with cervid behaviours. In this study, we characterized the presence and distribution of PrPC in six integumentary and two non-integumentary tissues of hunter-harvested mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (O. virginianus). We report that white-tailed deer expressed significantly more PrPC than their mule deer in the parotid, metatarsal, and interdigital glands. Females expressed more PrPC than males in the forehead and preorbital glands. The distribution of PrPC within the integumentary exocrine glands of the face and legs were localized to glandular cells, hair follicles, epidermis, and immune cell infiltrates. All tissues examined expressed sufficient quantities of PrPC to serve as possible sites of prion initial infection, propagation, and shedding.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ARS RESEARCH Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Publication Acceptance Date: 9/8/2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author item WANG, ZERUI - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item QIN, KEFENG - University Of Chicago item CAMACHO, MANUEL - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item SHEN, PINGPING - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item YUAN, JUE - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item Greenlee, Justin item CUI, LI - Jilin University item KONG, QINGZHONG - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item MASTRIANNI, JAMES - University Of Chicago item ZOU, WEN-QUAN - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Submitted to: Acta Neuropathologica Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 9/8/2021 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Interpretive Summary: Prion diseases are invariably fatal neurologic diseases for which there is no known prevention or cure. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease of deer and elk and is present in farmed and free ranging herds throughout North America. To date there is no clear evidence that the CWD agent could be transmitted to humans. This manuscript describes the use of an in vitro technique, cell-free serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA), to generate a CWD prion that is infectious to transgenic mice expressing the human prion protein. This study provides the first evidence that CWD prions may be able to cause misfolding in the human prion protein. This information will impact medical experts and those involved in making policy for farmed cervids and wildlife.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Technical Abstract: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a cervid spongiform encephalopathy or prion disease caused by the infectious prion or PrPSc, a misfolded conformer of cellular prion protein (PrPC). It has rapidly spread in North America and also has been found in Asia and Europe. In contrast to the zoonotic mad cow disease that is the first animal prion disease found transmissible to humans, the transmissibility of CWD to humans remains uncertain although most previous studies have suggested that humans may not be susceptible to CWD. Here we report the generation of an infectious human PrPSc by seeding CWD PrPSc in normal human brain PrPC through the in vitro cell-free serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA). Western blotting confirms that the sPMCA-induced proteinase K-resistant PrPSc is a human form, evidenced by a PrP-specific antibody that recognizes human but not cervid PrP. Remarkably, two lines of humanized transgenic (Tg) mice expressing human PrP-129Val/Val (VV) or -129Met/Met (MM) polymorphism develop prion disease at 233 ± 6 (mean ± SE) days post-inoculation (dpi) and 552 ± 27 dpi, respectively, upon intracerebral inoculation with the sPMCA-generated PrPSc. The brain of diseased Tg mice reveals the electrophoretic profile of PrPSc similar to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) MM1 or VV2 subtype but different neuropathological patterns. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We believe that our study provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc is able to convert human PrPC into PrPSc in vitro and the CWD-derived human PrPSc mimics atypical sCJD subtypes in humanized Tg mice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''The brain of diseased Tg mice reveals the electrophoretic profile of PrPSc similar to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) MM1 or VV2 subtype but different neuropathological patterns.'' </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''We believe that our study provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc is able to convert human PrPC into PrPSc in vitro and the CWD-derived human PrPSc mimics atypical sCJD subtypes in humanized Tg mice.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published: 26 September 2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Zerui Wang, Kefeng Qin, Manuel V. Camacho, Ignazio Cali, Jue Yuan, Pingping Shen, Justin Greenlee, Qingzhong Kong, James A. Mastrianni & Wen-Quan Zou</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acta Neuropathologica Communications volume 9, Article number: 158 (2021)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a cervid prion disease caused by the accumulation of an infectious misfolded conformer (PrPSc) of cellular prion protein (PrPC). It has been spreading rapidly in North America and also found in Asia and Europe. Although bovine spongiform encephalopathy (i.e. mad cow disease) is the only animal prion disease known to be zoonotic, the transmissibility of CWD to humans remains uncertain. Here we report the generation of the first CWD-derived infectious human PrPSc by elk CWD PrPSc-seeded conversion of PrPC in normal human brain homogenates using in vitro protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA). Western blotting with human PrP selective antibody confirmed that the PMCA-generated protease-resistant PrPSc was derived from the human PrPC substrate. Two lines of humanized transgenic mice expressing human PrP with either Val or Met at the polymorphic codon 129 developed clinical prion disease following intracerebral inoculation with the PMCA-generated CWD-derived human PrPSc. Diseased mice exhibited distinct PrPSc patterns and neuropathological changes in the brain. Our study, using PMCA and animal bioassays, provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc can cross the species barrier to convert human PrPC into infectious PrPSc that can produce bona fide prion disease when inoculated into humanized transgenic mice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It is worth noting that the annual number of sporadic CJD (sCJD) cases in the USA has increased, with the total number of suspected and confirmed sCJD cases rising from 284 in 2003 to 511 in 2017 (<span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cjd/occurrence-transmission.html</span>). The greatly enhanced CJD surveillance and an aging population in the USA certainly contributed to the observed increase in annual sCJD case numbers in recent years, but the possibility cannot be excluded that some of the increased sCJD prevalence is linked to CWD exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the present study, using serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) assay we generate PrPSc by seeding CWD prions in normal human brain homogenates. Importantly, we reveal that two lines of humanized Tg mice expressing human PrP-129VV and 129MM develop prion diseases upon intracerebral inoculation of the abnormal PrP generated by sPMCA. We believe that our study provides the first opportunity to dissect the clinical, pathological and biochemical features of the CWD-derived human prion disease in two lines of humanized Tg mice expressing two major human PrP genotypes, respectively.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i thought i might share some news about cwd zoonosis that i got, that i cannot share or post to the public yet, i promised for various reasons, one that it will cause a shit storm for sure, but it was something i really already knew from previous studies, but, i was told that ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">==================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''As you can imagine, 2 and 5 (especially 5) may raise alarms. The evidence we have for 4 are not as strong or tight as I would like to have. At this point, please do not post any of the points publicly yet, but you can refer to points 1-3 in private discussions and all 5 points when discussing with relevant public officials to highlight the long-term risks of CWD zoonosis.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">====================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">so, i figure your as about as official as it gets, and i think this science is extremely important for you to know and to converse about with your officials. it's about to burn a whole in my pocket. this is about as close as it will ever get for cwd zoonosis to be proven in my time, this and what Canada Czub et al found with the Macaques, plus an old study from cjd surveillance unit back that showed cjd and a 9% increase in risk from folks that eat venison, i will post all this below for your files Sir. i remember back in the BSE nvCJD days, from when the first BSE case in bovine was confirmed around 1984 maybe 83, i forget the good vets named that screwed it up first, Carol something, but from 83ish to 95 96 when nvCJD was linked to humans from BSE in cattle, so that took 10 to 15 years. hell, at that rate, especially with Texas and cwd zoonsis, hell, i'll be dead before it's official, if ever, so here ya go Sir. there was a grant study on cwd zoonosis that had been going on for some time, i followed it over the years, then the grant date for said study had expired, so, i thought i would write the good Professor about said study i.e. Professor Kong, CWRU et al. i will post the grant study abstract first, and then after that, what reply i got back, about said study that i was told not to post/publish...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD ZOONOSIS GRANT FIRST;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Cervid to human prion transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Kong, Qingzhong </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Case Western Reserve University, <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Cleveland, OH, United States</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Abstract Prion disease is transmissible and invariably fatal. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease affecting deer, elk and moose, and it is a widespread and expanding epidemic affecting 22 US States and 2 Canadian provinces so far. CWD poses the most serious zoonotic prion transmission risks in North America because of huge venison consumption (>6 million deer/elk hunted and consumed annually in the USA alone), significant prion infectivity in muscles and other tissues/fluids from CWD-affected cervids, and usually high levels of individual exposure to CWD resulting from consumption of the affected animal among often just family and friends. However, we still do not know whether CWD prions can infect humans in the brain or peripheral tissues or whether clinical/asymptomatic CWD zoonosis has already occurred, and we have no essays to reliably detect CWD infection in humans. We hypothesize that: (1) The classic CWD prion strain can infect humans at low levels in the brain and peripheral lymphoid tissues; (2) The cervid-to-human transmission barrier is dependent on the cervid prion strain and influenced by the host (human) prion protein (PrP) primary sequence; (3) Reliable essays can be established to detect CWD infection in humans; and (4) CWD transmission to humans has already occurred. We will test these hypotheses in 4 Aims using transgenic (Tg) mouse models and complementary in vitro approaches. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 1 will prove that the classical CWD strain may infect humans in brain or peripheral lymphoid tissues at low levels by conducting systemic bioassays in a set of humanized Tg mouse lines expressing common human PrP variants using a number of CWD isolates at varying doses and routes. Experimental human CWD samples will also be generated for Aim 3. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 2 will test the hypothesis that the cervid-to-human prion transmission barrier is dependent on prion strain and influenced by the host (human) PrP sequence by examining and comparing the transmission efficiency and phenotypes of several atypical/unusual CWD isolates/strains as well as a few prion strains from other species that have adapted to cervid PrP sequence, utilizing the same panel of humanized Tg mouse lines as in Aim 1. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 3 will establish reliable essays for detection and surveillance of CWD infection in humans by examining in details the clinical, pathological, biochemical and in vitro seeding properties of existing and future experimental human CWD samples generated from Aims 1-2 and compare them with those of common sporadic human Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) prions. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 4 will attempt to detect clinical CWD-affected human cases by examining a significant number of brain samples from prion-affected human subjects in the USA and Canada who have consumed venison from CWD-endemic areas utilizing the criteria and essays established in Aim 3. The findings from this proposal will greatly advance our understandings on the potential and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for CWD zoonosis and potentially discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Public Health Relevance There are significant and increasing human exposure to cervid prions because chronic wasting disease (CWD, a widespread and highly infectious prion disease among deer and elk in North America) continues spreading and consumption of venison remains popular, but our understanding on cervid-to-human prion transmission is still very limited, raising public health concerns. This proposal aims to define the zoonotic risks of cervid prions and set up and apply essays to detect CWD zoonosis using mouse models and in vitro methods. The findings will greatly expand our knowledge on the potentials and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for such infections and may discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Funding Agency Agency National Institute of Health (NIH) Institute National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Type Research Project (R01) Project # 1R01NS088604-01A1 Application # <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">9037884</span> Study Section Cellular and Molecular Biology of Neurodegeneration Study Section (CMND) Program Officer Wong, May Project Start 2015-09-30 Project End 2019-07-31 Budget Start 2015-09-30 Budget End 2016-07-31 Support Year 1 Fiscal Year 2015 Total Cost $337,507 Indirect Cost $118,756</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1#panel-abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1#panel-abstract</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Professor Kongs reply to me just this month about above grant study that has NOT been published in peer reveiw yet...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=================================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Here is a brief summary of our findings:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...can't post, made a promise...tss</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">On Sat, Apr 3, 2021 at 12:19 PM Terry Singeltary <<span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">flounder9@verizon.net</span>> wrote:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">end...tss</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">==============</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD ZOONOSIS THE FULL MONTY TO DATE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">International Conference on Emerging Diseases, Outbreaks & Case Studies & 16th Annual Meeting on Influenza March 28-29, 2018 | Orlando, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Qingzhong Kong</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease prions from cervids</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease in cervids (mule deer, white-tailed deer, American elk, moose, and reindeer). It has become an epidemic in North America, and it has been detected in the Europe (Norway) since 2016. The widespread CWD and popular hunting and consumption of cervid meat and other products raise serious public health concerns, but questions remain on human susceptibility to CWD prions, especially on the potential difference in zoonotic potential among the various CWD prion strains. We have been working to address this critical question for well over a decade. We used CWD samples from various cervid species to inoculate transgenic mice expressing human or elk prion protein (PrP). We found infectious prions in the spleen or brain in a small fraction of CWD-inoculated transgenic mice expressing human PrP, indicating that humans are not completely resistant to CWD prions; this finding has significant ramifications on the public health impact of CWD prions. The influence of cervid PrP polymorphisms, the prion strain dependence of CWD-to-human transmission barrier, and the characterization of experimental human CWD prions will be discussed.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Speaker Biography Qingzhong Kong has completed his PhD from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst and Post-doctoral studies at Yale University. He is currently an Associate Professor of Pathology, Neurology and Regenerative Medicine. He has published over 50 original research papers in reputable journals (including Science Translational Medicine, JCI, PNAS and Cell Reports) and has been serving as an Editorial Board Member on seven scientific journals. He has multiple research interests, including public health risks of animal prions (CWD of cervids and atypical BSE of cattle), animal modeling of human prion diseases, mechanisms of prion replication and pathogenesis, etiology of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD) in humans, normal cellular PrP in the biology and pathology of multiple brain and peripheral diseases, proteins responsible for the α-cleavage of cellular PrP, as well as gene therapy and DNA vaccination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">qxk2@case.edu</span> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SUNDAY, JULY 25, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">North American and Norwegian Chronic Wasting Disease prions exhibit different potential for interspecies transmission and zoonotic risk </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''Our data suggest that reindeer and red deer from Norway could be the most transmissible CWD prions to other mammals, whereas North American CWD prions were more prone to generate human prions in vitro.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/north-american-and-norwegian-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/north-american-and-norwegian-chronic.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, JULY 19, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> U Calgary researchers at work on a vaccine against a fatal infectious disease affecting deer and potentially people</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/u-calgary-researchers-at-work-on.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/u-calgary-researchers-at-work-on.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE aka MAD COW DISEASE, was first discovered in 1984, and it took until 1995 to finally admit that BSE was causing nvCJD, the rest there is history, but that science is still evolving i.e. science now shows that indeed atypical L-type BSE, atypical Nor-98 Scrapie, and typical Scrapie are all zoonosis, zoonotic for humans, there from. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">HOW long are we going to wait for Chronic Wasting Disease, CWD TSE Prion of Cervid, and zoonosis, zoonotic tranmission to humans there from?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Studies have shown since 1994 that humans are susceptible to CWD TSE Prion, so, what's the hold up with making CWD a zoonotic zoonosis disease, the iatrogenic transmissions there from is not waiting for someone to make a decision.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P190 Human prion disease mortality rates by occurrence of chronic wasting disease in freeranging cervids, United States</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abrams JY (1), Maddox RA (1), Schonberger LB (1), Person MK (1), Appleby BS (2), Belay ED (1)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease of deer and elk that has been identified in freeranging cervids in 23 US states. While there is currently no epidemiological evidence for zoonotic transmission through the consumption of contaminated venison, studies suggest the CWD agent can cross the species barrier in experimental models designed to closely mimic humans. We compared rates of human prion disease in states with and without CWD to examine the possibility of undetermined zoonotic transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Death records from the National Center for Health Statistics, case records from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, and additional state case reports were combined to create a database of human prion disease cases from 2003-2015. Identification of CWD in each state was determined through reports of positive CWD tests by state wildlife agencies. Age- and race-adjusted mortality rates for human prion disease, excluding cases with known etiology, were determined for four categories of states based on CWD occurrence: highly endemic (>16 counties with CWD identified in free-ranging cervids); moderately endemic (3-10 counties with CWD); low endemic (1-2 counties with CWD); and no CWD states. States were counted as having no CWD until the year CWD was first identified. Analyses stratified by age, sex, and time period were also conducted to focus on subgroups for which zoonotic transmission would be more likely to be detected: cases <55 years old, male sex, and the latter half of the study (2010-2015).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Highly endemic states had a higher rate of prion disease mortality compared to non-CWD states (rate ratio [RR]: 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] = <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">1.01 - 1.23</span>), as did low endemic states (RR: 1.15, 95% CI = <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">1.04 - 1.27</span>). Moderately endemic states did not have an elevated mortality rate (RR: 1.05, 95% CI = 0.93 - 1.17). In age-stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates among the <55 year old population were elevated for moderately endemic states (RR: 1.57, 95% CI = <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">1.10 – 2.24</span>) while mortality rates were elevated among those ≥55 for highly endemic states (RR: 1.13, 95% CI = <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">1.02 - 1.26</span>) and low endemic states (RR: 1.16, 95% CI = <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">1.04 - 1.29</span>). In other stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates for males were only elevated for low endemic states (RR: 1.27, 95% CI = <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">1.10 - 1.48</span>), and none of the categories of CWD-endemic states had elevated mortality rates for the latter time period (2010-2015).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">While higher prion disease mortality rates in certain categories of states with CWD in free-ranging cervids were noted, additional stratified analyses did not reveal markedly elevated rates for potentially sensitive subgroups that would be suggestive of zoonotic transmission. Unknown confounding factors or other biases may explain state-by-state differences in prion disease mortality.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P172 Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Prion Disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Wang H(1), Cohen M(1), Appleby BS(1,2)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio (2) National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Cleveland, Ohio.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion disease is a fatal progressive neurodegenerative disease due to deposition of an abnormal protease-resistant isoform of prion protein. Typical symptoms include rapidly progressive dementia, myoclonus, visual disturbance and hallucinations. Interestingly, in patients with prion disease, the abnormal protein canould also be found in the peripheral nervous system. Case reports of prion deposition in peripheral nerves have been reported. Peripheral nerve involvement is thought to be uncommon; however, little is known about the exact prevalence and features of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We reviewed autopsy-proven prion cases from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center that were diagnosed between September 2016 to March 2017. We collected information regarding prion protein diagnosis, demographics, comorbidities, clinical symptoms, physical exam, neuropathology, molecular subtype, genetics lab, brain MRI, image and EMG reports. Our study included 104 patients. Thirteen (12.5%) patients had either subjective symptoms or objective signs of peripheral neuropathy. Among these 13 patients, 3 had other known potential etiologies of peripheral neuropathy such as vitamin B12 deficiency or prior chemotherapy. Among 10 patients that had no other clear etiology, 3 (30%) had familial CJD. The most common sCJD subtype was MV1-2 (30%), followed by MM1-2 (20%). The Majority of cases wasere male (60%). Half of them had exposure to wild game. The most common subjective symptoms were tingling and/or numbness of distal extremities. The most common objective finding was diminished vibratory sensation in the feet. Half of them had an EMG with the findings ranging from fasciculations to axonal polyneuropathy or demyelinating polyneuropathy.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our study provides an overview of the pattern of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease. Among patients with peripheral neuropathy symptoms or signs, majority has polyneuropathy. It is important to document the baseline frequency of peripheral neuropathy in prion diseases as these symptoms may become important when conducting surveillance for potential novel zoonotic prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P177 PrP plaques in methionine homozygous Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abrams JY (1), Schonberger LB (1), Cali I (2), Cohen Y (2), Blevins JE (2), Maddox RA (1), Belay ED (1), Appleby BS (2), Cohen ML (2)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is widely believed to originate from de novo spontaneous conversion of normal prion protein (PrP) to its pathogenic form, but concern remains that some reported sporadic CJD cases may actually be caused by disease transmission via iatrogenic processes. For cases with methionine homozygosity (CJD-MM) at codon 129 of the PRNP gene, recent research has pointed to plaque-like PrP deposition as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission for a subset of cases. This phenotype is theorized to originate from specific iatrogenic source CJD types that comprise roughly a quarter of known CJD cases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We reviewed scientific literature for studies which described PrP plaques among CJD patients with known epidemiological links to iatrogenic transmission (receipt of cadaveric human grown hormone or dura mater), as well as in cases of reported sporadic CJD. The presence and description of plaques, along with CJD classification type and other contextual factors, were used to summarize the current evidence regarding plaques as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission. In addition, 523 cases of reported sporadic CJD cases in the US from January 2013 through September 2017 were assessed for presence of PrP plaques.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We identified four studies describing 52 total cases of CJD-MM among either dura mater recipients or growth hormone recipients, of which 30 were identified as having PrP plaques. While sporadic cases were not generally described as having plaques, we did identify case reports which described plaques among sporadic MM2 cases as well as case reports of plaques exclusively in white matter among sporadic MM1 cases. Among the 523 reported sporadic CJD cases, 0 of 366 MM1 cases had plaques, 2 of 48 MM2 cases had kuru plaques, and 4 of 109 MM1+2 cases had either kuru plaques or both kuru and florid plaques. Medical chart review of the six reported sporadic CJD cases with plaques did not reveal clinical histories suggestive of potential iatrogenic transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PrP plaques occur much more frequently for iatrogenic CJD-MM cases compared to sporadic CJDMM cases. Plaques may indicate iatrogenic transmission for CJD-MM cases without a type 2 Western blot fragment. The study results suggest the absence of significant misclassifications of iatrogenic CJD as sporadic. To our knowledge, this study is the first to describe grey matter kuru plaques in apparently sporadic CJD-MM patients with a type 2 Western blot fragment.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P180 Clinico-pathological analysis of human prion diseases in a brain bank series</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ximelis T (1), Aldecoa I (1,2), Molina-Porcel L (1,3), Grau-Rivera O (4), Ferrer I (5), Nos C (6), Gelpi E (1,7), Sánchez-Valle R (1,4)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobanc-Hospital ClÃnic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (2) Pathological Service of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (3) EAIA Trastorns Cognitius, Centre Emili Mira, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain (4) Department of Neurology of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (5) Institute of Neuropathology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona (6) General subdirectorate of Surveillance and Response to Emergencies in Public Health, Department of Public Health in Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain (7) Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background and objective:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Neurological Tissue Bank (NTB) of the Hospital Clínic-Institut d‘Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain is the reference center in Catalonia for the neuropathological study of prion diseases in the region since 2001. The aim of this study is to analyse the characteristics of the confirmed prion diseases registered at the NTB during the last 15 years.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We reviewed retrospectively all neuropathologically confirmed cases registered during the period January 2001 to December 2016.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">176 cases (54,3% female, mean age: 67,5 years and age range: 25-86 years) of neuropathological confirmed prion diseases have been studied at the NTB. 152 cases corresponded to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), 10 to genetic CJD, 10 to Fatal Familial Insomnia, 2 to GerstmannSträussler-Scheinker disease, and 2 cases to variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr). Within sCJD subtypes the MM1 subtype was the most frequent, followed by the VV2 histotype.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Clinical and neuropathological diagnoses agreed in 166 cases (94%). The clinical diagnosis was not accurate in 10 patients with definite prion disease: 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Fronto-temporal dementia (FTD), 1 Niemann-Pick‘s disease, 1 Lewy Body‘s Disease, 2 Alzheimer‘s disease, 1 Cortico-basal syndrome and 2 undetermined dementia. Among patients with VPSPr, 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and the other one with FTD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Concomitant pathologies are frequent in older age groups, mainly AD neuropathological changes were observed in these subjects.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Discussion:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A wide spectrum of human prion diseases have been identified in the NTB being the relative frequencies and main characteristics like other published series. There is a high rate of agreement between clinical and neuropathological diagnoses with prion diseases. These findings show the importance that public health has given to prion diseases during the past 15 years. Continuous surveillance of human prion disease allows identification of new emerging phenotypes. Brain tissue samples from these donors are available to the scientific community. For more information please visit:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P192 Prion amplification techniques for the rapid evaluation of surface decontamination procedures</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Bruyere-Ostells L (1), Mayran C (1), Belondrade M (1), Boublik Y (2), Haïk S (3), Fournier-Wirth C (1), Nicot S (1), Bougard D (1)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Pathogenesis and control of chronic infections, Etablissement Français du Sang, Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (2) Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (3) Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) or prion diseases are a group of incurable and always fatal neurodegenerative disorders including Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases (CJD) in humans. These pathologies include sporadic (sCJD), genetic and acquired (variant CJD) forms. By the past, sCJD and vCJD were transmitted by different prion contaminated biological materials to patients resulting in more than 400 iatrogenic cases (iCJD). The atypical nature and the biochemical properties of the infectious agent, formed by abnormal prion protein or PrPTSE, make it particularly resistant to conventional decontamination procedures. In addition, PrPTSE is widely distributed throughout the organism before clinical onset in vCJD and can also be detected in some peripheral tissues in sporadic CJD. Risk of iatrogenic transmission of CJD by contaminated medical device remains thus a concern for healthcare facilities. Bioassay is the gold standard method to evaluate the efficacy of prion decontamination procedures but is time-consuming and expensive. Here, we propose to compare in vitro prion amplification techniques: Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) and Real-Time Quaking Induced Conversion (RT-QuIC) for the detection of residual prions on surface after decontamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stainless steel wires, by mimicking the surface of surgical instruments, were proposed as a carrier model of prions for inactivation studies. To determine the sensitivity of the two amplification techniques on wires (Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC), steel wires were therefore contaminated with serial dilutions of brain homogenates (BH) from a 263k infected hamster and from a patient with sCJD (MM1 subtype). We then compared the different standard decontamination procedures including partially and fully efficient treatments by detecting the residual seeding activity on 263K and sCJD contaminated wires. We completed our study by the evaluation of marketed reagents endorsed for prion decontamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The two amplification techniques can detect minute quantities of PrPTSE adsorbed onto a single wire. 8/8 wires contaminated with a 10-6 dilution of 263k BH and 1/6 with the 10-8 dilution are positive with Surf-PMCA. Similar performances were obtained with Surf-QuIC on 263K: 10/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilution and 1/8 wires contaminated with 10-8 dilution are positive. Regarding the human sCJD-MM1 prion, Surf-QuIC allows us to detect 16/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilutions and 14/16 with 10-7 . Results obtained after decontamination treatments are very similar between 263K and sCJD prions. Efficiency of marketed treatments to remove prions is lower than expected.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC are very sensitive methods for the detection of prions on wires and could be applied to prion decontamination studies for rapid evaluation of new treatments. Sodium hypochlorite is the only product to efficiently remove seeding activity of both 263K and sCJD prions.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WA2 Oral transmission of CWD into Cynomolgus macaques: signs of atypical disease, prion conversion and infectivity in macaques and bio-assayed transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Schatzl HM (1, 2), Hannaoui S (1, 2), Cheng Y-C (1, 2), Gilch S (1, 2), Beekes M (3), SchulzSchaeffer W (4), Stahl-Hennig C (5) and Czub S (2, 6)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) University of Calgary, Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada (2) University of Calgary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calgary, Canada, (3) Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany, (4) University of Homburg/Saar, Homburg, Germany, (5) German Primate Center, Goettingen, Germany, (6) Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), Lethbridge, Canada.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To date, BSE is the only example of interspecies transmission of an animal prion disease into humans. The potential zoonotic transmission of CWD is an alarming issue and was addressed by many groups using a variety of in vitro and in vivo experimental systems. Evidence from these studies indicated a substantial, if not absolute, species barrier, aligning with the absence of epidemiological evidence suggesting transmission into humans. Studies in non-human primates were not conclusive so far, with oral transmission into new-world monkeys and no transmission into old-world monkeys. Our consortium has challenged 18 Cynomolgus macaques with characterized CWD material, focusing on oral transmission with muscle tissue. Some macaques have orally received a total of 5 kg of muscle material over a period of 2 years. <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">After 5-7</span> years of incubation time some animals showed clinical symptoms indicative of prion disease, and prion neuropathology and PrPSc deposition were found in spinal cord and brain of euthanized animals. PrPSc in immunoblot was weakly detected in some spinal cord materials and various tissues tested positive in RT-QuIC, including lymph node and spleen homogenates. To prove prion infectivity in the macaque tissues, we have intracerebrally inoculated 2 lines of transgenic mice, expressing either elk or human PrP. At least 3 TgElk mice, receiving tissues from 2 different macaques, showed clinical signs of a progressive prion disease and brains were positive in immunoblot and RT-QuIC. Tissues (brain, spinal cord and spleen) from these and preclinical mice are currently tested using various read-outs and by second passage in mice. Transgenic mice expressing human PrP were so far negative for clear clinical prion disease (some mice >300 days p.i.). In parallel, the same macaque materials are inoculated into bank voles. Taken together, there is strong evidence of transmissibility of CWD orally into macaques and from macaque tissues into transgenic mouse models, although with an incomplete attack rate. The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology. Our ongoing studies will show whether the transmission of CWD into macaques and passage in transgenic mice represents a form of non-adaptive prion amplification, and whether macaque-adapted prions have the potential to infect mice expressing human PrP. The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">See also poster P103</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WA16 Monitoring Potential CWD Transmission to Humans</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Belay ED</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The spread of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in animals has raised concerns about increasing human exposure to the CWD agent via hunting and venison consumption, potentially facilitating CWD transmission to humans. Several studies have explored this possibility, including limited epidemiologic studies, in vitro experiments, and laboratory studies using various types of animal models. Most human exposures to the CWD agent in the United States would be expected to occur in association with deer and elk hunting in CWD-endemic areas. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) collaborated with state health departments in Colorado, Wisconsin, and Wyoming to identify persons at risk of CWD exposure and to monitor their vital status over time. Databases were established of persons who hunted in Colorado and Wyoming and those who reported consumption of venison from deer that later tested positive in Wisconsin. Information from the databases is periodically cross-checked with mortality data to determine the vital status and causes of death for deceased persons. Long-term follow-up of these hunters is needed to assess their risk of development of a prion disease linked to CWD exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P166 Characterization of CJD strain profiles in venison consumers and non-consumers from Alberta and Saskatchewan</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stephanie Booth (1,2), Lise Lamoureux (1), Debra Sorensen (1), Jennifer L. Myskiw (1,2), Megan Klassen (1,2), Michael Coulthart (3), Valerie Sim (4)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg (2) Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (3) Canadian CJD Surveillance System, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (4) Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is spreading rapidly through wild cervid populations in the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. While this has implications for tourism and hunting, there is also concern over possible zoonotic transmission to humans who eat venison from infected deer. Whilst there is no evidence of any human cases of CWD to date, the Canadian CJD Surveillance System (CJDSS) in Canada is staying vigilant. When variant CJD occurred following exposure to BSE, the unique biochemical fingerprint of the pathologic PrP enabled a causal link to be confirmed. However, we cannot be sure what phenotype human CWD prions would present with, or indeed, whether this would be distinct from that see in sporadic CJD. Therefore we are undertaking a systematic analysis of the molecular diversity of CJD cases of individuals who resided in Alberta and Saskatchewan at their time of death comparing venison consumers and non-consumers, using a variety of clinical, imaging, pathological and biochemical markers. Our initial objective is to develop novel biochemical methodologies that will extend the baseline glycoform and genetic polymorphism typing that is already completed by the CJDSS. Firstly, we are reviewing MRI, EEG and pathology information from over 40 cases of CJD to select clinically affected areas for further investigation. Biochemical analysis will include assessment of the levels of protease sensitive and resistant prion protein, glycoform typing using 2D gel electrophoresis, testing seeding capabilities and kinetics of aggregation by quaking-induced conversion, and determining prion oligomer size distributions with asymmetric flow field fractionation with in-line light scattering. Progress and preliminary data will be presented. Ultimately, we intend to further define the relationship between PrP structure and disease phenotype and establish a baseline for the identification of future atypical CJD cases that may arise as a result of exposure to CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Source Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/</a> </div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Volume 24, Number <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">8—August</span> 2018 </span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-size: 30.2px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 3px; outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Research Susceptibility of Human Prion Protein to Conversion by Chronic Wasting Disease Prions</span></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Marcelo A. BarriaComments to Author , Adriana Libori, Gordon Mitchell, and Mark W. Head Author affiliations: National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (M.A. Barria, A. Libori, M.W. Head); National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Scrapie and CWD, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (G. Mitchell)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal neurodegenerative disease and a serious animal health issue for deer and elk in North America. The identification of the first cases of CWD among free-ranging reindeer and moose in Europe brings back into focus the unresolved issue of whether CWD can be zoonotic like bovine spongiform encephalopathy. We used a cell-free seeded protein misfolding assay to determine whether CWD prions from elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer in North America can convert the human prion protein to the disease-associated form. We found that prions can convert, but the efficiency of conversion is affected by polymorphic variation in the cervid and human prion protein genes. In view of the similarity of reindeer, elk, and white-tailed deer in North America to reindeer, red deer, and roe deer, respectively, in Europe, a more comprehensive and thorough assessment of the zoonotic potential of CWD might be warranted.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Discussion Characterization of the transmission properties of CWD and evaluation of their zoonotic potential are important for public health purposes. Given that CWD affects several members of the family Cervidae, it seems reasonable to consider whether the zoonotic potential of CWD prions could be affected by factors such as CWD strain, cervid species, geographic location, and Prnp–PRNP polymorphic variation. We have previously used an in vitro conversion assay (PMCA) to investigate the susceptibility of the human PrP to conversion to its disease-associated form by several animal prion diseases, including CWD (15,16,22). The sensitivity of our molecular model for the detection of zoonotic conversion depends on the combination of 1) the action of proteinase K to degrade the abundant human PrPC that constitutes the substrate while only N terminally truncating any human PrPres produced and 2) the presence of the 3F4 epitope on human but not cervid PrP. In effect, this degree of sensitivity means that any human PrPres formed during the PMCA reaction can be detected down to the limit of Western blot sensitivity. In contrast, if other antibodies that detect both cervid and human PrP are used, such as 6H4, then newly formed human PrPres must be detected as a measurable increase in PrPres over the amount remaining in the reaction product from the cervid seed. Although best known for the efficient amplification of prions in research and diagnostic contexts, the variation of the PMCA method employed in our study is optimized for the definitive detection of zoonotic reaction products of inherently inefficient conversion reactions conducted across species barriers. By using this system, we previously made and reported the novel observation that elk CWD prions could convert human PrPC from human brain and could also convert recombinant human PrPC expressed in transgenic mice and eukaryotic cell cultures (15).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A previous publication suggested that mule deer PrPSc was unable to convert humanized transgenic substrate in PMCA assays (23) and required a further step of in vitro conditioning in deer substrate PMCA before it was able to cross the deer–human molecular barrier (24). However, prions from other species, such as elk (15) and reindeer affected by CWD, appear to be compatible with the human protein in a single round of amplification (as shown in our study). These observations suggest that different deer species affected by CWD could present differing degrees of the olecular compatibility with the normal form of human PrP.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The contribution of the polymorphism at codon 129 of the human PrP gene has been extensively studied and is recognized as a risk factor for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (4). In cervids, the equivalent codon corresponds to the position 132 encoding methionine or leucine. This polymorphism in the elk gene has been shown to play an important role in CWD susceptibility (25,26). We have investigated the effect of this cervid Prnp polymorphism on the conversion of the humanized transgenic substrate according to the variation in the equivalent PRNP codon 129 polymorphism. Interestingly, only the homologs methionine homozygous seed–substrate reactions could readily convert the human PrP, whereas the heterozygous elk PrPSc was unable to do so, even though comparable amounts of PrPres were used to seed the reaction. In addition, we observed only low levels of human PrPres formation in the reactions seeded with the homozygous methionine (132 MM) and the heterozygous (132 ML) seeds incubated with the other 2 human polymorphic substrates (129 MV and 129 VV). The presence of the amino acid leucine at position 132 of the elk Prnp gene has been attributed to a lower degree of prion conversion compared with methionine on the basis of experiments in mice made transgenic for these polymorphic variants (26). Considering the differences observed for the amplification of the homozygous human methionine substrate by the 2 polymorphic elk seeds (MM and ML), reappraisal of the susceptibility of human PrPC by the full range of cervid polymorphic variants affected by CWD would be warranted.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In light of the recent identification of the first cases of CWD in Europe in a free-ranging reindeer (R. tarandus) in Norway (2), we also decided to evaluate the in vitro conversion potential of CWD in 2 experimentally infected reindeer (18). Formation of human PrPres was readily detectable after a single round of PMCA, and in all 3 humanized polymorphic substrates (MM, MV, and VV). This finding suggests that CWD prions from reindeer could be more compatible with human PrPC generally and might therefore present a greater risk for zoonosis than, for example, CWD prions from white-tailed deer. A more comprehensive comparison of CWD in the affected species, coupled with the polymorphic variations in the human and deer PRNP–Prnp genes, in vivo and in vitro, will be required before firm conclusions can be drawn. Analysis of the Prnp sequence of the CWD reindeer in Norway was reported to be identical to the specimens used in our study (2). This finding raises the possibility of a direct comparison of zoonotic potential between CWD acquired in the wild and that produced in a controlled laboratory setting. (Table).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The prion hypothesis proposes that direct molecular interaction between PrPSc and PrPC is necessary for conversion and prion replication. Accordingly, polymorphic variants of the PrP of host and agent might play a role in determining compatibility and potential zoonotic risk. In this study, we have examined the capacity of the human PrPC to support in vitro conversion by elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer CWD PrPSc. Our data confirm that elk CWD prions can convert the human PrPC, at least in vitro, and show that the homologous PRNP polymorphisms at codon 129 and 132 in humans and cervids affect conversion efficiency. Other species affected by CWD, particularly caribou or reindeer, also seem able to convert the human PrP. It will be important to determine whether other polymorphic variants found in other CWD-affected Cervidae or perhaps other factors (17) exert similar effects on the ability to convert human PrP and thus affect their zoonotic potential.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dr. Barria is a research scientist working at the National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh. His research has focused on understanding the molecular basis of a group of fatal neurologic disorders called prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgments We thank Aru Balachandran for originally providing cervid brain tissues, Abigail Diack and Jean Manson for providing mouse brain tissue, and James Ironside for his critical reading of the manuscript at an early stage.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This report is independent research commissioned and funded by the United Kingdom’s Department of Health Policy Research Programme and the Government of Scotland. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Department of Health or the Government of Scotland.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author contributions: The study was conceived and designed by M.A.B. and M.W.H. The experiments were conducted by M.A.B. and A.L. Chronic wasting disease brain specimens were provided by G.M. The manuscript was written by M.A.B. and M.W.H. All authors contributed to the editing and revision of the manuscript.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion</a></div></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #222222; outline: none !important;">Prion 2017 Conference Abstracts</span></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none !important;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">First evidence of intracranial and peroral transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) into Cynomolgus macaques: a work in progress Stefanie Czub1, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer2, Christiane Stahl-Hennig3, Michael Beekes4, Hermann Schaetzl5 and Dirk Motzkus6 1 </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine/Canadian Food Inspection Agency; 2Universitatsklinikum des Saarlandes und Medizinische Fakultat der Universitat des Saarlandes; 3 Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen; 4 Robert-Koch-Institut Berlin; 5 University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; 6 presently: Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center; previously: Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">This is a progress report of a project which started in 2009. </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">21 cynomolgus macaques were challenged with characterized CWD material from white-tailed deer (WTD) or elk by intracerebral (ic), oral, and skin exposure routes. Additional blood transfusion experiments are supposed to assess the CWD contamination risk of human blood product. Challenge materials originated from symptomatic cervids for ic, skin scarification and partially per oral routes (WTD brain). Challenge material for feeding of muscle derived from preclinical WTD and from preclinical macaques for blood transfusion experiments. We have confirmed that the CWD challenge material contained at least two different CWD agents (brain material) as well as CWD prions in muscle-associated nerves. </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Here we present first data on a group of animals either challenged ic with steel wires or per orally and sacrificed with incubation times ranging from 4.5 to 6.9 years at postmortem. Three animals displayed signs of mild clinical disease, including anxiety, apathy, ataxia and/or tremor. In four animals wasting was observed, two of those had confirmed diabetes. All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals. Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuiC) and PET-blot assays to further substantiate these findings are on the way, as well as bioassays in bank voles and transgenic mice. </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">At present, a total of 10 animals are sacrificed and read-outs are ongoing. Preclinical incubation of the remaining macaques covers a range <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">from 6.4 to 7.10</span> years. Based on the species barrier and an incubation time of > 5 years for BSE in macaques and about 10 years for scrapie in macaques, we expected an onset of clinical disease beyond 6 years post inoculation. </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">PRION 2017 DECIPHERING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS ABSTRACTS REFERENCE</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available. </span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 23, 2019 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion and THE FEAST 2003 CDC an updated review of the science 2019 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 04, 2014 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Six-year follow-up of a point-source exposure to CWD contaminated venison in an Upstate New York community: risk behaviours and health outcomes 2005–2011 Authors, though, acknowledged the study was limited in geography and sample size and so it couldn't draw a conclusion about the risk to humans. They recommended more study. Dr. Ermias Belay was the report's principal author but he said New York and Oneida County officials are following the proper course by not launching a study. "There's really nothing to monitor presently. No one's sick," Belay said, noting the disease's incubation period in deer and elk is measured in years. " </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission Studies Mule deer transmissions of CWD were by intracerebral inoculation and compared with natural cases {the following was written but with a single line marked through it ''first passage (by this route)}....TSS resulted in a more rapidly progressive clinical disease with repeated episodes of synocopy ending in coma. One control animal became affected, it is believed through contamination of inoculum (?saline). Further CWD transmissions were carried out by Dick Marsh into ferret, mink and squirrel monkey. Transmission occurred in ALL of these species with the shortest incubation period in the ferret. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip.... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion Infectivity in Fat of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease▿ </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Brent Race#, Kimberly Meade-White#, Richard Race and Bruce Chesebro* + Author Affiliations In mice, prion infectivity was recently detected in fat. Since ruminant fat is consumed by humans and fed to animals, we determined infectivity titers in fat from two CWD-infected deer. Deer fat devoid of muscle contained low levels of CWD infectivity and might be a risk factor for prion infection of other species. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prions in Skeletal Muscles of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease Here bioassays in transgenic mice expressing cervid prion protein revealed the presence of infectious prions in skeletal muscles of CWD-infected deer, demonstrating that humans consuming or handling meat from CWD-infected deer are at risk to prion exposure. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">*** now, let’s see what the authors said about this casual link, personal communications years ago, and then the latest on the zoonotic potential from CWD to humans from the TOKYO PRION 2016 CONFERENCE. see where it is stated NO STRONG evidence. so, does this mean there IS casual evidence ???? “Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans” </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: TSS Subject: CWD aka MAD DEER/ELK TO HUMANS ??? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: September 30, 2002 at 7:06 am PST </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: "Belay, Ermias" </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: Cc: "Race, Richard (NIH)" ; ; "Belay, Ermias" </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sent: Monday, September 30, 2002 9:22 AM Subject: RE: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dear Sir/Madam, In the Archives of Neurology you quoted (the abstract of which was attached to your email), we did not say CWD in humans will present like variant CJD.. That assumption would be wrong. I encourage you to read the whole article and call me if you have questions or need more clarification (phone: 404-639-3091). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Also, we do not claim that "no-one has ever been infected with prion disease from eating venison." Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans in the article you quoted or in any other forum is limited to the patients we investigated. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ermias Belay, M.D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">-----Original Message----- From: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sent: Sunday, September 29, 2002 10:15 AM To: rr26k@nih.gov; rrace@niaid.nih.gov; ebb8@CDC.GOV </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sunday, November 10, 2002 6:26 PM .......snip........end..............TSS </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Thursday, April 03, 2008 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease 2008 1: Vet Res. 2008 Apr 3;39(4):41 A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease Sigurdson CJ. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... *** twenty-seven CJD patients who regularly consumed venison were reported to the Surveillance Center***, </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... full text ; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">sporadic, spontaneous CJD, 85%+ of all human TSE, did not just happen. never in scientific literature has this been proven. if one looks up the word sporadic or spontaneous at pubmed, you will get a laundry list of disease that are classified in such a way; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">sporadic = 54,983 hits </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">spontaneous = 325,650 hits </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">key word here is 'reported'. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can't, and it's as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it's being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. ...terry </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people. key word here is ‘reported’. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can’t, and it’s as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it’s being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. …terry </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ *** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** These results would seem to suggest that CWD does indeed have zoonotic potential, at least as judged by the compatibility of CWD prions and their human PrPC target. Furthermore, extrapolation from this simple in vitro assay suggests that if zoonotic CWD occurred, it would most likely effect those of the PRNP codon 129-MM genotype and that the PrPres type would be similar to that found in the most common subtype of sCJD (MM1).*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD TSE PRION AND ZOONOTIC, ZOONOSIS, POTENTIAL</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: Re: DEER SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY SURVEY & HOUND STUDY </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: Fri, 18 Oct 2002 23:12:22 +0100 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: Steve Dealler </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Organization: Netscape Online member </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: BSE-L@ References: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dear Terry,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">An excellent piece of review as this literature is desperately difficult to get back from Government sites.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">What happened with the deer was that an association between deer meat eating and sporadic CJD was found in about 1993. The evidence was not great but did not disappear after several years of asking CJD cases what they had eaten. I think that the work into deer disease largely stopped because it was not helpful to the UK industry...and no specific cases were reported. Well, if you dont look adequately like they are in USA currenly then you wont find any!</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Steve Dealler </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM THIRD ANNUAL REPORT AUGUST 1994</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Consumption of venison and veal was much less widespread among both cases and controls. For both of these meats there was evidence of a trend with increasing frequency of consumption being associated with increasing risk of CJD. (not nvCJD, but sporadic CJD...tss) These associations were largely unchanged when attention was restricted to pairs with data obtained from relatives. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Table 9 presents the results of an analysis of these data.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is STRONG evidence of an association between ‘’regular’’ veal eating and risk of CJD (p = .0.01).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Individuals reported to eat veal on average at least once a year appear to be at 13 TIMES THE RISK of individuals who have never eaten veal.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is, however, a very wide confidence interval around this estimate. There is no strong evidence that eating veal less than once per year is associated with increased risk of CJD (p = 0.51).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is some evidence that risk of CJD INCREASES WITH INCREASING FREQUENCY OF LAMB EATING (p = 0.02).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The evidence for such an association between beef eating and CJD is weaker (p = 0.14). When only controls for whom a relative was interviewed are included, this evidence becomes a little STRONGER (p = 0.08).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It was found that when veal was included in the model with another exposure, the association between veal and CJD remained statistically significant (p = < 0.05 for all exposures), while the other exposures ceased to be statistically significant (p = > 0.05).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In conclusion, an analysis of dietary histories revealed statistical associations between various meats/animal products and INCREASED RISK OF CJD. When some account was taken of possible confounding, the association between VEAL EATING AND RISK OF CJD EMERGED AS THE STRONGEST OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS STATISTICALLY. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the study in the USA, a range of foodstuffs were associated with an increased risk of CJD, including liver consumption which was associated with an apparent SIX-FOLD INCREASE IN THE RISK OF CJD. By comparing the data from 3 studies in relation to this particular dietary factor, the risk of liver consumption became non-significant with an odds ratio of 1.2 (PERSONAL COMMUNICATION, PROFESSOR A. HOFMAN. ERASMUS UNIVERSITY, ROTTERDAM). (???...TSS)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full report ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stephen Dealler is a consultant medical microbiologist deal@airtime.co.uk </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE Inquiry Steve Dealler</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Management In Confidence</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE: Private Submission of Bovine Brain Dealler</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> MAD DOGS AND ENGLISHMEN BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, CJD, TSE PRION A REVIEW 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> ''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> In conclusion, sensory symptoms and loss of reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome can be explained by neuropathological changes in the spinal cord. We conclude that the sensory symptoms and loss of lower limb reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome is due to pathology in the caudal spinal cord. <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology.<*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD. <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals.<*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids.'' Scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease (II) <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Professor John Collinge on tackling prion diseases sCJD around 1 in 5000 deaths worldwide</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“The best-known human prion disease is sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), a rapidly progressive dementia which accounts for around 1 in 5000 deaths worldwide.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">it has been established that similar so-called “prion-like” mechanisms are involved in much commoner conditions including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We defined iatrogenic cerebral amyloid angiopathy as a new disease, with relevance to Alzheimer’s disease and public health.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/brain-sciences/dementia-ucl-priority/professor-john-collinge-tackling-prion-diseases" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ucl.ac.uk/brain-sciences/dementia-ucl-priority/professor-john-collinge-tackling-prion-diseases</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: Diagnostic Journey of Patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) in the United States: A RealWorld Evidence Study</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author list: Duncan Brown1 , Emily Kutrieb2 , Montserrat Vera Llonch1 , Rob Pulido1 , Anne Smith1 , Derek Weycker2 , Ellen Dukes2 , Brian S Appleby3-5</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Affiliations: 1 Ionis Pharmaceuticals; 2Policy Analysis Inc. (PAI); 3National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center; 4Case Western Reserve University; 5University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Identification of clinical symptoms leading to a diagnosis of CJD from real-world evidence is limited. A new study using a United States (US) healthcare claims database was thus undertaken to address this evidence gap.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort design and the Merative MarketScan Database (01/2012-12/2020) were employed. The study population comprised adults aged ≥18 years with ≥1 inpatient diagnosis or ≥2 outpatient diagnoses (≥3 days apart) of CJD, magnetic resonance imaging of the head or lumbar puncture, and no evidence of selected neurologic conditions after the last CJD diagnosis. Patients without healthcare coverage during the 12-month pre-diagnosis period were excluded; alternative pre-diagnosis periods (spanning 24 and 36 months, respectively) were also explored. Diagnostic journey was detailed based on diagnosis codes for selected symptoms and neurologic conditions during the pre-diagnosis period.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Among the 61.8 million persons in the source population from 01/2013-12/2019, 215 CJD patients qualified for inclusion in the study population. CJD patients first presented with symptoms consistent with the diagnosis 5.0 (SD=4.0) months, on average, before the initial CJD diagnosis, and 80% had ≥3 symptoms, most commonly altered mental status (82%), gait/coordination disturbance (60%), and malaise/fatigue (44%). Most patients (63%) also had ≥1 differential (neurologic) diagnosis leading to the CJD diagnosis, most commonly cerebrovascular disease (49%), peripheral vertigo (11%), and Alzheimer’s disease (7%); mean duration from first differential diagnosis to initial CJD diagnosis was 2.4 (SD=3.1) months.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Study findings suggest that, in US clinical practice, CJD patients present with one or more clinical symptoms impacting motor, cognitive or other domains, and many are initially mis-diagnosed, prolonging the diagnostic journey. CJD should be considered in the differential diagnosis of those with rapidly progressing dementia or motor disturbance.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: Ionis Pharmaceuticals</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Grant number: N/A</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgment: XXX</div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">"Study findings suggest that, in US clinical practice, CJD patients present with one or more clinical symptoms impacting motor, cognitive or other domains, and many are initially mis-diagnosed, prolonging the diagnostic journey."</span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">2001 Singeltary on CJD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">February 14, 2001</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary, Sr</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author Affiliations</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">JAMA. 2001;285(6):733-734. doi:10-1001/pubs.JAMA-ISSN-0098-7484-285-6-jlt0214 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To the Editor: In their Research Letter, Dr Gibbons and colleagues1 reported that the annual US death rate due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has been stable since 1985. These estimates, however, are based only on reported cases, and do not include misdiagnosed or preclinical cases. It seems to me that misdiagnosis alone would drastically change these figures. An unknown number of persons with a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in fact may have CJD, although only a small number of these patients receive the postmortem examination necessary to make this diagnosis. Furthermore, only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies should be reportable nationwide and internationally.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1031186" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1031186</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">wasted days and wasted nights...Freddy Fender</div></div></div></div></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37946824.post-48740213794986434162023-11-21T11:14:00.000-06:002023-11-21T11:14:49.719-06:00Tennessee TWRA July 2022 to June 2023 Confirms 813 CWD Positives<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Tennessee TWRA July 2022 to June 2023 Confirms 813 CWD Positives</span></p><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Tennessee CWD Confirmed for first time in Lewis County</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">CWD has been found in wild white-tailed deer in seventeen: Chester, Crockett, Dyer, Fayette, Gibson, Hardeman, Hardin, Haywood, Henderson, Henry, Lauderdale, Lewis, Madison, McNairy, Shelby, Tipton, and Weakley.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Please note that Carroll, Decatur, Dyer, Hardin, Henry, Lake, Lewis, Obion, Wayne, and Weakley Counties, although affected by CWD, are not currently in Unit CWD and remain in Deer Unit L.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">After the 2022-2023 deer hunting season, Fayette County had the highest county-wide prevalence of CWD at 18.4% and Hardeman county had the next highest at 17.5%. Both Fayette County and Hardeman County have seen increases in prevalence since 2018. Within these two high-prevalence counties, the disease is not distributed evenly, and the prevalence essentially represents an average for the county.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The remaining counties where CWD has been detected all had a prevalence below 2% with the exception of Shelby county at 2.06% and range from 1.4% (Tipton) to 0.13% (Chester). Although it may seem as if the disease has spread rapidly across southwest Tennessee, the reality is the disease was likely there for many years before being detected. Through TWRA surveillance efforts we are gaining a better understanding of the geographic distribution of the disease, but we may not know the full extent of the affected area until approximately five years of continued surveillance.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tn.gov/content/tn/twra/hunting/cwd/cwd-in-tennessee.html#distribution" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tn.gov/content/tn/twra/hunting/cwd/cwd-in-tennessee.html#distribution</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">July 2022 to June 2023 <span style="outline: none !important;">813 CWD Positives</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/twra/documents/cwd/Year2022_2023Positives.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/twra/documents/cwd/Year2022_2023Positives.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Former Tennessee Wildlife and Resources Agency biologist: agency manipulated data on deer disease In a lawsuit filed against the agency<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Former Tennessee Wildlife and Resources Agency biologist: agency manipulated data on deer disease In a lawsuit filed against the agency, the former employee claims officials misled the public about the rate of neurological disorder in deer, changing protocols to avoid admitting mistakes </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BY: ANITA WADHWANI - SEPTEMBER 7, 2023 6:01 AM </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency vehicle. (Photo: John Partipilo) A Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency vehicle. (Photo: John Partipilo)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A state biologist claims he was confronted in his home by law enforcement officers with the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency on the same day he sent his boss’s superiors evidence that the state was falsifying data on wildlife diseases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">After his cell phone, laptops and other items were confiscated, the biologist said he was then subjected to hours of questioning by officers — among them the husband of his immediate supervisor. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">James Kelly, a wildlife biologist, led the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency’s deer management program, chaired the agency’s CWD Deer Management Standing Team and served as a wildlife biologist until he was fired in 2022.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In a whistleblower lawsuit filed this week, Kelly alleges state officials manipulated data and misled the public about the prevalence of chronic wasting disease, a fatal and infectious disease that attacks deer populations.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">He claims TWRA failed to follow best scientific practices and its own regulations in diagnosing potentially infected deer. He also claims TWRA chose to forgo more expensive and accurate lab testing then rewrote its regulations to keep its data mistakes from the public before dispatching law enforcement officers to Kelly’s home, interrogating him then firing him after he sought to make his allegations public.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The consequences of releasing inaccurate data, according to the lawsuit, was overinflated reporting of the prevalence of the disease in multiple Tennessee counties. Instead of 16 counties with confirmed CWD cases reported by the state, Kelly claims there have only ever been two: Hardeman and Fayette counties.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The over-reporting of cases leads to economic impacts in counties now avoided by some hunters and lost hunting fees collected by private property owners. It can also inadvertently lead to the spread of disease; once a county has been designated at risk for disease, diseased deer may be transported there for disposal, posing a potential infection hazard for otherwise uninfected deer in that county, the lawsuit said.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“Incorrectly reporting the spread of CWD can have an economic impact on the counties where CWD is reportedly found, and it can have an impact on a state wildlife agency’s use of funds and resources,” said a lawsuit filed by a former state biologist against Tennessee’s wildlife agency. Incorrect reporting on disease prevalence can also increase public costs for state intervention and monitoring, including added staffing, testing, harvest incentive payments to hunters and carcass incinerators. According to TWRA’s most recent disease management plan, it spent more than $1.2 million on chronic waste disease in the last fiscal year. “Incorrectly reporting the spread of CWD can have an economic impact on the counties where CWD is reportedly found, and it can have an impact on a state wildlife agency’s use of funds and resources,” the lawsuit said. TWRA has “engaged in fraud and mismanagement of its CWD program,” it said. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A spokesperson for TWRA declined to offer comment on pending litigation Wednesday but issued a statement that disputed claims that the state had publicized faulty data. The state’s protocols are based on “extensive vetting of the latest peer-reviewed research,” the statement said.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">William Caldwell, Kelly’s attorney, declined comment. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease is a fatal neurological disorder with no known cure that affects deer and elk populations, whose carcasses can also remain contagious. According to the Centers for Disease Control, there have been no reported cases of human transmission. The detection of disease, however, requires state intervention and monitoring to prevent its spread. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The agency first detected disease in 10 deer harvested in Fayette and Hardeman Counties in 2018.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">At the time, the lawsuit said, TWRA followed the same practice of every other state: first screening tissue through a process known as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) then getting a second, more expensive test using known as immunohistochemistry (IHC) testing to confirm positives. ELISA testing yields a high number of false positives, the lawsuit said.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">But as the number of samples being collected grew, TWRA ceased using IHC testing to confirm the results. Today, 16 counties are designated as being positive or at high risk for disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Kelly, 36, in 2021 grew suspicious at the high number of positive results. He began reviewing lab results and concluded that too many counties were being added, and too fast. He shared his concern that tests were yielding inaccurate results with other TWRA officials. Officials agreed to send positive samples for further IHC testing. None of the tests were found positive under this testing method, the lawsuit said. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The lawsuit claims that rather than admit to hunters, local governments and wildlife officials that mistakes may have been made to designate all 16 counties as positive or at risk for CWD, the agency created new protocols that allowed state officials to ignore the results of the second test. It also claims the new protocols would allow the agency to keep from admitting mistakes to Kentucky wildlife officials, who expended resources creating disease response after TWRA officials reported a bordering Tennessee county had a positive test. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“In other words, rather than respond to the discrepancies in CWD testing results by following its rules and protocols, the TWRA changed the rules and protocols to avoid having to admit mistakes,” the lawsuit claims.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A spokesperson for TWRA said Wednesday agency personnel could not comment on pending legislation. But, in a statement released about the state testing methods, the agency disputed Kelly’s allegations about the validity of their tests.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“The ELISA test used at the laboratories to detect CWD prions has been shown to be effective for early detection of disease, including animals recently infected but not yet showing symptoms,” the statement said. “For the agency, the results are critical for the continued surveillance and monitoring of CWD. Last season was the first since the discovery of CWD in Tennessee there was not a spread of the disease to new counties, which we believe is a positive indicator that current management protocols are working.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Frustrated by his efforts to call attention to the problem, Kelly said he wrote a memo to the Tennessee Fish and Wildlife Commission, the agency’s oversight board.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The day Kelly sent the memo, TWRA officers arrived at his home to hand deliver a letter placing him on leave. The wildlife law enforcement officers confiscated his cell phone, keys and laptops. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Kelly was then ordered to TWRA headquarters, where he was “questioned by law enforcement officers for hours” — among them a TWRA law enforcement officer married to Kelly’s immediate supervisor. The lawsuit calls Kelly’s treatment “malicious and willful.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The lawsuit claims TWRA violated state laws protecting state employee and citizen whistleblower complaints. TWRA has not yet filed its legal response. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tennesseelookout.com/2023/09/07/former-tennessee-wildlife-and-resources-agency-biologist-agency-manipulated-data-on-deer-disease/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tennesseelookout.com/2023/09/07/former-tennessee-wildlife-and-resources-agency-biologist-agency-manipulated-data-on-deer-disease/</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">New Requirements for Captive Deer Herds Following CWD Detection </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Monday, December 24, 2018 | 09:43am </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">NASHVILLE —After the confirmed detection of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in ten wild deer, Tennessee Department of Agriculture (TDA) Commissioner Jai Templeton is implementing emergency rules to prevent further spread of the disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Hunters harvested the deer in Fayette and Hardeman counties. Targeted sampling by the Tennessee Wildlife Resource Agency (TWRA) indicated the presence of CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD has no known risk to the health of humans or livestock. However, testing is recommended prior to consuming deer or elk meat harvested within the CWD Management Zone, which includes Fayette, Hardeman, and McNairy Counties. CWD is a contagious and deadly neurological disorder that affects cervids, which are animals in the deer family including deer, elk, moose, caribou, and reindeer.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“We have been working hard to prepare for this potential threat,” Commissioner Templeton said. “In collaboration with TWRA, the United States Department of Agriculture, hunters, and captive herd owners, we have developed a response plan. That plan is critical in protecting the wild and captive deer and elk in our state.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">With the new emergency rules in place, owners of captive deer and elk will be required to report their herd inventory, location, and any sick animals to the State Veterinarian. They will also be required to report deaths among their fenced captive cervids within 24 hours and make the carcass available to TDA for further testing.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Additionally, the importation of captive cervids into the state and the movement of captive deer or elk within the state require prior approval and a permit from the State Veterinarian, as well as USDA-approved identification. The requirements from the new emergency rule do not apply to white-tailed deer and wild elk, which are prohibited from being retained in captive facilities.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“Just a few weeks before this detection, we joined TWRA, USDA, and other partners for a tabletop exercise to discuss and finalize a response plan,” State Veterinarian Dr. Charlie Hatcher said. “Now, we’re following through. We encourage captive herd owners to keep a close eye on the animals in their care and report any signs of illness immediately.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A voluntary program administered by TDA, the Tennessee CWD Herd Certification Program was put in place in 2013 to provide uniform herd certification standards and to support the domestic and international marketability of cervid herds. Facilities can be certified as disease-free after five years of program enrollment with no evidence of disease, and the program is required for the interstate movement of CWD-susceptible cervids. For more information about CWD, visit CWDinTennessee.com.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tn.gov/agriculture/news/2018/12/24/new-captive-herd-requirements.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tn.gov/agriculture/news/2018/12/24/new-captive-herd-requirements.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">https://www.tn.gov/twra/hunting/cwd.html</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">8-2007 An Experimental Release of Elk into Great Smoky Mountains National Park </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Jennifer Lynn Murrow University of Tennessee - Knoxville</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://trace.tennessee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1304&context=utk_graddiss" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://trace.tennessee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1304&context=utk_graddiss</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Four Charged with Illegal Importation of Deer Carcasses from a CWD Positive State </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Wednesday, November 22, 2017 | 10:19am</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Four Charged with Illegal Importation of Deer Carcasses from a CWD Positive State</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MORRISTOWN --- Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency wildlife officers have filed charges on four hunters who illegally imported white-tailed deer carcasses from a state with the confirmed presence of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD). The hunters allegedly brought the entire deer carcasses into Tennessee which had not been properly prepared as required by law.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">On the opening day of muzzleloader season, Nov. 11, and the opening day of rifle season, Nov. 18, Carter County TWRA wildlife officers Dennis Ward and John Ripley charged four hunters with illegally importing deer carcasses from Virginia, a state that confirmed the presence of CWD in 2009. Last year, only portions of Virginia where CWD had been detected were banned. However, this year, importation restrictions apply to the entire state.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the effort to help prevent CWD from entering Tennessee, TWRA has placed importation restrictions for cervids, including deer, moose, and elk carcasses from any state that has found a positive case of CWD. Carcasses and other cervid parts from the CWD-positive states that may be brought into or possessed in Tennessee include:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Meat that has bones removed Antlers, antlers attached to clean skull plates, or cleaned skulls (no meat or tissues) Cleaned teeth Finished taxidermy, hides and tanned products</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A list of states and Canadian provinces that are included in the restriction can be found at</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tn.gov/twra/article/cwd-carcass-importation-restrictions" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tn.gov/twra/article/cwd-carcass-importation-restrictions</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">---TWRA---</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From TWRA Region IV, Morristown</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tn.gov/twra/news/2017/11/22/four-charged-with-illegal-importation-of-deer-carcasses-from-a-cwd-positive-state.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tn.gov/twra/news/2017/11/22/four-charged-with-illegal-importation-of-deer-carcasses-from-a-cwd-positive-state.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">News Release </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Tennessee Attorney Pleads Guilty to Illegally Killing Trophy White-Tailed Deer in Illinois </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">February 4, 2008 Contact: Division of Public Affairs External Affairs Telephone: 703-358-2220 Website: <a href="https://www.fws.gov/external-affairs/public-affairs/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.fws.gov/external-affairs/public-affairs/</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Allen W. Blevins, 41, of Knoxville, Tenn., pleaded guilty today in federal court to illegally killing and transporting white-tailed deer, a misdemeanor violation of the Lacey Act, a federal wildlife protection law. Blevins admitted to illegally killing three deer while he was employed as a guide at Hadley Creek Outfitters, a business located in Pike County, Illinois, and agreed to forfeiture of three illegally-taken deer head mounts.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The plea was accepted by U.S. Magistrate Judge Byron Cudmore who then ordered Blevins to pay a $7,500 fine and forfeit the mounts of the illegally killed deer. The fine will be used to fund continuing state and federal investigations of wildlife law violations.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In October 2004, Blevins used a bow and arrow to kill a trophy 10-point white-tailed deer in Pike County, Ill. Blevins then illegally transported the deer to Tennessee where he lied to officials and falsified documents to make it appear he had killed the deer in Tennessee. Blevins then returned to Illinois and illegally killed and transported two more deer, including another trophy 10-point buck during the month of November 2004</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Blevins, an attorney and founding partner of Blevins, Kizer and Gammeltoft, P.C., of Knoxville, Tenn., was employed as a guide for Hadley Creek Outfitters at the time he illegally killed and transported the deer. Photos of the trophy deer illegally killed by Blevins were posted on Hadley Creek Outfitters website for promotional uses. The mounts of these illegally killed deer were also displayed in public to promote other Blevins’ business ventures. In addition to being an attorney and hunting guide, Blevins is also listed as the President of Whitetail Investment Properties, an investment group that uses filmed deer hunts to sell real estate on numerous outdoor and hunting television shows.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Blevins’ guilty plea is the result of an investigation into illegal hunting conducted by special agents and investigators of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Illinois Department of Natural Resources and the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“The willingness of the U.S. Attorney’s Office to prosecute cases such as this one helps us protect our nation’s natural resources,” said U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Special Agent Tim Santel. “If all self-professed hunters acted with blatant disregard for wildlife laws as Blevins did, there would be no trophy animals left to hunt.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Central District of Illinois’ U.S. Attorney’s Office, represented by Assistant U.S. Attorney Gregory M. Gilmore, negotiated the plea agreement.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The interstate transportation of wildlife-- including hides or parts--obtained in violation of state law violates the Lacey Act. The Lacey Act is a federal wildlife protection law and each violation carried a possible maximum fine of $100,000 and/or one year in prison.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The mission of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is working with others to conserve, protect and enhance fish, wildlife, plants and their habitats for the continuing benefit of the American people. We are both a leader and trusted partner in fish and wildlife conservation, known for our scientific excellence, stewardship of lands and natural resources, dedicated professionals and commitment to public service. For more information on our work and the people who make it happen, visit http://www.fws.gov</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3-FWS-</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.fws.gov/news/ShowNews.cfm?newsId=F08C33D9-0D7A-919E-D02991E2A208AE2B" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.fws.gov/news/ShowNews.cfm?newsId=F08C33D9-0D7A-919E-D02991E2A208AE2B</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Thursday, February 28, 2013 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Professional Hunter To Pay $10,000 Fine For Lacey Act Violation In Kansas </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">KANSAS CITY, KAN. – A professional hunter from Tennessee will has been sentenced to three years on federal supervised release for a Lacey Act violation in Kansas, U.S. Attorney Barry Grissom said today. The hunter will lose his hunting privileges throughout the United States for six months, as well as paying a $10,000 fine and $10,000 in restitution.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">William “Spook” Spann, 50, Dickson, Tenn., pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor count of transporting across state lines wildlife that was taken unlawfully in Kansas. In his plea, Spann admitted that in mid-November 2007 he unlawfully took a white-tailed deer in Stafford County, Kan. Spann took the deer on land owned by another person, in violation of Spann’s hunting permit, which entitled him to hunt only on land that he owned.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">On a scouting trip, Spann and a cameraman spotted a deer at a distance of several hundred yards with the wind blowing in their faces so that the deer would not be able to hear or smell their approach. With a video camera rolling, Spann stalked to within 10 yards of the deer. Spann drew his bow and killed the deer with an arrow.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Federal investigators served a search warrant at Spann’s home in Tennessee, where they seized the antlers of the Kansas deer. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Grissom commended the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Kansas Department of Wildlife, Parks and Tourism, the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency and Assistant U.S. Attorney Chris Oakley for their work on the case.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.justice.gov/usao-ks/pr/professional-hunter-pay-10000-fine-lacey-act-violation-kansas" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.justice.gov/usao-ks/pr/professional-hunter-pay-10000-fine-lacey-act-violation-kansas</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2 0 1 6 Annual Law Enforcement and Violation Report 47</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ILLEGAL HUNTING IN GMU 61</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Two men from Colorado and two men from Tennessee have been convicted of illegal hunting activities. As a result, two of them paid substantial fines; one man will spend time in jail and another is performing community service. All of the men could also lose their hunting and fishing privileges in Colorado and in 43 other states.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The convictions followed long-term investigations by Colorado Parks and Wildlife and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The violations were committed over the course of a decade in prized Game Management Unit 61 where few elk licenses are available each season and many people wait 20 years or more to draw a tag. GMU 61 is located on the Uncompahgre Plateau west of Montrose.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“We take it seriously when poachers steal wildlife from all of us, especially when they are profiting from that poaching; and we will do everything we can to see that those individuals are brought to justice,” said Renzo DelPiccolo, Area Wildlife Manager for Colorado Parks and Wildlife in Montrose. “Sometimes it takes years to investigate and settle wildlife cases, but that does not deter state and federal investigators from pursuing these crimes.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Beginning in about 1999 and continuing through 2011, Gerald Lee Sickels (“Sickels”), 42, of Nucla, operated as an illegal, unlicensed outfitter and took clients on multi-day hunts for which he charged $1,000 to $3,000. During that time, at least 17 bull elk were killed illegally in GMU 61 by Sickels and his out-of-state clients. At least one mountain lion was also killed illegally. Sickels instructed his clients to purchase other hunting licenses to help cover up the illegal activity.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sickels and his assistant, Jay Remy Grierson (“Grierson”), 46, also of Nucla, were indicted by a federal grand jury in November 2014 for violations of the Lacey Act, a federal law that bans illegal trafficking of wildlife. They faced six counts of conspiracy and interstate sale of unlawfully taken big-game.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sickels eventually pleaded guilty to one felony count of conspiring to violate the Lacey Act. On Nov. 7, 2016, he was sentenced in federal court in Denver to one year of “intermittent incarceration” and one year of probation for conspiring to violate the Lacey Act. Sickels must report to a local detention facility on all nonwork days, on all vacation days, and on all holidays during the one-year period. During the probation, he is prohibited from hunting or acting as a hunting guide. He also had to give up his 1997 Toyota pick-up truck and a Fleetwood camping trailer, both of which were used in the commission of federal crimes.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2 0 1 6 Annual Law Enforcement and Violation Report 48</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Grierson pleaded guilty to three misdemeanor violations of the Lacey Act and was sentenced in March 2016 to two years of probation and 40 hours of community service.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ben Williamson (“Williamson”), 61, of Morristown, Tennessee, during a trip in 2004 to GMU 61, unlawfully killed two elk, one a 6x6 and the other a 7x8. In 2009, his son, Brett Williamson, 26, who did not have a hunting license, killed a 6x6 bull elk. He returned in 2010 and, again without a license, killed two 6x6 bull elk. The two men were charged with misdemeanor violations of the Lacey Act and each paid a fine of $6,500. They also were required to forfeit their trophy mounts.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Officers from the Tennessee Department of Wildlife Resources assisted in the investigation by conducting interviews and seizing evidence.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Colorado Parks and Wildlife Commission Hearing Examiner will review each case and make a determination regarding suspension of the men’s hunting and fishing license privileges. Through a nationwide cooperative agreement known as the Interstate Wildlife Violator Compact, the men could lose their license privileges in the other 43 participating states.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The case was prosecuted by the Environmental Crimes Section of the U.S. Department of Justice, Environment and Natural Resources Division.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://cpw.state.co.us/Documents/RulesRegs/LawEnforcement/2016AnnualReport.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://cpw.state.co.us/Documents/RulesRegs/LawEnforcement/2016AnnualReport.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">TENNESSEE CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE RESPONSE AND MANAGEMENT PLAN 2023-2027<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TENNESSEE WILDLIFE RESOURCES AGENCY 5701 EDMONDSON PIKE NASHVILLE, TN 37211</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">History of CWD in Tennessee</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Beginning in 2002, due to increasing national concerns over CWD and the serious nature of the disease, TWRA began CWD surveillance of white-tailed deer and elk. In fall of 2016, a new pilot strategy was implemented, to significantly increase the number of samples obtained on an annual basis. The new approach was to enlist the assistance of taxidermists and game processors, paying them to collect samples. In 2016 and 2017, sample sizes for CWD testing increased by more than 590% (2,014 and 1,799 samples in 2016 and 2017, respectively). In 2018, TWRA implemented an enhanced surveillance strategy (Schuler et al. 2018), which is designed to both assess the risk of CWD introduction into Tennessee, and implement a weighted sampling strategy that integrates deer population and key risk factors. The overall goal of this surveillance approach is to maximize the chances of early detection of CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">By 2018, a total of 12,282 free-ranging whitetailed deer and 109 free-ranging elk had been tested for the disease. On December 14, 2018, TWRA was informed by its CWD diagnostic laboratory that 10 hunter-harvested white-tailed deer taken from Hardeman and Fayette Counties tested positive for CWD. This notification set off a chain reaction prescribed in TWRA’s CWD Response Plan (Tennessee Wildlife Resource Agency 2016, 2018a). Unit CWD was created as a deer hunting unit which included the two newly affected counties and an additional six surrounding, atrisk counties (i.e., counties with a border within 10-miles of a known CWD positive deer). Carcass transportation and feeding restrictions were implemented, and the deer hunting season was extended with mandatory check stations.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">As result of the extended deer hunting season and mandatory check stations, over 3,100 deer were sampled, 186 of which tested positive for CWD. Most positive samples came from deer harvested in Fayette and Hardeman Counties while one positive sample came from a deer harvested in Madison County. This high volume of positive results within the first year of detection signified the potential for a much larger affected area than originally anticipated. TWRA would need to apply multiple years of intensive surveillance and monitoring to fully understand the extent of the disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Currently, TWRA is beginning to grasp the distribution of CWD in western Tennessee. As of September 2022, CWD has been found in free-ranging white-tailed deer in sixteen counties including Chester, Crockett, Dyer, Fayette, Gibson, Hardeman, Hardin, Haywood, Henderson, Henry, Lauderdale, Madison, McNairy, Shelby, Tipton, and Weakley (Figure 4 Appendix A. Background). Additionally, five counties have been designated as high-risk after CWD was detected within 10 miles of their borders: Carroll, Decatur, Lake, Obion, and Wayne County borders (Figure 4 Appendix A. Background). Surveillance of Tennessee’s elk population is ongoing through the sampling of all harvested elk and any elk found dead (e.g., roadkill). Currently, free-ranging elk in Tennessee remain unaffected by CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">New CWD detections outside of the current affected area will likely occur at a far lower prevalence compared to the prevalence found in western Tennessee. Effective management in response to any CWD detections in novel areas will require immediate and focused action and may include increased sampling of deer in the immediate vicinity, implementation of the targeted removal program, and issuance of CWD Management Permits. Hunting regulations, such as increased bag limits and liberalized method of take, may not be implemented within the first year of a new detection to ensure management activities are based on a complete understanding of the specific circumstances surrounding the new detection.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Monitoring</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">During the 2021-2022 fiscal year (July 1, 2021 - June 30, 2022) 16,315 deer were sampled for CWD testing, 11,039 of these deer were sampled from within Unit CWD. Detections of CWD have not been found to be evenly distributed across the landscape but instead are found in a clustered distribution (Figure 5). Within Tennessee, the enzootic area remains in Fayette and Hardeman counties where the disease prevalence has increased since 2018 and is much higher than the surrounding areas (<2%; Table 1 and Table 2). Within these two high-prevalence counties, the disease is not distributed evenly, and the prevalence essentially represents an average for the county. The remaining counties where CWD has been detected all had a prevalence below 2% and range from 1.5% (Shelby) to 0.16% (Gibson). Although it may seem as if the disease has spread rapidly across southwest Tennessee, the reality is the disease was likely present for many years before being detected. The prevalence also shows an uneven distribution across the sex and age classes with adult (>2.5 years) bucks having approximately twice the disease prevalence as compared to adult does within the enzootic zone (Table 1 and Table 2).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see map!</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD Research</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A strong foundational understanding of CWD characteristics, cervid population dynamics, and the human dimension implications of CWD will support informed disease management decisions. Cervid population dynamics vary drastically throughout their range and obtaining data to base management decisions at the most biologically and sociologically relevant scale should be implemented at every opportunity to maximize efficacy of CWD programs. The southern deer herd, Tennessee’s included, will have an epidemiological response to CWD that is both similar to other parts of the country and unique to its own dynamics. Therefore, TWRA would like to prioritize research and data collection to address knowledge gaps in Tennessee specific cervid populations and measure the effects of applied CWD programs. Research efforts will be strategically partnered within the state and nationally to remain adaptively focused on Tennessee’s herd with the goals of understanding transmission and environmental factors along with development of effective control and mitigation at the highest possible levels.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Since the detection of CWD in Tennessee, TWRA has been the recipient of multiple USDA APHIS funded cooperative agreements that have supported the collaboration between TWRA and universities to better understand CWD characteristics and its infectious agent. In an ongoing study, TWRA has partnered with researchers at the University of Wisconsin to understand the persistence of prions in the environment. Through this project, methodologies in RT-QuIC have been improved to detect prions in soil and the persistence of prions has been documented at historical mineral bait sites. Future collaborations with the University of Minnesota will investigate the environmental persistence of prions with the application of fire as a tool for mitigation and the response of prions in various soil types over time.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">32</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In an additional series of cooperative agreements, TWRA has partnered with Colorado State University to investigate the ability of biodetectors (i.e., trained dogs) to detect the change in chemical signature of CWD in infected white-tailed deer tissues. The first phase of the project (testing behavioral responses of biodetectors to whitetailed deer fecal samples) has been completed and researchers have had success in training dogs to correctly identify fecal samples from CWD infected white-tailed deer in both laboratory and controlled field settings. The second phase of the project began in April 2022 and focuses on laboratory trials of dogs to identify CWD infections from gastrointestinal tract samples with results forthcoming. A third phase of the project has been funded and will focus on canine abilities to detect the CWD chemical signature in soils.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Monitoring impacts of CWD and CWD management in Tennessee has continued by outsourcing thermal aerial surveys on twelve focal areas, each roughly 36 mi2 in size, in west Tennessee. Eight of these sites were sampled last year, with four new sites added to periphery zones outside the core CWD area. Using distance sampling, estimated densities ranged from a low of 17.7 deer/mi2 in Madison County to a high of 70.0 deer/mi2 in western Hardeman County.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">More research is still required to understand CWD dynamics, free-ranging cervid population dynamics throughout the state, and the effects of CWD management programs over time. To create a baseline knowledge of these aspects of the disease and free-ranging cervids specific to Tennessee, it will be critical for TWRA to begin conducting primary research.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Human Dimensions of CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Human Dimensions of CWD in the United States</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Human dimensions (HD) research is crucial for understanding the social impacts of wildlife and disease management and for developing effective, durable, and socially acceptable wildlife management strategies. In particular, HD of CWD has been studied for numerous years across the country, although the social aspects have not been investigated to the same level as biological aspects of the disease. The social aspects of CWD research have been mainly focused on hunter behaviors since hunters are the primary stakeholders impacted by CWD. These studies examined hunter participation in response to the disease and associated wildlife management actions, perceptions of potential human health risks associated with CWD, and concerns about impacts of the disease on wildlife (Jerry J. Vaske 2010). Many studies have also evaluated changes in hunter behavior after the first detection of CWD in an area. Most studies found a minimal effect of CWD in hunter participation (Vaske et al. 2004, Haus et al. 2017) while few studies found a decline in participation after the discovery of CWD (Heberlein 2004, Vaske et al. 2004). Generally, hunter perceptions and behaviors change over time as they become less concerned about diseases and its associated risk (Holsman and Smail 2006, Vaske and Miller 2019, Holland et al. 2020).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Human Dimensions Research of CWD in Tennessee</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full report;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/twra/documents/cwd/TWRA%20CWD%20Response%20and%20Management%20Plan%202023-2027%20final.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/twra/documents/cwd/TWRA%20CWD%20Response%20and%20Management%20Plan%202023-2027%20final.pdf</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">CWD Strategic Plan and Agency Actions – 2023-2027 <br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Developed infrastructure and laboratory partners to support increased testing. Through 2021, tested over 60,000 samples statewide with 1,953 total positive from 16 counties. </div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/twra/documents/cwd/CWD%20One%20Pager%20Strategic%20Plan-FINAL.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/twra/documents/cwd/CWD%20One%20Pager%20Strategic%20Plan-FINAL.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tn.gov/content/tn/twra/hunting/cwd/cwd-in-tennessee.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tn.gov/content/tn/twra/hunting/cwd/cwd-in-tennessee.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Tennessee CWD</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Current Distribution and Prevalence CWD has been found in wild white-tailed deer in sixteen Positive Counties:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chester, Crockett, Dyer, Fayette, Gibson, Hardeman, Hardin, Haywood, Henderson, Henry, Lauderdale, Madison, McNairy, Shelby, Tipton, and Weakley.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Additionally, CWD has been detected within 10 miles of the border of five High-risk Counties: Carroll, Decatur, Lake, Obion, and Wayne.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Please note that Carroll, Decatur, Dyer, Hardin, Henry, Lake, Obion, Wayne, and Weakley Counties, although affected by CWD, are not currently in Unit CWD and remain in Deer Unit L.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">After the 2021-2022 deer hunting season, Fayette County had the highest county-wide prevalence of CWD at 17.8% and Hardeman county had the next highest at 11.8%. Both Fayette County and Hardeman County have seen increases in prevalence since 2018. Within these two high-prevalence counties, the disease is not distributed evenly, and the prevalence essentially represents an average for the county.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The remaining counties where CWD has been detected all had a prevalence below 2% and range from 1.5% (Shelby) to 0.16% (Gibson). Although it may seem as if the disease has spread rapidly across southwest Tennessee, the reality is the disease was likely there for many years before being detected. Through TWRA surveillance efforts we are gaining a better understanding of the geographic distribution of the disease, but we may not know the full extent of the affected area until approximately five years of continued surveillance.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tn.gov/content/tn/twra/hunting/cwd/cwd-in-tennessee.html#distribution" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tn.gov/content/tn/twra/hunting/cwd/cwd-in-tennessee.html#distribution</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Tennessee TWRA 2 deer in Hardin County Confirmed Chronic wasting disease (CWD)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD-Positive Deer Confirmed in Hardin County</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Friday, April 22, 2022 | 03:57pm</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">NASHVILLE --- Chronic wasting disease (CWD) has been confirmed in a pair of deer in Hardin County, according to the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency. The CWD-positive deer makes Hardin County CWD positive and neighboring Decatur County is now classified as a high-risk CWD county due to the location of where one of the positive deer was detected.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The deer carcass exportation and wildlife feeding restrictions apply to all high-risk and positive counties. One positive deer was confirmed in southern Hardin County and the other was north of Savannah, closer to the Decatur County border.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Tennessee Fish and Wildlife Commission instituted deer carcass exportation and wildlife feeding restrictions to positive and high-risk counties to best manage CWD in the state. Supplemental feeding of wildlife is banned in high-risk and positive counties, therefore placement of grains, salt products, and other consumable products for wildlife is prohibited. The ban does not apply to feed placed within 100 feet of a residence, feed placed in a manner not accessible to deer, or feed and minerals as the result of normal agricultural practices. Food plots are still legal in affected counties.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">---TWRA---</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/twra/images/news/transportation-rules-for-CWD.jpg" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/twra/images/news/transportation-rules-for-CWD.jpg</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tn.gov/twra/news/2022/4/22/cwd-positive-deer-confirmed-in-hardin-county.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tn.gov/twra/news/2022/4/22/cwd-positive-deer-confirmed-in-hardin-county.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tn.gov/twra/hunting/cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tn.gov/twra/hunting/cwd.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TENNESSEE CAPTIVE CERVID </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tn.gov/agriculture/news/2018/12/24/new-captive-herd-requirements.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tn.gov/agriculture/news/2018/12/24/new-captive-herd-requirements.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Deer Management in Tennessee 2019-2023 A Strategic Plan for the Systems, Processes, Protocols, and Programs Pertaining to the Management of White-tailed Deer in Tennessee</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD Goal</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Minimize the threat of Chronic Wasting Disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is in the family of diseases known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE). It is caused by a prion or infectious protein particle that persists in the environment indefinitely. In Tennessee, native white-tailed deer and reintroduced wild elk, as well as several exotic captive cervid species, including captive elk, are at risk for infection with CWD. CWD is the greatest threat to the future of deer and deer hunting in Tennessee, and TWRA is proactively addressing this threat.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We have monitored deer for CWD since 2004. In November 2018, we began implementation of a new CWD surveillance strategy weighted towards counties with higher risk (Schuler et al. 2018). On December 14th, 2018 we received notification from our CWD testing facility that 10 samples collected during our CWD surveillance tested positive for CWD. The 10 positive samples occured in two counties that were considered high risk and received increased surveillance under the new strategy. Immediate implementation of our CWD Response Plan (TWRA 2018), resulted in over 180 additional positives being confirmed in these two counties as well as one in southwest Madison County.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">As this plan was being finalized, we began developing a long-term management plan for CWD in light of these findings. With the exception of minor revisions, the objectives outlined below were mostly developed prior to finding CWD in Tennessee. These objectives still apply, but more objectives, strategies, and actions will likely arise as a CWD Management Plan is further developed.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SNIP...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">STRATEGY 1.4 CONTINUE TO WORK WITH THE TENNESSEE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE (TDA) TO REDUCE RISK OF INTRODUCTION OR SPREAD VIA CAPTIVE INDUSTRY</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Currently in Tennessee, it is legal to transport and/ or possess captive cervids, excluding white-tailed deer, some of which are CWD susceptible. It is imperative that the risk of spread or introduction of CWD into new areas via these programs is minimized.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/twra/documents/wildlife/deer-management-plan_2019-2023.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/twra/documents/wildlife/deer-management-plan_2019-2023.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD has no known risk to the health of humans or livestock, however it is deadly for cervids.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tn.gov/agriculture/businesses/animals/animal-health/chronic-wasting-disease--cwd-.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tn.gov/agriculture/businesses/animals/animal-health/chronic-wasting-disease--cwd-.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> CWD has no known risk to the health of humans or livestock, however it is deadly for cervids.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">this statement is not FACTUALLY accurate, in fact it is false. see the latest science below on zoonosis cwd and what livestock species are at risk. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TO continue with this Fallacy, will only continue to expose the cwd tse prp to both human and animal.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">RISK, by definition;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">'a situation involving exposure to danger.'</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">'expose (someone or something valued) to danger, harm, or loss.'</div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Environmental and Zoonosis Risk Factors</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Price of TSE Prion Poker goes up substantially, all you cattle ranchers and such, better pay close attention here...terry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of the chronic wasting disease agent from elk to cattle after oronasal exposure</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Justin Greenlee, Jifeng Bian, Zoe Lambert, Alexis Frese, and Eric Cassmann Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the susceptibility of cattle to chronic wasting disease agent from elk. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: Initial studies were conducted in bovinized mice using inoculum derived from elk with various genotypes at codon 132 (MM, LM, LL). Based upon attack rates, inoculum (10% w/v brain homogenate) from an LM132 elk was selected for transmission studies in cattle. At approximately 2 weeks of age, one wild type steer (EE211) and one steer with the E211K polymorphism (EK211) were fed 1 mL of brain homogenate in a quart of milk replacer while another 1 mL was instilled intranasally. The cattle were examined daily for clinical signs for the duration of the experiment. One steer is still under observation at 71 months post-inoculation (mpi). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Inoculum derived from MM132 elk resulted in similar attack rates and incubation periods in mice expressing wild type or K211 bovine PRNP, 35% at 531 days post inoculation (dpi) and 27% at 448 dpi, respectively. Inoculum from LM132 elk had a slightly higher attack rates in mice: 45% (693 dpi) in wild type cattle PRNP and 33% (468) in K211 mice. Inoculum from LL132 elk resulted in the highest attack rate in wild type bovinized mice (53% at 625 dpi), but no K211 mice were affected at >700 days. At approximately 70 mpi, the EK211 genotype steer developed clinical signs suggestive of prion disease, depression, low head carriage, hypersalivation, and ataxia, and was necropsied. Enzyme immunoassay (IDEXX) was positive in brainstem (OD=4.00, but non-detect in retropharyngeal lymph nodes and palatine tonsil. Immunoreactivity was largely limited to the brainstem, midbrain, and cervical spinal cord with a pattern that was primarily glia-associated. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Cattle with the E211K polymorphism are susceptible to the CWD agent after oronasal exposure of 0.2 g of infectious material. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Cattle with the E211K polymorphism are susceptible to the CWD agent after oronasal exposure of 0.2 g of infectious material."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Strain characterization of chronic wasting disease in bovine-PrP transgenic mice </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Nuria Jerez-Garrido1, Sara Canoyra1, Natalia Fernández-Borges1, Alba Marín Moreno1, Sylvie L. Benestad2, Olivier Andreoletti3, Gordon Mitchell4, Aru Balachandran4, Juan María Torres1 and Juan Carlos Espinosa1. 1 Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, CISA-INIA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain. 2 Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway. 3 UMR Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)/École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Toulouse, France. 4 Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Canada. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is an infectious prion disease that affects cervids. Various CWD prion strains have been identified in different cervid species from North America and Europe. The properties of the infectious prion strains are influenced by amino acid changes and polymorphisms in the PrP sequences of different cervid species. This study, aimed to assess the ability of a panel of CWD prion isolates from diverse cervid species from North America and Europe to infect bovine species, as well as to investigate the properties of the prion strains following the adaptation to the bovine-PrP context. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: BoPrP-Tg110 mice overexpressing the bovine-PrP sequence were inoculated by intracranial route with a panel of CWD prion isolates from both North America (two white-tailed deer and two elk) and Europe (one reindeer, one moose and one red deer). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Our results show distinct behaviours in the transmission of the CWD isolates to the BoPrP-Tg110 mouse model. Some of these isolates did not transmit even after the second passage. Those able to transmit displayed differences in terms of attack rate, survival times, biochemical properties of brain PrPres, and histopathology. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Altogether, these results exhibit the diversity of CWD strains present in the panel of CWD isolates and the ability of at least some CWD isolates to infect bovine species. Cattle being one of the most important farming species, this ability represents a potential threat to both animal and human health, and consequently deserves further study. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: MCIN/AEI /10.13039/501100011033 and by European Union NextGeneration EU/PRTR </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Grant number: PCI2020-120680-2 ICRAD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Altogether, these results exhibit the diversity of CWD strains present in the panel of CWD isolates and the ability of at least some CWD isolates to infect bovine species. Cattle being one of the most important farming species, this ability represents a potential threat to both animal and human health, and consequently deserves further study."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: Disease-associated prion protein detected in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the agent of chronic wasting disease </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=326166" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=326166</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: The agent of chronic wasting disease from pigs is infectious in transgenic mice expressing human PRNP </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author item MOORE, S - Orise Fellow item Kokemuller, Robyn item WEST-GREENLEE, M - Iowa State University item BALKEMA-BUSCHMANN, ANNE - Friedrich-Loeffler-institut item GROSCHUP, MARTIN - Friedrich-Loeffler-institut item Greenlee, Justin Submitted to: Prion Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 5/10/2018 Publication Date: 5/22/2018 Citation: Moore, S.J., Kokemuller, R.D., West-Greenlee, M.H., Balkema-Buschmann, A., Groschup, M.H., Greenlee, J.J. 2018. The agent of chronic wasting disease from pigs is infectious in transgenic mice expressing human PRNP. Prion 2018, Santiago de Compostela, Spain, May 22-25, 2018. Paper No. WA15, page 44.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Interpretive Summary:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> The successful transmission of pig-passaged CWD to Tg40 mice reported here suggests that passage of the CWD agent through pigs results in a change of the transmission characteristics which reduces the transmission barrier of Tg40 mice to the CWD agent. If this biological behavior is recapitulated in the original host species, passage of the CWD agent through pigs could potentially lead to increased pathogenicity of the CWD agent in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">cwd scrapie pigs oral routes </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. <*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">>*** Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health. <*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CONFIDENTIAL</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">LINE TO TAKE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3. If questions on pharmaceuticals are raised at the Press conference, the suggested line to take is as follows:- </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> "There are no medicinal products licensed for use on the market which make use of UK-derived porcine tissues with which any hypothetical “high risk" ‘might be associated. The results of the recent experimental work at the CSM will be carefully examined by the CSM‘s Working Group on spongiform encephalopathy at its next meeting.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DO Hagger RM 1533 MT Ext 3201</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">While this clearly is a cause for concern we should not jump to the conclusion that this means that pigs will necessarily be infected by bone and meat meal fed by the oral route as is the case with cattle. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">we cannot rule out the possibility that unrecognised subclinical spongiform encephalopathy could be present in British pigs though there is no evidence for this: only with parenteral/implantable pharmaceuticals/devices is the theoretical risk to humans of sufficient concern to consider any action.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">May I, at the outset, reiterate that we should avoid dissemination of papers relating to this experimental finding to prevent premature release of the information. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3. It is particularly important that this information is not passed outside the Department, until Ministers have decided how they wish it to be handled. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">But it would be easier for us if pharmaceuticals/devices are not directly mentioned at all. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our records show that while some use is made of porcine materials in medicinal products, the only products which would appear to be in a hypothetically ''higher risk'' area are the adrenocorticotrophic hormone for which the source material comes from outside the United Kingdom, namely America China Sweden France and Germany. The products are manufactured by Ferring and Armour. A further product, ''Zenoderm Corium implant'' manufactured by Ethicon, makes use of porcine skin - which is not considered to be a ''high risk'' tissue, but one of its uses is described in the data sheet as ''in dural replacement''. This product is sourced from the United Kingdom.....</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Monday, November 13, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) Singeltary Another Request for Update 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://fdabse589.blogspot.com/2023/11/food-and-drug-administrations-bse-feed.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://fdabse589.blogspot.com/2023/11/food-and-drug-administrations-bse-feed.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">CWD TSE PRION CERVID ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation."</div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Detection of prions in soils contaminated by multiple routes</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stuart Siegfried Lichtenberg1,2 , Heather Inzalaco3 , Sam Thomas4 , Dan Storm5 , Dan Walsh6</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A. 2Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A. 3 Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A 4Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A. 5Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, U.S.A. 6U.S. Geological Survey, Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, U.S.A.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Free-ranging animals afflicted with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies frequently shed infectious prions into the broader environment. The quintessential example is chronic wasting disease, the TSE of cervids. Over the course of the disease, an infected animal will shed infectious prions in blood, urine, saliva, and feces. Upon death, the total prion load interred in the animal’s tissues will be deposited wherever the animal falls. This contamination creates substantial risk to naïve animals, and likely contributes to disease spread. Identification and quantification of prions at contamination hotspots is essential for any attempt at mitigation of environmental transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: Surfactant extraction of soils followed by precipitation yields a sample that is amenable to analysis by real-time quaking induced conversion. However, differences in extraction yield are apparent depending on the properties of the matrix from which the prions are being extracted, principally soil clay content.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: We are able to detect prion seeding activity at multiple types of environmental hotspots, including carcass sites, contaminated captive facilities, and scrapes (i.e. urine and saliva). Differences in relative prion concentration vary depending on the nature and source of the contamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Detection of prions in the environment is of the utmost importance for controlling chronic wasting disease spread. Here, we have demonstrated a viable method for detection of prions in complex environmental matrices. However, it is quite likely that this method underestimates the total infectious prion load in a contaminated sample, due to incomplete recovery of infectious prions. Further refinements are necessary for accurate quantification of prions in such samples, and to account for the intrinsic heterogeneities found in the broader environment.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">The detection and decontamination of chronic wasting disease prions during venison processing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Marissa S. Milstein1,2, Marc D. Schwabenlander1,2, Sarah C. Gresch1,2, Manci Li1,2, Stuart Lichtenberg1,2, Rachel Shoemaker1,2, Gage R. Rowden1,2, Jason C. Bartz2,3 , Tiffany M. Wolf2,4, Peter A. Larsen1,2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Presenting author: Tiffany M. Wolf 1 Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 2 Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 3 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA 4 Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: There is a growing concern that chronic wasting disease (CWD) prions in venison pose a risk to human health. CWD prions accumulate in infected deer tissues that commonly enter the human food chain through meat processing and consumption. The United States (US) Food and Drug Administration and US Department of Agriculture now formally consider CWD-positive venison unfit for human and animal consumption. Yet, the degree to which prion contamination occurs during routine venison processing is unknown. Here, we use environmental surface swab methods to: a) experimentally test meat processing equipment (i.e., stainless steel knives and polyethylene cutting boards) before and after processing CWD-positive venison and b) test the efficacy of five different disinfectant types (i.e., Dawn dish soap, Virkon-S, Briotech, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach) to determine prion decontamination efficacy.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: We used a real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay to determine CWD infection status of venison and to detect CWD prions in the swabs. We collected three swabs per surface and ran eight technical replicates on RT-QuIC.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: CWD prions were detected on all cutting boards (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8 and knives (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) used in processing CWD-positive venison, but not on those used for CWD-negative venison. After processing CWD-positive venison, allowing the surfaces to dry, and washing the cutting board with Dawn dish soap, we detected CWD prions on the cutting board surface (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) but not on the knife (n= 3, replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). Similar patterns were observed with Briotech (cutting board: n= 3; replicates= 7/8, 1/8, 0/8; knife: n= 3; replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). We did not detect CWD prions on the knives or cutting boards after disinfecting with Virkon-S, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: These preliminary results suggest that Dawn dish soap and Briotech do not reliably decontaminate CWD prions from these surfaces. Our data suggest that Virkon-S and various bleach concentrations are more effective in reducing prion contamination of meat processing surfaces; however, surface type may also influence the ability of prions to adsorb to surfaces, preventing complete decontamination. Our results will directly inform best practices to prevent the introduction of CWD prions into the human food chain during venison processing.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: Funding was provided by the Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund as recommended by the Legislative-Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources (LCCMR), the Rapid Agriculture Response Fund (#95385/RR257), and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Theme: Animal prion diseases</div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2023 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> Nine of these recurrences occurred 14–21 years after culling, apparently as the result of environmental contamination, but outside entry could not always be absolutely excluded. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY Volume 87, Issue 12</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years Free</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82011-0" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82011-0</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Rapid recontamination of a farm building occurs after attempted prion removal</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">First published: 19 January 2019 https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">The data illustrates the difficulty in decontaminating farm buildings from scrapie, and demonstrates the likely contribution of farm dust to the recontamination of these environments to levels that are capable of causing disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">This study clearly demonstrates the difficulty in removing scrapie infectivity from the farm environment. Practical and effective prion decontamination methods are still urgently required for decontamination of scrapie infectivity from farms that have had cases of scrapie and this is particularly relevant for scrapiepositive goatherds, which currently have limited genetic resistance to scrapie within commercial breeds.24 This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids.</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***>This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids.</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Front. Vet. Sci., 14 September 2015 | <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Objects in contact with classical scrapie sheep act as a reservoir for scrapie transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">In conclusion, the results in the current study indicate that removal of furniture that had been in contact with scrapie-infected animals should be recommended, particularly since cleaning and decontamination may not effectively remove scrapie infectivity (31), even though infectivity declines considerably if the pasture and the field furniture have not been in contact with scrapie-infected sheep for several months. As sPMCA failed to detect PrPSc in furniture that was subjected to weathering, even though exposure led to infection in sheep, this method may not always be reliable in predicting the risk of scrapie infection through environmental contamination. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">172. Establishment of PrPCWD extraction and detection methods in the farm soil</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Conclusions: Our studies showed that PrPCWD persist in 0.001% CWD contaminated soil for at least 4 year and natural CWD-affected farm soil. When cervid reintroduced into CWD outbreak farm, the strict decontamination procedures of the infectious agent should be performed in the environment of CWD-affected cervid habitat.</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">SUBJECT MATTER: Chronic Wasting Disease Carcass Disposal Dumpster Management and Biosecurity</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BACKGROUND INFORMATION:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">State and tribal wildlife agencies may identify collection points (dumpsters) within an identified chronic wasting disease (CWD) management zone for the disposal of hunter-harvested cervid carcasses to remove potentially infected carcasses off the landscape for disposal by an approved method (Gillin & Mawdsley, 2018, chap.14). However, depending on their placement and maintenance these dumpsters could potentially increase the risk of CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In several different states, photographic evidence has shown dumpsters in state identified CWD management zones overflowing with deer carcasses and limbs scattered on the land nearby. This could provide an opportunity for scavengers to potentially move infected carcass material to non-infected zones or increase contamination of the ground material around the dumpster’s location.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Federal guidance does not explicitly address uniform standards for collection locations for carcasses of free-ranging cervids; however, the United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services Program Standards on CWD outlines procedures for carcass disposal, equipment sanitation, and decontamination of premises for captive cervid facilities.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">RESOLUTION:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The United States Animal Health Association urges the Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (AFWA), Wildlife Health Committee to further refine the AFWA Technical Report on Best Management Practices for Prevention, Surveillance, and Management of Chronic Wasting Disease; Chapter 14, Carcass Disposal to address the placement and management of chronic wasting disease carcass disposal dumpsters or other carcass collection containers.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Reference:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1. Gillin, Colin M., and Mawdsley, Jonathan R. (eds.). 2018. AFWA Technical Report on Best Management Practices for Surveillance, Management and Control of Chronic Wasting Disease. Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Washington, D. C. 111 pp. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.usaha.org/upload/Resolution/2022/2022_Resolution_30_CWD_Dumpste.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.usaha.org/upload/Resolution/2022/2022_Resolution_30_CWD_Dumpste.pdf</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">THE tse prion aka mad cow type disease is not your normal pathogen. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">The TSE prion disease survives ashing to 600 degrees celsius, that’s around 1112 degrees farenheit. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">you cannot cook the TSE prion disease out of meat. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">you can take the ash and mix it with saline and inject that ash into a mouse, and the mouse will go down with TSE. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production as well. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">the TSE prion agent also survives Simulated Wastewater Treatment Processes. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">IN fact, you should also know that the TSE Prion agent will survive in the environment for years, if not decades. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">you can bury it and it will not go away. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">The TSE agent is capable of infected your water table i.e. Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">it’s not your ordinary pathogen you can just cook it out and be done with. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> that’s what’s so worrisome about Iatrogenic mode of transmission, a simple autoclave will not kill this TSE prion agent. I’m thinking tools used to dress a deer, knives with wooden handles, carcass disposal, burial only 3ft, scavengers, exposure of Cwd to soil and surrounding area, plants intake, …I could go on…Terry</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">1: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994 Jun;57(6):757-8 </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> Transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease to a chimpanzee by electrodes contaminated during neurosurgery. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Asher DM, Kobrine A, Amyx HL, Sulima MP, Gajdusek DC. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Laboratory of Central Nervous System Studies, National Institute of </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Bethesda, MD 20892. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Stereotactic multicontact electrodes used to probe the cerebral cortex of a middle aged woman with progressive dementia were previously implicated in the accidental transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) to two younger patients. The diagnoses of CJD have been confirmed for all three cases. More than two years after their last use in humans, after three cleanings and repeated sterilisation in ethanol and formaldehyde vapour, the electrodes were implanted in the cortex of a chimpanzee. Eighteen months later the animal became ill with CJD. This finding serves to re-emphasise the potential danger posed by reuse of instruments contaminated with the agents of spongiform encephalopathies, even after scrupulous attempts to clean them. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">PMID: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">8006664</span> [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8006664?dopt=Abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8006664?dopt=Abstract</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">New studies on the heat resistance of hamster-adapted scrapie agent: Threshold survival after ashing at 600°C suggests an inorganic template of replication </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">A Quantitative Assessment of the Amount of Prion Diverted to Category 1 Materials and Wastewater During Processing </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Rapid assessment of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion inactivation by heat treatment in yellow grease produced in the industrial manufacturing process of meat and bone meals </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 2019 </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">BSE infectivity survives burial for five years with only limited spread</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">5 or 6 years quarantine is NOT LONG ENOUGH FOR CWD TSE PRION !!!</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">QUARANTINE NEEDS TO BE 21 YEARS FOR CWD TSE PRION !</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">You can take this communication from my old files with how ever many grains of salt you wish…Terry</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">FRIDAY, APRIL 30, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Should Property Evaluations Contain Scrapie, CWD, TSE PRION Environmental Contamination of the land?</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> Confidential!!!!</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> As early as 1992-3 there had been long studies conducted on small pastures containing scrapie infected sheep at the sheep research station associated with the Neuropathogenesis Unit in Edinburgh, Scotland. Whether these are documented...I don't know. But personal recounts both heard and recorded in a daily journal indicate that leaving the pastures free and replacing the topsoil completely at least 2 feet of thickness each year for SEVEN years....and then when very clean (proven scrapie free) sheep were placed on these small pastures.... the new sheep also broke out with scrapie and passed it to offspring. I am not sure that TSE contaminated ground could ever be free of the agent!! A very frightening revelation!!!</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">---end personal email early BSE days---end...tss</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">and so it seems...</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Scrapie Agent (Strain 263K) Can Transmit Disease via the Oral Route after Persistence in Soil over Years</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Published: May 9, 2007</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Our results showed that 263K scrapie agent can persist in soil at least over 29 months. Strikingly, not only the contaminated soil itself retained high levels of infectivity, as evidenced by oral administration to Syrian hamsters, but also feeding of aqueous soil extracts was able to induce disease in the reporter animals. We could also demonstrate that PrPSc in soil, extracted after 21 months, provides a catalytically active seed in the protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) reaction. PMCA opens therefore a perspective for considerably improving the detectability of prions in soil samples from the field.</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0000435" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0000435</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Dr. Paul Brown Scrapie Soil Test BSE Inquiry Document</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090505211734/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/Seac07/tab03.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090505211734/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/Seac07/tab03.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Trucking CWD TSE PrP</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Friday, December 14, 2012 <div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with CWD prion. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing, footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible. For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant uncertainty associated with these estimates. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists and returning GB residents. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">http://webarchive.nationa</span>... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Published: 06 September 2021<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> Chronic wasting disease: a cervid prion infection looming to spillover</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Alicia Otero, Camilo Duque Velásquez, Judd Aiken & Debbie McKenzie </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Veterinary Research volume 52, Article number: 115 (2021) </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-021-00986-y" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-021-00986-y</a></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Detection of chronic wasting disease prions in processed meats</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rebeca Benavente1 , Francisca Bravo1,2, J. Hunter Reed3 , Mitch Lockwood3 , Glenn Telling4 , Rodrigo Morales1,2 1 Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA; 2 Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins. Santiago, Chile; 3 Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Texas, USA. 4 Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: identify the presence of CWD prions in processed meats derived from elk. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: In this study, we analyzed different processed meats derived from a CWD-positive (pre-clinical) free-ranging elk. Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats. The presence of CWD-prions in these samples were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates. The same analyses were performed in grilled and boiled meats to evaluate the resistance of the infectious agent to these procedures. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Our results show positive prion detection in all the samples analyzed using deer and elk substrates. Surprisingly, cooked meats displayed increased seeding activities. This data suggests that CWD-prions are available to people even after meats are processed and cooked. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: These results suggest CWD prions are accessible to humans through meats, even after processing and cooking. Considering the fact that these samples were collected from already processed specimens, the availability of CWD prions to humans is probably underestimated. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH and USDA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Grant number: 1R01AI132695 and APP-20115 to RM </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We would like to thank TPWD personnel for providing us with valuable samples</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">"Our results show positive prion detection in all the samples analyzed using deer and elk substrates. Surprisingly, cooked meats displayed increased seeding activities."</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">end... <br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Fortuitous generation of a zoonotic cervid prion strain </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Manuel Camacho, Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Sydney Smith, Jieji Hu, Wanyun Tao, Ignazio Cali, Qingzhong Kong. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Whether CWD prions can infect humans remains unclear despite the very substantial scale and long history of human exposure of CWD in many states or provinces of USA and Canada. Multiple in vitro conversion experiments and in vivo animal studies indicate that the CWD-to-human transmission barrier is not unbreakable. A major long-term public health concern on CWD zoonosis is the emergence of highly zoonotic CWD strains. We aim to address the question of whether highly zoonotic CWD strains are possible. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: We inoculated several sCJD brain samples into cervidized transgenic mice (<span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Tg12</span>), which were intended as negative controls for bioassays of brain tissues from sCJD cases who had potentially been exposed to CWD. Some of the <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Tg12</span> mice became infected and their brain tissues were further examined by Western blot as well as serial passages in humanized or cervidized mice. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Passage of sCJDMM1 in transgenic mice expressing elk PrP (<span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Tg12</span>) resulted in a “cervidized” CJD strain that we termed CJDElkPrP. We observed 100% transmission of the original CJDElkPrP in transgenic mice expressing human PrP. We passaged CJDElkPrP two more times in the <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Tg12</span> mice. We found that such second and third passage CJDElkPrP prions retained 100% transmission rate in the humanized mice, despite that the natural elk CWD isolates and CJDElkPrP share the same elk PrP sequence. In contrast, we and others found zero or poor transmission of natural elk CWD isolates in humanized mice. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our data indicate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can retain zoonotic potential after serial passages in cervids, suggesting a very significant and serious long-term risk of CWD zoonosis given that the broad and continuing spread of CWD prions will provide fertile grounds for the emergence of zoonotic CWD strains over time. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O'Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples used in this study, respectively</div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">"Our data indicate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can retain zoonotic potential after serial passages in cervids, suggesting a very significant and serious long-term risk of CWD zoonosis given that the broad and continuing spread of CWD prions will provide fertile grounds for the emergence of zoonotic CWD strains over time."<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A probable diagnostic marker for CWD infection in humans </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Manuel Camacho, Ignazio Cali, Qingzhong Kong. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Multiple in vitro CWD-seeded human PrP conversion experiments and some animal model studies indicate that the species barrier for CWD to human transmission can be overcome, but whether CWD prion can infect humans in real life remains controversial. The very limited understanding on the likely features of CWD infection in humans and the lack of a reliable diagnostic marker for identification of acquired human CWD cases contribute to this uncertainty. We aim to stablish such a reliable diagnostic marker for CWD infections in humans should they occur. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: A couple of PrPSc-positive spleens were identified from humanized transgenic mice inoculated with either CWD or sCJDMM1. Prions in these spleens were compared by bioassays in cervidized or humanized transgenic mice. A couple of PrPSc-positive spleens from UK sCJDMM1 patients were also examined similarly as controls with no exposure to CWD. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: We have detected two prion-positive spleens in humanized transgenic mice inoculated with some CWD isolates. Such experimentally generated splenic “humanized” CWD prions (termed eHuCWDsp) appear indistinguishable from prions in the brain of sCJDMM1 patients on Western blot. We compared eHuCWDsp with prions in the spleen from humanized mice infected with sCJDMM1 (termed sCJDMM1sp) by bioassays in cervidized or humanized transgenic mice. Significantly, we found that eHuCWDsp can efficiently infect not only the humanized mice but also cervidized transgenic mice, and cervidized mice infected by eHuCWDsp produced PrPSc and brain pathology that are practically identical to those of CWD-infected cervidized mice. In contrast, sCJDMM1sp, similar to prions from sCJDMM1 patient brains, is poorly transmissible in the cervidized mice. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that high transmissibility with CWD features of splenic prions in cervidized transgenic mice is unique to acquired human CWD prions, and it may serve as a reliable marker to identify the first acquired human CWD cases. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O'Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples used in this study, respectively.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2023 Experimental Oronasal Inoculation of the Chronic Wasting Disease Agent into White Tailed Deer </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author list: Sarah Zurbuchena,b , S. Jo Moorea,b , Jifeng Biana , Eric D. Cassmanna , and Justin J. Greenleea . a. Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, US b. Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, United States </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether white-tailed deer (WTD) are susceptible to inoculation of chronic wasting disease (CWD) via oronasal exposure. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and methods: Six male, neutered WTD were oronasally inoculated with brainstem material (10% w/v) from a CWD-positive wild-type WTD. The genotypes of five inoculated deer were Q95/G96 (wild-type). One inoculated deer was homozygous S at codon 96 (96SS). Cervidized (<span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Tg12</span>; M132 elk PrP) mice were inoculated with 1% w/v brainstem homogenate from either a 96GG WTD (n=10) or the 96SS WTD (n=10). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: All deer developed characteristic clinical signs of CWD including weight loss, regurgitation, and ataxia. The 96SS individual had a prolonged disease course and incubation period compared to the other deer. Western blots of the brainstem on all deer yielded similar molecular profiles. All deer had widespread lymphoid distribution of PrPCWD and neuropathologic lesions associated with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Both groups of mice had a 100% attack rate and developed clinical signs, including loss of body condition, ataxia, and loss of righting reflex. Mice inoculated with material from the 96SS deer had a significantly shorter incubation period than mice inoculated with material from 96GG deer (Welch two sample T-test, P<0.05). Serial dilutions of each inocula suggests that differences in incubation period were not due to a greater concentration of PrPCWD in the 96SS inoculum. Molecular profiles from western blot of brain homogenates from mice appeared similar regardless of inoculum and appear similar to those of deer used for inoculum. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: This study characterizes the lesions and clinical course of CWD in WTD inoculated in a similar manner to natural conditions. It supports previous findings that 96SS deer have a prolonged disease course. Further, it describes a first pass of inoculum from a 96SS deer in cervidized mice which shortened the incubation period. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection, analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We thank Ami Frank and Kevin Hassall for their technical contributions to this project.</div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">''Currently, there is scientific evidence to suggest that CWD has zoonotic potential; however, no confirmed cases of CWD have been found in humans.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PART 2. TPWD CHAPTER 65. DIVISION 1. CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, 65.88</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission in a duly noticed meeting on May 25, 2023 adopted amendments to 31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, and §65.88, concerning Disease Detection and Response, without changes to the proposed text as published in the April 21, 2023, issue of the Texas Register (48 TexReg 2048). The rules will not be republished.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Currently, there is scientific evidence to suggest that CWD has zoonotic potential; however, no confirmed cases of CWD have been found in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 DETECTION OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE PRIONS IN PROCESSED MEATS.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rebeca Benavente1, Francisca Bravo1,2, Paulina Soto1,2, J. Hunter Reed3, Mitch Lockwood3, Rodrigo Morales1,2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA. 2Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile. 3Texas Parks and Wildlife, Austin, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease (CWD) remains unknown. Currently, there are no known natural cases of CWD transmission to humans but increasing evidence suggests that the host range of CWD is not confined only to cervid species. Alarmingly, recent experimental evidence suggests that certain CWD isolates can induce disease in non-human primates. While the CDC strongly recommends determining CWD status in animals prior to consumption, this practice is voluntary. Consequently, it is plausible that a proportion of the cervid meat entering the human food chain may be contaminated with CWD. Of additional concern is that traditional diagnostic techniques used to detect CWD have relatively low sensitivity and are only approved for use in tissues other than those typically ingested by humans. In this study, we analyzed different processed meats derived from a pre-clinical, CWD-positive free-ranging elk. Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats. CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates. Our results show positive prion detection in all products. To confirm the resilience of CWD-prions to traditional cooking methods, we grilled and boiled the meat products and evaluated them for any remnant PMCA seeding activity. Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking. Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our results show positive prion detection in all products.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">9 Carrot plants as potential vectors for CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Paulina Soto1,2, Francisca Bravo-Risi1,2, Claudio Soto1, Rodrigo Morales1,2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA. 2Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> We show that edible plant components can absorb prions from CWD-contaminated soils and transport them to their aerial parts.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our results indicate that edible plants could participate as vectors of CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of prion infectivity from CWD-infected macaque tissues to rodent models demonstrates the zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaoui1,2, Ginny Cheng1,2, Wiebke Wemheuer3, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer3, Sabine Gilch1,2, Hermann Schatzl1,2 1University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. 2Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada. 3Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Further passage to cervidized mice revealed transmission with a 100% attack rate.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our findings demonstrate that macaques, considered the best model for the zoonotic potential of prions, were infected upon CWD challenge, including the oral one.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">****> The disease manifested as atypical in macaques and initial transgenic mouse transmissions, but with infectivity present at all times, as unveiled in the bank vole model with an unusual tissue tropism.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Epidemiologic surveillance of prion disease among cervid hunters and people likely to have consumed venison contaminated with chronic wasting disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of Cervid Prions to Humanized Mice Demonstrates the Zoonotic Potential of CWD </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaouia, Irina Zemlyankinaa, Sheng Chun Changa, Maria Immaculata Arifina, Vincent Béringueb, Debbie McKenziec, Hermann M. Schatzla, and Sabine Gilcha </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Results: Here, we provide the strongest evidence supporting the zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and their possible phenotype in humans. Inoculation of mice expressing human PrPCwith deer CWD isolates (strains Wisc-1 and 116AG) resulted in atypical clinical manifestations in > 75% of the mice, with myoclonus as leading clinical sign. Most of tg650brain homogenates were positive for seeding activity in RT-QuIC. Clinical disease and presentation was transmissible to <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> mice and bank voles. Intriguingly, protease-resistant PrP in the brain of <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> mice resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon passage. Abnormal PrP aggregates upon infection with Wisc-1 were detectable in thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain/pons regions. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Unprecedented in human prion disease, feces of CWD-inoculated <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> mice harbored prion seeding activity and infectious prions, as shown by inoculation of bank voles and <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> with fecal homogenates. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Conclusions: This is the first evidence that CWD can infect humans and cause disease with a distinctive clinical presentation, signature, and tropism, which might be transmissible between humans while current diagnostic assays might fail to detect it. These findings have major implications for public health and CWD-management. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286 </div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">The finding that infectious PrPSc was shed in fecal material of CWD-infected humanized mice and induced clinical disease, different tropism, and typical three banding pattern-PrPres in bank voles that is transmissible upon second passage is highly concerning for public health. The fact that this biochemical signature in bank voles resembles that of the Wisc-1 original deer isolate and is different from that of bvWisc-1, in the migration profile and the glyco-form-ratio, is valid evidence that these results are not a product of contamination in our study. If CWD in humans is found to be contagious and transmissible among humans, as it is in cervids [57], the spread of the disease within humans might become endemic.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acta Neuropathol 144, 767–784 (2022). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 August 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaoui1 · Irina Zemlyankina1 · Sheng Chun Chang1 · Maria Immaculata Arifn1 · Vincent Béringue2 · Debbie McKenzie3 · Hermann M. Schatzl1 · Sabine Gilch1</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Received: 24 May 2022 / Revised: 5 August 2022 / Accepted: 7 August 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">© The Author(s) 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prions cause infectious and fatal neurodegenerative diseases in mammals. Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease of cervids, spreads efficiently among wild and farmed animals. Potential transmission to humans of CWD is a growing concern due to its increasing prevalence. Here, we provide evidence for a zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and its probable signature using mice expressing human prion protein (PrP) as an infection model. Inoculation of these mice with deer CWD isolates resulted in atypical clinical manifestation with prion seeding activity and efficient transmissible infectivity in the brain and, remarkably, in feces, but without classical neuropathological or Western blot appearances of prion diseases. Intriguingly, the protease-resistant PrP in the brain resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon second passage. Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Keywords Chronic wasting disease · CWD · Zoonotic potential · Prion strains · Zoonotic prions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">HIGHLIGHTS OF THIS STUDY</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">================================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In this study, we evaluated the zoonotic potential of CWD using a transgenic mouse model overexpressing human M129-PrPC (<span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> [12]). We inoculated <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> mice intracerebrally with two deer CWD isolates, Wisc-1 and 116AG [22, 23, 27, 29]. We demonstrate that this transgenic line was susceptible to infection with CWD prions and displayed a distinct leading clinical sign, an atypical PrPSc signature and unusual fecal shedding of infectious prions. Importantly, these prions generated by the human PrP transgenic mice were transmissible upon passage. Our results are the first evidence of a zoonotic risk of CWD when using one of the most common CWD strains, Wisc-1/CWD1 for infection. We demonstrated in a human transgenic mouse model that the species barrier for transmission of CWD to humans is not absolute. The fact that its signature was not typical raises the questions whether CWD would manifest in humans as a subclinical infection, whether it would arise through direct or indirect transmission including an intermediate host, or a silent to uncovered human-to-human transmission, and whether current detection techniques will be suffcient to unveil its presence.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our findings strongly suggest that CWD should be regarded as an actual public health risk. Here, we use humanized mice to show that CWD prions can cross the species barrier to humans, and remarkably, infectious prions can be excreted in feces.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our results indicate that if CWD crosses the species-barrier to humans, it is unlikely to resemble the most common forms of human prion diseases with respect to clinical signs, tissue tropism and PrPSc signature. For instance, PrPSc in variable protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr), a sporadic form of human prion disease, and in the genetic form Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS) is defined by an atypical PK-resistant PrPSc fragment that is non-glycosylated and truncated at both C- and N-termini, with a molecular weight between 6 and 8 kDa [24, 44–46]. These biochemical features are unique and distinctive from PrPSc (PrP27-30) found in most other human or animal prion disease. The atypical PrPSc signature detected in brain homogenate of <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> mice #321 (1st passage) and #3063 (2nd passage), and the 7–8 kDa fragment (Figs. 2, 4) are very similar to that of GSS, both in terms of migration profile and the N-terminal cleavage site.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD in humans might remain subclinical but with PrPSc deposits in the brain with an unusual morphology that does not resemble the patterns usually seen in different prion diseases (e.g., mouse #328; Fig. 3), clinical with untraceable abnormal PrP (e.g., mouse #327) but still transmissible and uncovered upon subsequent passage (e.g., mouse #3063; Fig. 4), or prions have other reservoirs than the usual ones, hence the presence of infectivity in feces (e.g., mouse #327) suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=================================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) Antonia Ricci Ana Allende Declan Bolton Marianne Chemaly Robert Davies Pablo Salvador Fernández Escámez ... See all authors </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">First published: 17 January 2018 https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">also, see; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers.. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Paper</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Cellular prion protein distribution in the vomeronasal organ, parotid, and scent glands of white-tailed deer and mule deer</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Anthony Ness, Aradhana Jacob, Kelsey Saboraki, Alicia Otero, Danielle Gushue, Diana Martinez Moreno, Melanie de Peña, Xinli Tang, Judd Aiken, Susan Lingle & Debbie McKenzieORCID Icon show less</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Pages 40-57 | Received 03 Feb 2022, Accepted 13 May 2022, Published online: 29 May 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Download citation</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ABSTRACT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting species of the cervidae family. CWD has an expanding geographic range and complex, poorly understood transmission mechanics. CWD is disproportionately prevalent in wild male mule deer and male white-tailed deer. Sex and species influences on CWD prevalence have been hypothesized to be related to animal behaviours that involve deer facial and body exocrine glands. Understanding CWD transmission potential requires a foundational knowledge of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) in glands associated with cervid behaviours. In this study, we characterized the presence and distribution of PrPC in six integumentary and two non-integumentary tissues of hunter-harvested mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (O. virginianus). We report that white-tailed deer expressed significantly more PrPC than their mule deer in the parotid, metatarsal, and interdigital glands. Females expressed more PrPC than males in the forehead and preorbital glands. The distribution of PrPC within the integumentary exocrine glands of the face and legs were localized to glandular cells, hair follicles, epidermis, and immune cell infiltrates. All tissues examined expressed sufficient quantities of PrPC to serve as possible sites of prion initial infection, propagation, and shedding.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ARS RESEARCH Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Publication Acceptance Date: 9/8/2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author item WANG, ZERUI - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item QIN, KEFENG - University Of Chicago item CAMACHO, MANUEL - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item SHEN, PINGPING - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item YUAN, JUE - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item Greenlee, Justin item CUI, LI - Jilin University item KONG, QINGZHONG - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item MASTRIANNI, JAMES - University Of Chicago item ZOU, WEN-QUAN - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Submitted to: Acta Neuropathologica Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 9/8/2021 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Interpretive Summary: Prion diseases are invariably fatal neurologic diseases for which there is no known prevention or cure. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease of deer and elk and is present in farmed and free ranging herds throughout North America. To date there is no clear evidence that the CWD agent could be transmitted to humans. This manuscript describes the use of an in vitro technique, cell-free serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA), to generate a CWD prion that is infectious to transgenic mice expressing the human prion protein. This study provides the first evidence that CWD prions may be able to cause misfolding in the human prion protein. This information will impact medical experts and those involved in making policy for farmed cervids and wildlife.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Technical Abstract: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a cervid spongiform encephalopathy or prion disease caused by the infectious prion or PrPSc, a misfolded conformer of cellular prion protein (PrPC). It has rapidly spread in North America and also has been found in Asia and Europe. In contrast to the zoonotic mad cow disease that is the first animal prion disease found transmissible to humans, the transmissibility of CWD to humans remains uncertain although most previous studies have suggested that humans may not be susceptible to CWD. Here we report the generation of an infectious human PrPSc by seeding CWD PrPSc in normal human brain PrPC through the in vitro cell-free serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA). Western blotting confirms that the sPMCA-induced proteinase K-resistant PrPSc is a human form, evidenced by a PrP-specific antibody that recognizes human but not cervid PrP. Remarkably, two lines of humanized transgenic (Tg) mice expressing human PrP-129Val/Val (VV) or -129Met/Met (MM) polymorphism develop prion disease at 233 ± 6 (mean ± SE) days post-inoculation (dpi) and 552 ± 27 dpi, respectively, upon intracerebral inoculation with the sPMCA-generated PrPSc. The brain of diseased Tg mice reveals the electrophoretic profile of PrPSc similar to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) MM1 or VV2 subtype but different neuropathological patterns. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We believe that our study provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc is able to convert human PrPC into PrPSc in vitro and the CWD-derived human PrPSc mimics atypical sCJD subtypes in humanized Tg mice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''The brain of diseased Tg mice reveals the electrophoretic profile of PrPSc similar to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) MM1 or VV2 subtype but different neuropathological patterns.'' </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''We believe that our study provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc is able to convert human PrPC into PrPSc in vitro and the CWD-derived human PrPSc mimics atypical sCJD subtypes in humanized Tg mice.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published: 26 September 2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Zerui Wang, Kefeng Qin, Manuel V. Camacho, Ignazio Cali, Jue Yuan, Pingping Shen, Justin Greenlee, Qingzhong Kong, James A. Mastrianni & Wen-Quan Zou</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acta Neuropathologica Communications volume 9, Article number: 158 (2021)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a cervid prion disease caused by the accumulation of an infectious misfolded conformer (PrPSc) of cellular prion protein (PrPC). It has been spreading rapidly in North America and also found in Asia and Europe. Although bovine spongiform encephalopathy (i.e. mad cow disease) is the only animal prion disease known to be zoonotic, the transmissibility of CWD to humans remains uncertain. Here we report the generation of the first CWD-derived infectious human PrPSc by elk CWD PrPSc-seeded conversion of PrPC in normal human brain homogenates using in vitro protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA). Western blotting with human PrP selective antibody confirmed that the PMCA-generated protease-resistant PrPSc was derived from the human PrPC substrate. Two lines of humanized transgenic mice expressing human PrP with either Val or Met at the polymorphic codon 129 developed clinical prion disease following intracerebral inoculation with the PMCA-generated CWD-derived human PrPSc. Diseased mice exhibited distinct PrPSc patterns and neuropathological changes in the brain. Our study, using PMCA and animal bioassays, provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc can cross the species barrier to convert human PrPC into infectious PrPSc that can produce bona fide prion disease when inoculated into humanized transgenic mice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It is worth noting that the annual number of sporadic CJD (sCJD) cases in the USA has increased, with the total number of suspected and confirmed sCJD cases rising from 284 in 2003 to 511 in 2017 (<span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cjd/occurrence-transmission.html</span>). The greatly enhanced CJD surveillance and an aging population in the USA certainly contributed to the observed increase in annual sCJD case numbers in recent years, but the possibility cannot be excluded that some of the increased sCJD prevalence is linked to CWD exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the present study, using serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) assay we generate PrPSc by seeding CWD prions in normal human brain homogenates. Importantly, we reveal that two lines of humanized Tg mice expressing human PrP-129VV and 129MM develop prion diseases upon intracerebral inoculation of the abnormal PrP generated by sPMCA. We believe that our study provides the first opportunity to dissect the clinical, pathological and biochemical features of the CWD-derived human prion disease in two lines of humanized Tg mice expressing two major human PrP genotypes, respectively.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i thought i might share some news about cwd zoonosis that i got, that i cannot share or post to the public yet, i promised for various reasons, one that it will cause a shit storm for sure, but it was something i really already knew from previous studies, but, i was told that ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">==================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''As you can imagine, 2 and 5 (especially 5) may raise alarms. The evidence we have for 4 are not as strong or tight as I would like to have. At this point, please do not post any of the points publicly yet, but you can refer to points 1-3 in private discussions and all 5 points when discussing with relevant public officials to highlight the long-term risks of CWD zoonosis.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">====================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">so, i figure your as about as official as it gets, and i think this science is extremely important for you to know and to converse about with your officials. it's about to burn a whole in my pocket. this is about as close as it will ever get for cwd zoonosis to be proven in my time, this and what Canada Czub et al found with the Macaques, plus an old study from cjd surveillance unit back that showed cjd and a 9% increase in risk from folks that eat venison, i will post all this below for your files Sir. i remember back in the BSE nvCJD days, from when the first BSE case in bovine was confirmed around 1984 maybe 83, i forget the good vets named that screwed it up first, Carol something, but from 83ish to 95 96 when nvCJD was linked to humans from BSE in cattle, so that took 10 to 15 years. hell, at that rate, especially with Texas and cwd zoonsis, hell, i'll be dead before it's official, if ever, so here ya go Sir. there was a grant study on cwd zoonosis that had been going on for some time, i followed it over the years, then the grant date for said study had expired, so, i thought i would write the good Professor about said study i.e. Professor Kong, CWRU et al. i will post the grant study abstract first, and then after that, what reply i got back, about said study that i was told not to post/publish...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD ZOONOSIS GRANT FIRST;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Cervid to human prion transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Kong, Qingzhong </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Case Western Reserve University, <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Cleveland, OH, United States</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Abstract Prion disease is transmissible and invariably fatal. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease affecting deer, elk and moose, and it is a widespread and expanding epidemic affecting 22 US States and 2 Canadian provinces so far. CWD poses the most serious zoonotic prion transmission risks in North America because of huge venison consumption (>6 million deer/elk hunted and consumed annually in the USA alone), significant prion infectivity in muscles and other tissues/fluids from CWD-affected cervids, and usually high levels of individual exposure to CWD resulting from consumption of the affected animal among often just family and friends. However, we still do not know whether CWD prions can infect humans in the brain or peripheral tissues or whether clinical/asymptomatic CWD zoonosis has already occurred, and we have no essays to reliably detect CWD infection in humans. We hypothesize that: (1) The classic CWD prion strain can infect humans at low levels in the brain and peripheral lymphoid tissues; (2) The cervid-to-human transmission barrier is dependent on the cervid prion strain and influenced by the host (human) prion protein (PrP) primary sequence; (3) Reliable essays can be established to detect CWD infection in humans; and (4) CWD transmission to humans has already occurred. We will test these hypotheses in 4 Aims using transgenic (Tg) mouse models and complementary in vitro approaches. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 1 will prove that the classical CWD strain may infect humans in brain or peripheral lymphoid tissues at low levels by conducting systemic bioassays in a set of humanized Tg mouse lines expressing common human PrP variants using a number of CWD isolates at varying doses and routes. Experimental human CWD samples will also be generated for Aim 3. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 2 will test the hypothesis that the cervid-to-human prion transmission barrier is dependent on prion strain and influenced by the host (human) PrP sequence by examining and comparing the transmission efficiency and phenotypes of several atypical/unusual CWD isolates/strains as well as a few prion strains from other species that have adapted to cervid PrP sequence, utilizing the same panel of humanized Tg mouse lines as in Aim 1. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 3 will establish reliable essays for detection and surveillance of CWD infection in humans by examining in details the clinical, pathological, biochemical and in vitro seeding properties of existing and future experimental human CWD samples generated from Aims 1-2 and compare them with those of common sporadic human Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) prions. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 4 will attempt to detect clinical CWD-affected human cases by examining a significant number of brain samples from prion-affected human subjects in the USA and Canada who have consumed venison from CWD-endemic areas utilizing the criteria and essays established in Aim 3. The findings from this proposal will greatly advance our understandings on the potential and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for CWD zoonosis and potentially discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Public Health Relevance There are significant and increasing human exposure to cervid prions because chronic wasting disease (CWD, a widespread and highly infectious prion disease among deer and elk in North America) continues spreading and consumption of venison remains popular, but our understanding on cervid-to-human prion transmission is still very limited, raising public health concerns. This proposal aims to define the zoonotic risks of cervid prions and set up and apply essays to detect CWD zoonosis using mouse models and in vitro methods. The findings will greatly expand our knowledge on the potentials and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for such infections and may discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Funding Agency Agency National Institute of Health (NIH) Institute National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Type Research Project (R01) Project # 1R01NS088604-01A1 Application # <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">9037884</span> Study Section Cellular and Molecular Biology of Neurodegeneration Study Section (CMND) Program Officer Wong, May Project Start 2015-09-30 Project End 2019-07-31 Budget Start 2015-09-30 Budget End 2016-07-31 Support Year 1 Fiscal Year 2015 Total Cost $337,507 Indirect Cost $118,756</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1#panel-abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1#panel-abstract</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Professor Kongs reply to me just this month about above grant study that has NOT been published in peer reveiw yet...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=================================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Here is a brief summary of our findings:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...can't post, made a promise...tss</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">On Sat, Apr 3, 2021 at 12:19 PM Terry Singeltary <<span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">flounder9@verizon.net</span>> wrote:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">end...tss</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">==============</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD ZOONOSIS THE FULL MONTY TO DATE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">International Conference on Emerging Diseases, Outbreaks & Case Studies & 16th Annual Meeting on Influenza March 28-29, 2018 | Orlando, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Qingzhong Kong</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease prions from cervids</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease in cervids (mule deer, white-tailed deer, American elk, moose, and reindeer). It has become an epidemic in North America, and it has been detected in the Europe (Norway) since 2016. The widespread CWD and popular hunting and consumption of cervid meat and other products raise serious public health concerns, but questions remain on human susceptibility to CWD prions, especially on the potential difference in zoonotic potential among the various CWD prion strains. We have been working to address this critical question for well over a decade. We used CWD samples from various cervid species to inoculate transgenic mice expressing human or elk prion protein (PrP). We found infectious prions in the spleen or brain in a small fraction of CWD-inoculated transgenic mice expressing human PrP, indicating that humans are not completely resistant to CWD prions; this finding has significant ramifications on the public health impact of CWD prions. The influence of cervid PrP polymorphisms, the prion strain dependence of CWD-to-human transmission barrier, and the characterization of experimental human CWD prions will be discussed.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Speaker Biography Qingzhong Kong has completed his PhD from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst and Post-doctoral studies at Yale University. He is currently an Associate Professor of Pathology, Neurology and Regenerative Medicine. He has published over 50 original research papers in reputable journals (including Science Translational Medicine, JCI, PNAS and Cell Reports) and has been serving as an Editorial Board Member on seven scientific journals. He has multiple research interests, including public health risks of animal prions (CWD of cervids and atypical BSE of cattle), animal modeling of human prion diseases, mechanisms of prion replication and pathogenesis, etiology of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD) in humans, normal cellular PrP in the biology and pathology of multiple brain and peripheral diseases, proteins responsible for the α-cleavage of cellular PrP, as well as gene therapy and DNA vaccination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">qxk2@case.edu</span> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SUNDAY, JULY 25, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">North American and Norwegian Chronic Wasting Disease prions exhibit different potential for interspecies transmission and zoonotic risk </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''Our data suggest that reindeer and red deer from Norway could be the most transmissible CWD prions to other mammals, whereas North American CWD prions were more prone to generate human prions in vitro.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/north-american-and-norwegian-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/north-american-and-norwegian-chronic.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, JULY 19, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> U Calgary researchers at work on a vaccine against a fatal infectious disease affecting deer and potentially people</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/u-calgary-researchers-at-work-on.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/u-calgary-researchers-at-work-on.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE aka MAD COW DISEASE, was first discovered in 1984, and it took until 1995 to finally admit that BSE was causing nvCJD, the rest there is history, but that science is still evolving i.e. science now shows that indeed atypical L-type BSE, atypical Nor-98 Scrapie, and typical Scrapie are all zoonosis, zoonotic for humans, there from. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">HOW long are we going to wait for Chronic Wasting Disease, CWD TSE Prion of Cervid, and zoonosis, zoonotic tranmission to humans there from?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Studies have shown since 1994 that humans are susceptible to CWD TSE Prion, so, what's the hold up with making CWD a zoonotic zoonosis disease, the iatrogenic transmissions there from is not waiting for someone to make a decision.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P190 Human prion disease mortality rates by occurrence of chronic wasting disease in freeranging cervids, United States</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abrams JY (1), Maddox RA (1), Schonberger LB (1), Person MK (1), Appleby BS (2), Belay ED (1)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease of deer and elk that has been identified in freeranging cervids in 23 US states. While there is currently no epidemiological evidence for zoonotic transmission through the consumption of contaminated venison, studies suggest the CWD agent can cross the species barrier in experimental models designed to closely mimic humans. We compared rates of human prion disease in states with and without CWD to examine the possibility of undetermined zoonotic transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Death records from the National Center for Health Statistics, case records from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, and additional state case reports were combined to create a database of human prion disease cases from 2003-2015. Identification of CWD in each state was determined through reports of positive CWD tests by state wildlife agencies. Age- and race-adjusted mortality rates for human prion disease, excluding cases with known etiology, were determined for four categories of states based on CWD occurrence: highly endemic (>16 counties with CWD identified in free-ranging cervids); moderately endemic (3-10 counties with CWD); low endemic (1-2 counties with CWD); and no CWD states. States were counted as having no CWD until the year CWD was first identified. Analyses stratified by age, sex, and time period were also conducted to focus on subgroups for which zoonotic transmission would be more likely to be detected: cases <55 years old, male sex, and the latter half of the study (2010-2015).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Highly endemic states had a higher rate of prion disease mortality compared to non-CWD states (rate ratio [RR]: 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] = <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">1.01 - 1.23</span>), as did low endemic states (RR: 1.15, 95% CI = <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">1.04 - 1.27</span>). Moderately endemic states did not have an elevated mortality rate (RR: 1.05, 95% CI = 0.93 - 1.17). In age-stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates among the <55 year old population were elevated for moderately endemic states (RR: 1.57, 95% CI = <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">1.10 – 2.24</span>) while mortality rates were elevated among those ≥55 for highly endemic states (RR: 1.13, 95% CI = <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">1.02 - 1.26</span>) and low endemic states (RR: 1.16, 95% CI = <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">1.04 - 1.29</span>). In other stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates for males were only elevated for low endemic states (RR: 1.27, 95% CI = <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">1.10 - 1.48</span>), and none of the categories of CWD-endemic states had elevated mortality rates for the latter time period (2010-2015).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">While higher prion disease mortality rates in certain categories of states with CWD in free-ranging cervids were noted, additional stratified analyses did not reveal markedly elevated rates for potentially sensitive subgroups that would be suggestive of zoonotic transmission. Unknown confounding factors or other biases may explain state-by-state differences in prion disease mortality.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P172 Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Prion Disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Wang H(1), Cohen M(1), Appleby BS(1,2)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio (2) National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Cleveland, Ohio.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion disease is a fatal progressive neurodegenerative disease due to deposition of an abnormal protease-resistant isoform of prion protein. Typical symptoms include rapidly progressive dementia, myoclonus, visual disturbance and hallucinations. Interestingly, in patients with prion disease, the abnormal protein canould also be found in the peripheral nervous system. Case reports of prion deposition in peripheral nerves have been reported. Peripheral nerve involvement is thought to be uncommon; however, little is known about the exact prevalence and features of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We reviewed autopsy-proven prion cases from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center that were diagnosed between September 2016 to March 2017. We collected information regarding prion protein diagnosis, demographics, comorbidities, clinical symptoms, physical exam, neuropathology, molecular subtype, genetics lab, brain MRI, image and EMG reports. Our study included 104 patients. Thirteen (12.5%) patients had either subjective symptoms or objective signs of peripheral neuropathy. Among these 13 patients, 3 had other known potential etiologies of peripheral neuropathy such as vitamin B12 deficiency or prior chemotherapy. Among 10 patients that had no other clear etiology, 3 (30%) had familial CJD. The most common sCJD subtype was MV1-2 (30%), followed by MM1-2 (20%). The Majority of cases wasere male (60%). Half of them had exposure to wild game. The most common subjective symptoms were tingling and/or numbness of distal extremities. The most common objective finding was diminished vibratory sensation in the feet. Half of them had an EMG with the findings ranging from fasciculations to axonal polyneuropathy or demyelinating polyneuropathy.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our study provides an overview of the pattern of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease. Among patients with peripheral neuropathy symptoms or signs, majority has polyneuropathy. It is important to document the baseline frequency of peripheral neuropathy in prion diseases as these symptoms may become important when conducting surveillance for potential novel zoonotic prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P177 PrP plaques in methionine homozygous Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abrams JY (1), Schonberger LB (1), Cali I (2), Cohen Y (2), Blevins JE (2), Maddox RA (1), Belay ED (1), Appleby BS (2), Cohen ML (2)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is widely believed to originate from de novo spontaneous conversion of normal prion protein (PrP) to its pathogenic form, but concern remains that some reported sporadic CJD cases may actually be caused by disease transmission via iatrogenic processes. For cases with methionine homozygosity (CJD-MM) at codon 129 of the PRNP gene, recent research has pointed to plaque-like PrP deposition as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission for a subset of cases. This phenotype is theorized to originate from specific iatrogenic source CJD types that comprise roughly a quarter of known CJD cases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We reviewed scientific literature for studies which described PrP plaques among CJD patients with known epidemiological links to iatrogenic transmission (receipt of cadaveric human grown hormone or dura mater), as well as in cases of reported sporadic CJD. The presence and description of plaques, along with CJD classification type and other contextual factors, were used to summarize the current evidence regarding plaques as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission. In addition, 523 cases of reported sporadic CJD cases in the US from January 2013 through September 2017 were assessed for presence of PrP plaques.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We identified four studies describing 52 total cases of CJD-MM among either dura mater recipients or growth hormone recipients, of which 30 were identified as having PrP plaques. While sporadic cases were not generally described as having plaques, we did identify case reports which described plaques among sporadic MM2 cases as well as case reports of plaques exclusively in white matter among sporadic MM1 cases. Among the 523 reported sporadic CJD cases, 0 of 366 MM1 cases had plaques, 2 of 48 MM2 cases had kuru plaques, and 4 of 109 MM1+2 cases had either kuru plaques or both kuru and florid plaques. Medical chart review of the six reported sporadic CJD cases with plaques did not reveal clinical histories suggestive of potential iatrogenic transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PrP plaques occur much more frequently for iatrogenic CJD-MM cases compared to sporadic CJDMM cases. Plaques may indicate iatrogenic transmission for CJD-MM cases without a type 2 Western blot fragment. The study results suggest the absence of significant misclassifications of iatrogenic CJD as sporadic. To our knowledge, this study is the first to describe grey matter kuru plaques in apparently sporadic CJD-MM patients with a type 2 Western blot fragment.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P180 Clinico-pathological analysis of human prion diseases in a brain bank series</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ximelis T (1), Aldecoa I (1,2), Molina-Porcel L (1,3), Grau-Rivera O (4), Ferrer I (5), Nos C (6), Gelpi E (1,7), Sánchez-Valle R (1,4)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobanc-Hospital ClÃnic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (2) Pathological Service of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (3) EAIA Trastorns Cognitius, Centre Emili Mira, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain (4) Department of Neurology of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (5) Institute of Neuropathology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona (6) General subdirectorate of Surveillance and Response to Emergencies in Public Health, Department of Public Health in Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain (7) Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background and objective:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Neurological Tissue Bank (NTB) of the Hospital Clínic-Institut d‘Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain is the reference center in Catalonia for the neuropathological study of prion diseases in the region since 2001. The aim of this study is to analyse the characteristics of the confirmed prion diseases registered at the NTB during the last 15 years.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We reviewed retrospectively all neuropathologically confirmed cases registered during the period January 2001 to December 2016.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">176 cases (54,3% female, mean age: 67,5 years and age range: 25-86 years) of neuropathological confirmed prion diseases have been studied at the NTB. 152 cases corresponded to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), 10 to genetic CJD, 10 to Fatal Familial Insomnia, 2 to GerstmannSträussler-Scheinker disease, and 2 cases to variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr). Within sCJD subtypes the MM1 subtype was the most frequent, followed by the VV2 histotype.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Clinical and neuropathological diagnoses agreed in 166 cases (94%). The clinical diagnosis was not accurate in 10 patients with definite prion disease: 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Fronto-temporal dementia (FTD), 1 Niemann-Pick‘s disease, 1 Lewy Body‘s Disease, 2 Alzheimer‘s disease, 1 Cortico-basal syndrome and 2 undetermined dementia. Among patients with VPSPr, 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and the other one with FTD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Concomitant pathologies are frequent in older age groups, mainly AD neuropathological changes were observed in these subjects.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Discussion:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A wide spectrum of human prion diseases have been identified in the NTB being the relative frequencies and main characteristics like other published series. There is a high rate of agreement between clinical and neuropathological diagnoses with prion diseases. These findings show the importance that public health has given to prion diseases during the past 15 years. Continuous surveillance of human prion disease allows identification of new emerging phenotypes. Brain tissue samples from these donors are available to the scientific community. For more information please visit:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P192 Prion amplification techniques for the rapid evaluation of surface decontamination procedures</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Bruyere-Ostells L (1), Mayran C (1), Belondrade M (1), Boublik Y (2), Haïk S (3), Fournier-Wirth C (1), Nicot S (1), Bougard D (1)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Pathogenesis and control of chronic infections, Etablissement Français du Sang, Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (2) Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (3) Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) or prion diseases are a group of incurable and always fatal neurodegenerative disorders including Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases (CJD) in humans. These pathologies include sporadic (sCJD), genetic and acquired (variant CJD) forms. By the past, sCJD and vCJD were transmitted by different prion contaminated biological materials to patients resulting in more than 400 iatrogenic cases (iCJD). The atypical nature and the biochemical properties of the infectious agent, formed by abnormal prion protein or PrPTSE, make it particularly resistant to conventional decontamination procedures. In addition, PrPTSE is widely distributed throughout the organism before clinical onset in vCJD and can also be detected in some peripheral tissues in sporadic CJD. Risk of iatrogenic transmission of CJD by contaminated medical device remains thus a concern for healthcare facilities. Bioassay is the gold standard method to evaluate the efficacy of prion decontamination procedures but is time-consuming and expensive. Here, we propose to compare in vitro prion amplification techniques: Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) and Real-Time Quaking Induced Conversion (RT-QuIC) for the detection of residual prions on surface after decontamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stainless steel wires, by mimicking the surface of surgical instruments, were proposed as a carrier model of prions for inactivation studies. To determine the sensitivity of the two amplification techniques on wires (Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC), steel wires were therefore contaminated with serial dilutions of brain homogenates (BH) from a 263k infected hamster and from a patient with sCJD (MM1 subtype). We then compared the different standard decontamination procedures including partially and fully efficient treatments by detecting the residual seeding activity on 263K and sCJD contaminated wires. We completed our study by the evaluation of marketed reagents endorsed for prion decontamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The two amplification techniques can detect minute quantities of PrPTSE adsorbed onto a single wire. 8/8 wires contaminated with a 10-6 dilution of 263k BH and 1/6 with the 10-8 dilution are positive with Surf-PMCA. Similar performances were obtained with Surf-QuIC on 263K: 10/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilution and 1/8 wires contaminated with 10-8 dilution are positive. Regarding the human sCJD-MM1 prion, Surf-QuIC allows us to detect 16/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilutions and 14/16 with 10-7 . Results obtained after decontamination treatments are very similar between 263K and sCJD prions. Efficiency of marketed treatments to remove prions is lower than expected.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC are very sensitive methods for the detection of prions on wires and could be applied to prion decontamination studies for rapid evaluation of new treatments. Sodium hypochlorite is the only product to efficiently remove seeding activity of both 263K and sCJD prions.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WA2 Oral transmission of CWD into Cynomolgus macaques: signs of atypical disease, prion conversion and infectivity in macaques and bio-assayed transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Schatzl HM (1, 2), Hannaoui S (1, 2), Cheng Y-C (1, 2), Gilch S (1, 2), Beekes M (3), SchulzSchaeffer W (4), Stahl-Hennig C (5) and Czub S (2, 6)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) University of Calgary, Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada (2) University of Calgary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calgary, Canada, (3) Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany, (4) University of Homburg/Saar, Homburg, Germany, (5) German Primate Center, Goettingen, Germany, (6) Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), Lethbridge, Canada.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To date, BSE is the only example of interspecies transmission of an animal prion disease into humans. The potential zoonotic transmission of CWD is an alarming issue and was addressed by many groups using a variety of in vitro and in vivo experimental systems. Evidence from these studies indicated a substantial, if not absolute, species barrier, aligning with the absence of epidemiological evidence suggesting transmission into humans. Studies in non-human primates were not conclusive so far, with oral transmission into new-world monkeys and no transmission into old-world monkeys. Our consortium has challenged 18 Cynomolgus macaques with characterized CWD material, focusing on oral transmission with muscle tissue. Some macaques have orally received a total of 5 kg of muscle material over a period of 2 years. <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">After 5-7</span> years of incubation time some animals showed clinical symptoms indicative of prion disease, and prion neuropathology and PrPSc deposition were found in spinal cord and brain of euthanized animals. PrPSc in immunoblot was weakly detected in some spinal cord materials and various tissues tested positive in RT-QuIC, including lymph node and spleen homogenates. To prove prion infectivity in the macaque tissues, we have intracerebrally inoculated 2 lines of transgenic mice, expressing either elk or human PrP. At least 3 TgElk mice, receiving tissues from 2 different macaques, showed clinical signs of a progressive prion disease and brains were positive in immunoblot and RT-QuIC. Tissues (brain, spinal cord and spleen) from these and preclinical mice are currently tested using various read-outs and by second passage in mice. Transgenic mice expressing human PrP were so far negative for clear clinical prion disease (some mice >300 days p.i.). In parallel, the same macaque materials are inoculated into bank voles. Taken together, there is strong evidence of transmissibility of CWD orally into macaques and from macaque tissues into transgenic mouse models, although with an incomplete attack rate. The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology. Our ongoing studies will show whether the transmission of CWD into macaques and passage in transgenic mice represents a form of non-adaptive prion amplification, and whether macaque-adapted prions have the potential to infect mice expressing human PrP. The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">See also poster P103</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WA16 Monitoring Potential CWD Transmission to Humans</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Belay ED</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The spread of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in animals has raised concerns about increasing human exposure to the CWD agent via hunting and venison consumption, potentially facilitating CWD transmission to humans. Several studies have explored this possibility, including limited epidemiologic studies, in vitro experiments, and laboratory studies using various types of animal models. Most human exposures to the CWD agent in the United States would be expected to occur in association with deer and elk hunting in CWD-endemic areas. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) collaborated with state health departments in Colorado, Wisconsin, and Wyoming to identify persons at risk of CWD exposure and to monitor their vital status over time. Databases were established of persons who hunted in Colorado and Wyoming and those who reported consumption of venison from deer that later tested positive in Wisconsin. Information from the databases is periodically cross-checked with mortality data to determine the vital status and causes of death for deceased persons. Long-term follow-up of these hunters is needed to assess their risk of development of a prion disease linked to CWD exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P166 Characterization of CJD strain profiles in venison consumers and non-consumers from Alberta and Saskatchewan</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stephanie Booth (1,2), Lise Lamoureux (1), Debra Sorensen (1), Jennifer L. Myskiw (1,2), Megan Klassen (1,2), Michael Coulthart (3), Valerie Sim (4)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg (2) Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (3) Canadian CJD Surveillance System, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (4) Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is spreading rapidly through wild cervid populations in the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. While this has implications for tourism and hunting, there is also concern over possible zoonotic transmission to humans who eat venison from infected deer. Whilst there is no evidence of any human cases of CWD to date, the Canadian CJD Surveillance System (CJDSS) in Canada is staying vigilant. When variant CJD occurred following exposure to BSE, the unique biochemical fingerprint of the pathologic PrP enabled a causal link to be confirmed. However, we cannot be sure what phenotype human CWD prions would present with, or indeed, whether this would be distinct from that see in sporadic CJD. Therefore we are undertaking a systematic analysis of the molecular diversity of CJD cases of individuals who resided in Alberta and Saskatchewan at their time of death comparing venison consumers and non-consumers, using a variety of clinical, imaging, pathological and biochemical markers. Our initial objective is to develop novel biochemical methodologies that will extend the baseline glycoform and genetic polymorphism typing that is already completed by the CJDSS. Firstly, we are reviewing MRI, EEG and pathology information from over 40 cases of CJD to select clinically affected areas for further investigation. Biochemical analysis will include assessment of the levels of protease sensitive and resistant prion protein, glycoform typing using 2D gel electrophoresis, testing seeding capabilities and kinetics of aggregation by quaking-induced conversion, and determining prion oligomer size distributions with asymmetric flow field fractionation with in-line light scattering. Progress and preliminary data will be presented. Ultimately, we intend to further define the relationship between PrP structure and disease phenotype and establish a baseline for the identification of future atypical CJD cases that may arise as a result of exposure to CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Source Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/</a> </div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Volume 24, Number <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">8—August</span> 2018 </span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-size: 30.2px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 3px; outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Research Susceptibility of Human Prion Protein to Conversion by Chronic Wasting Disease Prions</span></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Marcelo A. BarriaComments to Author , Adriana Libori, Gordon Mitchell, and Mark W. Head Author affiliations: National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (M.A. Barria, A. Libori, M.W. Head); National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Scrapie and CWD, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (G. Mitchell)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal neurodegenerative disease and a serious animal health issue for deer and elk in North America. The identification of the first cases of CWD among free-ranging reindeer and moose in Europe brings back into focus the unresolved issue of whether CWD can be zoonotic like bovine spongiform encephalopathy. We used a cell-free seeded protein misfolding assay to determine whether CWD prions from elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer in North America can convert the human prion protein to the disease-associated form. We found that prions can convert, but the efficiency of conversion is affected by polymorphic variation in the cervid and human prion protein genes. In view of the similarity of reindeer, elk, and white-tailed deer in North America to reindeer, red deer, and roe deer, respectively, in Europe, a more comprehensive and thorough assessment of the zoonotic potential of CWD might be warranted.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Discussion Characterization of the transmission properties of CWD and evaluation of their zoonotic potential are important for public health purposes. Given that CWD affects several members of the family Cervidae, it seems reasonable to consider whether the zoonotic potential of CWD prions could be affected by factors such as CWD strain, cervid species, geographic location, and Prnp–PRNP polymorphic variation. We have previously used an in vitro conversion assay (PMCA) to investigate the susceptibility of the human PrP to conversion to its disease-associated form by several animal prion diseases, including CWD (15,16,22). The sensitivity of our molecular model for the detection of zoonotic conversion depends on the combination of 1) the action of proteinase K to degrade the abundant human PrPC that constitutes the substrate while only N terminally truncating any human PrPres produced and 2) the presence of the 3F4 epitope on human but not cervid PrP. In effect, this degree of sensitivity means that any human PrPres formed during the PMCA reaction can be detected down to the limit of Western blot sensitivity. In contrast, if other antibodies that detect both cervid and human PrP are used, such as 6H4, then newly formed human PrPres must be detected as a measurable increase in PrPres over the amount remaining in the reaction product from the cervid seed. Although best known for the efficient amplification of prions in research and diagnostic contexts, the variation of the PMCA method employed in our study is optimized for the definitive detection of zoonotic reaction products of inherently inefficient conversion reactions conducted across species barriers. By using this system, we previously made and reported the novel observation that elk CWD prions could convert human PrPC from human brain and could also convert recombinant human PrPC expressed in transgenic mice and eukaryotic cell cultures (15).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A previous publication suggested that mule deer PrPSc was unable to convert humanized transgenic substrate in PMCA assays (23) and required a further step of in vitro conditioning in deer substrate PMCA before it was able to cross the deer–human molecular barrier (24). However, prions from other species, such as elk (15) and reindeer affected by CWD, appear to be compatible with the human protein in a single round of amplification (as shown in our study). These observations suggest that different deer species affected by CWD could present differing degrees of the olecular compatibility with the normal form of human PrP.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The contribution of the polymorphism at codon 129 of the human PrP gene has been extensively studied and is recognized as a risk factor for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (4). In cervids, the equivalent codon corresponds to the position 132 encoding methionine or leucine. This polymorphism in the elk gene has been shown to play an important role in CWD susceptibility (25,26). We have investigated the effect of this cervid Prnp polymorphism on the conversion of the humanized transgenic substrate according to the variation in the equivalent PRNP codon 129 polymorphism. Interestingly, only the homologs methionine homozygous seed–substrate reactions could readily convert the human PrP, whereas the heterozygous elk PrPSc was unable to do so, even though comparable amounts of PrPres were used to seed the reaction. In addition, we observed only low levels of human PrPres formation in the reactions seeded with the homozygous methionine (132 MM) and the heterozygous (132 ML) seeds incubated with the other 2 human polymorphic substrates (129 MV and 129 VV). The presence of the amino acid leucine at position 132 of the elk Prnp gene has been attributed to a lower degree of prion conversion compared with methionine on the basis of experiments in mice made transgenic for these polymorphic variants (26). Considering the differences observed for the amplification of the homozygous human methionine substrate by the 2 polymorphic elk seeds (MM and ML), reappraisal of the susceptibility of human PrPC by the full range of cervid polymorphic variants affected by CWD would be warranted.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In light of the recent identification of the first cases of CWD in Europe in a free-ranging reindeer (R. tarandus) in Norway (2), we also decided to evaluate the in vitro conversion potential of CWD in 2 experimentally infected reindeer (18). Formation of human PrPres was readily detectable after a single round of PMCA, and in all 3 humanized polymorphic substrates (MM, MV, and VV). This finding suggests that CWD prions from reindeer could be more compatible with human PrPC generally and might therefore present a greater risk for zoonosis than, for example, CWD prions from white-tailed deer. A more comprehensive comparison of CWD in the affected species, coupled with the polymorphic variations in the human and deer PRNP–Prnp genes, in vivo and in vitro, will be required before firm conclusions can be drawn. Analysis of the Prnp sequence of the CWD reindeer in Norway was reported to be identical to the specimens used in our study (2). This finding raises the possibility of a direct comparison of zoonotic potential between CWD acquired in the wild and that produced in a controlled laboratory setting. (Table).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The prion hypothesis proposes that direct molecular interaction between PrPSc and PrPC is necessary for conversion and prion replication. Accordingly, polymorphic variants of the PrP of host and agent might play a role in determining compatibility and potential zoonotic risk. In this study, we have examined the capacity of the human PrPC to support in vitro conversion by elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer CWD PrPSc. Our data confirm that elk CWD prions can convert the human PrPC, at least in vitro, and show that the homologous PRNP polymorphisms at codon 129 and 132 in humans and cervids affect conversion efficiency. Other species affected by CWD, particularly caribou or reindeer, also seem able to convert the human PrP. It will be important to determine whether other polymorphic variants found in other CWD-affected Cervidae or perhaps other factors (17) exert similar effects on the ability to convert human PrP and thus affect their zoonotic potential.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dr. Barria is a research scientist working at the National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh. His research has focused on understanding the molecular basis of a group of fatal neurologic disorders called prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgments We thank Aru Balachandran for originally providing cervid brain tissues, Abigail Diack and Jean Manson for providing mouse brain tissue, and James Ironside for his critical reading of the manuscript at an early stage.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This report is independent research commissioned and funded by the United Kingdom’s Department of Health Policy Research Programme and the Government of Scotland. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Department of Health or the Government of Scotland.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author contributions: The study was conceived and designed by M.A.B. and M.W.H. The experiments were conducted by M.A.B. and A.L. Chronic wasting disease brain specimens were provided by G.M. The manuscript was written by M.A.B. and M.W.H. All authors contributed to the editing and revision of the manuscript.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion</a></div></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #222222; outline: none !important;">Prion 2017 Conference Abstracts</span></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none !important;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">First evidence of intracranial and peroral transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) into Cynomolgus macaques: a work in progress Stefanie Czub1, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer2, Christiane Stahl-Hennig3, Michael Beekes4, Hermann Schaetzl5 and Dirk Motzkus6 1 </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine/Canadian Food Inspection Agency; 2Universitatsklinikum des Saarlandes und Medizinische Fakultat der Universitat des Saarlandes; 3 Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen; 4 Robert-Koch-Institut Berlin; 5 University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; 6 presently: Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center; previously: Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">This is a progress report of a project which started in 2009. </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">21 cynomolgus macaques were challenged with characterized CWD material from white-tailed deer (WTD) or elk by intracerebral (ic), oral, and skin exposure routes. Additional blood transfusion experiments are supposed to assess the CWD contamination risk of human blood product. Challenge materials originated from symptomatic cervids for ic, skin scarification and partially per oral routes (WTD brain). Challenge material for feeding of muscle derived from preclinical WTD and from preclinical macaques for blood transfusion experiments. We have confirmed that the CWD challenge material contained at least two different CWD agents (brain material) as well as CWD prions in muscle-associated nerves. </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Here we present first data on a group of animals either challenged ic with steel wires or per orally and sacrificed with incubation times ranging from 4.5 to 6.9 years at postmortem. Three animals displayed signs of mild clinical disease, including anxiety, apathy, ataxia and/or tremor. In four animals wasting was observed, two of those had confirmed diabetes. All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals. Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuiC) and PET-blot assays to further substantiate these findings are on the way, as well as bioassays in bank voles and transgenic mice. </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">At present, a total of 10 animals are sacrificed and read-outs are ongoing. Preclinical incubation of the remaining macaques covers a range <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">from 6.4 to 7.10</span> years. Based on the species barrier and an incubation time of > 5 years for BSE in macaques and about 10 years for scrapie in macaques, we expected an onset of clinical disease beyond 6 years post inoculation. </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">PRION 2017 DECIPHERING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS ABSTRACTS REFERENCE</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available. </span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 23, 2019 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion and THE FEAST 2003 CDC an updated review of the science 2019 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 04, 2014 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Six-year follow-up of a point-source exposure to CWD contaminated venison in an Upstate New York community: risk behaviours and health outcomes 2005–2011 Authors, though, acknowledged the study was limited in geography and sample size and so it couldn't draw a conclusion about the risk to humans. They recommended more study. Dr. Ermias Belay was the report's principal author but he said New York and Oneida County officials are following the proper course by not launching a study. "There's really nothing to monitor presently. No one's sick," Belay said, noting the disease's incubation period in deer and elk is measured in years. " </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission Studies Mule deer transmissions of CWD were by intracerebral inoculation and compared with natural cases {the following was written but with a single line marked through it ''first passage (by this route)}....TSS resulted in a more rapidly progressive clinical disease with repeated episodes of synocopy ending in coma. One control animal became affected, it is believed through contamination of inoculum (?saline). Further CWD transmissions were carried out by Dick Marsh into ferret, mink and squirrel monkey. Transmission occurred in ALL of these species with the shortest incubation period in the ferret. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip.... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion Infectivity in Fat of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease▿ </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Brent Race#, Kimberly Meade-White#, Richard Race and Bruce Chesebro* + Author Affiliations In mice, prion infectivity was recently detected in fat. Since ruminant fat is consumed by humans and fed to animals, we determined infectivity titers in fat from two CWD-infected deer. Deer fat devoid of muscle contained low levels of CWD infectivity and might be a risk factor for prion infection of other species. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prions in Skeletal Muscles of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease Here bioassays in transgenic mice expressing cervid prion protein revealed the presence of infectious prions in skeletal muscles of CWD-infected deer, demonstrating that humans consuming or handling meat from CWD-infected deer are at risk to prion exposure. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">*** now, let’s see what the authors said about this casual link, personal communications years ago, and then the latest on the zoonotic potential from CWD to humans from the TOKYO PRION 2016 CONFERENCE. see where it is stated NO STRONG evidence. so, does this mean there IS casual evidence ???? “Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans” </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: TSS Subject: CWD aka MAD DEER/ELK TO HUMANS ??? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: September 30, 2002 at 7:06 am PST </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: "Belay, Ermias" </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: Cc: "Race, Richard (NIH)" ; ; "Belay, Ermias" </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sent: Monday, September 30, 2002 9:22 AM Subject: RE: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dear Sir/Madam, In the Archives of Neurology you quoted (the abstract of which was attached to your email), we did not say CWD in humans will present like variant CJD.. That assumption would be wrong. I encourage you to read the whole article and call me if you have questions or need more clarification (phone: 404-639-3091). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Also, we do not claim that "no-one has ever been infected with prion disease from eating venison." Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans in the article you quoted or in any other forum is limited to the patients we investigated. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ermias Belay, M.D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">-----Original Message----- From: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sent: Sunday, September 29, 2002 10:15 AM To: rr26k@nih.gov; rrace@niaid.nih.gov; ebb8@CDC.GOV </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sunday, November 10, 2002 6:26 PM .......snip........end..............TSS </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Thursday, April 03, 2008 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease 2008 1: Vet Res. 2008 Apr 3;39(4):41 A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease Sigurdson CJ. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... *** twenty-seven CJD patients who regularly consumed venison were reported to the Surveillance Center***, </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... full text ; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">sporadic, spontaneous CJD, 85%+ of all human TSE, did not just happen. never in scientific literature has this been proven. if one looks up the word sporadic or spontaneous at pubmed, you will get a laundry list of disease that are classified in such a way; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">sporadic = 54,983 hits </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">spontaneous = 325,650 hits </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">key word here is 'reported'. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can't, and it's as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it's being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. ...terry </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people. key word here is ‘reported’. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can’t, and it’s as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it’s being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. …terry </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ *** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** These results would seem to suggest that CWD does indeed have zoonotic potential, at least as judged by the compatibility of CWD prions and their human PrPC target. Furthermore, extrapolation from this simple in vitro assay suggests that if zoonotic CWD occurred, it would most likely effect those of the PRNP codon 129-MM genotype and that the PrPres type would be similar to that found in the most common subtype of sCJD (MM1).*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD TSE PRION AND ZOONOTIC, ZOONOSIS, POTENTIAL</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: Re: DEER SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY SURVEY & HOUND STUDY </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: Fri, 18 Oct 2002 23:12:22 +0100 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: Steve Dealler </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Organization: Netscape Online member </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: BSE-L@ References: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dear Terry,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">An excellent piece of review as this literature is desperately difficult to get back from Government sites.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">What happened with the deer was that an association between deer meat eating and sporadic CJD was found in about 1993. The evidence was not great but did not disappear after several years of asking CJD cases what they had eaten. I think that the work into deer disease largely stopped because it was not helpful to the UK industry...and no specific cases were reported. Well, if you dont look adequately like they are in USA currenly then you wont find any!</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Steve Dealler </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM THIRD ANNUAL REPORT AUGUST 1994</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Consumption of venison and veal was much less widespread among both cases and controls. For both of these meats there was evidence of a trend with increasing frequency of consumption being associated with increasing risk of CJD. (not nvCJD, but sporadic CJD...tss) These associations were largely unchanged when attention was restricted to pairs with data obtained from relatives. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Table 9 presents the results of an analysis of these data.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is STRONG evidence of an association between ‘’regular’’ veal eating and risk of CJD (p = .0.01).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Individuals reported to eat veal on average at least once a year appear to be at 13 TIMES THE RISK of individuals who have never eaten veal.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is, however, a very wide confidence interval around this estimate. There is no strong evidence that eating veal less than once per year is associated with increased risk of CJD (p = 0.51).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is some evidence that risk of CJD INCREASES WITH INCREASING FREQUENCY OF LAMB EATING (p = 0.02).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The evidence for such an association between beef eating and CJD is weaker (p = 0.14). When only controls for whom a relative was interviewed are included, this evidence becomes a little STRONGER (p = 0.08).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It was found that when veal was included in the model with another exposure, the association between veal and CJD remained statistically significant (p = < 0.05 for all exposures), while the other exposures ceased to be statistically significant (p = > 0.05).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In conclusion, an analysis of dietary histories revealed statistical associations between various meats/animal products and INCREASED RISK OF CJD. When some account was taken of possible confounding, the association between VEAL EATING AND RISK OF CJD EMERGED AS THE STRONGEST OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS STATISTICALLY. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the study in the USA, a range of foodstuffs were associated with an increased risk of CJD, including liver consumption which was associated with an apparent SIX-FOLD INCREASE IN THE RISK OF CJD. By comparing the data from 3 studies in relation to this particular dietary factor, the risk of liver consumption became non-significant with an odds ratio of 1.2 (PERSONAL COMMUNICATION, PROFESSOR A. HOFMAN. ERASMUS UNIVERSITY, ROTTERDAM). (???...TSS)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full report ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stephen Dealler is a consultant medical microbiologist deal@airtime.co.uk </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE Inquiry Steve Dealler</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Management In Confidence</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE: Private Submission of Bovine Brain Dealler</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> MAD DOGS AND ENGLISHMEN BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, CJD, TSE PRION A REVIEW 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> ''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> In conclusion, sensory symptoms and loss of reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome can be explained by neuropathological changes in the spinal cord. We conclude that the sensory symptoms and loss of lower limb reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome is due to pathology in the caudal spinal cord. <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology.<*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD. <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals.<*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids.'' Scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease (II) <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Professor John Collinge on tackling prion diseases sCJD around 1 in 5000 deaths worldwide</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“The best-known human prion disease is sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), a rapidly progressive dementia which accounts for around 1 in 5000 deaths worldwide.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">it has been established that similar so-called “prion-like” mechanisms are involved in much commoner conditions including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We defined iatrogenic cerebral amyloid angiopathy as a new disease, with relevance to Alzheimer’s disease and public health.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/brain-sciences/dementia-ucl-priority/professor-john-collinge-tackling-prion-diseases" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ucl.ac.uk/brain-sciences/dementia-ucl-priority/professor-john-collinge-tackling-prion-diseases</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: Diagnostic Journey of Patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) in the United States: A RealWorld Evidence Study</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author list: Duncan Brown1 , Emily Kutrieb2 , Montserrat Vera Llonch1 , Rob Pulido1 , Anne Smith1 , Derek Weycker2 , Ellen Dukes2 , Brian S Appleby3-5</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Affiliations: 1 Ionis Pharmaceuticals; 2Policy Analysis Inc. (PAI); 3National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center; 4Case Western Reserve University; 5University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Identification of clinical symptoms leading to a diagnosis of CJD from real-world evidence is limited. A new study using a United States (US) healthcare claims database was thus undertaken to address this evidence gap.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort design and the Merative MarketScan Database (01/2012-12/2020) were employed. The study population comprised adults aged ≥18 years with ≥1 inpatient diagnosis or ≥2 outpatient diagnoses (≥3 days apart) of CJD, magnetic resonance imaging of the head or lumbar puncture, and no evidence of selected neurologic conditions after the last CJD diagnosis. Patients without healthcare coverage during the 12-month pre-diagnosis period were excluded; alternative pre-diagnosis periods (spanning 24 and 36 months, respectively) were also explored. Diagnostic journey was detailed based on diagnosis codes for selected symptoms and neurologic conditions during the pre-diagnosis period.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Among the 61.8 million persons in the source population from 01/2013-12/2019, 215 CJD patients qualified for inclusion in the study population. CJD patients first presented with symptoms consistent with the diagnosis 5.0 (SD=4.0) months, on average, before the initial CJD diagnosis, and 80% had ≥3 symptoms, most commonly altered mental status (82%), gait/coordination disturbance (60%), and malaise/fatigue (44%). Most patients (63%) also had ≥1 differential (neurologic) diagnosis leading to the CJD diagnosis, most commonly cerebrovascular disease (49%), peripheral vertigo (11%), and Alzheimer’s disease (7%); mean duration from first differential diagnosis to initial CJD diagnosis was 2.4 (SD=3.1) months.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Study findings suggest that, in US clinical practice, CJD patients present with one or more clinical symptoms impacting motor, cognitive or other domains, and many are initially mis-diagnosed, prolonging the diagnostic journey. CJD should be considered in the differential diagnosis of those with rapidly progressing dementia or motor disturbance.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: Ionis Pharmaceuticals</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Grant number: N/A</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgment: XXX</div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">"Study findings suggest that, in US clinical practice, CJD patients present with one or more clinical symptoms impacting motor, cognitive or other domains, and many are initially mis-diagnosed, prolonging the diagnostic journey."</span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">2001 Singeltary on CJD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">February 14, 2001</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary, Sr</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author Affiliations</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">JAMA. 2001;285(6):733-734. doi:10-1001/pubs.JAMA-ISSN-0098-7484-285-6-jlt0214 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To the Editor: In their Research Letter, Dr Gibbons and colleagues1 reported that the annual US death rate due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has been stable since 1985. These estimates, however, are based only on reported cases, and do not include misdiagnosed or preclinical cases. It seems to me that misdiagnosis alone would drastically change these figures. An unknown number of persons with a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in fact may have CJD, although only a small number of these patients receive the postmortem examination necessary to make this diagnosis. Furthermore, only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies should be reportable nationwide and internationally.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1031186" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1031186</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">wasted days and wasted nights...Freddy Fender</div></div></div></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37946824.post-13338856323977120472023-11-17T12:43:00.006-06:002023-11-17T12:48:47.789-06:00TAHC Chronic Wasting Disease Detected in Cherokee County Deer Breeding Facility<p>TAHC Chronic Wasting Disease Detected in Cherokee County Deer Breeding Facility</p><p><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">For Immediate Release</span></p><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">November 17, 2023</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Chronic Wasting Disease Detected in Cherokee County Deer Breeding Facility</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">AUSTIN, TX — Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) and Texas Animal Health Commission (TAHC) received confirmation of a case of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in Cherokee County, marking the first detection in a deer breeding facility in the county.</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">A four-year-old buck tested positive using postmortem testing conducted to meet annual CWD surveillance requirements for the facility.</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory initially analyzed the samples, and the National Veterinary Services Laboratory in Iowa confirmed the CWD detection.</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">CWD has an incubation period that can span years, so the first indication of the disease in a herd is often found through surveillance testing rather than observed clinical signs. Early detection and proactive monitoring improve the state’s response time to the detection of CWD and can greatly reduce the risk of further disease spread.</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Any person interested in having their harvest tested for CWD should contact a local biologist, found on the TPWD website.</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">CWD is a fatal neurological disease found in certain cervids including deer, elk, moose and other members of the deer family. This slow, progressive disease may not produce visible signs in susceptible species for several years after infection. As the disease process continues, animals with CWD may show changes in behavior and appearance. Clinical signs may include progressive weight loss, stumbling or tremors with a lack of coordination, loss of appetite, teeth grinding, abnormal head posture and/or drooping ears, and excessive thirst, salivation or urination.</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">In Texas, the disease was first discovered in 2012 in free-ranging mule deer along a remote area of the Hueco Mountains near the Texas-New Mexico border. CWD has since been detected in Texas captive and free-ranging cervids, including white-tailed deer, mule deer, red deer and elk.</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">For more information on previous detections in Texas and CWD best management practices for hunters and landowners, visit TPWD's CWD page or the TAHC's CWD page.</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">###</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><a href="https://www.tahc.texas.gov/news/2023/2023-11-17_CWD_CherokeeCo.pdf">https://www.tahc.texas.gov/news/2023/2023-11-17_CWD_CherokeeCo.pdf</a><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Texas CWD Surveillance Positives</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/positive-cases/listing-cwd-cases-texas.phtml#texasCWD">https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/positive-cases/listing-cwd-cases-texas.phtml#texasCWD</a><br /></span><div><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Counties where CWD Exposed Deer were Released </span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/257/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites.pdf">https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/257/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites.pdf</a><br /></span></div><div><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Number of CWD Exposed Deer Released by County </span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/258/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites-NbrDeer.pdf">https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/258/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites-NbrDeer.pdf</a><br /></span></div><div><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD Captive Herds updated April 2023 </span></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/cervid/cervids-cwd/cervids-voluntary-hcp">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/cervid/cervids-cwd/cervids-voluntary-hcp</a><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD Captive Herds updated April 2023 </span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf</a><br /></span></div><div><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE PrP in Texas</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><div><div><a href="https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/b93f528938ac48e9b56dcc79953cbec0">https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/b93f528938ac48e9b56dcc79953cbec0</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Price of TSE Prion Poker goes up substantially, all you cattle ranchers and such, better pay close attention here...terry</div><div><br /></div><div>Transmission of the chronic wasting disease agent from elk to cattle after oronasal exposure</div><div><br /></div><div>Justin Greenlee, Jifeng Bian, Zoe Lambert, Alexis Frese, and Eric Cassmann Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, USA </div><div><br /></div><div>Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the susceptibility of cattle to chronic wasting disease agent from elk. </div><div><br /></div><div>Materials and Methods: Initial studies were conducted in bovinized mice using inoculum derived from elk with various genotypes at codon 132 (MM, LM, LL). Based upon attack rates, inoculum (10% w/v brain homogenate) from an LM132 elk was selected for transmission studies in cattle. At approximately 2 weeks of age, one wild type steer (EE211) and one steer with the E211K polymorphism (<span dir="ltr">EK211</span>) were fed 1 mL of brain homogenate in a quart of milk replacer while another 1 mL was instilled intranasally. The cattle were examined daily for clinical signs for the duration of the experiment. One steer is still under observation at 71 months post-inoculation (mpi). </div><div><br /></div><div>Results: Inoculum derived from MM132 elk resulted in similar attack rates and incubation periods in mice expressing wild type or K211 bovine PRNP, 35% at 531 days post inoculation (dpi) and 27% at 448 dpi, respectively. Inoculum from LM132 elk had a slightly higher attack rates in mice: 45% (693 dpi) in wild type cattle PRNP and 33% (468) in K211 mice. Inoculum from LL132 elk resulted in the highest attack rate in wild type bovinized mice (53% at 625 dpi), but no K211 mice were affected at >700 days. At approximately 70 mpi, the <span dir="ltr">EK211</span> genotype steer developed clinical signs suggestive of prion disease, depression, low head carriage, hypersalivation, and ataxia, and was necropsied. Enzyme immunoassay (IDEXX) was positive in brainstem (OD=4.00, but non-detect in retropharyngeal lymph nodes and palatine tonsil. Immunoreactivity was largely limited to the brainstem, midbrain, and cervical spinal cord with a pattern that was primarily glia-associated. </div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusions: Cattle with the E211K polymorphism are susceptible to the CWD agent after oronasal exposure of 0.2 g of infectious material. </div><div><br /></div><div>Funded by: This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</div><div><br /></div><div>"Cattle with the E211K polymorphism are susceptible to the CWD agent after oronasal exposure of 0.2 g of infectious material."</div><div><br /></div><div>=====end</div><div><br /></div><div>Strain characterization of chronic wasting disease in bovine-PrP transgenic mice </div><div><br /></div><div>Nuria Jerez-Garrido1, Sara Canoyra1, Natalia Fernández-Borges1, Alba Marín Moreno1, Sylvie L. Benestad2, Olivier Andreoletti3, Gordon Mitchell4, Aru Balachandran4, Juan María Torres1 and Juan Carlos Espinosa1. 1 Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, CISA-INIA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain. 2 Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway. 3 UMR Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)/École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Toulouse, France. 4 Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Canada. </div><div><br /></div><div>Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is an infectious prion disease that affects cervids. Various CWD prion strains have been identified in different cervid species from North America and Europe. The properties of the infectious prion strains are influenced by amino acid changes and polymorphisms in the PrP sequences of different cervid species. This study, aimed to assess the ability of a panel of CWD prion isolates from diverse cervid species from North America and Europe to infect bovine species, as well as to investigate the properties of the prion strains following the adaptation to the bovine-PrP context. </div><div><br /></div><div>Materials and Methods: BoPrP-Tg110 mice overexpressing the bovine-PrP sequence were inoculated by intracranial route with a panel of CWD prion isolates from both North America (two white-tailed deer and two elk) and Europe (one reindeer, one moose and one red deer). </div><div><br /></div><div>Results: Our results show distinct behaviours in the transmission of the CWD isolates to the BoPrP-Tg110 mouse model. Some of these isolates did not transmit even after the second passage. Those able to transmit displayed differences in terms of attack rate, survival times, biochemical properties of brain PrPres, and histopathology. </div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusions: Altogether, these results exhibit the diversity of CWD strains present in the panel of CWD isolates and the ability of at least some CWD isolates to infect bovine species. Cattle being one of the most important farming species, this ability represents a potential threat to both animal and human health, and consequently deserves further study. </div><div><br /></div><div>Funded by: MCIN/AEI /10.13039/501100011033 and by European Union NextGeneration EU/PRTR </div><div><br /></div><div>Grant number: PCI2020-120680-2 ICRAD</div><div><br /></div><div>"Altogether, these results exhibit the diversity of CWD strains present in the panel of CWD isolates and the ability of at least some CWD isolates to infect bovine species. Cattle being one of the most important farming species, this ability represents a potential threat to both animal and human health, and consequently deserves further study."</div><div><br /></div><div>=====end</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div><br style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;" /></div></div><div><div>Monday, November 13, 2023</div><div><br /></div><div>Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR <span dir="ltr">589.2000</span>) Singeltary Another Request for Update 2023</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://fdabse589.blogspot.com/2023/11/food-and-drug-administrations-bse-feed.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://fdabse589.blogspot.com/2023/11/food-and-drug-administrations-bse-feed.html</a></div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><div dir="ltr">PRION CONFERENCE 2023 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS FOR CWD TSE PRION</div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div style="text-align: justify;">CWD TSE PRION CERVID ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS 2023</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div>"Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation."</div></div><div><br /></div><div>Detection of prions in soils contaminated by multiple routes</div><div><br /></div><div>Stuart Siegfried Lichtenberg1,2 , Heather Inzalaco3 , Sam Thomas4 , Dan Storm5 , Dan Walsh6</div><div><br /></div><div>1Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A. 2Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A. 3 Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A 4Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A. 5Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, U.S.A. 6U.S. Geological Survey, Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, U.S.A.</div><div><br /></div><div>Aims: Free-ranging animals afflicted with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies frequently shed infectious prions into the broader environment. The quintessential example is chronic wasting disease, the TSE of cervids. Over the course of the disease, an infected animal will shed infectious prions in blood, urine, saliva, and feces. Upon death, the total prion load interred in the animal’s tissues will be deposited wherever the animal falls. This contamination creates substantial risk to naïve animals, and likely contributes to disease spread. Identification and quantification of prions at contamination hotspots is essential for any attempt at mitigation of environmental transmission.</div><div><br /></div><div>Materials and Methods: Surfactant extraction of soils followed by precipitation yields a sample that is amenable to analysis by real-time quaking induced conversion. However, differences in extraction yield are apparent depending on the properties of the matrix from which the prions are being extracted, principally soil clay content.</div><div><br /></div><div>Results: We are able to detect prion seeding activity at multiple types of environmental hotspots, including carcass sites, contaminated captive facilities, and scrapes (i.e. urine and saliva). Differences in relative prion concentration vary depending on the nature and source of the contamination.</div><div><br /></div><div>Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusions: Detection of prions in the environment is of the utmost importance for controlling chronic wasting disease spread. Here, we have demonstrated a viable method for detection of prions in complex environmental matrices. However, it is quite likely that this method underestimates the total infectious prion load in a contaminated sample, due to incomplete recovery of infectious prions. Further refinements are necessary for accurate quantification of prions in such samples, and to account for the intrinsic heterogeneities found in the broader environment.</div><div><br /></div><div>Funded by: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources</div><div><br /></div><div>"Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation."</div><div><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><div>=====end</div><div><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><div><div>The detection and decontamination of chronic wasting disease prions during venison processing</div><div><br /></div><div>Marissa S. Milstein1,2, Marc D. Schwabenlander1,2, Sarah C. Gresch1,2, Manci Li1,2, Stuart Lichtenberg1,2, Rachel Shoemaker1,2, Gage R. Rowden1,2, Jason C. Bartz2,3 , Tiffany M. Wolf2,4, Peter A. Larsen1,2</div><div><br /></div><div>Presenting author: Tiffany M. Wolf 1 Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 2 Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 3 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA 4 Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA</div><div><br /></div><div>Aims: There is a growing concern that chronic wasting disease (CWD) prions in venison pose a risk to human health. CWD prions accumulate in infected deer tissues that commonly enter the human food chain through meat processing and consumption. The United States (US) Food and Drug Administration and US Department of Agriculture now formally consider CWD-positive venison unfit for human and animal consumption. Yet, the degree to which prion contamination occurs during routine venison processing is unknown. Here, we use environmental surface swab methods to: a) experimentally test meat processing equipment (i.e., stainless steel knives and polyethylene cutting boards) before and after processing CWD-positive venison and b) test the efficacy of five different disinfectant types (i.e., Dawn dish soap, Virkon-S, Briotech, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach) to determine prion decontamination efficacy.</div><div><br /></div><div>Materials and Methods: We used a real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay to determine CWD infection status of venison and to detect CWD prions in the swabs. We collected three swabs per surface and ran eight technical replicates on RT-QuIC.</div><div><br /></div><div>Results: CWD prions were detected on all cutting boards (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8 and knives (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) used in processing CWD-positive venison, but not on those used for CWD-negative venison. After processing CWD-positive venison, allowing the surfaces to dry, and washing the cutting board with Dawn dish soap, we detected CWD prions on the cutting board surface (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) but not on the knife (n= 3, replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). Similar patterns were observed with Briotech (cutting board: n= 3; replicates= 7/8, 1/8, 0/8; knife: n= 3; replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). We did not detect CWD prions on the knives or cutting boards after disinfecting with Virkon-S, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusions: These preliminary results suggest that Dawn dish soap and Briotech do not reliably decontaminate CWD prions from these surfaces. Our data suggest that Virkon-S and various bleach concentrations are more effective in reducing prion contamination of meat processing surfaces; however, surface type may also influence the ability of prions to adsorb to surfaces, preventing complete decontamination. Our results will directly inform best practices to prevent the introduction of CWD prions into the human food chain during venison processing.</div><div><br /></div><div>Acknowledgement: Funding was provided by the Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund as recommended by the Legislative-Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources (LCCMR), the Rapid Agriculture Response Fund (#95385/RR257), and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources.</div><div><br /></div><div>Theme: Animal prion diseases</div></div><br /></div><div dir="ltr">=====end</div></div><div><br /></div></div><div><div>Prion 2023 Abstracts</div><div><div dir="ltr"><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div></div></div></div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;">***> Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">***> Nine of these recurrences occurred 14–21 years after culling, apparently as the result of environmental contamination, but outside entry could not always be absolutely excluded. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY Volume 87, Issue 12</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years Free</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82011-0" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82011-0</a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr"><div style="text-align: justify;">Rapid recontamination of a farm building occurs after attempted prion removal</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">First published: 19 January 2019 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054</a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The data illustrates the difficulty in decontaminating farm buildings from scrapie, and demonstrates the likely contribution of farm dust to the recontamination of these environments to levels that are capable of causing disease.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">snip...</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">This study clearly demonstrates the difficulty in removing scrapie infectivity from the farm environment. Practical and effective prion decontamination methods are still urgently required for decontamination of scrapie infectivity from farms that have had cases of scrapie and this is particularly relevant for scrapiepositive goatherds, which currently have limited genetic resistance to scrapie within commercial breeds.24 This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054</a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">***>This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/</a> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Front. Vet. Sci., 14 September 2015 | <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032</a><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Objects in contact with classical scrapie sheep act as a reservoir for scrapie transmission</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">In conclusion, the results in the current study indicate that removal of furniture that had been in contact with scrapie-infected animals should be recommended, particularly since cleaning and decontamination may not effectively remove scrapie infectivity (31), even though infectivity declines considerably if the pasture and the field furniture have not been in contact with scrapie-infected sheep for several months. As sPMCA failed to detect PrPSc in furniture that was subjected to weathering, even though exposure led to infection in sheep, this method may not always be reliable in predicting the risk of scrapie infection through environmental contamination. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full</a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">172. Establishment of PrPCWD extraction and detection methods in the farm soil</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Conclusions: Our studies showed that PrPCWD persist in 0.001% CWD contaminated soil for at least 4 year and natural CWD-affected farm soil. When cervid reintroduced into CWD outbreak farm, the strict decontamination procedures of the infectious agent should be performed in the environment of CWD-affected cervid habitat.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197</a><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><div><div>SUBJECT MATTER: Chronic Wasting Disease Carcass Disposal Dumpster Management and Biosecurity</div><div><br /></div><div>BACKGROUND INFORMATION:</div><div><br /></div><div>State and tribal wildlife agencies may identify collection points (dumpsters) within an identified chronic wasting disease (CWD) management zone for the disposal of hunter-harvested cervid carcasses to remove potentially infected carcasses off the landscape for disposal by an approved method (Gillin & Mawdsley, 2018, chap.14). However, depending on their placement and maintenance these dumpsters could potentially increase the risk of CWD transmission.</div><div><br /></div><div>In several different states, photographic evidence has shown dumpsters in state identified CWD management zones overflowing with deer carcasses and limbs scattered on the land nearby. This could provide an opportunity for scavengers to potentially move infected carcass material to non-infected zones or increase contamination of the ground material around the dumpster’s location.</div><div><br /></div><div>Federal guidance does not explicitly address uniform standards for collection locations for carcasses of free-ranging cervids; however, the United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services Program Standards on CWD outlines procedures for carcass disposal, equipment sanitation, and decontamination of premises for captive cervid facilities.</div><div><br /></div><div>RESOLUTION:</div><div><br /></div><div>The United States Animal Health Association urges the Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (AFWA), Wildlife Health Committee to further refine the AFWA Technical Report on Best Management Practices for Prevention, Surveillance, and Management of Chronic Wasting Disease; Chapter 14, Carcass Disposal to address the placement and management of chronic wasting disease carcass disposal dumpsters or other carcass collection containers.</div><div><br /></div><div>Reference:</div><div><br /></div><div>1. Gillin, Colin M., and Mawdsley, Jonathan R. (eds.). 2018. AFWA Technical Report on Best Management Practices for Surveillance, Management and Control of Chronic Wasting Disease. Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Washington, D. C. 111 pp. </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.usaha.org/upload/Resolution/2022/2022_Resolution_30_CWD_Dumpste.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.usaha.org/upload/Resolution/2022/2022_Resolution_30_CWD_Dumpste.pdf</a><br /></div></div><div><br /></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;">THE tse prion aka mad cow type disease is not your normal pathogen. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The TSE prion disease survives ashing to 600 degrees celsius, that’s around 1112 degrees farenheit. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">you cannot cook the TSE prion disease out of meat. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">you can take the ash and mix it with saline and inject that ash into a mouse, and the mouse will go down with TSE. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production as well. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">the TSE prion agent also survives Simulated Wastewater Treatment Processes. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">IN fact, you should also know that the TSE Prion agent will survive in the environment for years, if not decades. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">you can bury it and it will not go away. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The TSE agent is capable of infected your water table i.e. Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">it’s not your ordinary pathogen you can just cook it out and be done with. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">***> that’s what’s so worrisome about Iatrogenic mode of transmission, a simple autoclave will not kill this TSE prion agent. I’m thinking tools used to dress a deer, knives with wooden handles, carcass disposal, burial only 3ft, scavengers, exposure of Cwd to soil and surrounding area, plants intake, …I could go on…Terry</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">1: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994 Jun;57(6):757-8 </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">***> Transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease to a chimpanzee by electrodes contaminated during neurosurgery. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Asher DM, Kobrine A, Amyx HL, Sulima MP, Gajdusek DC. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Laboratory of Central Nervous System Studies, National Institute of </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Bethesda, MD 20892. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Stereotactic multicontact electrodes used to probe the cerebral cortex of a middle aged woman with progressive dementia were previously implicated in the accidental transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) to two younger patients. The diagnoses of CJD have been confirmed for all three cases. More than two years after their last use in humans, after three cleanings and repeated sterilisation in ethanol and formaldehyde vapour, the electrodes were implanted in the cortex of a chimpanzee. Eighteen months later the animal became ill with CJD. This finding serves to re-emphasise the potential danger posed by reuse of instruments contaminated with the agents of spongiform encephalopathies, even after scrupulous attempts to clean them. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">PMID: <span dir="ltr">8006664</span> [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8006664?dopt=Abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8006664?dopt=Abstract</a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">New studies on the heat resistance of hamster-adapted scrapie agent: Threshold survival after ashing at 600°C suggests an inorganic template of replication </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full</a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/</a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf</a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">A Quantitative Assessment of the Amount of Prion Diverted to Category 1 Materials and Wastewater During Processing </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract</a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Rapid assessment of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion inactivation by heat treatment in yellow grease produced in the industrial manufacturing process of meat and bone meals </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf</a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 2019 </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">BSE infectivity survives burial for five years with only limited spread</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf</a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">5 or 6 years quarantine is NOT LONG ENOUGH FOR CWD TSE PRION !!!</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">QUARANTINE NEEDS TO BE 21 YEARS FOR CWD TSE PRION !</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">You can take this communication from my old files with how ever many grains of salt you wish…Terry</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">FRIDAY, APRIL 30, 2021 </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Should Property Evaluations Contain Scrapie, CWD, TSE PRION Environmental Contamination of the land?</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">***> Confidential!!!!</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">***> As early as 1992-3 there had been long studies conducted on small pastures containing scrapie infected sheep at the sheep research station associated with the Neuropathogenesis Unit in Edinburgh, Scotland. Whether these are documented...I don't know. But personal recounts both heard and recorded in a daily journal indicate that leaving the pastures free and replacing the topsoil completely at least 2 feet of thickness each year for SEVEN years....and then when very clean (proven scrapie free) sheep were placed on these small pastures.... the new sheep also broke out with scrapie and passed it to offspring. I am not sure that TSE contaminated ground could ever be free of the agent!! A very frightening revelation!!!</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">---end personal email early BSE days---end...tss</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">and so it seems...</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Scrapie Agent (Strain 263K) Can Transmit Disease via the Oral Route after Persistence in Soil over Years</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Published: May 9, 2007</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">snip...</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Our results showed that 263K scrapie agent can persist in soil at least over 29 months. Strikingly, not only the contaminated soil itself retained high levels of infectivity, as evidenced by oral administration to Syrian hamsters, but also feeding of aqueous soil extracts was able to induce disease in the reporter animals. We could also demonstrate that PrPSc in soil, extracted after 21 months, provides a catalytically active seed in the protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) reaction. PMCA opens therefore a perspective for considerably improving the detectability of prions in soil samples from the field.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">snip...</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0000435" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0000435</a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Dr. Paul Brown Scrapie Soil Test BSE Inquiry Document</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090505211734/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/Seac07/tab03.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090505211734/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/Seac07/tab03.pdf</a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">Trucking CWD TSE PrP</div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">Friday, December 14, 2012 <div><div><br /></div><div>DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012 </div><div><br /></div><div>snip... </div><div><br /></div><div>The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008). </div><div><br /></div><div>snip... </div><div><br /></div><div>In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with CWD prion. </div><div><br /></div><div>snip... </div><div><br /></div><div>In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing, footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible. For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant uncertainty associated with these estimates. </div><div><br /></div><div>snip... </div><div><br /></div><div>Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists and returning GB residents. </div><div><br /></div><div>snip... </div><div><br /></div><div><span dir="ltr">http://webarchive.nationa</span>... </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Published: 06 September 2021<br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">***> Chronic wasting disease: a cervid prion infection looming to spillover</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Alicia Otero, Camilo Duque Velásquez, Judd Aiken & Debbie McKenzie </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Veterinary Research volume 52, Article number: 115 (2021) </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-021-00986-y" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-021-00986-y</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><br /></div></div></div><div><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div>Detection of chronic wasting disease prions in processed meats</div><div><br /></div><div>Rebeca Benavente1 , Francisca Bravo1,2, J. Hunter Reed3 , Mitch Lockwood3 , Glenn Telling4 , Rodrigo Morales1,2 1 Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA; 2 Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins. Santiago, Chile; 3 Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Texas, USA. 4 Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA </div><div><br /></div><div>Aims: identify the presence of CWD prions in processed meats derived from elk. </div><div><br /></div><div>Materials and Methods: In this study, we analyzed different processed meats derived from a CWD-positive (pre-clinical) free-ranging elk. Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats. The presence of CWD-prions in these samples were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates. The same analyses were performed in grilled and boiled meats to evaluate the resistance of the infectious agent to these procedures. </div><div><br /></div><div>Results: Our results show positive prion detection in all the samples analyzed using deer and elk substrates. Surprisingly, cooked meats displayed increased seeding activities. This data suggests that CWD-prions are available to people even after meats are processed and cooked. </div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusions: These results suggest CWD prions are accessible to humans through meats, even after processing and cooking. Considering the fact that these samples were collected from already processed specimens, the availability of CWD prions to humans is probably underestimated. </div><div><br /></div><div>Funded by: NIH and USDA </div><div><br /></div><div>Grant number: 1R01AI132695 and APP-20115 to RM </div><div><br /></div><div>Acknowledgement: We would like to thank TPWD personnel for providing us with valuable samples</div><div><br /></div><div dir="ltr">"Our results show positive prion detection in all the samples analyzed using deer and elk substrates. Surprisingly, cooked meats displayed increased seeding activities."</div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr">end... <br /></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div>Fortuitous generation of a zoonotic cervid prion strain </div><div><br /></div><div>Manuel Camacho, Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Sydney Smith, Jieji Hu, Wanyun Tao, Ignazio Cali, Qingzhong Kong. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA </div><div><br /></div><div>Aims: Whether CWD prions can infect humans remains unclear despite the very substantial scale and long history of human exposure of CWD in many states or provinces of USA and Canada. Multiple in vitro conversion experiments and in vivo animal studies indicate that the CWD-to-human transmission barrier is not unbreakable. A major long-term public health concern on CWD zoonosis is the emergence of highly zoonotic CWD strains. We aim to address the question of whether highly zoonotic CWD strains are possible. </div><div><br /></div><div>Materials and Methods: We inoculated several sCJD brain samples into cervidized transgenic mice (<span dir="ltr">Tg12</span>), which were intended as negative controls for bioassays of brain tissues from sCJD cases who had potentially been exposed to CWD. Some of the <span dir="ltr">Tg12</span> mice became infected and their brain tissues were further examined by Western blot as well as serial passages in humanized or cervidized mice. </div><div><br /></div><div>Results: Passage of sCJDMM1 in transgenic mice expressing elk PrP (<span dir="ltr">Tg12</span>) resulted in a “cervidized” CJD strain that we termed CJDElkPrP. We observed 100% transmission of the original CJDElkPrP in transgenic mice expressing human PrP. We passaged CJDElkPrP two more times in the <span dir="ltr">Tg12</span> mice. We found that such second and third passage CJDElkPrP prions retained 100% transmission rate in the humanized mice, despite that the natural elk CWD isolates and CJDElkPrP share the same elk PrP sequence. In contrast, we and others found zero or poor transmission of natural elk CWD isolates in humanized mice. </div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusions: Our data indicate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can retain zoonotic potential after serial passages in cervids, suggesting a very significant and serious long-term risk of CWD zoonosis given that the broad and continuing spread of CWD prions will provide fertile grounds for the emergence of zoonotic CWD strains over time. </div><div><br /></div><div>Funded by: NIH Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532 </div><div><br /></div><div>Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O'Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples used in this study, respectively</div><br /></div><div dir="ltr">"Our data indicate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can retain zoonotic potential after serial passages in cervids, suggesting a very significant and serious long-term risk of CWD zoonosis given that the broad and continuing spread of CWD prions will provide fertile grounds for the emergence of zoonotic CWD strains over time."<br /></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div>A probable diagnostic marker for CWD infection in humans </div><div><br /></div><div>Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Manuel Camacho, Ignazio Cali, Qingzhong Kong. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA </div><div><br /></div><div>Aims: Multiple in vitro CWD-seeded human PrP conversion experiments and some animal model studies indicate that the species barrier for CWD to human transmission can be overcome, but whether CWD prion can infect humans in real life remains controversial. The very limited understanding on the likely features of CWD infection in humans and the lack of a reliable diagnostic marker for identification of acquired human CWD cases contribute to this uncertainty. We aim to stablish such a reliable diagnostic marker for CWD infections in humans should they occur. </div><div><br /></div><div>Materials and Methods: A couple of PrPSc-positive spleens were identified from humanized transgenic mice inoculated with either CWD or sCJDMM1. Prions in these spleens were compared by bioassays in cervidized or humanized transgenic mice. A couple of PrPSc-positive spleens from UK sCJDMM1 patients were also examined similarly as controls with no exposure to CWD. </div><div><br /></div><div>Results: We have detected two prion-positive spleens in humanized transgenic mice inoculated with some CWD isolates. Such experimentally generated splenic “humanized” CWD prions (termed eHuCWDsp) appear indistinguishable from prions in the brain of sCJDMM1 patients on Western blot. We compared eHuCWDsp with prions in the spleen from humanized mice infected with sCJDMM1 (termed sCJDMM1sp) by bioassays in cervidized or humanized transgenic mice. Significantly, we found that eHuCWDsp can efficiently infect not only the humanized mice but also cervidized transgenic mice, and cervidized mice infected by eHuCWDsp produced PrPSc and brain pathology that are practically identical to those of CWD-infected cervidized mice. In contrast, sCJDMM1sp, similar to prions from sCJDMM1 patient brains, is poorly transmissible in the cervidized mice. </div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that high transmissibility with CWD features of splenic prions in cervidized transgenic mice is unique to acquired human CWD prions, and it may serve as a reliable marker to identify the first acquired human CWD cases. </div><div><br /></div><div>Funded by: NIH Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532 </div><div><br /></div><div>Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O'Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples used in this study, respectively.</div><div><br /></div><div dir="ltr">=====end </div><div dir="ltr"><br /><div><div dir="ltr">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr"><div>Prion 2023 Experimental Oronasal Inoculation of the Chronic Wasting Disease Agent into White Tailed Deer </div><div><br /></div><div>Author list: Sarah Zurbuchena,b , S. Jo Moorea,b , Jifeng Biana , Eric D. Cassmanna , and Justin J. Greenleea . a. Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, US b. Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, United States </div><div><br /></div><div>Aims: The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether white-tailed deer (WTD) are susceptible to inoculation of chronic wasting disease (CWD) via oronasal exposure. </div><div><br /></div><div>Materials and methods: Six male, neutered WTD were oronasally inoculated with brainstem material (10% w/v) from a CWD-positive wild-type WTD. The genotypes of five inoculated deer were Q95/G96 (wild-type). One inoculated deer was homozygous S at codon 96 (96SS). Cervidized (<span dir="ltr">Tg12</span>; M132 elk PrP) mice were inoculated with 1% w/v brainstem homogenate from either a 96GG WTD (n=10) or the 96SS WTD (n=10). </div><div><br /></div><div>Results: All deer developed characteristic clinical signs of CWD including weight loss, regurgitation, and ataxia. The 96SS individual had a prolonged disease course and incubation period compared to the other deer. Western blots of the brainstem on all deer yielded similar molecular profiles. All deer had widespread lymphoid distribution of PrPCWD and neuropathologic lesions associated with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Both groups of mice had a 100% attack rate and developed clinical signs, including loss of body condition, ataxia, and loss of righting reflex. Mice inoculated with material from the 96SS deer had a significantly shorter incubation period than mice inoculated with material from 96GG deer (Welch two sample T-test, P<0.05). Serial dilutions of each inocula suggests that differences in incubation period were not due to a greater concentration of PrPCWD in the 96SS inoculum. Molecular profiles from western blot of brain homogenates from mice appeared similar regardless of inoculum and appear similar to those of deer used for inoculum. </div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusions: This study characterizes the lesions and clinical course of CWD in WTD inoculated in a similar manner to natural conditions. It supports previous findings that 96SS deer have a prolonged disease course. Further, it describes a first pass of inoculum from a 96SS deer in cervidized mice which shortened the incubation period. </div><div><br /></div><div>Funded by: This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection, analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. </div><div><br /></div><div>Acknowledgement: We thank Ami Frank and Kevin Hassall for their technical contributions to this project.</div><br /></div><div dir="ltr">=====end </div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr"></div></div></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="color: #26282a;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div><div>The detection and decontamination of chronic wasting disease prions during venison processing</div><div><br /></div><div>Marissa S. Milstein1,2, Marc D. Schwabenlander1,2, Sarah C. Gresch1,2, Manci Li1,2, Stuart Lichtenberg1,2, Rachel Shoemaker1,2, Gage R. Rowden1,2, Jason C. Bartz2,3 , Tiffany M. Wolf2,4, Peter A. Larsen1,2</div><div><br /></div><div>Presenting author: Tiffany M. Wolf 1 Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 2 Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 3 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA 4 Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA</div><div><br /></div><div>Aims: There is a growing concern that chronic wasting disease (CWD) prions in venison pose a risk to human health. CWD prions accumulate in infected deer tissues that commonly enter the human food chain through meat processing and consumption. The United States (US) Food and Drug Administration and US Department of Agriculture now formally consider CWD-positive venison unfit for human and animal consumption. Yet, the degree to which prion contamination occurs during routine venison processing is unknown. Here, we use environmental surface swab methods to: a) experimentally test meat processing equipment (i.e., stainless steel knives and polyethylene cutting boards) before and after processing CWD-positive venison and b) test the efficacy of five different disinfectant types (i.e., Dawn dish soap, Virkon-S, Briotech, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach) to determine prion decontamination efficacy.</div><div><br /></div><div>Materials and Methods: We used a real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay to determine CWD infection status of venison and to detect CWD prions in the swabs. We collected three swabs per surface and ran eight technical replicates on RT-QuIC.</div><div><br /></div><div>Results: CWD prions were detected on all cutting boards (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8 and knives (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) used in processing CWD-positive venison, but not on those used for CWD-negative venison. After processing CWD-positive venison, allowing the surfaces to dry, and washing the cutting board with Dawn dish soap, we detected CWD prions on the cutting board surface (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) but not on the knife (n= 3, replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). Similar patterns were observed with Briotech (cutting board: n= 3; replicates= 7/8, 1/8, 0/8; knife: n= 3; replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). We did not detect CWD prions on the knives or cutting boards after disinfecting with Virkon-S, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusions: These preliminary results suggest that Dawn dish soap and Briotech do not reliably decontaminate CWD prions from these surfaces. Our data suggest that Virkon-S and various bleach concentrations are more effective in reducing prion contamination of meat processing surfaces; however, surface type may also influence the ability of prions to adsorb to surfaces, preventing complete decontamination. Our results will directly inform best practices to prevent the introduction of CWD prions into the human food chain during venison processing.</div><div><br /></div><div>Acknowledgement: Funding was provided by the Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund as recommended by the Legislative-Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources (LCCMR), the Rapid Agriculture Response Fund (#95385/RR257), and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources.</div><div><br /></div><div>Theme: Animal prion diseases</div></div><br /></div><div dir="ltr">=====end</div></div><div><br /></div></div><div><div>Prion 2023 Abstracts</div><div><div dir="ltr"><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr"><div><div><div dir="ltr">''Currently, there is scientific evidence to suggest that CWD has zoonotic potential; however, no confirmed cases of CWD have been found in humans.''</div><div><br /></div><div>PART 2. TPWD CHAPTER 65. DIVISION 1. CWD</div><div><br /></div><div>31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, 65.88</div><div><br /></div><div>The Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission in a duly noticed meeting on May 25, 2023 adopted amendments to 31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, and §65.88, concerning Disease Detection and Response, without changes to the proposed text as published in the April 21, 2023, issue of the Texas Register (48 TexReg 2048). The rules will not be republished.</div><div><br /></div><div>Currently, there is scientific evidence to suggest that CWD has zoonotic potential; however, no confirmed cases of CWD have been found in humans.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57</a></div><div><br /></div><div>17 DETECTION OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE PRIONS IN PROCESSED MEATS.</div><div><br /></div><div>Rebeca Benavente1, Francisca Bravo1,2, Paulina Soto1,2, J. Hunter Reed3, Mitch Lockwood3, Rodrigo Morales1,2</div><div><br /></div><div>1Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA. 2Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile. 3Texas Parks and Wildlife, Austin, USA</div><div><br /></div><div>Abstract</div><div><br /></div><div>The zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease (CWD) remains unknown. Currently, there are no known natural cases of CWD transmission to humans but increasing evidence suggests that the host range of CWD is not confined only to cervid species. Alarmingly, recent experimental evidence suggests that certain CWD isolates can induce disease in non-human primates. While the CDC strongly recommends determining CWD status in animals prior to consumption, this practice is voluntary. Consequently, it is plausible that a proportion of the cervid meat entering the human food chain may be contaminated with CWD. Of additional concern is that traditional diagnostic techniques used to detect CWD have relatively low sensitivity and are only approved for use in tissues other than those typically ingested by humans. In this study, we analyzed different processed meats derived from a pre-clinical, CWD-positive free-ranging elk. Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats. CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates. Our results show positive prion detection in all products. To confirm the resilience of CWD-prions to traditional cooking methods, we grilled and boiled the meat products and evaluated them for any remnant PMCA seeding activity. Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking. Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products.</div><div><br /></div><div>***> Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats.</div><div><br /></div><div>***> CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates.</div><div><br /></div><div>***> Our results show positive prion detection in all products.</div><div><br /></div><div>***> Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking.</div><div><br /></div><div>***> Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products.</div><div><br /></div><div>=====</div><div><br /></div><div>9 Carrot plants as potential vectors for CWD transmission.</div><div><br /></div><div>Paulina Soto1,2, Francisca Bravo-Risi1,2, Claudio Soto1, Rodrigo Morales1,2</div><div><br /></div><div>1Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA. 2Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile</div><div><br /></div><div>***> We show that edible plant components can absorb prions from CWD-contaminated soils and transport them to their aerial parts.</div><div><br /></div><div>***> Our results indicate that edible plants could participate as vectors of CWD transmission.</div><div><br /></div><div>=====</div><div><br /></div><div>Transmission of prion infectivity from CWD-infected macaque tissues to rodent models demonstrates the zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease.</div><div><br /></div><div>Samia Hannaoui1,2, Ginny Cheng1,2, Wiebke Wemheuer3, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer3, Sabine Gilch1,2, Hermann Schatzl1,2 1University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. 2Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada. 3Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany</div><div><br /></div><div>***> Further passage to cervidized mice revealed transmission with a 100% attack rate.</div><div><br /></div><div>***> Our findings demonstrate that macaques, considered the best model for the zoonotic potential of prions, were infected upon CWD challenge, including the oral one.</div><div><br /></div><div>****> The disease manifested as atypical in macaques and initial transgenic mouse transmissions, but with infectivity present at all times, as unveiled in the bank vole model with an unusual tissue tropism.</div><div><br /></div><div>***> Epidemiologic surveillance of prion disease among cervid hunters and people likely to have consumed venison contaminated with chronic wasting disease</div><div><br /></div><div>=====</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Transmission of Cervid Prions to Humanized Mice Demonstrates the Zoonotic Potential of CWD </div><div><br /></div><div>Samia Hannaouia, Irina Zemlyankinaa, Sheng Chun Changa, Maria Immaculata Arifina, Vincent Béringueb, Debbie McKenziec, Hermann M. Schatzla, and Sabine Gilcha </div><div><br /></div><div> Results: Here, we provide the strongest evidence supporting the zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and their possible phenotype in humans. Inoculation of mice expressing human PrPCwith deer CWD isolates (strains Wisc-1 and 116AG) resulted in atypical clinical manifestations in > 75% of the mice, with myoclonus as leading clinical sign. Most of tg650brain homogenates were positive for seeding activity in RT-QuIC. Clinical disease and presentation was transmissible to <span dir="ltr">tg650</span> mice and bank voles. Intriguingly, protease-resistant PrP in the brain of <span dir="ltr">tg650</span> mice resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon passage. Abnormal PrP aggregates upon infection with Wisc-1 were detectable in thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain/pons regions. </div><div><br /></div><div> Unprecedented in human prion disease, feces of CWD-inoculated <span dir="ltr">tg650</span> mice harbored prion seeding activity and infectious prions, as shown by inoculation of bank voles and <span dir="ltr">tg650</span> with fecal homogenates. </div><div><br /></div><div> Conclusions: This is the first evidence that CWD can infect humans and cause disease with a distinctive clinical presentation, signature, and tropism, which might be transmissible between humans while current diagnostic assays might fail to detect it. These findings have major implications for public health and CWD-management. </div><div><br /></div><div> <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a> </div></div><div><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><div>The finding that infectious PrPSc was shed in fecal material of CWD-infected humanized mice and induced clinical disease, different tropism, and typical three banding pattern-PrPres in bank voles that is transmissible upon second passage is highly concerning for public health. The fact that this biochemical signature in bank voles resembles that of the Wisc-1 original deer isolate and is different from that of bvWisc-1, in the migration profile and the glyco-form-ratio, is valid evidence that these results are not a product of contamination in our study. If CWD in humans is found to be contagious and transmissible among humans, as it is in cervids [57], the spread of the disease within humans might become endemic.</div><div><br /></div><div>Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</div><div><br /></div><div>Acta Neuropathol 144, 767–784 (2022). <span dir="ltr">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</span></div><div><br /></div><div>Published</div><div><br /></div><div>22 August 2022</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</div><div><br /></div><div>Samia Hannaoui1 · Irina Zemlyankina1 · Sheng Chun Chang1 · Maria Immaculata Arifn1 · Vincent Béringue2 · Debbie McKenzie3 · Hermann M. Schatzl1 · Sabine Gilch1</div><div><br /></div><div>Received: 24 May 2022 / Revised: 5 August 2022 / Accepted: 7 August 2022</div><div><br /></div><div>© The Author(s) 2022</div><div><br /></div><div>Abstract</div><div><br /></div><div>Prions cause infectious and fatal neurodegenerative diseases in mammals. Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease of cervids, spreads efficiently among wild and farmed animals. Potential transmission to humans of CWD is a growing concern due to its increasing prevalence. Here, we provide evidence for a zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and its probable signature using mice expressing human prion protein (PrP) as an infection model. Inoculation of these mice with deer CWD isolates resulted in atypical clinical manifestation with prion seeding activity and efficient transmissible infectivity in the brain and, remarkably, in feces, but without classical neuropathological or Western blot appearances of prion diseases. Intriguingly, the protease-resistant PrP in the brain resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon second passage. Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</div><div><br /></div><div>Keywords Chronic wasting disease · CWD · Zoonotic potential · Prion strains · Zoonotic prions</div><div><br /></div><div>HIGHLIGHTS OF THIS STUDY</div><div><br /></div><div>================================</div><div><br /></div><div>Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</div><div><br /></div><div>In this study, we evaluated the zoonotic potential of CWD using a transgenic mouse model overexpressing human M129-PrPC (<span dir="ltr">tg650</span> [12]). We inoculated <span dir="ltr">tg650</span> mice intracerebrally with two deer CWD isolates, Wisc-1 and 116AG [22, 23, 27, 29]. We demonstrate that this transgenic line was susceptible to infection with CWD prions and displayed a distinct leading clinical sign, an atypical PrPSc signature and unusual fecal shedding of infectious prions. Importantly, these prions generated by the human PrP transgenic mice were transmissible upon passage. Our results are the first evidence of a zoonotic risk of CWD when using one of the most common CWD strains, Wisc-1/CWD1 for infection. We demonstrated in a human transgenic mouse model that the species barrier for transmission of CWD to humans is not absolute. The fact that its signature was not typical raises the questions whether CWD would manifest in humans as a subclinical infection, whether it would arise through direct or indirect transmission including an intermediate host, or a silent to uncovered human-to-human transmission, and whether current detection techniques will be suffcient to unveil its presence.</div><div><br /></div><div>Our findings strongly suggest that CWD should be regarded as an actual public health risk. Here, we use humanized mice to show that CWD prions can cross the species barrier to humans, and remarkably, infectious prions can be excreted in feces.</div><div><br /></div><div>Our results indicate that if CWD crosses the species-barrier to humans, it is unlikely to resemble the most common forms of human prion diseases with respect to clinical signs, tissue tropism and PrPSc signature. For instance, PrPSc in variable protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr), a sporadic form of human prion disease, and in the genetic form Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS) is defined by an atypical PK-resistant PrPSc fragment that is non-glycosylated and truncated at both C- and N-termini, with a molecular weight between 6 and 8 kDa [24, 44–46]. These biochemical features are unique and distinctive from PrPSc (PrP27-30) found in most other human or animal prion disease. The atypical PrPSc signature detected in brain homogenate of <span dir="ltr">tg650</span> mice #321 (1st passage) and #3063 (2nd passage), and the 7–8 kDa fragment (Figs. 2, 4) are very similar to that of GSS, both in terms of migration profile and the N-terminal cleavage site.</div><div><br /></div><div>CWD in humans might remain subclinical but with PrPSc deposits in the brain with an unusual morphology that does not resemble the patterns usually seen in different prion diseases (e.g., mouse #328; Fig. 3), clinical with untraceable abnormal PrP (e.g., mouse #327) but still transmissible and uncovered upon subsequent passage (e.g., mouse #3063; Fig. 4), or prions have other reservoirs than the usual ones, hence the presence of infectivity in feces (e.g., mouse #327) suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</div><div><br /></div><div>suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</div><div><br /></div><div>=================================</div><div><br /></div><div>Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div><br /></div><div>snip...see full text;</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf</a></div><div> </div></div><div dir="ltr"><div>EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) Antonia Ricci Ana Allende Declan Bolton Marianne Chemaly Robert Davies Pablo Salvador Fernández Escámez ... See all authors </div><div><br /></div><div>First published: 17 January 2018 <a href="https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div><br /></div><div>also, see; </div><div><br /></div><div>8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. </div><div><br /></div><div>***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. </div><div><br /></div><div>The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers.. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available. </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Research Paper</div><div><br /></div><div>Cellular prion protein distribution in the vomeronasal organ, parotid, and scent glands of white-tailed deer and mule deer</div><div><br /></div><div>Anthony Ness, Aradhana Jacob, Kelsey Saboraki, Alicia Otero, Danielle Gushue, Diana Martinez Moreno, Melanie de Peña, Xinli Tang, Judd Aiken, Susan Lingle & Debbie McKenzieORCID Icon show less</div><div><br /></div><div>Pages 40-57 | Received 03 Feb 2022, Accepted 13 May 2022, Published online: 29 May 2022</div><div><br /></div><div>Download citation</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a></div><div><br /></div><div>ABSTRACT</div><div><br /></div><div>Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting species of the cervidae family. CWD has an expanding geographic range and complex, poorly understood transmission mechanics. CWD is disproportionately prevalent in wild male mule deer and male white-tailed deer. Sex and species influences on CWD prevalence have been hypothesized to be related to animal behaviours that involve deer facial and body exocrine glands. Understanding CWD transmission potential requires a foundational knowledge of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) in glands associated with cervid behaviours. In this study, we characterized the presence and distribution of PrPC in six integumentary and two non-integumentary tissues of hunter-harvested mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (O. virginianus). We report that white-tailed deer expressed significantly more PrPC than their mule deer in the parotid, metatarsal, and interdigital glands. Females expressed more PrPC than males in the forehead and preorbital glands. The distribution of PrPC within the integumentary exocrine glands of the face and legs were localized to glandular cells, hair follicles, epidermis, and immune cell infiltrates. All tissues examined expressed sufficient quantities of PrPC to serve as possible sites of prion initial infection, propagation, and shedding.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a></div><div><br /></div><div>ARS RESEARCH Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice </div><div><br /></div><div>Publication Acceptance Date: 9/8/2021</div><div><br /></div><div>Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div><br /></div><div>Title: Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div><br /></div><div>Author item WANG, ZERUI - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item QIN, KEFENG - University Of Chicago item CAMACHO, MANUEL - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item SHEN, PINGPING - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item YUAN, JUE - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item Greenlee, Justin item CUI, LI - Jilin University item KONG, QINGZHONG - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item MASTRIANNI, JAMES - University Of Chicago item ZOU, WEN-QUAN - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU)</div><div><br /></div><div>Submitted to: Acta Neuropathologica Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 9/8/2021 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A</div><div><br /></div><div>Interpretive Summary: Prion diseases are invariably fatal neurologic diseases for which there is no known prevention or cure. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease of deer and elk and is present in farmed and free ranging herds throughout North America. To date there is no clear evidence that the CWD agent could be transmitted to humans. This manuscript describes the use of an in vitro technique, cell-free serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA), to generate a CWD prion that is infectious to transgenic mice expressing the human prion protein. This study provides the first evidence that CWD prions may be able to cause misfolding in the human prion protein. This information will impact medical experts and those involved in making policy for farmed cervids and wildlife.</div><div><br /></div><div>Technical Abstract: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a cervid spongiform encephalopathy or prion disease caused by the infectious prion or PrPSc, a misfolded conformer of cellular prion protein (PrPC). It has rapidly spread in North America and also has been found in Asia and Europe. In contrast to the zoonotic mad cow disease that is the first animal prion disease found transmissible to humans, the transmissibility of CWD to humans remains uncertain although most previous studies have suggested that humans may not be susceptible to CWD. Here we report the generation of an infectious human PrPSc by seeding CWD PrPSc in normal human brain PrPC through the in vitro cell-free serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA). Western blotting confirms that the sPMCA-induced proteinase K-resistant PrPSc is a human form, evidenced by a PrP-specific antibody that recognizes human but not cervid PrP. Remarkably, two lines of humanized transgenic (Tg) mice expressing human PrP-129Val/Val (VV) or -129Met/Met (MM) polymorphism develop prion disease at 233 ± 6 (mean ± SE) days post-inoculation (dpi) and 552 ± 27 dpi, respectively, upon intracerebral inoculation with the sPMCA-generated PrPSc. The brain of diseased Tg mice reveals the electrophoretic profile of PrPSc similar to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) MM1 or VV2 subtype but different neuropathological patterns. We believe that our study provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc is able to convert human PrPC into PrPSc in vitro and the CWD-derived human PrPSc mimics atypical sCJD subtypes in humanized Tg mice.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551</a></div><div><br /></div><div>''The brain of diseased Tg mice reveals the electrophoretic profile of PrPSc similar to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) MM1 or VV2 subtype but different neuropathological patterns.'' </div><div><br /></div><div>''We believe that our study provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc is able to convert human PrPC into PrPSc in vitro and the CWD-derived human PrPSc mimics atypical sCJD subtypes in humanized Tg mice.''</div><div><br /></div><div>Published: 26 September 2021</div><div><br /></div><div>Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div><br /></div><div>Zerui Wang, Kefeng Qin, Manuel V. Camacho, Ignazio Cali, Jue Yuan, Pingping Shen, Justin Greenlee, Qingzhong Kong, James A. Mastrianni & Wen-Quan Zou</div><div><br /></div><div>Acta Neuropathologica Communications volume 9, Article number: 158 (2021)</div><div><br /></div><div>Abstract</div><div><br /></div><div>Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a cervid prion disease caused by the accumulation of an infectious misfolded conformer (PrPSc) of cellular prion protein (PrPC). It has been spreading rapidly in North America and also found in Asia and Europe. Although bovine spongiform encephalopathy (i.e. mad cow disease) is the only animal prion disease known to be zoonotic, the transmissibility of CWD to humans remains uncertain. Here we report the generation of the first CWD-derived infectious human PrPSc by elk CWD PrPSc-seeded conversion of PrPC in normal human brain homogenates using in vitro protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA). Western blotting with human PrP selective antibody confirmed that the PMCA-generated protease-resistant PrPSc was derived from the human PrPC substrate. Two lines of humanized transgenic mice expressing human PrP with either Val or Met at the polymorphic codon 129 developed clinical prion disease following intracerebral inoculation with the PMCA-generated CWD-derived human PrPSc. Diseased mice exhibited distinct PrPSc patterns and neuropathological changes in the brain. Our study, using PMCA and animal bioassays, provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc can cross the species barrier to convert human PrPC into infectious PrPSc that can produce bona fide prion disease when inoculated into humanized transgenic mice.</div><div><br /></div><div>Snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>It is worth noting that the annual number of sporadic CJD (sCJD) cases in the USA has increased, with the total number of suspected and confirmed sCJD cases rising from 284 in 2003 to 511 in 2017 (<span dir="ltr">https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cjd/occurrence-transmission.html</span>). The greatly enhanced CJD surveillance and an aging population in the USA certainly contributed to the observed increase in annual sCJD case numbers in recent years, but the possibility cannot be excluded that some of the increased sCJD prevalence is linked to CWD exposure.</div><div><br /></div><div>In the present study, using serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) assay we generate PrPSc by seeding CWD prions in normal human brain homogenates. Importantly, we reveal that two lines of humanized Tg mice expressing human PrP-129VV and 129MM develop prion diseases upon intracerebral inoculation of the abnormal PrP generated by sPMCA. We believe that our study provides the first opportunity to dissect the clinical, pathological and biochemical features of the CWD-derived human prion disease in two lines of humanized Tg mice expressing two major human PrP genotypes, respectively.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y</a></div><div><br /></div><div>i thought i might share some news about cwd zoonosis that i got, that i cannot share or post to the public yet, i promised for various reasons, one that it will cause a shit storm for sure, but it was something i really already knew from previous studies, but, i was told that ;</div><div><br /></div><div>==================</div><div><br /></div><div>''As you can imagine, 2 and 5 (especially 5) may raise alarms. The evidence we have for 4 are not as strong or tight as I would like to have. At this point, please do not post any of the points publicly yet, but you can refer to points 1-3 in private discussions and all 5 points when discussing with relevant public officials to highlight the long-term risks of CWD zoonosis.''</div><div><br /></div><div>====================</div><div><br /></div><div>so, i figure your as about as official as it gets, and i think this science is extremely important for you to know and to converse about with your officials. it's about to burn a whole in my pocket. this is about as close as it will ever get for cwd zoonosis to be proven in my time, this and what Canada Czub et al found with the Macaques, plus an old study from cjd surveillance unit back that showed cjd and a 9% increase in risk from folks that eat venison, i will post all this below for your files Sir. i remember back in the BSE nvCJD days, from when the first BSE case in bovine was confirmed around 1984 maybe 83, i forget the good vets named that screwed it up first, Carol something, but from 83ish to 95 96 when nvCJD was linked to humans from BSE in cattle, so that took 10 to 15 years. hell, at that rate, especially with Texas and cwd zoonsis, hell, i'll be dead before it's official, if ever, so here ya go Sir. there was a grant study on cwd zoonosis that had been going on for some time, i followed it over the years, then the grant date for said study had expired, so, i thought i would write the good Professor about said study i.e. Professor Kong, CWRU et al. i will post the grant study abstract first, and then after that, what reply i got back, about said study that i was told not to post/publish...</div><div><br /></div><div>CWD ZOONOSIS GRANT FIRST;</div><div><br /></div><div>=====</div><div><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><div>Cervid to human prion transmission</div><div><br /></div><div>Kong, Qingzhong </div><div><br /></div><div>Case Western Reserve University, <span dir="ltr">Cleveland, OH, United States</span></div><div><br /></div><div> Abstract Prion disease is transmissible and invariably fatal. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease affecting deer, elk and moose, and it is a widespread and expanding epidemic affecting 22 US States and 2 Canadian provinces so far. CWD poses the most serious zoonotic prion transmission risks in North America because of huge venison consumption (>6 million deer/elk hunted and consumed annually in the USA alone), significant prion infectivity in muscles and other tissues/fluids from CWD-affected cervids, and usually high levels of individual exposure to CWD resulting from consumption of the affected animal among often just family and friends. However, we still do not know whether CWD prions can infect humans in the brain or peripheral tissues or whether clinical/asymptomatic CWD zoonosis has already occurred, and we have no essays to reliably detect CWD infection in humans. We hypothesize that: (1) The classic CWD prion strain can infect humans at low levels in the brain and peripheral lymphoid tissues; (2) The cervid-to-human transmission barrier is dependent on the cervid prion strain and influenced by the host (human) prion protein (PrP) primary sequence; (3) Reliable essays can be established to detect CWD infection in humans; and (4) CWD transmission to humans has already occurred. We will test these hypotheses in 4 Aims using transgenic (Tg) mouse models and complementary in vitro approaches. </div><div><br /></div><div>Aim 1 will prove that the classical CWD strain may infect humans in brain or peripheral lymphoid tissues at low levels by conducting systemic bioassays in a set of humanized Tg mouse lines expressing common human PrP variants using a number of CWD isolates at varying doses and routes. Experimental human CWD samples will also be generated for Aim 3. </div><div><br /></div><div>Aim 2 will test the hypothesis that the cervid-to-human prion transmission barrier is dependent on prion strain and influenced by the host (human) PrP sequence by examining and comparing the transmission efficiency and phenotypes of several atypical/unusual CWD isolates/strains as well as a few prion strains from other species that have adapted to cervid PrP sequence, utilizing the same panel of humanized Tg mouse lines as in Aim 1. </div><div><br /></div><div>Aim 3 will establish reliable essays for detection and surveillance of CWD infection in humans by examining in details the clinical, pathological, biochemical and in vitro seeding properties of existing and future experimental human CWD samples generated from Aims 1-2 and compare them with those of common sporadic human Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) prions. </div><div><br /></div><div>Aim 4 will attempt to detect clinical CWD-affected human cases by examining a significant number of brain samples from prion-affected human subjects in the USA and Canada who have consumed venison from CWD-endemic areas utilizing the criteria and essays established in Aim 3. The findings from this proposal will greatly advance our understandings on the potential and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for CWD zoonosis and potentially discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</div><div><br /></div><div>Public Health Relevance There are significant and increasing human exposure to cervid prions because chronic wasting disease (CWD, a widespread and highly infectious prion disease among deer and elk in North America) continues spreading and consumption of venison remains popular, but our understanding on cervid-to-human prion transmission is still very limited, raising public health concerns. This proposal aims to define the zoonotic risks of cervid prions and set up and apply essays to detect CWD zoonosis using mouse models and in vitro methods. The findings will greatly expand our knowledge on the potentials and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for such infections and may discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</div><div><br /></div><div> Funding Agency Agency National Institute of Health (NIH) Institute National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Type Research Project (R01) Project # 1R01NS088604-01A1 Application # <span dir="ltr">9037884</span> Study Section Cellular and Molecular Biology of Neurodegeneration Study Section (CMND) Program Officer Wong, May Project Start 2015-09-30 Project End 2019-07-31 Budget Start 2015-09-30 Budget End 2016-07-31 Support Year 1 Fiscal Year 2015 Total Cost $337,507 Indirect Cost $118,756</div><div><br /></div><div>snip... </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1#panel-abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1#panel-abstract</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Professor Kongs reply to me just this month about above grant study that has NOT been published in peer reveiw yet...</div><div><br /></div><div>=================================</div><div><br /></div><div>Here is a brief summary of our findings:</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...can't post, made a promise...tss</div><div><br /></div><div>On Sat, Apr 3, 2021 at 12:19 PM Terry Singeltary <<span dir="ltr">flounder9@verizon.net</span>> wrote:</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>end...tss</div><div><br /></div><div>==============</div><div><br /></div><div>CWD ZOONOSIS THE FULL MONTY TO DATE</div><div><br /></div><div>International Conference on Emerging Diseases, Outbreaks & Case Studies & 16th Annual Meeting on Influenza March 28-29, 2018 | Orlando, USA</div><div><br /></div><div>Qingzhong Kong</div><div><br /></div><div>Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA</div><div><br /></div><div>Zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease prions from cervids</div><div><br /></div><div>Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease in cervids (mule deer, white-tailed deer, American elk, moose, and reindeer). It has become an epidemic in North America, and it has been detected in the Europe (Norway) since 2016. The widespread CWD and popular hunting and consumption of cervid meat and other products raise serious public health concerns, but questions remain on human susceptibility to CWD prions, especially on the potential difference in zoonotic potential among the various CWD prion strains. We have been working to address this critical question for well over a decade. We used CWD samples from various cervid species to inoculate transgenic mice expressing human or elk prion protein (PrP). We found infectious prions in the spleen or brain in a small fraction of CWD-inoculated transgenic mice expressing human PrP, indicating that humans are not completely resistant to CWD prions; this finding has significant ramifications on the public health impact of CWD prions. The influence of cervid PrP polymorphisms, the prion strain dependence of CWD-to-human transmission barrier, and the characterization of experimental human CWD prions will be discussed.</div><div><br /></div><div>Speaker Biography Qingzhong Kong has completed his PhD from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst and Post-doctoral studies at Yale University. He is currently an Associate Professor of Pathology, Neurology and Regenerative Medicine. He has published over 50 original research papers in reputable journals (including Science Translational Medicine, JCI, PNAS and Cell Reports) and has been serving as an Editorial Board Member on seven scientific journals. He has multiple research interests, including public health risks of animal prions (CWD of cervids and atypical BSE of cattle), animal modeling of human prion diseases, mechanisms of prion replication and pathogenesis, etiology of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD) in humans, normal cellular PrP in the biology and pathology of multiple brain and peripheral diseases, proteins responsible for the α-cleavage of cellular PrP, as well as gene therapy and DNA vaccination.</div><div><br /></div><div><span dir="ltr">qxk2@case.edu</span> </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/</a></div><div><br /></div><div>SUNDAY, JULY 25, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>North American and Norwegian Chronic Wasting Disease prions exhibit different potential for interspecies transmission and zoonotic risk </div><div><br /></div><div>''Our data suggest that reindeer and red deer from Norway could be the most transmissible CWD prions to other mammals, whereas North American CWD prions were more prone to generate human prions in vitro.''</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/north-american-and-norwegian-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/north-american-and-norwegian-chronic.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>MONDAY, JULY 19, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>***> U Calgary researchers at work on a vaccine against a fatal infectious disease affecting deer and potentially people</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/u-calgary-researchers-at-work-on.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/u-calgary-researchers-at-work-on.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div><br /></div><div>BSE aka MAD COW DISEASE, was first discovered in 1984, and it took until 1995 to finally admit that BSE was causing nvCJD, the rest there is history, but that science is still evolving i.e. science now shows that indeed atypical L-type BSE, atypical Nor-98 Scrapie, and typical Scrapie are all zoonosis, zoonotic for humans, there from. </div><div><br /></div><div>HOW long are we going to wait for Chronic Wasting Disease, CWD TSE Prion of Cervid, and zoonosis, zoonotic tranmission to humans there from?</div><div><br /></div><div>Studies have shown since 1994 that humans are susceptible to CWD TSE Prion, so, what's the hold up with making CWD a zoonotic zoonosis disease, the iatrogenic transmissions there from is not waiting for someone to make a decision.</div><div><br /></div><div>Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div><br /></div><div>P190 Human prion disease mortality rates by occurrence of chronic wasting disease in freeranging cervids, United States</div><div><br /></div><div>Abrams JY (1), Maddox RA (1), Schonberger LB (1), Person MK (1), Appleby BS (2), Belay ED (1)</div><div><br /></div><div>(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div><br /></div><div>Background</div><div><br /></div><div>Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease of deer and elk that has been identified in freeranging cervids in 23 US states. While there is currently no epidemiological evidence for zoonotic transmission through the consumption of contaminated venison, studies suggest the CWD agent can cross the species barrier in experimental models designed to closely mimic humans. We compared rates of human prion disease in states with and without CWD to examine the possibility of undetermined zoonotic transmission.</div><div><br /></div><div>Methods</div><div><br /></div><div>Death records from the National Center for Health Statistics, case records from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, and additional state case reports were combined to create a database of human prion disease cases from 2003-2015. Identification of CWD in each state was determined through reports of positive CWD tests by state wildlife agencies. Age- and race-adjusted mortality rates for human prion disease, excluding cases with known etiology, were determined for four categories of states based on CWD occurrence: highly endemic (>16 counties with CWD identified in free-ranging cervids); moderately endemic (3-10 counties with CWD); low endemic (1-2 counties with CWD); and no CWD states. States were counted as having no CWD until the year CWD was first identified. Analyses stratified by age, sex, and time period were also conducted to focus on subgroups for which zoonotic transmission would be more likely to be detected: cases <55 years old, male sex, and the latter half of the study (2010-2015).</div><div><br /></div><div>Results</div><div><br /></div><div>Highly endemic states had a higher rate of prion disease mortality compared to non-CWD states (rate ratio [RR]: 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] = <span dir="ltr">1.01 - 1.23</span>), as did low endemic states (RR: 1.15, 95% CI = <span dir="ltr">1.04 - 1.27</span>). Moderately endemic states did not have an elevated mortality rate (RR: 1.05, 95% CI = 0.93 - 1.17). In age-stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates among the <55 year old population were elevated for moderately endemic states (RR: 1.57, 95% CI = <span dir="ltr">1.10 – 2.24</span>) while mortality rates were elevated among those ≥55 for highly endemic states (RR: 1.13, 95% CI = <span dir="ltr">1.02 - 1.26</span>) and low endemic states (RR: 1.16, 95% CI = <span dir="ltr">1.04 - 1.29</span>). In other stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates for males were only elevated for low endemic states (RR: 1.27, 95% CI = <span dir="ltr">1.10 - 1.48</span>), and none of the categories of CWD-endemic states had elevated mortality rates for the latter time period (2010-2015).</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusions</div><div><br /></div><div>While higher prion disease mortality rates in certain categories of states with CWD in free-ranging cervids were noted, additional stratified analyses did not reveal markedly elevated rates for potentially sensitive subgroups that would be suggestive of zoonotic transmission. Unknown confounding factors or other biases may explain state-by-state differences in prion disease mortality.</div><div><br /></div><div>=====</div><div><br /></div><div>P172 Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Prion Disease</div><div><br /></div><div>Wang H(1), Cohen M(1), Appleby BS(1,2)</div><div><br /></div><div>(1) University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio (2) National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Cleveland, Ohio.</div><div><br /></div><div>Prion disease is a fatal progressive neurodegenerative disease due to deposition of an abnormal protease-resistant isoform of prion protein. Typical symptoms include rapidly progressive dementia, myoclonus, visual disturbance and hallucinations. Interestingly, in patients with prion disease, the abnormal protein canould also be found in the peripheral nervous system. Case reports of prion deposition in peripheral nerves have been reported. Peripheral nerve involvement is thought to be uncommon; however, little is known about the exact prevalence and features of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease.</div><div><br /></div><div>We reviewed autopsy-proven prion cases from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center that were diagnosed between September 2016 to March 2017. We collected information regarding prion protein diagnosis, demographics, comorbidities, clinical symptoms, physical exam, neuropathology, molecular subtype, genetics lab, brain MRI, image and EMG reports. Our study included 104 patients. Thirteen (12.5%) patients had either subjective symptoms or objective signs of peripheral neuropathy. Among these 13 patients, 3 had other known potential etiologies of peripheral neuropathy such as vitamin B12 deficiency or prior chemotherapy. Among 10 patients that had no other clear etiology, 3 (30%) had familial CJD. The most common sCJD subtype was MV1-2 (30%), followed by MM1-2 (20%). The Majority of cases wasere male (60%). Half of them had exposure to wild game. The most common subjective symptoms were tingling and/or numbness of distal extremities. The most common objective finding was diminished vibratory sensation in the feet. Half of them had an EMG with the findings ranging from fasciculations to axonal polyneuropathy or demyelinating polyneuropathy.</div><div><br /></div><div>Our study provides an overview of the pattern of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease. Among patients with peripheral neuropathy symptoms or signs, majority has polyneuropathy. It is important to document the baseline frequency of peripheral neuropathy in prion diseases as these symptoms may become important when conducting surveillance for potential novel zoonotic prion diseases.</div><div><br /></div><div>=====</div><div><br /></div><div>P177 PrP plaques in methionine homozygous Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission</div><div><br /></div><div>Abrams JY (1), Schonberger LB (1), Cali I (2), Cohen Y (2), Blevins JE (2), Maddox RA (1), Belay ED (1), Appleby BS (2), Cohen ML (2)</div><div><br /></div><div>(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div><br /></div><div>Background</div><div><br /></div><div>Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is widely believed to originate from de novo spontaneous conversion of normal prion protein (PrP) to its pathogenic form, but concern remains that some reported sporadic CJD cases may actually be caused by disease transmission via iatrogenic processes. For cases with methionine homozygosity (CJD-MM) at codon 129 of the PRNP gene, recent research has pointed to plaque-like PrP deposition as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission for a subset of cases. This phenotype is theorized to originate from specific iatrogenic source CJD types that comprise roughly a quarter of known CJD cases.</div><div><br /></div><div>Methods</div><div><br /></div><div>We reviewed scientific literature for studies which described PrP plaques among CJD patients with known epidemiological links to iatrogenic transmission (receipt of cadaveric human grown hormone or dura mater), as well as in cases of reported sporadic CJD. The presence and description of plaques, along with CJD classification type and other contextual factors, were used to summarize the current evidence regarding plaques as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission. In addition, 523 cases of reported sporadic CJD cases in the US from January 2013 through September 2017 were assessed for presence of PrP plaques.</div><div><br /></div><div>Results</div><div><br /></div><div>We identified four studies describing 52 total cases of CJD-MM among either dura mater recipients or growth hormone recipients, of which 30 were identified as having PrP plaques. While sporadic cases were not generally described as having plaques, we did identify case reports which described plaques among sporadic MM2 cases as well as case reports of plaques exclusively in white matter among sporadic MM1 cases. Among the 523 reported sporadic CJD cases, 0 of 366 MM1 cases had plaques, 2 of 48 MM2 cases had kuru plaques, and 4 of 109 MM1+2 cases had either kuru plaques or both kuru and florid plaques. Medical chart review of the six reported sporadic CJD cases with plaques did not reveal clinical histories suggestive of potential iatrogenic transmission.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusions</div><div><br /></div><div>PrP plaques occur much more frequently for iatrogenic CJD-MM cases compared to sporadic CJDMM cases. Plaques may indicate iatrogenic transmission for CJD-MM cases without a type 2 Western blot fragment. The study results suggest the absence of significant misclassifications of iatrogenic CJD as sporadic. To our knowledge, this study is the first to describe grey matter kuru plaques in apparently sporadic CJD-MM patients with a type 2 Western blot fragment.</div><div><br /></div><div>=====</div><div><br /></div><div>P180 Clinico-pathological analysis of human prion diseases in a brain bank series</div><div><br /></div><div>Ximelis T (1), Aldecoa I (1,2), Molina-Porcel L (1,3), Grau-Rivera O (4), Ferrer I (5), Nos C (6), Gelpi E (1,7), Sánchez-Valle R (1,4)</div><div><br /></div><div>(1) Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobanc-Hospital ClÃnic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (2) Pathological Service of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (3) EAIA Trastorns Cognitius, Centre Emili Mira, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain (4) Department of Neurology of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (5) Institute of Neuropathology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona (6) General subdirectorate of Surveillance and Response to Emergencies in Public Health, Department of Public Health in Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain (7) Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.</div><div><br /></div><div>Background and objective:</div><div><br /></div><div>The Neurological Tissue Bank (NTB) of the Hospital Clínic-Institut d‘Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain is the reference center in Catalonia for the neuropathological study of prion diseases in the region since 2001. The aim of this study is to analyse the characteristics of the confirmed prion diseases registered at the NTB during the last 15 years.</div><div><br /></div><div>Methods:</div><div><br /></div><div>We reviewed retrospectively all neuropathologically confirmed cases registered during the period January 2001 to December 2016.</div><div><br /></div><div>Results:</div><div><br /></div><div>176 cases (54,3% female, mean age: 67,5 years and age range: 25-86 years) of neuropathological confirmed prion diseases have been studied at the NTB. 152 cases corresponded to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), 10 to genetic CJD, 10 to Fatal Familial Insomnia, 2 to GerstmannSträussler-Scheinker disease, and 2 cases to variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr). Within sCJD subtypes the MM1 subtype was the most frequent, followed by the VV2 histotype.</div><div><br /></div><div>Clinical and neuropathological diagnoses agreed in 166 cases (94%). The clinical diagnosis was not accurate in 10 patients with definite prion disease: 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Fronto-temporal dementia (FTD), 1 Niemann-Pick‘s disease, 1 Lewy Body‘s Disease, 2 Alzheimer‘s disease, 1 Cortico-basal syndrome and 2 undetermined dementia. Among patients with VPSPr, 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and the other one with FTD.</div><div><br /></div><div>Concomitant pathologies are frequent in older age groups, mainly AD neuropathological changes were observed in these subjects.</div><div><br /></div><div>Discussion:</div><div><br /></div><div>A wide spectrum of human prion diseases have been identified in the NTB being the relative frequencies and main characteristics like other published series. There is a high rate of agreement between clinical and neuropathological diagnoses with prion diseases. These findings show the importance that public health has given to prion diseases during the past 15 years. Continuous surveillance of human prion disease allows identification of new emerging phenotypes. Brain tissue samples from these donors are available to the scientific community. For more information please visit:</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>=====</div><div><br /></div><div>P192 Prion amplification techniques for the rapid evaluation of surface decontamination procedures</div><div><br /></div><div>Bruyere-Ostells L (1), Mayran C (1), Belondrade M (1), Boublik Y (2), Haïk S (3), Fournier-Wirth C (1), Nicot S (1), Bougard D (1)</div><div><br /></div><div>(1) Pathogenesis and control of chronic infections, Etablissement Français du Sang, Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (2) Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (3) Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.</div><div><br /></div><div>Aims:</div><div><br /></div><div>Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) or prion diseases are a group of incurable and always fatal neurodegenerative disorders including Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases (CJD) in humans. These pathologies include sporadic (sCJD), genetic and acquired (variant CJD) forms. By the past, sCJD and vCJD were transmitted by different prion contaminated biological materials to patients resulting in more than 400 iatrogenic cases (iCJD). The atypical nature and the biochemical properties of the infectious agent, formed by abnormal prion protein or PrPTSE, make it particularly resistant to conventional decontamination procedures. In addition, PrPTSE is widely distributed throughout the organism before clinical onset in vCJD and can also be detected in some peripheral tissues in sporadic CJD. Risk of iatrogenic transmission of CJD by contaminated medical device remains thus a concern for healthcare facilities. Bioassay is the gold standard method to evaluate the efficacy of prion decontamination procedures but is time-consuming and expensive. Here, we propose to compare in vitro prion amplification techniques: Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) and Real-Time Quaking Induced Conversion (RT-QuIC) for the detection of residual prions on surface after decontamination.</div><div><br /></div><div>Methods:</div><div><br /></div><div>Stainless steel wires, by mimicking the surface of surgical instruments, were proposed as a carrier model of prions for inactivation studies. To determine the sensitivity of the two amplification techniques on wires (Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC), steel wires were therefore contaminated with serial dilutions of brain homogenates (BH) from a 263k infected hamster and from a patient with sCJD (MM1 subtype). We then compared the different standard decontamination procedures including partially and fully efficient treatments by detecting the residual seeding activity on 263K and sCJD contaminated wires. We completed our study by the evaluation of marketed reagents endorsed for prion decontamination.</div><div><br /></div><div>Results:</div><div><br /></div><div>The two amplification techniques can detect minute quantities of PrPTSE adsorbed onto a single wire. 8/8 wires contaminated with a 10-6 dilution of 263k BH and 1/6 with the 10-8 dilution are positive with Surf-PMCA. Similar performances were obtained with Surf-QuIC on 263K: 10/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilution and 1/8 wires contaminated with 10-8 dilution are positive. Regarding the human sCJD-MM1 prion, Surf-QuIC allows us to detect 16/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilutions and 14/16 with 10-7 . Results obtained after decontamination treatments are very similar between 263K and sCJD prions. Efficiency of marketed treatments to remove prions is lower than expected.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusions:</div><div><br /></div><div>Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC are very sensitive methods for the detection of prions on wires and could be applied to prion decontamination studies for rapid evaluation of new treatments. Sodium hypochlorite is the only product to efficiently remove seeding activity of both 263K and sCJD prions.</div><div><br /></div><div>=====</div><div><br /></div><div>WA2 Oral transmission of CWD into Cynomolgus macaques: signs of atypical disease, prion conversion and infectivity in macaques and bio-assayed transgenic mice</div><div><br /></div><div>Schatzl HM (1, 2), Hannaoui S (1, 2), Cheng Y-C (1, 2), Gilch S (1, 2), Beekes M (3), SchulzSchaeffer W (4), Stahl-Hennig C (5) and Czub S (2, 6)</div><div><br /></div><div>(1) University of Calgary, Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada (2) University of Calgary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calgary, Canada, (3) Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany, (4) University of Homburg/Saar, Homburg, Germany, (5) German Primate Center, Goettingen, Germany, (6) Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), Lethbridge, Canada.</div><div><br /></div><div>To date, BSE is the only example of interspecies transmission of an animal prion disease into humans. The potential zoonotic transmission of CWD is an alarming issue and was addressed by many groups using a variety of in vitro and in vivo experimental systems. Evidence from these studies indicated a substantial, if not absolute, species barrier, aligning with the absence of epidemiological evidence suggesting transmission into humans. Studies in non-human primates were not conclusive so far, with oral transmission into new-world monkeys and no transmission into old-world monkeys. Our consortium has challenged 18 Cynomolgus macaques with characterized CWD material, focusing on oral transmission with muscle tissue. Some macaques have orally received a total of 5 kg of muscle material over a period of 2 years. <span dir="ltr">After 5-7</span> years of incubation time some animals showed clinical symptoms indicative of prion disease, and prion neuropathology and PrPSc deposition were found in spinal cord and brain of euthanized animals. PrPSc in immunoblot was weakly detected in some spinal cord materials and various tissues tested positive in RT-QuIC, including lymph node and spleen homogenates. To prove prion infectivity in the macaque tissues, we have intracerebrally inoculated 2 lines of transgenic mice, expressing either elk or human PrP. At least 3 TgElk mice, receiving tissues from 2 different macaques, showed clinical signs of a progressive prion disease and brains were positive in immunoblot and RT-QuIC. Tissues (brain, spinal cord and spleen) from these and preclinical mice are currently tested using various read-outs and by second passage in mice. Transgenic mice expressing human PrP were so far negative for clear clinical prion disease (some mice >300 days p.i.). In parallel, the same macaque materials are inoculated into bank voles. Taken together, there is strong evidence of transmissibility of CWD orally into macaques and from macaque tissues into transgenic mouse models, although with an incomplete attack rate. The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology. Our ongoing studies will show whether the transmission of CWD into macaques and passage in transgenic mice represents a form of non-adaptive prion amplification, and whether macaque-adapted prions have the potential to infect mice expressing human PrP. The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div><br /></div><div>See also poster P103</div><div><br /></div><div>***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div><br /></div><div>=====</div><div><br /></div><div>WA16 Monitoring Potential CWD Transmission to Humans</div><div><br /></div><div>Belay ED</div><div><br /></div><div>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA.</div><div><br /></div><div>The spread of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in animals has raised concerns about increasing human exposure to the CWD agent via hunting and venison consumption, potentially facilitating CWD transmission to humans. Several studies have explored this possibility, including limited epidemiologic studies, in vitro experiments, and laboratory studies using various types of animal models. Most human exposures to the CWD agent in the United States would be expected to occur in association with deer and elk hunting in CWD-endemic areas. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) collaborated with state health departments in Colorado, Wisconsin, and Wyoming to identify persons at risk of CWD exposure and to monitor their vital status over time. Databases were established of persons who hunted in Colorado and Wyoming and those who reported consumption of venison from deer that later tested positive in Wisconsin. Information from the databases is periodically cross-checked with mortality data to determine the vital status and causes of death for deceased persons. Long-term follow-up of these hunters is needed to assess their risk of development of a prion disease linked to CWD exposure.</div><div><br /></div><div>=====</div><div><br /></div><div>P166 Characterization of CJD strain profiles in venison consumers and non-consumers from Alberta and Saskatchewan</div><div><br /></div><div>Stephanie Booth (1,2), Lise Lamoureux (1), Debra Sorensen (1), Jennifer L. Myskiw (1,2), Megan Klassen (1,2), Michael Coulthart (3), Valerie Sim (4)</div><div><br /></div><div>(1) Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg (2) Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (3) Canadian CJD Surveillance System, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (4) Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton.</div><div><br /></div><div>Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is spreading rapidly through wild cervid populations in the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. While this has implications for tourism and hunting, there is also concern over possible zoonotic transmission to humans who eat venison from infected deer. Whilst there is no evidence of any human cases of CWD to date, the Canadian CJD Surveillance System (CJDSS) in Canada is staying vigilant. When variant CJD occurred following exposure to BSE, the unique biochemical fingerprint of the pathologic PrP enabled a causal link to be confirmed. However, we cannot be sure what phenotype human CWD prions would present with, or indeed, whether this would be distinct from that see in sporadic CJD. Therefore we are undertaking a systematic analysis of the molecular diversity of CJD cases of individuals who resided in Alberta and Saskatchewan at their time of death comparing venison consumers and non-consumers, using a variety of clinical, imaging, pathological and biochemical markers. Our initial objective is to develop novel biochemical methodologies that will extend the baseline glycoform and genetic polymorphism typing that is already completed by the CJDSS. Firstly, we are reviewing MRI, EEG and pathology information from over 40 cases of CJD to select clinically affected areas for further investigation. Biochemical analysis will include assessment of the levels of protease sensitive and resistant prion protein, glycoform typing using 2D gel electrophoresis, testing seeding capabilities and kinetics of aggregation by quaking-induced conversion, and determining prion oligomer size distributions with asymmetric flow field fractionation with in-line light scattering. Progress and preliminary data will be presented. Ultimately, we intend to further define the relationship between PrP structure and disease phenotype and establish a baseline for the identification of future atypical CJD cases that may arise as a result of exposure to CWD.</div><div><br /></div><div>=====</div><div><br /></div><div>Source Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/</a> </div></div><div><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; text-align: justify;">Volume 24, Number <span dir="ltr">8—August</span> 2018 </span><br /></div></div><div><div style="font-size: 30.2px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 3px;"><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">Research Susceptibility of Human Prion Protein to Conversion by Chronic Wasting Disease Prions</span></div></div></div><div><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><div>Marcelo A. BarriaComments to Author , Adriana Libori, Gordon Mitchell, and Mark W. Head Author affiliations: National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (M.A. Barria, A. Libori, M.W. Head); National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Scrapie and CWD, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (G. Mitchell)</div><div><br /></div><div>Abstract Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal neurodegenerative disease and a serious animal health issue for deer and elk in North America. The identification of the first cases of CWD among free-ranging reindeer and moose in Europe brings back into focus the unresolved issue of whether CWD can be zoonotic like bovine spongiform encephalopathy. We used a cell-free seeded protein misfolding assay to determine whether CWD prions from elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer in North America can convert the human prion protein to the disease-associated form. We found that prions can convert, but the efficiency of conversion is affected by polymorphic variation in the cervid and human prion protein genes. In view of the similarity of reindeer, elk, and white-tailed deer in North America to reindeer, red deer, and roe deer, respectively, in Europe, a more comprehensive and thorough assessment of the zoonotic potential of CWD might be warranted.</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>Discussion Characterization of the transmission properties of CWD and evaluation of their zoonotic potential are important for public health purposes. Given that CWD affects several members of the family Cervidae, it seems reasonable to consider whether the zoonotic potential of CWD prions could be affected by factors such as CWD strain, cervid species, geographic location, and Prnp–PRNP polymorphic variation. We have previously used an in vitro conversion assay (PMCA) to investigate the susceptibility of the human PrP to conversion to its disease-associated form by several animal prion diseases, including CWD (15,16,22). The sensitivity of our molecular model for the detection of zoonotic conversion depends on the combination of 1) the action of proteinase K to degrade the abundant human PrPC that constitutes the substrate while only N terminally truncating any human PrPres produced and 2) the presence of the 3F4 epitope on human but not cervid PrP. In effect, this degree of sensitivity means that any human PrPres formed during the PMCA reaction can be detected down to the limit of Western blot sensitivity. In contrast, if other antibodies that detect both cervid and human PrP are used, such as 6H4, then newly formed human PrPres must be detected as a measurable increase in PrPres over the amount remaining in the reaction product from the cervid seed. Although best known for the efficient amplification of prions in research and diagnostic contexts, the variation of the PMCA method employed in our study is optimized for the definitive detection of zoonotic reaction products of inherently inefficient conversion reactions conducted across species barriers. By using this system, we previously made and reported the novel observation that elk CWD prions could convert human PrPC from human brain and could also convert recombinant human PrPC expressed in transgenic mice and eukaryotic cell cultures (15).</div><div><br /></div><div>A previous publication suggested that mule deer PrPSc was unable to convert humanized transgenic substrate in PMCA assays (23) and required a further step of in vitro conditioning in deer substrate PMCA before it was able to cross the deer–human molecular barrier (24). However, prions from other species, such as elk (15) and reindeer affected by CWD, appear to be compatible with the human protein in a single round of amplification (as shown in our study). These observations suggest that different deer species affected by CWD could present differing degrees of the olecular compatibility with the normal form of human PrP.</div><div><br /></div><div>The contribution of the polymorphism at codon 129 of the human PrP gene has been extensively studied and is recognized as a risk factor for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (4). In cervids, the equivalent codon corresponds to the position 132 encoding methionine or leucine. This polymorphism in the elk gene has been shown to play an important role in CWD susceptibility (25,26). We have investigated the effect of this cervid Prnp polymorphism on the conversion of the humanized transgenic substrate according to the variation in the equivalent PRNP codon 129 polymorphism. Interestingly, only the homologs methionine homozygous seed–substrate reactions could readily convert the human PrP, whereas the heterozygous elk PrPSc was unable to do so, even though comparable amounts of PrPres were used to seed the reaction. In addition, we observed only low levels of human PrPres formation in the reactions seeded with the homozygous methionine (132 MM) and the heterozygous (132 ML) seeds incubated with the other 2 human polymorphic substrates (129 MV and 129 VV). The presence of the amino acid leucine at position 132 of the elk Prnp gene has been attributed to a lower degree of prion conversion compared with methionine on the basis of experiments in mice made transgenic for these polymorphic variants (26). Considering the differences observed for the amplification of the homozygous human methionine substrate by the 2 polymorphic elk seeds (MM and ML), reappraisal of the susceptibility of human PrPC by the full range of cervid polymorphic variants affected by CWD would be warranted.</div><div><br /></div><div>In light of the recent identification of the first cases of CWD in Europe in a free-ranging reindeer (R. tarandus) in Norway (2), we also decided to evaluate the in vitro conversion potential of CWD in 2 experimentally infected reindeer (18). Formation of human PrPres was readily detectable after a single round of PMCA, and in all 3 humanized polymorphic substrates (MM, MV, and VV). This finding suggests that CWD prions from reindeer could be more compatible with human PrPC generally and might therefore present a greater risk for zoonosis than, for example, CWD prions from white-tailed deer. A more comprehensive comparison of CWD in the affected species, coupled with the polymorphic variations in the human and deer PRNP–Prnp genes, in vivo and in vitro, will be required before firm conclusions can be drawn. Analysis of the Prnp sequence of the CWD reindeer in Norway was reported to be identical to the specimens used in our study (2). This finding raises the possibility of a direct comparison of zoonotic potential between CWD acquired in the wild and that produced in a controlled laboratory setting. (Table).</div><div><br /></div><div>The prion hypothesis proposes that direct molecular interaction between PrPSc and PrPC is necessary for conversion and prion replication. Accordingly, polymorphic variants of the PrP of host and agent might play a role in determining compatibility and potential zoonotic risk. In this study, we have examined the capacity of the human PrPC to support in vitro conversion by elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer CWD PrPSc. Our data confirm that elk CWD prions can convert the human PrPC, at least in vitro, and show that the homologous PRNP polymorphisms at codon 129 and 132 in humans and cervids affect conversion efficiency. Other species affected by CWD, particularly caribou or reindeer, also seem able to convert the human PrP. It will be important to determine whether other polymorphic variants found in other CWD-affected Cervidae or perhaps other factors (17) exert similar effects on the ability to convert human PrP and thus affect their zoonotic potential.</div><div><br /></div><div>Dr. Barria is a research scientist working at the National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh. His research has focused on understanding the molecular basis of a group of fatal neurologic disorders called prion diseases.</div><div><br /></div><div>Acknowledgments We thank Aru Balachandran for originally providing cervid brain tissues, Abigail Diack and Jean Manson for providing mouse brain tissue, and James Ironside for his critical reading of the manuscript at an early stage.</div><div><br /></div><div>This report is independent research commissioned and funded by the United Kingdom’s Department of Health Policy Research Programme and the Government of Scotland. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Department of Health or the Government of Scotland.</div><div><br /></div><div>Author contributions: The study was conceived and designed by M.A.B. and M.W.H. The experiments were conducted by M.A.B. and A.L. Chronic wasting disease brain specimens were provided by G.M. The manuscript was written by M.A.B. and M.W.H. All authors contributed to the editing and revision of the manuscript.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion</a></div></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #222222;">Prion 2017 Conference Abstracts</span></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">First evidence of intracranial and peroral transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) into Cynomolgus macaques: a work in progress Stefanie Czub1, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer2, Christiane Stahl-Hennig3, Michael Beekes4, Hermann Schaetzl5 and Dirk Motzkus6 1 </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine/Canadian Food Inspection Agency; 2Universitatsklinikum des Saarlandes und Medizinische Fakultat der Universitat des Saarlandes; 3 Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen; 4 Robert-Koch-Institut Berlin; 5 University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; 6 presently: Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center; previously: Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen </span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">This is a progress report of a project which started in 2009. </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">21 cynomolgus macaques were challenged with characterized CWD material from white-tailed deer (WTD) or elk by intracerebral (ic), oral, and skin exposure routes. Additional blood transfusion experiments are supposed to assess the CWD contamination risk of human blood product. Challenge materials originated from symptomatic cervids for ic, skin scarification and partially per oral routes (WTD brain). Challenge material for feeding of muscle derived from preclinical WTD and from preclinical macaques for blood transfusion experiments. We have confirmed that the CWD challenge material contained at least two different CWD agents (brain material) as well as CWD prions in muscle-associated nerves. </span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Here we present first data on a group of animals either challenged ic with steel wires or per orally and sacrificed with incubation times ranging from 4.5 to 6.9 years at postmortem. Three animals displayed signs of mild clinical disease, including anxiety, apathy, ataxia and/or tremor. In four animals wasting was observed, two of those had confirmed diabetes. All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals. Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuiC) and PET-blot assays to further substantiate these findings are on the way, as well as bioassays in bank voles and transgenic mice. </span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">At present, a total of 10 animals are sacrificed and read-outs are ongoing. Preclinical incubation of the remaining macaques covers a range <span dir="ltr">from 6.4 to 7.10</span> years. Based on the species barrier and an incubation time of > 5 years for BSE in macaques and about 10 years for scrapie in macaques, we expected an onset of clinical disease beyond 6 years post inoculation. </span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">PRION 2017 DECIPHERING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS ABSTRACTS REFERENCE</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><div dir="ltr"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available. </span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;">SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 23, 2019 </span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion and THE FEAST 2003 CDC an updated review of the science 2019 </span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;"> </span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 04, 2014 </span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;">Six-year follow-up of a point-source exposure to CWD contaminated venison in an Upstate New York community: risk behaviours and health outcomes 2005–2011 Authors, though, acknowledged the study was limited in geography and sample size and so it couldn't draw a conclusion about the risk to humans. They recommended more study. Dr. Ermias Belay was the report's principal author but he said New York and Oneida County officials are following the proper course by not launching a study. "There's really nothing to monitor presently. No one's sick," Belay said, noting the disease's incubation period in deer and elk is measured in years. " </span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html</a></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;">Transmission Studies Mule deer transmissions of CWD were by intracerebral inoculation and compared with natural cases {the following was written but with a single line marked through it ''first passage (by this route)}....TSS resulted in a more rapidly progressive clinical disease with repeated episodes of synocopy ending in coma. One control animal became affected, it is believed through contamination of inoculum (?saline). Further CWD transmissions were carried out by Dick Marsh into ferret, mink and squirrel monkey. Transmission occurred in ALL of these species with the shortest incubation period in the ferret. </span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;">snip.... </span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;"> </span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;">Prion Infectivity in Fat of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease▿ </span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;">Brent Race#, Kimberly Meade-White#, Richard Race and Bruce Chesebro* + Author Affiliations In mice, prion infectivity was recently detected in fat. Since ruminant fat is consumed by humans and fed to animals, we determined infectivity titers in fat from two CWD-infected deer. Deer fat devoid of muscle contained low levels of CWD infectivity and might be a risk factor for prion infection of other species. </span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full</a></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;"> </span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;">Prions in Skeletal Muscles of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease Here bioassays in transgenic mice expressing cervid prion protein revealed the presence of infectious prions in skeletal muscles of CWD-infected deer, demonstrating that humans consuming or handling meat from CWD-infected deer are at risk to prion exposure. </span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long</a></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;"> *** now, let’s see what the authors said about this casual link, personal communications years ago, and then the latest on the zoonotic potential from CWD to humans from the TOKYO PRION 2016 CONFERENCE. see where it is stated NO STRONG evidence. so, does this mean there IS casual evidence ???? “Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans” </span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;">From: TSS Subject: CWD aka MAD DEER/ELK TO HUMANS ??? </span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;">Date: September 30, 2002 at 7:06 am PST </span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;">From: "Belay, Ermias" </span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;">To: Cc: "Race, Richard (NIH)" ; ; "Belay, Ermias" </span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;">Sent: Monday, September 30, 2002 9:22 AM Subject: RE: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS </span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;">Dear Sir/Madam, In the Archives of Neurology you quoted (the abstract of which was attached to your email), we did not say CWD in humans will present like variant CJD.. That assumption would be wrong. I encourage you to read the whole article and call me if you have questions or need more clarification (phone: <span dir="ltr"><span dir="ltr"><span dir="ltr">404-639-3091</span></span></span>). </span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;">Also, we do not claim that "no-one has ever been infected with prion disease from eating venison." Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans in the article you quoted or in any other forum is limited to the patients we investigated. </span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;">Ermias Belay, M.D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention </span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;">-----Original Message----- From: </span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;">Sent: Sunday, September 29, 2002 10:15 AM To: <span dir="ltr"><span dir="ltr"><span dir="ltr">rr26k@nih.gov</span></span></span>; <span dir="ltr"><span dir="ltr"><span dir="ltr">rrace@niaid.nih.gov</span></span></span>; <span dir="ltr"><span dir="ltr"><span dir="ltr">ebb8@CDC.GOV</span></span></span> </span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;">Subject: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS </span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;">Sunday, November 10, 2002 6:26 PM .......snip........end..............TSS </span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;">Thursday, April 03, 2008 </span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;">A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease 2008 1: Vet Res. 2008 Apr 3;39(4):41 A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease Sigurdson CJ. </span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;">snip... *** twenty-seven CJD patients who regularly consumed venison were reported to the Surveillance Center***, </span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;">snip... full text ; </span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html</a></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people. </span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;">sporadic, spontaneous CJD, 85%+ of all human TSE, did not just happen. never in scientific literature has this been proven. if one looks up the word sporadic or spontaneous at pubmed, you will get a laundry list of disease that are classified in such a way; </span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;">sporadic = 54,983 hits </span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic</a><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;"> </span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;">spontaneous = 325,650 hits </span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous</a><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;"> </span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;">key word here is 'reported'. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. </span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;">SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can't, and it's as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it's being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. ...terry </span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people.<br /></span></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">key word here is ‘reported’. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can’t, and it’s as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it’s being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. …terry</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">*** These results would seem to suggest that CWD does indeed have zoonotic potential, at least as judged by the compatibility of CWD prions and their human PrPC target. Furthermore, extrapolation from this simple in vitro assay suggests that if zoonotic CWD occurred, it would most likely effect those of the PRNP codon 129-MM genotype and that the PrPres type would be similar to that found in the most common subtype of sCJD (MM1).***</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys</a></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true</a></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: white; color: #196ad4; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;"><div>CWD TSE PRION AND ZOONOTIC, ZOONOSIS, POTENTIAL</div><div><br /></div><div>Subject: Re: DEER SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY SURVEY & HOUND STUDY </div><div><br /></div><div>Date: Fri, 18 Oct 2002 23:12:22 +0100 </div><div><br /></div><div>From: Steve Dealler </div><div><br /></div><div>Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Organization: Netscape Online member </div><div><br /></div><div>To: BSE-L@ References: </div><div><br /></div><div>Dear Terry,</div><div><br /></div><div>An excellent piece of review as this literature is desperately difficult to get back from Government sites.</div><div><br /></div><div>What happened with the deer was that an association between deer meat eating and sporadic CJD was found in about 1993. The evidence was not great but did not disappear after several years of asking CJD cases what they had eaten. I think that the work into deer disease largely stopped because it was not helpful to the UK industry...and no specific cases were reported. Well, if you dont look adequately like they are in USA currenly then you wont find any!</div><div><br /></div><div>Steve Dealler </div><div><br /></div><div>====</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div><br /></div><div>CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM THIRD ANNUAL REPORT AUGUST 1994</div><div><br /></div><div>Consumption of venison and veal was much less widespread among both cases and controls. For both of these meats there was evidence of a trend with increasing frequency of consumption being associated with increasing risk of CJD. (not nvCJD, but sporadic CJD...tss) These associations were largely unchanged when attention was restricted to pairs with data obtained from relatives. ...</div><div><br /></div><div>Table 9 presents the results of an analysis of these data.</div><div><br /></div><div>There is STRONG evidence of an association between ‘’regular’’ veal eating and risk of CJD (p = .0.01).</div><div><br /></div><div>Individuals reported to eat veal on average at least once a year appear to be at 13 TIMES THE RISK of individuals who have never eaten veal.</div><div><br /></div><div>There is, however, a very wide confidence interval around this estimate. There is no strong evidence that eating veal less than once per year is associated with increased risk of CJD (p = 0.51).</div><div><br /></div><div>The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).</div><div><br /></div><div>There is some evidence that risk of CJD INCREASES WITH INCREASING FREQUENCY OF LAMB EATING (p = 0.02).</div><div><br /></div><div>The evidence for such an association between beef eating and CJD is weaker (p = 0.14). When only controls for whom a relative was interviewed are included, this evidence becomes a little STRONGER (p = 0.08).</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>It was found that when veal was included in the model with another exposure, the association between veal and CJD remained statistically significant (p = < 0.05 for all exposures), while the other exposures ceased to be statistically significant (p = > 0.05).</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>In conclusion, an analysis of dietary histories revealed statistical associations between various meats/animal products and INCREASED RISK OF CJD. When some account was taken of possible confounding, the association between VEAL EATING AND RISK OF CJD EMERGED AS THE STRONGEST OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS STATISTICALLY. ...</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>In the study in the USA, a range of foodstuffs were associated with an increased risk of CJD, including liver consumption which was associated with an apparent SIX-FOLD INCREASE IN THE RISK OF CJD. By comparing the data from 3 studies in relation to this particular dietary factor, the risk of liver consumption became non-significant with an odds ratio of 1.2 (PERSONAL COMMUNICATION, PROFESSOR A. HOFMAN. ERASMUS UNIVERSITY, ROTTERDAM). (???...TSS)</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...see full report ;</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Stephen Dealler is a consultant medical microbiologist <span dir="ltr">deal@airtime.co.uk</span> </div><div><br /></div><div>BSE Inquiry Steve Dealler</div><div><br /></div><div>Management In Confidence</div><div><br /></div><div>BSE: Private Submission of Bovine Brain Dealler</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...see full text;</div><div><br /></div><div>MONDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 2019</div><div><br /></div><div>***> MAD DOGS AND ENGLISHMEN BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, CJD, TSE PRION A REVIEW 2019</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>***> ''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div><br /></div><div>***> In conclusion, sensory symptoms and loss of reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome can be explained by neuropathological changes in the spinal cord. We conclude that the sensory symptoms and loss of lower limb reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome is due to pathology in the caudal spinal cord. <***</div><div><br /></div><div>***> The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology.<*** </div><div><br /></div><div>***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD. <***</div><div><br /></div><div>***> All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals.<*** </div><div><br /></div><div>***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids.'' Scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease (II) <***</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div><br /></div><div>Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: arial;"><div>TUESDAY, MAY 11, 2021</div><div><br /></div><div>> A Unique Presentation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in a Patient Consuming Deer Antler Velvet <</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusion</div><div><br /></div><div>We believe that our patient’s case of CJD is highly suspicious for cervid etiology given the circumstances of the case as well as the strong evidence of plausibility reported in published literature. This is the first known case of CJD in a patient who had consumed deer antler velvet. Despite the confirmed diagnosis of CJD, a causal relationship between the patient’s disease and his consumption of deer antler velvet cannot be definitively concluded.</div><div><br /></div><div>Supplemental data including molecular tissue sample analysis and autopsy findings could yield further supporting evidence. Given this patient’s clinical resemblance to CBD and the known histological similarities of CBD with CJD, clinicians should consider both diseases in the differential diagnosis of patients with a similarly esoteric presentation. Regardless of the origin of this patient’s disease, it is clear that the potential for prion transmission from cervids to humans should be further investigated by the academic community with considerable urgency.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div>''We believe that our patient’s case of CJD is highly suspicious for cervid etiology given the circumstances of the case as well as the strong evidence of plausibility reported in published literature. This is the first known case of CJD in a patient who had consumed deer antler velvet. Despite the confirmed diagnosis of CJD, a causal relationship between the patient’s disease and his consumption of deer antler velvet cannot be definitively concluded.''</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: arial;"><div><br /></div><div>***> PRION CONFERENCE 2022 ABSTRACTS CWD TSE PrP ZOONOSIS</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/texas-cwd-now-confirmed-505-cervid-101.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/texas-cwd-now-confirmed-505-cervid-101.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div dir="ltr">creutzfeldt jakob disease IS NOT ONE IN A MILLION!</div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr">2023 COLLINGE ET AL, 1 IN 5,000!</div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><div><div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="ydp70f9bee8yiv4446386101ydp14f8fcfyiv7563130031ydp9624c983yiv1716088967ydpb51b86f2yiv8296120965ydp5066c434yiv6636943674ydp7cf26efayiv5525069040ydp8aa3ee25yiv7404456984s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Professor John Collinge on tackling prion diseases, sCJD accounts for around 1 in 5000 deaths worldwide<br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="ydp70f9bee8yiv4446386101ydp14f8fcfyiv7563130031ydp9624c983yiv1716088967ydpb51b86f2yiv8296120965ydp5066c434yiv6636943674ydp7cf26efayiv5525069040ydp8aa3ee25yiv7404456984s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="ydp70f9bee8yiv4446386101ydp14f8fcfyiv7563130031ydp9624c983yiv1716088967ydpb51b86f2yiv8296120965ydp5066c434yiv6636943674ydp7cf26efayiv5525069040ydp8aa3ee25yiv7404456984s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 11, 2023 <br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="ydp70f9bee8yiv4446386101ydp14f8fcfyiv7563130031ydp9624c983yiv1716088967ydpb51b86f2yiv8296120965ydp5066c434yiv6636943674ydp7cf26efayiv5525069040ydp8aa3ee25yiv7404456984s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="ydp70f9bee8yiv4446386101ydp14f8fcfyiv7563130031ydp9624c983yiv1716088967ydpb51b86f2yiv8296120965ydp5066c434yiv6636943674ydp7cf26efayiv5525069040ydp8aa3ee25yiv7404456984s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Professor John Collinge on tackling prion diseases </span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="ydp70f9bee8yiv4446386101ydp14f8fcfyiv7563130031ydp9624c983yiv1716088967ydpb51b86f2yiv8296120965ydp5066c434yiv6636943674ydp7cf26efayiv5525069040ydp8aa3ee25yiv7404456984s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="ydp70f9bee8yiv4446386101ydp14f8fcfyiv7563130031ydp9624c983yiv1716088967ydpb51b86f2yiv8296120965ydp5066c434yiv6636943674ydp7cf26efayiv5525069040ydp8aa3ee25yiv7404456984s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">“The best-known human prion disease is sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), a rapidly progressive dementia which accounts for around 1 in 5000 deaths worldwide.”</span></div></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="ydp70f9bee8yiv4446386101ydp14f8fcfyiv7563130031ydp9624c983yiv1716088967ydpb51b86f2yiv8296120965ydp5066c434yiv6636943674ydp7cf26efayiv5525069040ydp8aa3ee25yiv7404456984s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="ydp70f9bee8yiv4446386101ydp14f8fcfyiv7563130031ydp9624c983yiv1716088967ydpb51b86f2yiv8296120965ydp5066c434yiv6636943674ydp7cf26efayiv5525069040ydp8aa3ee25yiv7404456984s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">There is accumulating evidence also for iatrogenic AD. Understanding prion biology, and in particular how propagation of prions leads to neurodegeneration, is therefore of central research importance in medicine.<br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="ydp70f9bee8yiv4446386101ydp14f8fcfyiv7563130031ydp9624c983yiv1716088967ydpb51b86f2yiv8296120965ydp5066c434yiv6636943674ydp7cf26efayiv5525069040ydp8aa3ee25yiv7404456984s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="ydp70f9bee8yiv4446386101ydp14f8fcfyiv7563130031ydp9624c983yiv1716088967ydpb51b86f2yiv8296120965ydp5066c434yiv6636943674ydp7cf26efayiv5525069040ydp8aa3ee25yiv7404456984s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"><a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/brain-sciences/dementia-ucl-priority/professor-john-collinge-tackling-prion-diseases" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.ucl.ac.uk/brain-sciences/dementia-ucl-priority/professor-john-collinge-tackling-prion-diseases</a><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="ydp70f9bee8yiv4446386101ydp14f8fcfyiv7563130031ydp9624c983yiv1716088967ydpb51b86f2yiv8296120965ydp5066c434yiv6636943674ydp7cf26efayiv5525069040ydp8aa3ee25yiv7404456984s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="ydp70f9bee8yiv4446386101ydp14f8fcfyiv7563130031ydp9624c983yiv1716088967ydpb51b86f2yiv8296120965ydp5066c434yiv6636943674ydp7cf26efayiv5525069040ydp8aa3ee25yiv7404456984s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html</a><br /></span></div><div><br /></div></div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/</a><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><div>February 14, 2001</div><div><br /></div><div>Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease</div><div><br /></div><div>Terry S. Singeltary, Sr</div><div><br /></div><div>Author Affiliations</div><div><br /></div><div>JAMA. 2001;285(6):733-734. doi:10-1001/pubs.JAMA-ISSN-0098-7484-285-6-jlt0214 </div><div><br /></div><div>To the Editor: In their Research Letter, Dr Gibbons and colleagues1 reported that the annual US death rate due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has been stable since 1985. These estimates, however, are based only on reported cases, and do not include misdiagnosed or preclinical cases. It seems to me that misdiagnosis alone would drastically change these figures. An unknown number of persons with a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in fact may have CJD, although only a small number of these patients receive the postmortem examination necessary to make this diagnosis. Furthermore, only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies should be reportable nationwide and internationally.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1031186" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1031186</a><br /></div><div><br /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><span dir="ltr">terry </span></span></div></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37946824.post-6515954550231915042023-11-14T15:29:00.001-06:002023-11-14T15:29:32.250-06:00Yellowstone National Park Confirms First Case of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Yellowstone National Park Confirms First Case of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion</span></p><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Mule deer tests positive for chronic wasting disease in Yellowstone National Park</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">NPS / Neal Herbert</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">News Release Date: November 14, 2023</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Contact: Morgan Warthin, 307-344-2015</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">MAMMOTH HOT SPRINGS, WY – Yellowstone National Park and the Wyoming Game and Fish Department (WGFD) recently confirmed the presence of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in the carcass of an adult mule deer buck found near Yellowstone Lake in the southeastern section of the park. This is the first confirmed positive detection of the disease in Yellowstone National Park. The mule deer buck was originally captured by WGFD staff near Cody, Wyoming, in March 2023 as part of a population dynamics study and fitted with a GPS collar. The collar signaled the animal died mid-October 2023. In coordination with Yellowstone staff, WGFD located the carcass on the Promontory, a landmass that separates the South and Southeast arms of Yellowstone Lake and collected samples for testing. The samples tested positive for CWD based on multiple diagnostic tests performed at WGFD’s Wildlife Health Laboratory.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Next steps</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Yellowstone staff will prioritize the following actions to manage the disease as there is no effective strategy to eradicate it once established. Increase collaboration and information sharing with WGFD and other state agencies to identify areas within Yellowstone with increased risk for CWD. Increase monitoring for the presence of CWD in other deer, elk and moose in the park.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Increase the investigation of carcasses and collection of samples for testing.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">What is chronic wasting disease?</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">CWD is a contagious, fatal disease of deer, elk and moose caused by a malformed protein (prion) for which there is no vaccine or known treatment. The malformed prion protein accumulates in the brain and other tissues causing physiological and behavioral changes, emaciation and death.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Signs of CWD include listlessness, weight loss, increased drinking and urinating, excessive drooling and head lowering.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">It is transmitted by direct animal-to-animal contact or indirectly through contact with infectious particles persisting in the environment such as feces, soil or vegetation.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Since the mid-1980s, CWD has spread across Wyoming and is now found in most of the state.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">About 10-15% of the mule deer near Cody, Wyoming, that migrate into the southeast portion of Yellowstone during summer months are estimated to have CWD.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The long-term effect of CWD on deer, elk and moose in the Yellowstone area is uncertain.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Guidance for park visitors</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Most wild animals in Yellowstone are healthy and thrive in their natural environment, but sometimes wildlife can get sick just like people.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">If you see any sick or dead wildlife, notify a National Park Service (NPS) employee as soon as possible and avoid contact with the animal.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Avoid touching or handling sick or dead wild animals as some disease-causing organisms can be passed between wild animals and people.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">NPS employees trained in wildlife health use specific protective measures to safely deal with a wild animal that may have died of disease.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">It is recommended that people avoid consumption of any part of an animal that is suspected or confirmed to have CWD.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">There is currently no evidence that CWD can infect humans or domestic animal species. However, it is recommended that tissues from CWD-infected animals not be consumed.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Editor’s note: Yellowstone is currently revising its 2021 Chronic Wasting Disease Surveillance Plan due to the recent detection and anticipate its completion in 2024.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/news/23041.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/news/23041.htm</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">chronic wasting disease proximity to elk feedgrounds in wyoming 2009-2010 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2010/07/cwd-controversy-still-stalking-elk.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2010/07/cwd-controversy-still-stalking-elk.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Friday, November 16, 2012 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Yellowstone elk herds feeding grounds, or future killing grounds from CWD </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/11/yellowstone-elk-herds-feeding-grounds.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/11/yellowstone-elk-herds-feeding-grounds.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Tuesday, February 26, 2013 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Planned elk drive from Wind Cave National Park raises question about spread of disease </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">just when you think it can’t get worse, dumb and dumber step up to the plate. this is about as dumb, if not dumber, than the blunder at Colorado Division of Wildlife Foothills Wildlife Research Facility in Fort Collins, where cwd was first documented. sometimes, you just can’t fix stupid. ...tss this should never happen! </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/02/planned-elk-drive-from-wind-cave.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/02/planned-elk-drive-from-wind-cave.html</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Tuesday, March 05, 2013 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease Management Plan/Environmental Impact Statement, Shenandoah National Park Virginia </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/03/chronic-wasting-disease-management.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/03/chronic-wasting-disease-management.html</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Wednesday, October 29, 2014 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease now rings Greater Yellowstone in Wyoming </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/10/chronic-wasting-disease-now-rings.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/10/chronic-wasting-disease-now-rings.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Tuesday, December 01, 2015</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DRAFT for Public Review and Comment – November 30, 2015 WYOMING GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE MANAGEMENT PLAN Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/12/draft-for-public-review-and-comment.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/12/draft-for-public-review-and-comment.html</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Wednesday, September 21, 2016 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Elk Cull Coming To Wind Cave National Park South Dakota Due To CWD TSE PRION DISEASE </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/09/elk-cull-coming-to-wind-cave-national.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/09/elk-cull-coming-to-wind-cave-national.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 21, 2018 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Wyoming WGFD Chronic wasting disease cwd tse prion detected in Grand Teton National Park</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/11/wyoming-wgfd-chronic-wasting-disease.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/11/wyoming-wgfd-chronic-wasting-disease.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SATURDAY, DECEMBER 08, 2018 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Wind Cave elk capture project to limit spread of disease or Planned elk drive from Wind Cave National Park raises question about spread of disease?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/12/wind-cave-elk-capture-project-to-limit.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/12/wind-cave-elk-capture-project-to-limit.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, JULY 07, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Wyoming Upper Powder River Mule Deer Initiative Research Project raising red flags CWD TSE PRION</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/wyoming-upper-powder-river-mule-deer.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/wyoming-upper-powder-river-mule-deer.html</a></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Price of TSE Prion Poker goes up substantially, all you cattle ranchers and such, better pay close attention here...terry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of the chronic wasting disease agent from elk to cattle after oronasal exposure</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Justin Greenlee, Jifeng Bian, Zoe Lambert, Alexis Frese, and Eric Cassmann Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the susceptibility of cattle to chronic wasting disease agent from elk. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: Initial studies were conducted in bovinized mice using inoculum derived from elk with various genotypes at codon 132 (MM, LM, LL). Based upon attack rates, inoculum (10% w/v brain homogenate) from an LM132 elk was selected for transmission studies in cattle. At approximately 2 weeks of age, one wild type steer (EE211) and one steer with the E211K polymorphism (EK211) were fed 1 mL of brain homogenate in a quart of milk replacer while another 1 mL was instilled intranasally. The cattle were examined daily for clinical signs for the duration of the experiment. One steer is still under observation at 71 months post-inoculation (mpi). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Inoculum derived from MM132 elk resulted in similar attack rates and incubation periods in mice expressing wild type or K211 bovine PRNP, 35% at 531 days post inoculation (dpi) and 27% at 448 dpi, respectively. Inoculum from LM132 elk had a slightly higher attack rates in mice: 45% (693 dpi) in wild type cattle PRNP and 33% (468) in K211 mice. Inoculum from LL132 elk resulted in the highest attack rate in wild type bovinized mice (53% at 625 dpi), but no K211 mice were affected at >700 days. At approximately 70 mpi, the EK211 genotype steer developed clinical signs suggestive of prion disease, depression, low head carriage, hypersalivation, and ataxia, and was necropsied. Enzyme immunoassay (IDEXX) was positive in brainstem (OD=4.00, but non-detect in retropharyngeal lymph nodes and palatine tonsil. Immunoreactivity was largely limited to the brainstem, midbrain, and cervical spinal cord with a pattern that was primarily glia-associated. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Cattle with the E211K polymorphism are susceptible to the CWD agent after oronasal exposure of 0.2 g of infectious material. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Cattle with the E211K polymorphism are susceptible to the CWD agent after oronasal exposure of 0.2 g of infectious material."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Strain characterization of chronic wasting disease in bovine-PrP transgenic mice </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Nuria Jerez-Garrido1, Sara Canoyra1, Natalia Fernández-Borges1, Alba Marín Moreno1, Sylvie L. Benestad2, Olivier Andreoletti3, Gordon Mitchell4, Aru Balachandran4, Juan María Torres1 and Juan Carlos Espinosa1. 1 Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, CISA-INIA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain. 2 Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway. 3 UMR Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)/École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Toulouse, France. 4 Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Canada. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is an infectious prion disease that affects cervids. Various CWD prion strains have been identified in different cervid species from North America and Europe. The properties of the infectious prion strains are influenced by amino acid changes and polymorphisms in the PrP sequences of different cervid species. This study, aimed to assess the ability of a panel of CWD prion isolates from diverse cervid species from North America and Europe to infect bovine species, as well as to investigate the properties of the prion strains following the adaptation to the bovine-PrP context. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: BoPrP-Tg110 mice overexpressing the bovine-PrP sequence were inoculated by intracranial route with a panel of CWD prion isolates from both North America (two white-tailed deer and two elk) and Europe (one reindeer, one moose and one red deer). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Our results show distinct behaviours in the transmission of the CWD isolates to the BoPrP-Tg110 mouse model. Some of these isolates did not transmit even after the second passage. Those able to transmit displayed differences in terms of attack rate, survival times, biochemical properties of brain PrPres, and histopathology. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Altogether, these results exhibit the diversity of CWD strains present in the panel of CWD isolates and the ability of at least some CWD isolates to infect bovine species. Cattle being one of the most important farming species, this ability represents a potential threat to both animal and human health, and consequently deserves further study. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: MCIN/AEI /10.13039/501100011033 and by European Union NextGeneration EU/PRTR </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Grant number: PCI2020-120680-2 ICRAD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Altogether, these results exhibit the diversity of CWD strains present in the panel of CWD isolates and the ability of at least some CWD isolates to infect bovine species. Cattle being one of the most important farming species, this ability represents a potential threat to both animal and human health, and consequently deserves further study."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Monday, November 13, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) Singeltary Another Request for Update 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://fdabse589.blogspot.com/2023/11/food-and-drug-administrations-bse-feed.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://fdabse589.blogspot.com/2023/11/food-and-drug-administrations-bse-feed.html</a></div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION CONFERENCE 2023 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS FOR CWD TSE PRION</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">CWD TSE PRION CERVID ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation."</div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Detection of prions in soils contaminated by multiple routes</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stuart Siegfried Lichtenberg1,2 , Heather Inzalaco3 , Sam Thomas4 , Dan Storm5 , Dan Walsh6</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A. 2Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A. 3 Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A 4Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A. 5Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, U.S.A. 6U.S. Geological Survey, Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, U.S.A.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Free-ranging animals afflicted with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies frequently shed infectious prions into the broader environment. The quintessential example is chronic wasting disease, the TSE of cervids. Over the course of the disease, an infected animal will shed infectious prions in blood, urine, saliva, and feces. Upon death, the total prion load interred in the animal’s tissues will be deposited wherever the animal falls. This contamination creates substantial risk to naïve animals, and likely contributes to disease spread. Identification and quantification of prions at contamination hotspots is essential for any attempt at mitigation of environmental transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: Surfactant extraction of soils followed by precipitation yields a sample that is amenable to analysis by real-time quaking induced conversion. However, differences in extraction yield are apparent depending on the properties of the matrix from which the prions are being extracted, principally soil clay content.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: We are able to detect prion seeding activity at multiple types of environmental hotspots, including carcass sites, contaminated captive facilities, and scrapes (i.e. urine and saliva). Differences in relative prion concentration vary depending on the nature and source of the contamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Detection of prions in the environment is of the utmost importance for controlling chronic wasting disease spread. Here, we have demonstrated a viable method for detection of prions in complex environmental matrices. However, it is quite likely that this method underestimates the total infectious prion load in a contaminated sample, due to incomplete recovery of infectious prions. Further refinements are necessary for accurate quantification of prions in such samples, and to account for the intrinsic heterogeneities found in the broader environment.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">The detection and decontamination of chronic wasting disease prions during venison processing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Marissa S. Milstein1,2, Marc D. Schwabenlander1,2, Sarah C. Gresch1,2, Manci Li1,2, Stuart Lichtenberg1,2, Rachel Shoemaker1,2, Gage R. Rowden1,2, Jason C. Bartz2,3 , Tiffany M. Wolf2,4, Peter A. Larsen1,2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Presenting author: Tiffany M. Wolf 1 Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 2 Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 3 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA 4 Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: There is a growing concern that chronic wasting disease (CWD) prions in venison pose a risk to human health. CWD prions accumulate in infected deer tissues that commonly enter the human food chain through meat processing and consumption. The United States (US) Food and Drug Administration and US Department of Agriculture now formally consider CWD-positive venison unfit for human and animal consumption. Yet, the degree to which prion contamination occurs during routine venison processing is unknown. Here, we use environmental surface swab methods to: a) experimentally test meat processing equipment (i.e., stainless steel knives and polyethylene cutting boards) before and after processing CWD-positive venison and b) test the efficacy of five different disinfectant types (i.e., Dawn dish soap, Virkon-S, Briotech, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach) to determine prion decontamination efficacy.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: We used a real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay to determine CWD infection status of venison and to detect CWD prions in the swabs. We collected three swabs per surface and ran eight technical replicates on RT-QuIC.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: CWD prions were detected on all cutting boards (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8 and knives (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) used in processing CWD-positive venison, but not on those used for CWD-negative venison. After processing CWD-positive venison, allowing the surfaces to dry, and washing the cutting board with Dawn dish soap, we detected CWD prions on the cutting board surface (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) but not on the knife (n= 3, replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). Similar patterns were observed with Briotech (cutting board: n= 3; replicates= 7/8, 1/8, 0/8; knife: n= 3; replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). We did not detect CWD prions on the knives or cutting boards after disinfecting with Virkon-S, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: These preliminary results suggest that Dawn dish soap and Briotech do not reliably decontaminate CWD prions from these surfaces. Our data suggest that Virkon-S and various bleach concentrations are more effective in reducing prion contamination of meat processing surfaces; however, surface type may also influence the ability of prions to adsorb to surfaces, preventing complete decontamination. Our results will directly inform best practices to prevent the introduction of CWD prions into the human food chain during venison processing.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: Funding was provided by the Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund as recommended by the Legislative-Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources (LCCMR), the Rapid Agriculture Response Fund (#95385/RR257), and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Theme: Animal prion diseases</div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2023 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> Nine of these recurrences occurred 14–21 years after culling, apparently as the result of environmental contamination, but outside entry could not always be absolutely excluded. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY Volume 87, Issue 12</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years Free</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82011-0" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82011-0</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Rapid recontamination of a farm building occurs after attempted prion removal</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">First published: 19 January 2019 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">The data illustrates the difficulty in decontaminating farm buildings from scrapie, and demonstrates the likely contribution of farm dust to the recontamination of these environments to levels that are capable of causing disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">This study clearly demonstrates the difficulty in removing scrapie infectivity from the farm environment. Practical and effective prion decontamination methods are still urgently required for decontamination of scrapie infectivity from farms that have had cases of scrapie and this is particularly relevant for scrapiepositive goatherds, which currently have limited genetic resistance to scrapie within commercial breeds.24 This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids.</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***>This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids.</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Front. Vet. Sci., 14 September 2015 | <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Objects in contact with classical scrapie sheep act as a reservoir for scrapie transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">In conclusion, the results in the current study indicate that removal of furniture that had been in contact with scrapie-infected animals should be recommended, particularly since cleaning and decontamination may not effectively remove scrapie infectivity (31), even though infectivity declines considerably if the pasture and the field furniture have not been in contact with scrapie-infected sheep for several months. As sPMCA failed to detect PrPSc in furniture that was subjected to weathering, even though exposure led to infection in sheep, this method may not always be reliable in predicting the risk of scrapie infection through environmental contamination. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">172. Establishment of PrPCWD extraction and detection methods in the farm soil</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Conclusions: Our studies showed that PrPCWD persist in 0.001% CWD contaminated soil for at least 4 year and natural CWD-affected farm soil. When cervid reintroduced into CWD outbreak farm, the strict decontamination procedures of the infectious agent should be performed in the environment of CWD-affected cervid habitat.</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">SUBJECT MATTER: Chronic Wasting Disease Carcass Disposal Dumpster Management and Biosecurity</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BACKGROUND INFORMATION:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">State and tribal wildlife agencies may identify collection points (dumpsters) within an identified chronic wasting disease (CWD) management zone for the disposal of hunter-harvested cervid carcasses to remove potentially infected carcasses off the landscape for disposal by an approved method (Gillin & Mawdsley, 2018, chap.14). However, depending on their placement and maintenance these dumpsters could potentially increase the risk of CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In several different states, photographic evidence has shown dumpsters in state identified CWD management zones overflowing with deer carcasses and limbs scattered on the land nearby. This could provide an opportunity for scavengers to potentially move infected carcass material to non-infected zones or increase contamination of the ground material around the dumpster’s location.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Federal guidance does not explicitly address uniform standards for collection locations for carcasses of free-ranging cervids; however, the United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services Program Standards on CWD outlines procedures for carcass disposal, equipment sanitation, and decontamination of premises for captive cervid facilities.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">RESOLUTION:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The United States Animal Health Association urges the Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (AFWA), Wildlife Health Committee to further refine the AFWA Technical Report on Best Management Practices for Prevention, Surveillance, and Management of Chronic Wasting Disease; Chapter 14, Carcass Disposal to address the placement and management of chronic wasting disease carcass disposal dumpsters or other carcass collection containers.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Reference:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1. Gillin, Colin M., and Mawdsley, Jonathan R. (eds.). 2018. AFWA Technical Report on Best Management Practices for Surveillance, Management and Control of Chronic Wasting Disease. Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Washington, D. C. 111 pp. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.usaha.org/upload/Resolution/2022/2022_Resolution_30_CWD_Dumpste.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.usaha.org/upload/Resolution/2022/2022_Resolution_30_CWD_Dumpste.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">THE tse prion aka mad cow type disease is not your normal pathogen. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">The TSE prion disease survives ashing to 600 degrees celsius, that’s around 1112 degrees farenheit. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">you cannot cook the TSE prion disease out of meat. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">you can take the ash and mix it with saline and inject that ash into a mouse, and the mouse will go down with TSE. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production as well. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">the TSE prion agent also survives Simulated Wastewater Treatment Processes. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">IN fact, you should also know that the TSE Prion agent will survive in the environment for years, if not decades. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">you can bury it and it will not go away. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">The TSE agent is capable of infected your water table i.e. Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">it’s not your ordinary pathogen you can just cook it out and be done with. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> that’s what’s so worrisome about Iatrogenic mode of transmission, a simple autoclave will not kill this TSE prion agent. I’m thinking tools used to dress a deer, knives with wooden handles, carcass disposal, burial only 3ft, scavengers, exposure of Cwd to soil and surrounding area, plants intake, …I could go on…Terry</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">1: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994 Jun;57(6):757-8 </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> Transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease to a chimpanzee by electrodes contaminated during neurosurgery. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Asher DM, Kobrine A, Amyx HL, Sulima MP, Gajdusek DC. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Laboratory of Central Nervous System Studies, National Institute of </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Bethesda, MD 20892. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Stereotactic multicontact electrodes used to probe the cerebral cortex of a middle aged woman with progressive dementia were previously implicated in the accidental transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) to two younger patients. The diagnoses of CJD have been confirmed for all three cases. More than two years after their last use in humans, after three cleanings and repeated sterilisation in ethanol and formaldehyde vapour, the electrodes were implanted in the cortex of a chimpanzee. Eighteen months later the animal became ill with CJD. This finding serves to re-emphasise the potential danger posed by reuse of instruments contaminated with the agents of spongiform encephalopathies, even after scrupulous attempts to clean them. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">PMID: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">8006664</span> [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8006664?dopt=Abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8006664?dopt=Abstract</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">New studies on the heat resistance of hamster-adapted scrapie agent: Threshold survival after ashing at 600°C suggests an inorganic template of replication </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">A Quantitative Assessment of the Amount of Prion Diverted to Category 1 Materials and Wastewater During Processing </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Rapid assessment of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion inactivation by heat treatment in yellow grease produced in the industrial manufacturing process of meat and bone meals </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 2019 </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">BSE infectivity survives burial for five years with only limited spread</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">5 or 6 years quarantine is NOT LONG ENOUGH FOR CWD TSE PRION !!!</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">QUARANTINE NEEDS TO BE 21 YEARS FOR CWD TSE PRION !</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">You can take this communication from my old files with how ever many grains of salt you wish…Terry</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">FRIDAY, APRIL 30, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Should Property Evaluations Contain Scrapie, CWD, TSE PRION Environmental Contamination of the land?</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> Confidential!!!!</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> As early as 1992-3 there had been long studies conducted on small pastures containing scrapie infected sheep at the sheep research station associated with the Neuropathogenesis Unit in Edinburgh, Scotland. Whether these are documented...I don't know. But personal recounts both heard and recorded in a daily journal indicate that leaving the pastures free and replacing the topsoil completely at least 2 feet of thickness each year for SEVEN years....and then when very clean (proven scrapie free) sheep were placed on these small pastures.... the new sheep also broke out with scrapie and passed it to offspring. I am not sure that TSE contaminated ground could ever be free of the agent!! A very frightening revelation!!!</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">---end personal email early BSE days---end...tss</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">and so it seems...</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Scrapie Agent (Strain 263K) Can Transmit Disease via the Oral Route after Persistence in Soil over Years</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Published: May 9, 2007</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Our results showed that 263K scrapie agent can persist in soil at least over 29 months. Strikingly, not only the contaminated soil itself retained high levels of infectivity, as evidenced by oral administration to Syrian hamsters, but also feeding of aqueous soil extracts was able to induce disease in the reporter animals. We could also demonstrate that PrPSc in soil, extracted after 21 months, provides a catalytically active seed in the protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) reaction. PMCA opens therefore a perspective for considerably improving the detectability of prions in soil samples from the field.</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0000435" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0000435</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Dr. Paul Brown Scrapie Soil Test BSE Inquiry Document</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090505211734/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/Seac07/tab03.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090505211734/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/Seac07/tab03.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Trucking CWD TSE PrP</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Friday, December 14, 2012 <div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with CWD prion. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing, footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible. For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant uncertainty associated with these estimates. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists and returning GB residents. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://webarchive.nationa... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Published: 06 September 2021<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> Chronic wasting disease: a cervid prion infection looming to spillover</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Alicia Otero, Camilo Duque Velásquez, Judd Aiken & Debbie McKenzie </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Veterinary Research volume 52, Article number: 115 (2021) </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-021-00986-y" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-021-00986-y</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Detection of chronic wasting disease prions in processed meats</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rebeca Benavente1 , Francisca Bravo1,2, J. Hunter Reed3 , Mitch Lockwood3 , Glenn Telling4 , Rodrigo Morales1,2 1 Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA; 2 Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins. Santiago, Chile; 3 Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Texas, USA. 4 Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: identify the presence of CWD prions in processed meats derived from elk. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: In this study, we analyzed different processed meats derived from a CWD-positive (pre-clinical) free-ranging elk. Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats. The presence of CWD-prions in these samples were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates. The same analyses were performed in grilled and boiled meats to evaluate the resistance of the infectious agent to these procedures. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Our results show positive prion detection in all the samples analyzed using deer and elk substrates. Surprisingly, cooked meats displayed increased seeding activities. This data suggests that CWD-prions are available to people even after meats are processed and cooked. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: These results suggest CWD prions are accessible to humans through meats, even after processing and cooking. Considering the fact that these samples were collected from already processed specimens, the availability of CWD prions to humans is probably underestimated. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH and USDA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Grant number: 1R01AI132695 and APP-20115 to RM </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We would like to thank TPWD personnel for providing us with valuable samples</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">"Our results show positive prion detection in all the samples analyzed using deer and elk substrates. Surprisingly, cooked meats displayed increased seeding activities."</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">end... </span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Fortuitous generation of a zoonotic cervid prion strain </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Manuel Camacho, Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Sydney Smith, Jieji Hu, Wanyun Tao, Ignazio Cali, Qingzhong Kong. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Whether CWD prions can infect humans remains unclear despite the very substantial scale and long history of human exposure of CWD in many states or provinces of USA and Canada. Multiple in vitro conversion experiments and in vivo animal studies indicate that the CWD-to-human transmission barrier is not unbreakable. A major long-term public health concern on CWD zoonosis is the emergence of highly zoonotic CWD strains. We aim to address the question of whether highly zoonotic CWD strains are possible. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: We inoculated several sCJD brain samples into cervidized transgenic mice (Tg12), which were intended as negative controls for bioassays of brain tissues from sCJD cases who had potentially been exposed to CWD. Some of the Tg12 mice became infected and their brain tissues were further examined by Western blot as well as serial passages in humanized or cervidized mice. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Passage of sCJDMM1 in transgenic mice expressing elk PrP (Tg12) resulted in a “cervidized” CJD strain that we termed CJDElkPrP. We observed 100% transmission of the original CJDElkPrP in transgenic mice expressing human PrP. We passaged CJDElkPrP two more times in the Tg12 mice. We found that such second and third passage CJDElkPrP prions retained 100% transmission rate in the humanized mice, despite that the natural elk CWD isolates and CJDElkPrP share the same elk PrP sequence. In contrast, we and others found zero or poor transmission of natural elk CWD isolates in humanized mice. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our data indicate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can retain zoonotic potential after serial passages in cervids, suggesting a very significant and serious long-term risk of CWD zoonosis given that the broad and continuing spread of CWD prions will provide fertile grounds for the emergence of zoonotic CWD strains over time. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O'Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples used in this study, respectively</div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">"Our data indicate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can retain zoonotic potential after serial passages in cervids, suggesting a very significant and serious long-term risk of CWD zoonosis given that the broad and continuing spread of CWD prions will provide fertile grounds for the emergence of zoonotic CWD strains over time."</span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A probable diagnostic marker for CWD infection in humans </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Manuel Camacho, Ignazio Cali, Qingzhong Kong. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Multiple in vitro CWD-seeded human PrP conversion experiments and some animal model studies indicate that the species barrier for CWD to human transmission can be overcome, but whether CWD prion can infect humans in real life remains controversial. The very limited understanding on the likely features of CWD infection in humans and the lack of a reliable diagnostic marker for identification of acquired human CWD cases contribute to this uncertainty. We aim to stablish such a reliable diagnostic marker for CWD infections in humans should they occur. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: A couple of PrPSc-positive spleens were identified from humanized transgenic mice inoculated with either CWD or sCJDMM1. Prions in these spleens were compared by bioassays in cervidized or humanized transgenic mice. A couple of PrPSc-positive spleens from UK sCJDMM1 patients were also examined similarly as controls with no exposure to CWD. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: We have detected two prion-positive spleens in humanized transgenic mice inoculated with some CWD isolates. Such experimentally generated splenic “humanized” CWD prions (termed eHuCWDsp) appear indistinguishable from prions in the brain of sCJDMM1 patients on Western blot. We compared eHuCWDsp with prions in the spleen from humanized mice infected with sCJDMM1 (termed sCJDMM1sp) by bioassays in cervidized or humanized transgenic mice. Significantly, we found that eHuCWDsp can efficiently infect not only the humanized mice but also cervidized transgenic mice, and cervidized mice infected by eHuCWDsp produced PrPSc and brain pathology that are practically identical to those of CWD-infected cervidized mice. In contrast, sCJDMM1sp, similar to prions from sCJDMM1 patient brains, is poorly transmissible in the cervidized mice. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that high transmissibility with CWD features of splenic prions in cervidized transgenic mice is unique to acquired human CWD prions, and it may serve as a reliable marker to identify the first acquired human CWD cases. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O'Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples used in this study, respectively.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2023 Experimental Oronasal Inoculation of the Chronic Wasting Disease Agent into White Tailed Deer </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author list: Sarah Zurbuchena,b , S. Jo Moorea,b , Jifeng Biana , Eric D. Cassmanna , and Justin J. Greenleea . a. Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, US b. Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, United States </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether white-tailed deer (WTD) are susceptible to inoculation of chronic wasting disease (CWD) via oronasal exposure. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and methods: Six male, neutered WTD were oronasally inoculated with brainstem material (10% w/v) from a CWD-positive wild-type WTD. The genotypes of five inoculated deer were Q95/G96 (wild-type). One inoculated deer was homozygous S at codon 96 (96SS). Cervidized (Tg12; M132 elk PrP) mice were inoculated with 1% w/v brainstem homogenate from either a 96GG WTD (n=10) or the 96SS WTD (n=10). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: All deer developed characteristic clinical signs of CWD including weight loss, regurgitation, and ataxia. The 96SS individual had a prolonged disease course and incubation period compared to the other deer. Western blots of the brainstem on all deer yielded similar molecular profiles. All deer had widespread lymphoid distribution of PrPCWD and neuropathologic lesions associated with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Both groups of mice had a 100% attack rate and developed clinical signs, including loss of body condition, ataxia, and loss of righting reflex. Mice inoculated with material from the 96SS deer had a significantly shorter incubation period than mice inoculated with material from 96GG deer (Welch two sample T-test, P<0.05). Serial dilutions of each inocula suggests that differences in incubation period were not due to a greater concentration of PrPCWD in the 96SS inoculum. Molecular profiles from western blot of brain homogenates from mice appeared similar regardless of inoculum and appear similar to those of deer used for inoculum. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: This study characterizes the lesions and clinical course of CWD in WTD inoculated in a similar manner to natural conditions. It supports previous findings that 96SS deer have a prolonged disease course. Further, it describes a first pass of inoculum from a 96SS deer in cervidized mice which shortened the incubation period. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection, analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We thank Ami Frank and Kevin Hassall for their technical contributions to this project.</div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">The detection and decontamination of chronic wasting disease prions during venison processing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Marissa S. Milstein1,2, Marc D. Schwabenlander1,2, Sarah C. Gresch1,2, Manci Li1,2, Stuart Lichtenberg1,2, Rachel Shoemaker1,2, Gage R. Rowden1,2, Jason C. Bartz2,3 , Tiffany M. Wolf2,4, Peter A. Larsen1,2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Presenting author: Tiffany M. Wolf 1 Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 2 Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 3 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA 4 Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: There is a growing concern that chronic wasting disease (CWD) prions in venison pose a risk to human health. CWD prions accumulate in infected deer tissues that commonly enter the human food chain through meat processing and consumption. The United States (US) Food and Drug Administration and US Department of Agriculture now formally consider CWD-positive venison unfit for human and animal consumption. Yet, the degree to which prion contamination occurs during routine venison processing is unknown. Here, we use environmental surface swab methods to: a) experimentally test meat processing equipment (i.e., stainless steel knives and polyethylene cutting boards) before and after processing CWD-positive venison and b) test the efficacy of five different disinfectant types (i.e., Dawn dish soap, Virkon-S, Briotech, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach) to determine prion decontamination efficacy.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: We used a real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay to determine CWD infection status of venison and to detect CWD prions in the swabs. We collected three swabs per surface and ran eight technical replicates on RT-QuIC.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: CWD prions were detected on all cutting boards (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8 and knives (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) used in processing CWD-positive venison, but not on those used for CWD-negative venison. After processing CWD-positive venison, allowing the surfaces to dry, and washing the cutting board with Dawn dish soap, we detected CWD prions on the cutting board surface (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) but not on the knife (n= 3, replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). Similar patterns were observed with Briotech (cutting board: n= 3; replicates= 7/8, 1/8, 0/8; knife: n= 3; replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). We did not detect CWD prions on the knives or cutting boards after disinfecting with Virkon-S, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: These preliminary results suggest that Dawn dish soap and Briotech do not reliably decontaminate CWD prions from these surfaces. Our data suggest that Virkon-S and various bleach concentrations are more effective in reducing prion contamination of meat processing surfaces; however, surface type may also influence the ability of prions to adsorb to surfaces, preventing complete decontamination. Our results will directly inform best practices to prevent the introduction of CWD prions into the human food chain during venison processing.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: Funding was provided by the Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund as recommended by the Legislative-Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources (LCCMR), the Rapid Agriculture Response Fund (#95385/RR257), and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Theme: Animal prion diseases</div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2023 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">''Currently, there is scientific evidence to suggest that CWD has zoonotic potential; however, no confirmed cases of CWD have been found in humans.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PART 2. TPWD CHAPTER 65. DIVISION 1. CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, 65.88</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission in a duly noticed meeting on May 25, 2023 adopted amendments to 31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, and §65.88, concerning Disease Detection and Response, without changes to the proposed text as published in the April 21, 2023, issue of the Texas Register (48 TexReg 2048). The rules will not be republished.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Currently, there is scientific evidence to suggest that CWD has zoonotic potential; however, no confirmed cases of CWD have been found in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 DETECTION OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE PRIONS IN PROCESSED MEATS.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rebeca Benavente1, Francisca Bravo1,2, Paulina Soto1,2, J. Hunter Reed3, Mitch Lockwood3, Rodrigo Morales1,2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA. 2Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile. 3Texas Parks and Wildlife, Austin, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease (CWD) remains unknown. Currently, there are no known natural cases of CWD transmission to humans but increasing evidence suggests that the host range of CWD is not confined only to cervid species. Alarmingly, recent experimental evidence suggests that certain CWD isolates can induce disease in non-human primates. While the CDC strongly recommends determining CWD status in animals prior to consumption, this practice is voluntary. Consequently, it is plausible that a proportion of the cervid meat entering the human food chain may be contaminated with CWD. Of additional concern is that traditional diagnostic techniques used to detect CWD have relatively low sensitivity and are only approved for use in tissues other than those typically ingested by humans. In this study, we analyzed different processed meats derived from a pre-clinical, CWD-positive free-ranging elk. Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats. CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates. Our results show positive prion detection in all products. To confirm the resilience of CWD-prions to traditional cooking methods, we grilled and boiled the meat products and evaluated them for any remnant PMCA seeding activity. Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking. Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our results show positive prion detection in all products.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">9 Carrot plants as potential vectors for CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Paulina Soto1,2, Francisca Bravo-Risi1,2, Claudio Soto1, Rodrigo Morales1,2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA. 2Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> We show that edible plant components can absorb prions from CWD-contaminated soils and transport them to their aerial parts.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our results indicate that edible plants could participate as vectors of CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of prion infectivity from CWD-infected macaque tissues to rodent models demonstrates the zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaoui1,2, Ginny Cheng1,2, Wiebke Wemheuer3, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer3, Sabine Gilch1,2, Hermann Schatzl1,2 1University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. 2Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada. 3Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Further passage to cervidized mice revealed transmission with a 100% attack rate.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our findings demonstrate that macaques, considered the best model for the zoonotic potential of prions, were infected upon CWD challenge, including the oral one.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">****> The disease manifested as atypical in macaques and initial transgenic mouse transmissions, but with infectivity present at all times, as unveiled in the bank vole model with an unusual tissue tropism.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Epidemiologic surveillance of prion disease among cervid hunters and people likely to have consumed venison contaminated with chronic wasting disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of Cervid Prions to Humanized Mice Demonstrates the Zoonotic Potential of CWD </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaouia, Irina Zemlyankinaa, Sheng Chun Changa, Maria Immaculata Arifina, Vincent Béringueb, Debbie McKenziec, Hermann M. Schatzla, and Sabine Gilcha </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Results: Here, we provide the strongest evidence supporting the zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and their possible phenotype in humans. Inoculation of mice expressing human PrPCwith deer CWD isolates (strains Wisc-1 and 116AG) resulted in atypical clinical manifestations in > 75% of the mice, with myoclonus as leading clinical sign. Most of tg650brain homogenates were positive for seeding activity in RT-QuIC. Clinical disease and presentation was transmissible to <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> mice and bank voles. Intriguingly, protease-resistant PrP in the brain of <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> mice resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon passage. Abnormal PrP aggregates upon infection with Wisc-1 were detectable in thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain/pons regions. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Unprecedented in human prion disease, feces of CWD-inoculated <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> mice harbored prion seeding activity and infectious prions, as shown by inoculation of bank voles and <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> with fecal homogenates. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Conclusions: This is the first evidence that CWD can infect humans and cause disease with a distinctive clinical presentation, signature, and tropism, which might be transmissible between humans while current diagnostic assays might fail to detect it. These findings have major implications for public health and CWD-management. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a> </div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">The finding that infectious PrPSc was shed in fecal material of CWD-infected humanized mice and induced clinical disease, different tropism, and typical three banding pattern-PrPres in bank voles that is transmissible upon second passage is highly concerning for public health. The fact that this biochemical signature in bank voles resembles that of the Wisc-1 original deer isolate and is different from that of bvWisc-1, in the migration profile and the glyco-form-ratio, is valid evidence that these results are not a product of contamination in our study. If CWD in humans is found to be contagious and transmissible among humans, as it is in cervids [57], the spread of the disease within humans might become endemic.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acta Neuropathol 144, 767–784 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 August 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaoui1 · Irina Zemlyankina1 · Sheng Chun Chang1 · Maria Immaculata Arifn1 · Vincent Béringue2 · Debbie McKenzie3 · Hermann M. Schatzl1 · Sabine Gilch1</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Received: 24 May 2022 / Revised: 5 August 2022 / Accepted: 7 August 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">© The Author(s) 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prions cause infectious and fatal neurodegenerative diseases in mammals. Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease of cervids, spreads efficiently among wild and farmed animals. Potential transmission to humans of CWD is a growing concern due to its increasing prevalence. Here, we provide evidence for a zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and its probable signature using mice expressing human prion protein (PrP) as an infection model. Inoculation of these mice with deer CWD isolates resulted in atypical clinical manifestation with prion seeding activity and efficient transmissible infectivity in the brain and, remarkably, in feces, but without classical neuropathological or Western blot appearances of prion diseases. Intriguingly, the protease-resistant PrP in the brain resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon second passage. Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Keywords Chronic wasting disease · CWD · Zoonotic potential · Prion strains · Zoonotic prions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">HIGHLIGHTS OF THIS STUDY</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">================================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In this study, we evaluated the zoonotic potential of CWD using a transgenic mouse model overexpressing human M129-PrPC (tg650 [12]). We inoculated tg650 mice intracerebrally with two deer CWD isolates, Wisc-1 and 116AG [22, 23, 27, 29]. We demonstrate that this transgenic line was susceptible to infection with CWD prions and displayed a distinct leading clinical sign, an atypical PrPSc signature and unusual fecal shedding of infectious prions. Importantly, these prions generated by the human PrP transgenic mice were transmissible upon passage. Our results are the first evidence of a zoonotic risk of CWD when using one of the most common CWD strains, Wisc-1/CWD1 for infection. We demonstrated in a human transgenic mouse model that the species barrier for transmission of CWD to humans is not absolute. The fact that its signature was not typical raises the questions whether CWD would manifest in humans as a subclinical infection, whether it would arise through direct or indirect transmission including an intermediate host, or a silent to uncovered human-to-human transmission, and whether current detection techniques will be suffcient to unveil its presence.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our findings strongly suggest that CWD should be regarded as an actual public health risk. Here, we use humanized mice to show that CWD prions can cross the species barrier to humans, and remarkably, infectious prions can be excreted in feces.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our results indicate that if CWD crosses the species-barrier to humans, it is unlikely to resemble the most common forms of human prion diseases with respect to clinical signs, tissue tropism and PrPSc signature. For instance, PrPSc in variable protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr), a sporadic form of human prion disease, and in the genetic form Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS) is defined by an atypical PK-resistant PrPSc fragment that is non-glycosylated and truncated at both C- and N-termini, with a molecular weight between 6 and 8 kDa [24, 44–46]. These biochemical features are unique and distinctive from PrPSc (PrP27-30) found in most other human or animal prion disease. The atypical PrPSc signature detected in brain homogenate of tg650 mice #321 (1st passage) and #3063 (2nd passage), and the 7–8 kDa fragment (Figs. 2, 4) are very similar to that of GSS, both in terms of migration profile and the N-terminal cleavage site.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD in humans might remain subclinical but with PrPSc deposits in the brain with an unusual morphology that does not resemble the patterns usually seen in different prion diseases (e.g., mouse #328; Fig. 3), clinical with untraceable abnormal PrP (e.g., mouse #327) but still transmissible and uncovered upon subsequent passage (e.g., mouse #3063; Fig. 4), or prions have other reservoirs than the usual ones, hence the presence of infectivity in feces (e.g., mouse #327) suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=================================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) Antonia Ricci Ana Allende Declan Bolton Marianne Chemaly Robert Davies Pablo Salvador Fernández Escámez ... See all authors </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">First published: 17 January 2018 <a href="https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">also, see; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers.. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Paper</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Cellular prion protein distribution in the vomeronasal organ, parotid, and scent glands of white-tailed deer and mule deer</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Anthony Ness, Aradhana Jacob, Kelsey Saboraki, Alicia Otero, Danielle Gushue, Diana Martinez Moreno, Melanie de Peña, Xinli Tang, Judd Aiken, Susan Lingle & Debbie McKenzieORCID Icon show less</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Pages 40-57 | Received 03 Feb 2022, Accepted 13 May 2022, Published online: 29 May 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Download citation</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ABSTRACT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting species of the cervidae family. CWD has an expanding geographic range and complex, poorly understood transmission mechanics. CWD is disproportionately prevalent in wild male mule deer and male white-tailed deer. Sex and species influences on CWD prevalence have been hypothesized to be related to animal behaviours that involve deer facial and body exocrine glands. Understanding CWD transmission potential requires a foundational knowledge of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) in glands associated with cervid behaviours. In this study, we characterized the presence and distribution of PrPC in six integumentary and two non-integumentary tissues of hunter-harvested mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (O. virginianus). We report that white-tailed deer expressed significantly more PrPC than their mule deer in the parotid, metatarsal, and interdigital glands. Females expressed more PrPC than males in the forehead and preorbital glands. The distribution of PrPC within the integumentary exocrine glands of the face and legs were localized to glandular cells, hair follicles, epidermis, and immune cell infiltrates. All tissues examined expressed sufficient quantities of PrPC to serve as possible sites of prion initial infection, propagation, and shedding.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ARS RESEARCH Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Publication Acceptance Date: 9/8/2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author item WANG, ZERUI - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item QIN, KEFENG - University Of Chicago item CAMACHO, MANUEL - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item SHEN, PINGPING - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item YUAN, JUE - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item Greenlee, Justin item CUI, LI - Jilin University item KONG, QINGZHONG - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item MASTRIANNI, JAMES - University Of Chicago item ZOU, WEN-QUAN - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Submitted to: Acta Neuropathologica Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 9/8/2021 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Interpretive Summary: Prion diseases are invariably fatal neurologic diseases for which there is no known prevention or cure. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease of deer and elk and is present in farmed and free ranging herds throughout North America. To date there is no clear evidence that the CWD agent could be transmitted to humans. This manuscript describes the use of an in vitro technique, cell-free serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA), to generate a CWD prion that is infectious to transgenic mice expressing the human prion protein. This study provides the first evidence that CWD prions may be able to cause misfolding in the human prion protein. This information will impact medical experts and those involved in making policy for farmed cervids and wildlife.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Technical Abstract: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a cervid spongiform encephalopathy or prion disease caused by the infectious prion or PrPSc, a misfolded conformer of cellular prion protein (PrPC). It has rapidly spread in North America and also has been found in Asia and Europe. In contrast to the zoonotic mad cow disease that is the first animal prion disease found transmissible to humans, the transmissibility of CWD to humans remains uncertain although most previous studies have suggested that humans may not be susceptible to CWD. Here we report the generation of an infectious human PrPSc by seeding CWD PrPSc in normal human brain PrPC through the in vitro cell-free serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA). Western blotting confirms that the sPMCA-induced proteinase K-resistant PrPSc is a human form, evidenced by a PrP-specific antibody that recognizes human but not cervid PrP. Remarkably, two lines of humanized transgenic (Tg) mice expressing human PrP-129Val/Val (VV) or -129Met/Met (MM) polymorphism develop prion disease at 233 ± 6 (mean ± SE) days post-inoculation (dpi) and 552 ± 27 dpi, respectively, upon intracerebral inoculation with the sPMCA-generated PrPSc. The brain of diseased Tg mice reveals the electrophoretic profile of PrPSc similar to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) MM1 or VV2 subtype but different neuropathological patterns. We believe that our study provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc is able to convert human PrPC into PrPSc in vitro and the CWD-derived human PrPSc mimics atypical sCJD subtypes in humanized Tg mice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''The brain of diseased Tg mice reveals the electrophoretic profile of PrPSc similar to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) MM1 or VV2 subtype but different neuropathological patterns.'' </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''We believe that our study provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc is able to convert human PrPC into PrPSc in vitro and the CWD-derived human PrPSc mimics atypical sCJD subtypes in humanized Tg mice.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published: 26 September 2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Zerui Wang, Kefeng Qin, Manuel V. Camacho, Ignazio Cali, Jue Yuan, Pingping Shen, Justin Greenlee, Qingzhong Kong, James A. Mastrianni & Wen-Quan Zou</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acta Neuropathologica Communications volume 9, Article number: 158 (2021)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a cervid prion disease caused by the accumulation of an infectious misfolded conformer (PrPSc) of cellular prion protein (PrPC). It has been spreading rapidly in North America and also found in Asia and Europe. Although bovine spongiform encephalopathy (i.e. mad cow disease) is the only animal prion disease known to be zoonotic, the transmissibility of CWD to humans remains uncertain. Here we report the generation of the first CWD-derived infectious human PrPSc by elk CWD PrPSc-seeded conversion of PrPC in normal human brain homogenates using in vitro protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA). Western blotting with human PrP selective antibody confirmed that the PMCA-generated protease-resistant PrPSc was derived from the human PrPC substrate. Two lines of humanized transgenic mice expressing human PrP with either Val or Met at the polymorphic codon 129 developed clinical prion disease following intracerebral inoculation with the PMCA-generated CWD-derived human PrPSc. Diseased mice exhibited distinct PrPSc patterns and neuropathological changes in the brain. Our study, using PMCA and animal bioassays, provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc can cross the species barrier to convert human PrPC into infectious PrPSc that can produce bona fide prion disease when inoculated into humanized transgenic mice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It is worth noting that the annual number of sporadic CJD (sCJD) cases in the USA has increased, with the total number of suspected and confirmed sCJD cases rising from 284 in 2003 to 511 in 2017 (https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cjd/occurrence-transmission.html). The greatly enhanced CJD surveillance and an aging population in the USA certainly contributed to the observed increase in annual sCJD case numbers in recent years, but the possibility cannot be excluded that some of the increased sCJD prevalence is linked to CWD exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the present study, using serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) assay we generate PrPSc by seeding CWD prions in normal human brain homogenates. Importantly, we reveal that two lines of humanized Tg mice expressing human PrP-129VV and 129MM develop prion diseases upon intracerebral inoculation of the abnormal PrP generated by sPMCA. We believe that our study provides the first opportunity to dissect the clinical, pathological and biochemical features of the CWD-derived human prion disease in two lines of humanized Tg mice expressing two major human PrP genotypes, respectively.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i thought i might share some news about cwd zoonosis that i got, that i cannot share or post to the public yet, i promised for various reasons, one that it will cause a shit storm for sure, but it was something i really already knew from previous studies, but, i was told that ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">==================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''As you can imagine, 2 and 5 (especially 5) may raise alarms. The evidence we have for 4 are not as strong or tight as I would like to have. At this point, please do not post any of the points publicly yet, but you can refer to points 1-3 in private discussions and all 5 points when discussing with relevant public officials to highlight the long-term risks of CWD zoonosis.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">====================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">so, i figure your as about as official as it gets, and i think this science is extremely important for you to know and to converse about with your officials. it's about to burn a whole in my pocket. this is about as close as it will ever get for cwd zoonosis to be proven in my time, this and what Canada Czub et al found with the Macaques, plus an old study from cjd surveillance unit back that showed cjd and a 9% increase in risk from folks that eat venison, i will post all this below for your files Sir. i remember back in the BSE nvCJD days, from when the first BSE case in bovine was confirmed around 1984 maybe 83, i forget the good vets named that screwed it up first, Carol something, but from 83ish to 95 96 when nvCJD was linked to humans from BSE in cattle, so that took 10 to 15 years. hell, at that rate, especially with Texas and cwd zoonsis, hell, i'll be dead before it's official, if ever, so here ya go Sir. there was a grant study on cwd zoonosis that had been going on for some time, i followed it over the years, then the grant date for said study had expired, so, i thought i would write the good Professor about said study i.e. Professor Kong, CWRU et al. i will post the grant study abstract first, and then after that, what reply i got back, about said study that i was told not to post/publish...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD ZOONOSIS GRANT FIRST;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Cervid to human prion transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Kong, Qingzhong </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Abstract Prion disease is transmissible and invariably fatal. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease affecting deer, elk and moose, and it is a widespread and expanding epidemic affecting 22 US States and 2 Canadian provinces so far. CWD poses the most serious zoonotic prion transmission risks in North America because of huge venison consumption (>6 million deer/elk hunted and consumed annually in the USA alone), significant prion infectivity in muscles and other tissues/fluids from CWD-affected cervids, and usually high levels of individual exposure to CWD resulting from consumption of the affected animal among often just family and friends. However, we still do not know whether CWD prions can infect humans in the brain or peripheral tissues or whether clinical/asymptomatic CWD zoonosis has already occurred, and we have no essays to reliably detect CWD infection in humans. We hypothesize that: (1) The classic CWD prion strain can infect humans at low levels in the brain and peripheral lymphoid tissues; (2) The cervid-to-human transmission barrier is dependent on the cervid prion strain and influenced by the host (human) prion protein (PrP) primary sequence; (3) Reliable essays can be established to detect CWD infection in humans; and (4) CWD transmission to humans has already occurred. We will test these hypotheses in 4 Aims using transgenic (Tg) mouse models and complementary in vitro approaches. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 1 will prove that the classical CWD strain may infect humans in brain or peripheral lymphoid tissues at low levels by conducting systemic bioassays in a set of humanized Tg mouse lines expressing common human PrP variants using a number of CWD isolates at varying doses and routes. Experimental human CWD samples will also be generated for Aim 3. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 2 will test the hypothesis that the cervid-to-human prion transmission barrier is dependent on prion strain and influenced by the host (human) PrP sequence by examining and comparing the transmission efficiency and phenotypes of several atypical/unusual CWD isolates/strains as well as a few prion strains from other species that have adapted to cervid PrP sequence, utilizing the same panel of humanized Tg mouse lines as in Aim 1. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 3 will establish reliable essays for detection and surveillance of CWD infection in humans by examining in details the clinical, pathological, biochemical and in vitro seeding properties of existing and future experimental human CWD samples generated from Aims 1-2 and compare them with those of common sporadic human Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) prions. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 4 will attempt to detect clinical CWD-affected human cases by examining a significant number of brain samples from prion-affected human subjects in the USA and Canada who have consumed venison from CWD-endemic areas utilizing the criteria and essays established in Aim 3. The findings from this proposal will greatly advance our understandings on the potential and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for CWD zoonosis and potentially discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Public Health Relevance There are significant and increasing human exposure to cervid prions because chronic wasting disease (CWD, a widespread and highly infectious prion disease among deer and elk in North America) continues spreading and consumption of venison remains popular, but our understanding on cervid-to-human prion transmission is still very limited, raising public health concerns. This proposal aims to define the zoonotic risks of cervid prions and set up and apply essays to detect CWD zoonosis using mouse models and in vitro methods. The findings will greatly expand our knowledge on the potentials and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for such infections and may discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Funding Agency Agency National Institute of Health (NIH) Institute National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Type Research Project (R01) Project # 1R01NS088604-01A1 Application # 9037884 Study Section Cellular and Molecular Biology of Neurodegeneration Study Section (CMND) Program Officer Wong, May Project Start 2015-09-30 Project End 2019-07-31 Budget Start 2015-09-30 Budget End 2016-07-31 Support Year 1 Fiscal Year 2015 Total Cost $337,507 Indirect Cost $118,756</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1#panel-abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1#panel-abstract</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Professor Kongs reply to me just this month about above grant study that has NOT been published in peer reveiw yet...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=================================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Here is a brief summary of our findings:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...can't post, made a promise...tss</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">On Sat, Apr 3, 2021 at 12:19 PM Terry Singeltary <flounder9@verizon.net> wrote:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">end...tss</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">==============</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD ZOONOSIS THE FULL MONTY TO DATE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">International Conference on Emerging Diseases, Outbreaks & Case Studies & 16th Annual Meeting on Influenza March 28-29, 2018 | Orlando, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Qingzhong Kong</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease prions from cervids</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease in cervids (mule deer, white-tailed deer, American elk, moose, and reindeer). It has become an epidemic in North America, and it has been detected in the Europe (Norway) since 2016. The widespread CWD and popular hunting and consumption of cervid meat and other products raise serious public health concerns, but questions remain on human susceptibility to CWD prions, especially on the potential difference in zoonotic potential among the various CWD prion strains. We have been working to address this critical question for well over a decade. We used CWD samples from various cervid species to inoculate transgenic mice expressing human or elk prion protein (PrP). We found infectious prions in the spleen or brain in a small fraction of CWD-inoculated transgenic mice expressing human PrP, indicating that humans are not completely resistant to CWD prions; this finding has significant ramifications on the public health impact of CWD prions. The influence of cervid PrP polymorphisms, the prion strain dependence of CWD-to-human transmission barrier, and the characterization of experimental human CWD prions will be discussed.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Speaker Biography Qingzhong Kong has completed his PhD from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst and Post-doctoral studies at Yale University. He is currently an Associate Professor of Pathology, Neurology and Regenerative Medicine. He has published over 50 original research papers in reputable journals (including Science Translational Medicine, JCI, PNAS and Cell Reports) and has been serving as an Editorial Board Member on seven scientific journals. He has multiple research interests, including public health risks of animal prions (CWD of cervids and atypical BSE of cattle), animal modeling of human prion diseases, mechanisms of prion replication and pathogenesis, etiology of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD) in humans, normal cellular PrP in the biology and pathology of multiple brain and peripheral diseases, proteins responsible for the α-cleavage of cellular PrP, as well as gene therapy and DNA vaccination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">qxk2@case.edu </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SUNDAY, JULY 25, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">North American and Norwegian Chronic Wasting Disease prions exhibit different potential for interspecies transmission and zoonotic risk </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''Our data suggest that reindeer and red deer from Norway could be the most transmissible CWD prions to other mammals, whereas North American CWD prions were more prone to generate human prions in vitro.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/north-american-and-norwegian-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/north-american-and-norwegian-chronic.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, JULY 19, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> U Calgary researchers at work on a vaccine against a fatal infectious disease affecting deer and potentially people</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/u-calgary-researchers-at-work-on.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/u-calgary-researchers-at-work-on.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE aka MAD COW DISEASE, was first discovered in 1984, and it took until 1995 to finally admit that BSE was causing nvCJD, the rest there is history, but that science is still evolving i.e. science now shows that indeed atypical L-type BSE, atypical Nor-98 Scrapie, and typical Scrapie are all zoonosis, zoonotic for humans, there from. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">HOW long are we going to wait for Chronic Wasting Disease, CWD TSE Prion of Cervid, and zoonosis, zoonotic tranmission to humans there from?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Studies have shown since 1994 that humans are susceptible to CWD TSE Prion, so, what's the hold up with making CWD a zoonotic zoonosis disease, the iatrogenic transmissions there from is not waiting for someone to make a decision.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P190 Human prion disease mortality rates by occurrence of chronic wasting disease in freeranging cervids, United States</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abrams JY (1), Maddox RA (1), Schonberger LB (1), Person MK (1), Appleby BS (2), Belay ED (1)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease of deer and elk that has been identified in freeranging cervids in 23 US states. While there is currently no epidemiological evidence for zoonotic transmission through the consumption of contaminated venison, studies suggest the CWD agent can cross the species barrier in experimental models designed to closely mimic humans. We compared rates of human prion disease in states with and without CWD to examine the possibility of undetermined zoonotic transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Death records from the National Center for Health Statistics, case records from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, and additional state case reports were combined to create a database of human prion disease cases from 2003-2015. Identification of CWD in each state was determined through reports of positive CWD tests by state wildlife agencies. Age- and race-adjusted mortality rates for human prion disease, excluding cases with known etiology, were determined for four categories of states based on CWD occurrence: highly endemic (>16 counties with CWD identified in free-ranging cervids); moderately endemic (3-10 counties with CWD); low endemic (1-2 counties with CWD); and no CWD states. States were counted as having no CWD until the year CWD was first identified. Analyses stratified by age, sex, and time period were also conducted to focus on subgroups for which zoonotic transmission would be more likely to be detected: cases <55 years old, male sex, and the latter half of the study (2010-2015).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Highly endemic states had a higher rate of prion disease mortality compared to non-CWD states (rate ratio [RR]: 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01 - 1.23), as did low endemic states (RR: 1.15, 95% CI = 1.04 - 1.27). Moderately endemic states did not have an elevated mortality rate (RR: 1.05, 95% CI = 0.93 - 1.17). In age-stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates among the <55 year old population were elevated for moderately endemic states (RR: 1.57, 95% CI = 1.10 – 2.24) while mortality rates were elevated among those ≥55 for highly endemic states (RR: 1.13, 95% CI = 1.02 - 1.26) and low endemic states (RR: 1.16, 95% CI = 1.04 - 1.29). In other stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates for males were only elevated for low endemic states (RR: 1.27, 95% CI = 1.10 - 1.48), and none of the categories of CWD-endemic states had elevated mortality rates for the latter time period (2010-2015).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">While higher prion disease mortality rates in certain categories of states with CWD in free-ranging cervids were noted, additional stratified analyses did not reveal markedly elevated rates for potentially sensitive subgroups that would be suggestive of zoonotic transmission. Unknown confounding factors or other biases may explain state-by-state differences in prion disease mortality.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P172 Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Prion Disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Wang H(1), Cohen M(1), Appleby BS(1,2)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio (2) National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Cleveland, Ohio.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion disease is a fatal progressive neurodegenerative disease due to deposition of an abnormal protease-resistant isoform of prion protein. Typical symptoms include rapidly progressive dementia, myoclonus, visual disturbance and hallucinations. Interestingly, in patients with prion disease, the abnormal protein canould also be found in the peripheral nervous system. Case reports of prion deposition in peripheral nerves have been reported. Peripheral nerve involvement is thought to be uncommon; however, little is known about the exact prevalence and features of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We reviewed autopsy-proven prion cases from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center that were diagnosed between September 2016 to March 2017. We collected information regarding prion protein diagnosis, demographics, comorbidities, clinical symptoms, physical exam, neuropathology, molecular subtype, genetics lab, brain MRI, image and EMG reports. Our study included 104 patients. Thirteen (12.5%) patients had either subjective symptoms or objective signs of peripheral neuropathy. Among these 13 patients, 3 had other known potential etiologies of peripheral neuropathy such as vitamin B12 deficiency or prior chemotherapy. Among 10 patients that had no other clear etiology, 3 (30%) had familial CJD. The most common sCJD subtype was MV1-2 (30%), followed by MM1-2 (20%). The Majority of cases wasere male (60%). Half of them had exposure to wild game. The most common subjective symptoms were tingling and/or numbness of distal extremities. The most common objective finding was diminished vibratory sensation in the feet. Half of them had an EMG with the findings ranging from fasciculations to axonal polyneuropathy or demyelinating polyneuropathy.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our study provides an overview of the pattern of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease. Among patients with peripheral neuropathy symptoms or signs, majority has polyneuropathy. It is important to document the baseline frequency of peripheral neuropathy in prion diseases as these symptoms may become important when conducting surveillance for potential novel zoonotic prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P177 PrP plaques in methionine homozygous Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abrams JY (1), Schonberger LB (1), Cali I (2), Cohen Y (2), Blevins JE (2), Maddox RA (1), Belay ED (1), Appleby BS (2), Cohen ML (2)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is widely believed to originate from de novo spontaneous conversion of normal prion protein (PrP) to its pathogenic form, but concern remains that some reported sporadic CJD cases may actually be caused by disease transmission via iatrogenic processes. For cases with methionine homozygosity (CJD-MM) at codon 129 of the PRNP gene, recent research has pointed to plaque-like PrP deposition as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission for a subset of cases. This phenotype is theorized to originate from specific iatrogenic source CJD types that comprise roughly a quarter of known CJD cases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We reviewed scientific literature for studies which described PrP plaques among CJD patients with known epidemiological links to iatrogenic transmission (receipt of cadaveric human grown hormone or dura mater), as well as in cases of reported sporadic CJD. The presence and description of plaques, along with CJD classification type and other contextual factors, were used to summarize the current evidence regarding plaques as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission. In addition, 523 cases of reported sporadic CJD cases in the US from January 2013 through September 2017 were assessed for presence of PrP plaques.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We identified four studies describing 52 total cases of CJD-MM among either dura mater recipients or growth hormone recipients, of which 30 were identified as having PrP plaques. While sporadic cases were not generally described as having plaques, we did identify case reports which described plaques among sporadic MM2 cases as well as case reports of plaques exclusively in white matter among sporadic MM1 cases. Among the 523 reported sporadic CJD cases, 0 of 366 MM1 cases had plaques, 2 of 48 MM2 cases had kuru plaques, and 4 of 109 MM1+2 cases had either kuru plaques or both kuru and florid plaques. Medical chart review of the six reported sporadic CJD cases with plaques did not reveal clinical histories suggestive of potential iatrogenic transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PrP plaques occur much more frequently for iatrogenic CJD-MM cases compared to sporadic CJDMM cases. Plaques may indicate iatrogenic transmission for CJD-MM cases without a type 2 Western blot fragment. The study results suggest the absence of significant misclassifications of iatrogenic CJD as sporadic. To our knowledge, this study is the first to describe grey matter kuru plaques in apparently sporadic CJD-MM patients with a type 2 Western blot fragment.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P180 Clinico-pathological analysis of human prion diseases in a brain bank series</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ximelis T (1), Aldecoa I (1,2), Molina-Porcel L (1,3), Grau-Rivera O (4), Ferrer I (5), Nos C (6), Gelpi E (1,7), Sánchez-Valle R (1,4)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobanc-Hospital ClÃnic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (2) Pathological Service of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (3) EAIA Trastorns Cognitius, Centre Emili Mira, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain (4) Department of Neurology of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (5) Institute of Neuropathology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona (6) General subdirectorate of Surveillance and Response to Emergencies in Public Health, Department of Public Health in Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain (7) Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background and objective:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Neurological Tissue Bank (NTB) of the Hospital Clínic-Institut d‘Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain is the reference center in Catalonia for the neuropathological study of prion diseases in the region since 2001. The aim of this study is to analyse the characteristics of the confirmed prion diseases registered at the NTB during the last 15 years.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We reviewed retrospectively all neuropathologically confirmed cases registered during the period January 2001 to December 2016.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">176 cases (54,3% female, mean age: 67,5 years and age range: 25-86 years) of neuropathological confirmed prion diseases have been studied at the NTB. 152 cases corresponded to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), 10 to genetic CJD, 10 to Fatal Familial Insomnia, 2 to GerstmannSträussler-Scheinker disease, and 2 cases to variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr). Within sCJD subtypes the MM1 subtype was the most frequent, followed by the VV2 histotype.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Clinical and neuropathological diagnoses agreed in 166 cases (94%). The clinical diagnosis was not accurate in 10 patients with definite prion disease: 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Fronto-temporal dementia (FTD), 1 Niemann-Pick‘s disease, 1 Lewy Body‘s Disease, 2 Alzheimer‘s disease, 1 Cortico-basal syndrome and 2 undetermined dementia. Among patients with VPSPr, 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and the other one with FTD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Concomitant pathologies are frequent in older age groups, mainly AD neuropathological changes were observed in these subjects.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Discussion:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A wide spectrum of human prion diseases have been identified in the NTB being the relative frequencies and main characteristics like other published series. There is a high rate of agreement between clinical and neuropathological diagnoses with prion diseases. These findings show the importance that public health has given to prion diseases during the past 15 years. Continuous surveillance of human prion disease allows identification of new emerging phenotypes. Brain tissue samples from these donors are available to the scientific community. For more information please visit:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P192 Prion amplification techniques for the rapid evaluation of surface decontamination procedures</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Bruyere-Ostells L (1), Mayran C (1), Belondrade M (1), Boublik Y (2), Haïk S (3), Fournier-Wirth C (1), Nicot S (1), Bougard D (1)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Pathogenesis and control of chronic infections, Etablissement Français du Sang, Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (2) Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (3) Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) or prion diseases are a group of incurable and always fatal neurodegenerative disorders including Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases (CJD) in humans. These pathologies include sporadic (sCJD), genetic and acquired (variant CJD) forms. By the past, sCJD and vCJD were transmitted by different prion contaminated biological materials to patients resulting in more than 400 iatrogenic cases (iCJD). The atypical nature and the biochemical properties of the infectious agent, formed by abnormal prion protein or PrPTSE, make it particularly resistant to conventional decontamination procedures. In addition, PrPTSE is widely distributed throughout the organism before clinical onset in vCJD and can also be detected in some peripheral tissues in sporadic CJD. Risk of iatrogenic transmission of CJD by contaminated medical device remains thus a concern for healthcare facilities. Bioassay is the gold standard method to evaluate the efficacy of prion decontamination procedures but is time-consuming and expensive. Here, we propose to compare in vitro prion amplification techniques: Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) and Real-Time Quaking Induced Conversion (RT-QuIC) for the detection of residual prions on surface after decontamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stainless steel wires, by mimicking the surface of surgical instruments, were proposed as a carrier model of prions for inactivation studies. To determine the sensitivity of the two amplification techniques on wires (Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC), steel wires were therefore contaminated with serial dilutions of brain homogenates (BH) from a 263k infected hamster and from a patient with sCJD (MM1 subtype). We then compared the different standard decontamination procedures including partially and fully efficient treatments by detecting the residual seeding activity on 263K and sCJD contaminated wires. We completed our study by the evaluation of marketed reagents endorsed for prion decontamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The two amplification techniques can detect minute quantities of PrPTSE adsorbed onto a single wire. 8/8 wires contaminated with a 10-6 dilution of 263k BH and 1/6 with the 10-8 dilution are positive with Surf-PMCA. Similar performances were obtained with Surf-QuIC on 263K: 10/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilution and 1/8 wires contaminated with 10-8 dilution are positive. Regarding the human sCJD-MM1 prion, Surf-QuIC allows us to detect 16/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilutions and 14/16 with 10-7 . Results obtained after decontamination treatments are very similar between 263K and sCJD prions. Efficiency of marketed treatments to remove prions is lower than expected.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC are very sensitive methods for the detection of prions on wires and could be applied to prion decontamination studies for rapid evaluation of new treatments. Sodium hypochlorite is the only product to efficiently remove seeding activity of both 263K and sCJD prions.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WA2 Oral transmission of CWD into Cynomolgus macaques: signs of atypical disease, prion conversion and infectivity in macaques and bio-assayed transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Schatzl HM (1, 2), Hannaoui S (1, 2), Cheng Y-C (1, 2), Gilch S (1, 2), Beekes M (3), SchulzSchaeffer W (4), Stahl-Hennig C (5) and Czub S (2, 6)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) University of Calgary, Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada (2) University of Calgary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calgary, Canada, (3) Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany, (4) University of Homburg/Saar, Homburg, Germany, (5) German Primate Center, Goettingen, Germany, (6) Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), Lethbridge, Canada.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To date, BSE is the only example of interspecies transmission of an animal prion disease into humans. The potential zoonotic transmission of CWD is an alarming issue and was addressed by many groups using a variety of in vitro and in vivo experimental systems. Evidence from these studies indicated a substantial, if not absolute, species barrier, aligning with the absence of epidemiological evidence suggesting transmission into humans. Studies in non-human primates were not conclusive so far, with oral transmission into new-world monkeys and no transmission into old-world monkeys. Our consortium has challenged 18 Cynomolgus macaques with characterized CWD material, focusing on oral transmission with muscle tissue. Some macaques have orally received a total of 5 kg of muscle material over a period of 2 years. After 5-7 years of incubation time some animals showed clinical symptoms indicative of prion disease, and prion neuropathology and PrPSc deposition were found in spinal cord and brain of euthanized animals. PrPSc in immunoblot was weakly detected in some spinal cord materials and various tissues tested positive in RT-QuIC, including lymph node and spleen homogenates. To prove prion infectivity in the macaque tissues, we have intracerebrally inoculated 2 lines of transgenic mice, expressing either elk or human PrP. At least 3 TgElk mice, receiving tissues from 2 different macaques, showed clinical signs of a progressive prion disease and brains were positive in immunoblot and RT-QuIC. Tissues (brain, spinal cord and spleen) from these and preclinical mice are currently tested using various read-outs and by second passage in mice. Transgenic mice expressing human PrP were so far negative for clear clinical prion disease (some mice >300 days p.i.). In parallel, the same macaque materials are inoculated into bank voles. Taken together, there is strong evidence of transmissibility of CWD orally into macaques and from macaque tissues into transgenic mouse models, although with an incomplete attack rate. The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology. Our ongoing studies will show whether the transmission of CWD into macaques and passage in transgenic mice represents a form of non-adaptive prion amplification, and whether macaque-adapted prions have the potential to infect mice expressing human PrP. The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">See also poster P103</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WA16 Monitoring Potential CWD Transmission to Humans</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Belay ED</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The spread of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in animals has raised concerns about increasing human exposure to the CWD agent via hunting and venison consumption, potentially facilitating CWD transmission to humans. Several studies have explored this possibility, including limited epidemiologic studies, in vitro experiments, and laboratory studies using various types of animal models. Most human exposures to the CWD agent in the United States would be expected to occur in association with deer and elk hunting in CWD-endemic areas. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) collaborated with state health departments in Colorado, Wisconsin, and Wyoming to identify persons at risk of CWD exposure and to monitor their vital status over time. Databases were established of persons who hunted in Colorado and Wyoming and those who reported consumption of venison from deer that later tested positive in Wisconsin. Information from the databases is periodically cross-checked with mortality data to determine the vital status and causes of death for deceased persons. Long-term follow-up of these hunters is needed to assess their risk of development of a prion disease linked to CWD exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P166 Characterization of CJD strain profiles in venison consumers and non-consumers from Alberta and Saskatchewan</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stephanie Booth (1,2), Lise Lamoureux (1), Debra Sorensen (1), Jennifer L. Myskiw (1,2), Megan Klassen (1,2), Michael Coulthart (3), Valerie Sim (4)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg (2) Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (3) Canadian CJD Surveillance System, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (4) Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is spreading rapidly through wild cervid populations in the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. While this has implications for tourism and hunting, there is also concern over possible zoonotic transmission to humans who eat venison from infected deer. Whilst there is no evidence of any human cases of CWD to date, the Canadian CJD Surveillance System (CJDSS) in Canada is staying vigilant. When variant CJD occurred following exposure to BSE, the unique biochemical fingerprint of the pathologic PrP enabled a causal link to be confirmed. However, we cannot be sure what phenotype human CWD prions would present with, or indeed, whether this would be distinct from that see in sporadic CJD. Therefore we are undertaking a systematic analysis of the molecular diversity of CJD cases of individuals who resided in Alberta and Saskatchewan at their time of death comparing venison consumers and non-consumers, using a variety of clinical, imaging, pathological and biochemical markers. Our initial objective is to develop novel biochemical methodologies that will extend the baseline glycoform and genetic polymorphism typing that is already completed by the CJDSS. Firstly, we are reviewing MRI, EEG and pathology information from over 40 cases of CJD to select clinically affected areas for further investigation. Biochemical analysis will include assessment of the levels of protease sensitive and resistant prion protein, glycoform typing using 2D gel electrophoresis, testing seeding capabilities and kinetics of aggregation by quaking-induced conversion, and determining prion oligomer size distributions with asymmetric flow field fractionation with in-line light scattering. Progress and preliminary data will be presented. Ultimately, we intend to further define the relationship between PrP structure and disease phenotype and establish a baseline for the identification of future atypical CJD cases that may arise as a result of exposure to CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Source Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/</a> </div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Volume 24, Number 8—August 2018 </span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-size: 30.2px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 3px; outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Research Susceptibility of Human Prion Protein to Conversion by Chronic Wasting Disease Prions</span></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Marcelo A. BarriaComments to Author , Adriana Libori, Gordon Mitchell, and Mark W. Head Author affiliations: National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (M.A. Barria, A. Libori, M.W. Head); National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Scrapie and CWD, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (G. Mitchell)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal neurodegenerative disease and a serious animal health issue for deer and elk in North America. The identification of the first cases of CWD among free-ranging reindeer and moose in Europe brings back into focus the unresolved issue of whether CWD can be zoonotic like bovine spongiform encephalopathy. We used a cell-free seeded protein misfolding assay to determine whether CWD prions from elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer in North America can convert the human prion protein to the disease-associated form. We found that prions can convert, but the efficiency of conversion is affected by polymorphic variation in the cervid and human prion protein genes. In view of the similarity of reindeer, elk, and white-tailed deer in North America to reindeer, red deer, and roe deer, respectively, in Europe, a more comprehensive and thorough assessment of the zoonotic potential of CWD might be warranted.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Discussion Characterization of the transmission properties of CWD and evaluation of their zoonotic potential are important for public health purposes. Given that CWD affects several members of the family Cervidae, it seems reasonable to consider whether the zoonotic potential of CWD prions could be affected by factors such as CWD strain, cervid species, geographic location, and Prnp–PRNP polymorphic variation. We have previously used an in vitro conversion assay (PMCA) to investigate the susceptibility of the human PrP to conversion to its disease-associated form by several animal prion diseases, including CWD (15,16,22). The sensitivity of our molecular model for the detection of zoonotic conversion depends on the combination of 1) the action of proteinase K to degrade the abundant human PrPC that constitutes the substrate while only N terminally truncating any human PrPres produced and 2) the presence of the 3F4 epitope on human but not cervid PrP. In effect, this degree of sensitivity means that any human PrPres formed during the PMCA reaction can be detected down to the limit of Western blot sensitivity. In contrast, if other antibodies that detect both cervid and human PrP are used, such as 6H4, then newly formed human PrPres must be detected as a measurable increase in PrPres over the amount remaining in the reaction product from the cervid seed. Although best known for the efficient amplification of prions in research and diagnostic contexts, the variation of the PMCA method employed in our study is optimized for the definitive detection of zoonotic reaction products of inherently inefficient conversion reactions conducted across species barriers. By using this system, we previously made and reported the novel observation that elk CWD prions could convert human PrPC from human brain and could also convert recombinant human PrPC expressed in transgenic mice and eukaryotic cell cultures (15).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A previous publication suggested that mule deer PrPSc was unable to convert humanized transgenic substrate in PMCA assays (23) and required a further step of in vitro conditioning in deer substrate PMCA before it was able to cross the deer–human molecular barrier (24). However, prions from other species, such as elk (15) and reindeer affected by CWD, appear to be compatible with the human protein in a single round of amplification (as shown in our study). These observations suggest that different deer species affected by CWD could present differing degrees of the olecular compatibility with the normal form of human PrP.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The contribution of the polymorphism at codon 129 of the human PrP gene has been extensively studied and is recognized as a risk factor for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (4). In cervids, the equivalent codon corresponds to the position 132 encoding methionine or leucine. This polymorphism in the elk gene has been shown to play an important role in CWD susceptibility (25,26). We have investigated the effect of this cervid Prnp polymorphism on the conversion of the humanized transgenic substrate according to the variation in the equivalent PRNP codon 129 polymorphism. Interestingly, only the homologs methionine homozygous seed–substrate reactions could readily convert the human PrP, whereas the heterozygous elk PrPSc was unable to do so, even though comparable amounts of PrPres were used to seed the reaction. In addition, we observed only low levels of human PrPres formation in the reactions seeded with the homozygous methionine (132 MM) and the heterozygous (132 ML) seeds incubated with the other 2 human polymorphic substrates (129 MV and 129 VV). The presence of the amino acid leucine at position 132 of the elk Prnp gene has been attributed to a lower degree of prion conversion compared with methionine on the basis of experiments in mice made transgenic for these polymorphic variants (26). Considering the differences observed for the amplification of the homozygous human methionine substrate by the 2 polymorphic elk seeds (MM and ML), reappraisal of the susceptibility of human PrPC by the full range of cervid polymorphic variants affected by CWD would be warranted.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In light of the recent identification of the first cases of CWD in Europe in a free-ranging reindeer (R. tarandus) in Norway (2), we also decided to evaluate the in vitro conversion potential of CWD in 2 experimentally infected reindeer (18). Formation of human PrPres was readily detectable after a single round of PMCA, and in all 3 humanized polymorphic substrates (MM, MV, and VV). This finding suggests that CWD prions from reindeer could be more compatible with human PrPC generally and might therefore present a greater risk for zoonosis than, for example, CWD prions from white-tailed deer. A more comprehensive comparison of CWD in the affected species, coupled with the polymorphic variations in the human and deer PRNP–Prnp genes, in vivo and in vitro, will be required before firm conclusions can be drawn. Analysis of the Prnp sequence of the CWD reindeer in Norway was reported to be identical to the specimens used in our study (2). This finding raises the possibility of a direct comparison of zoonotic potential between CWD acquired in the wild and that produced in a controlled laboratory setting. (Table).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The prion hypothesis proposes that direct molecular interaction between PrPSc and PrPC is necessary for conversion and prion replication. Accordingly, polymorphic variants of the PrP of host and agent might play a role in determining compatibility and potential zoonotic risk. In this study, we have examined the capacity of the human PrPC to support in vitro conversion by elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer CWD PrPSc. Our data confirm that elk CWD prions can convert the human PrPC, at least in vitro, and show that the homologous PRNP polymorphisms at codon 129 and 132 in humans and cervids affect conversion efficiency. Other species affected by CWD, particularly caribou or reindeer, also seem able to convert the human PrP. It will be important to determine whether other polymorphic variants found in other CWD-affected Cervidae or perhaps other factors (17) exert similar effects on the ability to convert human PrP and thus affect their zoonotic potential.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dr. Barria is a research scientist working at the National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh. His research has focused on understanding the molecular basis of a group of fatal neurologic disorders called prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgments We thank Aru Balachandran for originally providing cervid brain tissues, Abigail Diack and Jean Manson for providing mouse brain tissue, and James Ironside for his critical reading of the manuscript at an early stage.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This report is independent research commissioned and funded by the United Kingdom’s Department of Health Policy Research Programme and the Government of Scotland. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Department of Health or the Government of Scotland.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author contributions: The study was conceived and designed by M.A.B. and M.W.H. The experiments were conducted by M.A.B. and A.L. Chronic wasting disease brain specimens were provided by G.M. The manuscript was written by M.A.B. and M.W.H. All authors contributed to the editing and revision of the manuscript.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion</a></div></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Prion 2017 Conference Abstracts</span></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none !important;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">First evidence of intracranial and peroral transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) into Cynomolgus macaques: a work in progress Stefanie Czub1, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer2, Christiane Stahl-Hennig3, Michael Beekes4, Hermann Schaetzl5 and Dirk Motzkus6 1 </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine/Canadian Food Inspection Agency; 2Universitatsklinikum des Saarlandes und Medizinische Fakultat der Universitat des Saarlandes; 3 Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen; 4 Robert-Koch-Institut Berlin; 5 University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; 6 presently: Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center; previously: Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">This is a progress report of a project which started in 2009. </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">21 cynomolgus macaques were challenged with characterized CWD material from white-tailed deer (WTD) or elk by intracerebral (ic), oral, and skin exposure routes. Additional blood transfusion experiments are supposed to assess the CWD contamination risk of human blood product. Challenge materials originated from symptomatic cervids for ic, skin scarification and partially per oral routes (WTD brain). Challenge material for feeding of muscle derived from preclinical WTD and from preclinical macaques for blood transfusion experiments. We have confirmed that the CWD challenge material contained at least two different CWD agents (brain material) as well as CWD prions in muscle-associated nerves. </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Here we present first data on a group of animals either challenged ic with steel wires or per orally and sacrificed with incubation times ranging from 4.5 to 6.9 years at postmortem. Three animals displayed signs of mild clinical disease, including anxiety, apathy, ataxia and/or tremor. In four animals wasting was observed, two of those had confirmed diabetes. All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals. Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuiC) and PET-blot assays to further substantiate these findings are on the way, as well as bioassays in bank voles and transgenic mice. </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">At present, a total of 10 animals are sacrificed and read-outs are ongoing. Preclinical incubation of the remaining macaques covers a range <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">from 6.4 to 7.10</span> years. Based on the species barrier and an incubation time of > 5 years for BSE in macaques and about 10 years for scrapie in macaques, we expected an onset of clinical disease beyond 6 years post inoculation. </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">PRION 2017 DECIPHERING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS ABSTRACTS REFERENCE</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 23, 2019 </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion and THE FEAST 2003 CDC an updated review of the science 2019 </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 04, 2014 </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Six-year follow-up of a point-source exposure to CWD contaminated venison in an Upstate New York community: risk behaviours and health outcomes 2005–2011 Authors, though, acknowledged the study was limited in geography and sample size and so it couldn't draw a conclusion about the risk to humans. They recommended more study. Dr. Ermias Belay was the report's principal author but he said New York and Oneida County officials are following the proper course by not launching a study. "There's really nothing to monitor presently. No one's sick," Belay said, noting the disease's incubation period in deer and elk is measured in years. " </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Transmission Studies Mule deer transmissions of CWD were by intracerebral inoculation and compared with natural cases {the following was written but with a single line marked through it ''first passage (by this route)}....TSS resulted in a more rapidly progressive clinical disease with repeated episodes of synocopy ending in coma. One control animal became affected, it is believed through contamination of inoculum (?saline). Further CWD transmissions were carried out by Dick Marsh into ferret, mink and squirrel monkey. Transmission occurred in ALL of these species with the shortest incubation period in the ferret. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip.... </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Prion Infectivity in Fat of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease▿ </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Brent Race#, Kimberly Meade-White#, Richard Race and Bruce Chesebro* + Author Affiliations In mice, prion infectivity was recently detected in fat. Since ruminant fat is consumed by humans and fed to animals, we determined infectivity titers in fat from two CWD-infected deer. Deer fat devoid of muscle contained low levels of CWD infectivity and might be a risk factor for prion infection of other species. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Prions in Skeletal Muscles of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease Here bioassays in transgenic mice expressing cervid prion protein revealed the presence of infectious prions in skeletal muscles of CWD-infected deer, demonstrating that humans consuming or handling meat from CWD-infected deer are at risk to prion exposure. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> *** now, let’s see what the authors said about this casual link, personal communications years ago, and then the latest on the zoonotic potential from CWD to humans from the TOKYO PRION 2016 CONFERENCE. see where it is stated NO STRONG evidence. so, does this mean there IS casual evidence ???? “Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans” </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">From: TSS Subject: CWD aka MAD DEER/ELK TO HUMANS ??? </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Date: September 30, 2002 at 7:06 am PST </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">From: "Belay, Ermias" </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">To: Cc: "Race, Richard (NIH)" ; ; "Belay, Ermias" </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Sent: Monday, September 30, 2002 9:22 AM Subject: RE: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Dear Sir/Madam, In the Archives of Neurology you quoted (the abstract of which was attached to your email), we did not say CWD in humans will present like variant CJD.. That assumption would be wrong. I encourage you to read the whole article and call me if you have questions or need more clarification (phone: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">404-639-3091</span></span>). </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Also, we do not claim that "no-one has ever been infected with prion disease from eating venison." Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans in the article you quoted or in any other forum is limited to the patients we investigated. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Ermias Belay, M.D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">-----Original Message----- From: </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Sent: Sunday, September 29, 2002 10:15 AM To: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">rr26k@nih.gov</span></span>; <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">rrace@niaid.nih.gov</span></span>; <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">ebb8@CDC.GOV</span></span> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Subject: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Sunday, November 10, 2002 6:26 PM .......snip........end..............TSS </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Thursday, April 03, 2008 </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease 2008 1: Vet Res. 2008 Apr 3;39(4):41 A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease Sigurdson CJ. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip... *** twenty-seven CJD patients who regularly consumed venison were reported to the Surveillance Center***, </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip... full text ; </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">sporadic, spontaneous CJD, 85%+ of all human TSE, did not just happen. never in scientific literature has this been proven. if one looks up the word sporadic or spontaneous at pubmed, you will get a laundry list of disease that are classified in such a way; </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">sporadic = 54,983 hits </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic</a><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">spontaneous = 325,650 hits </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous</a><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">key word here is 'reported'. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can't, and it's as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it's being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. ...terry </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people.<br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;">key word here is ‘reported’. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can’t, and it’s as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it’s being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. …terry</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;">*** These results would seem to suggest that CWD does indeed have zoonotic potential, at least as judged by the compatibility of CWD prions and their human PrPC target. Furthermore, extrapolation from this simple in vitro assay suggests that if zoonotic CWD occurred, it would most likely effect those of the PRNP codon 129-MM genotype and that the PrPres type would be similar to that found in the most common subtype of sCJD (MM1).***</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys</a></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true</a></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: white; color: #196ad4; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD TSE PRION AND ZOONOTIC, ZOONOSIS, POTENTIAL</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: Re: DEER SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY SURVEY & HOUND STUDY </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: Fri, 18 Oct 2002 23:12:22 +0100 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: Steve Dealler </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Organization: Netscape Online member </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: BSE-L@ References: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dear Terry,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">An excellent piece of review as this literature is desperately difficult to get back from Government sites.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">What happened with the deer was that an association between deer meat eating and sporadic CJD was found in about 1993. The evidence was not great but did not disappear after several years of asking CJD cases what they had eaten. I think that the work into deer disease largely stopped because it was not helpful to the UK industry...and no specific cases were reported. Well, if you dont look adequately like they are in USA currenly then you wont find any!</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Steve Dealler </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM THIRD ANNUAL REPORT AUGUST 1994</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Consumption of venison and veal was much less widespread among both cases and controls. For both of these meats there was evidence of a trend with increasing frequency of consumption being associated with increasing risk of CJD. (not nvCJD, but sporadic CJD...tss) These associations were largely unchanged when attention was restricted to pairs with data obtained from relatives. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Table 9 presents the results of an analysis of these data.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is STRONG evidence of an association between ‘’regular’’ veal eating and risk of CJD (p = .0.01).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Individuals reported to eat veal on average at least once a year appear to be at 13 TIMES THE RISK of individuals who have never eaten veal.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is, however, a very wide confidence interval around this estimate. There is no strong evidence that eating veal less than once per year is associated with increased risk of CJD (p = 0.51).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is some evidence that risk of CJD INCREASES WITH INCREASING FREQUENCY OF LAMB EATING (p = 0.02).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The evidence for such an association between beef eating and CJD is weaker (p = 0.14). When only controls for whom a relative was interviewed are included, this evidence becomes a little STRONGER (p = 0.08).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It was found that when veal was included in the model with another exposure, the association between veal and CJD remained statistically significant (p = < 0.05 for all exposures), while the other exposures ceased to be statistically significant (p = > 0.05).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In conclusion, an analysis of dietary histories revealed statistical associations between various meats/animal products and INCREASED RISK OF CJD. When some account was taken of possible confounding, the association between VEAL EATING AND RISK OF CJD EMERGED AS THE STRONGEST OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS STATISTICALLY. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the study in the USA, a range of foodstuffs were associated with an increased risk of CJD, including liver consumption which was associated with an apparent SIX-FOLD INCREASE IN THE RISK OF CJD. By comparing the data from 3 studies in relation to this particular dietary factor, the risk of liver consumption became non-significant with an odds ratio of 1.2 (PERSONAL COMMUNICATION, PROFESSOR A. HOFMAN. ERASMUS UNIVERSITY, ROTTERDAM). (???...TSS)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full report ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stephen Dealler is a consultant medical microbiologist <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">deal@airtime.co.uk</span> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE Inquiry Steve Dealler</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Management In Confidence</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE: Private Submission of Bovine Brain Dealler</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> MAD DOGS AND ENGLISHMEN BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, CJD, TSE PRION A REVIEW 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> ''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> In conclusion, sensory symptoms and loss of reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome can be explained by neuropathological changes in the spinal cord. We conclude that the sensory symptoms and loss of lower limb reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome is due to pathology in the caudal spinal cord. <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology.<*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD. <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals.<*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids.'' Scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease (II) <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, MAY 11, 2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">> A Unique Presentation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in a Patient Consuming Deer Antler Velvet <</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusion</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We believe that our patient’s case of CJD is highly suspicious for cervid etiology given the circumstances of the case as well as the strong evidence of plausibility reported in published literature. This is the first known case of CJD in a patient who had consumed deer antler velvet. Despite the confirmed diagnosis of CJD, a causal relationship between the patient’s disease and his consumption of deer antler velvet cannot be definitively concluded.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Supplemental data including molecular tissue sample analysis and autopsy findings could yield further supporting evidence. Given this patient’s clinical resemblance to CBD and the known histological similarities of CBD with CJD, clinicians should consider both diseases in the differential diagnosis of patients with a similarly esoteric presentation. Regardless of the origin of this patient’s disease, it is clear that the potential for prion transmission from cervids to humans should be further investigated by the academic community with considerable urgency.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''We believe that our patient’s case of CJD is highly suspicious for cervid etiology given the circumstances of the case as well as the strong evidence of plausibility reported in published literature. This is the first known case of CJD in a patient who had consumed deer antler velvet. Despite the confirmed diagnosis of CJD, a causal relationship between the patient’s disease and his consumption of deer antler velvet cannot be definitively concluded.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE: A Unique Presentation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in a Patient Consuming Deer Antler Velvet</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i was warning England and the BSE Inquiry about just this, way back in 1998, and was ask to supply information to the BSE Inquiry. for anyone that might be interested, see;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary submission to the BSE Inquiry on CJD and Nutritional Supplements 1998</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ABOUT that deer antler spray and CWD TSE PRION... I have been screaming this since my neighbors mom died from cjd, and she had been taking a supplement that contained bovine brain, bovine eyeball, and other SRMs specified risk materials, the most high risk for mad cow disease. just saying...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I made a submission to the BSE Inquiry long ago during the BSE Inquiry days, and they seemed pretty interested.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sender: "Patricia Cantos"</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: "Terry S Singeltary Sr. (E-mail)"</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: Your submission to the Inquiry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: Fri, 3 Jul 1998 10:10:05 +0100 3 July 1998</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Mr Terry S Singeltary Sr. E-Mail: Flounder at <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">wt.net</span> Ref: E2979</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dear Mr Singeltary, Thank you for your E-mail message of the 30th of June 1998 providing the Inquiry with your further comments. Thank you for offering to provide the Inquiry with any test results on the nutritional supplements your mother was taking before she died. As requested I am sending you our general Information Pack and a copy of the Chairman's letter. Please contact me if your system cannot read the attachments. Regarding your question, the Inquiry is looking into many aspects of the scientific evidence on BSE and nvCJD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I would refer you to the transcripts of evidence we have already heard which are found on our internet site at ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">http://www.bse.org.uk</span>.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Could you please provide the Inquiry with a copy of the press article you refer to in your e-mail? If not an approximate date for the article so that we can locate it? In the meantime, thank you for you comments. Please do not hesitate to contact me on... snip...end...tss</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">everyone I tell this too gets it screwed up...MY MOTHER WAS NOT TAKING THOSE SUPPLEMENTS IPLEX (that I ever knew of). this was my neighbors mother that died exactly one year previously and to the day of sporadic CJD that was diagnosed as Alzheimer’s at first. my mother died exactly a year later from the Heidenhain Variant of Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease hvCJD, and exceedingly rare strains of the ever growing sporadic CJD’s. both cases confirmed. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">kind regards, terry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TSEs i.e. mad cow disease's BSE/BASE and NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS IPLEX, mad by standard process; vacuum dried bovine BRAIN, bone meal, bovine EYE, veal Bone, bovine liver powder, bovine adrenal, vacuum dried bovine kidney, and vacuum dried porcine stomach. also; what about potential mad cow candy bars ? see their potential mad cow candy bar list too... THESE are just a few of MANY of just this ONE COMPANY...TSS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''So, in sum, dietary supplements sold in the United States often contain ruminant tissues from undisclosed sources. Personally, I am rather squeamish and I don't think I would be eating prostate or testicle or pituitary, but I am also a little bit wary of consuming products with those glands, not just out of personal repugnance but simply out of a health concern.'' DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION CENTER FOR BIOLOGICS EVALUATION AND RESEARCH TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES ADVISORY COMMITTEE Friday, January 19, 2001</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15 Open Public Hearing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">16 DR. FREAS: We are opening the open public hearing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 now. We have received one response to speak in this</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">18 afternoon's open public hearing. That is from Dr. Scott</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">19 Norton. If Dr. Norton is here, would you please come</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">20 forward. You can either use the podium or the microphone,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">21 whichever is your choice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 DR. NORTON: I am Scott Norton and I am a</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23 physician in the Washington D.C. area. I am here speaking</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">24 as a private citizen today.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">25 I first became concerned about the presence of 231</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1 tissues from ruminant animals in dietary supplements about</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2 six months ago and expressed my concern in a letter that was 3 published in New England Journal of Medicine in July of Year 4 2000. 5 A couple of the products that I had looked at, and 6 examined their labels, that raised these concerns I brought 7 in right here. I will just read some of the organs that are 8 found in one that is called Male Power. Deer antler, 9 pancreas, orchic--despite what we just heard that the FDA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">10 prefers the term "testicular tissue" to be written on the</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">11 labels, I have never seen a dietary supplement say</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">12 "testicle." They always say "orchis" or "orchic" which may</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">13 sound rather flowery to the etymologically impaired--thymus,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">14 adrenal, heart, lymph node, prostate, spleen and pituitary.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15 There are actually seventeen organs in that particular</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">16 product.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 There is another product that is called Brain</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">18 Nutrition that tells us that it is vitamins and minerals</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">19 essential for important brain function. It does not mention</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">20 that there is any glandulars on at least the bold print. 21 But if you look at the small print on the back, we learn</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 that it has brain extract and pituitary extract, raw, in</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23 there.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">24 We know that many of the organs that can be found</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">25 in the dietary supplements do fall in that list of organs</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">232</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1 that are suspect for contamination with TSEs, the labels, in 2 nearly all cases, identify neither the animal source nor the 3 geographic location from which the organs were derived. I 4 have seen one line that did specify from New Zealand cattle 5 but no other manufacturer will list either the species or 6 the geographic location. 7 The FDA's and the USDA's import alerts that we 8 just learned about prohibit the use of these organs in 9 foods, medicines and medical devices. But my reading of the</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">10 alert, 17-04, suggests that DSHEA does allow some loopholes</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">11 for these tissues to possible slip in.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">12 I will just read <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">from 17-04</span> that we heard. On the</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">13 first page, it says that, "This alert does not establish any</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">14 obligations on regulated entities." I love seeing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15 legislation that starts out with that caveat.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">16 Then it says, further, "The USDA regulations do</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 not apply to bovine-derived materials intended for human</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">18 consumption as finished dietary supplements." We also learn</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">19 that the prohibition, or the import alert, is limited to</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">20 bulk lots of these tissues, completed tissues, from BSE-</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">21 derived countries. It does not mention if it is not a bulk</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 import or if it is raw materials rather than finished</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23 materials.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">24 Further, we know that it is strongly recommended</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">25 but not actually prohibited in the language here. So I have</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">233</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1 not taken the assurances from that import alert that Dr. 2 Moore was trying to convey to us. 3 So, in sum, dietary supplements sold in the United 4 States often contain ruminant tissues from undisclosed 5 sources. Personally, I am rather squeamish and I don't 6 think I would be eating prostate or testicle or pituitary, 7 but I am also a little bit wary of consuming products with 8 those glands, not just out of personal repugnance but simply 9 out of a health concern.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">10 So my question to the advisory committee is this;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">11 is my caution reasonable and, if it is, should we take</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">12 further efforts to inform, or even protect, the American</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">13 public from such exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">14 I was curious about Dr.</span> Moore's remarks. I sensed</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15 two messages. One was the initial reassurance that FDA has</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">16 the regulatory authority but then I also learned that it is</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 the manufacturer's responsibility to provide those 18 assurances, that the FDA doesn't actually inspect.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">19 I think that the FDA commissioners from Harvey</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">20 Wylie to David Kessler would say that that track record has</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">21 proven itself.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 Thank you very much.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23 [Applause.]</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">24 DR. BROWN: Thanks, Dr. Norton. 25 Committee Discussion snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 But I think that we could exhibit some quite 18 reasonable concern about blood donors who are taking dietary 19 supplements that contain a certain amount of unspecified- 20 origin brain, brain-related, brain and pituitary material. 21 If they have done this for more than a sniff or something 22 like that, then, perhaps, they should be deferred as blood 23 donors. 24 That is probably worse than spending six months in 25 the U.K. 1/19/01 3681t2.rtf(845) page 501 <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/cber01.htm</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Advisory Committees: CBER 2001 Meeting Documents</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see actual paper;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20110616...ov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t2.rtf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20110616...ov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t2.rtf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Mar03/031403/96N-0417-EC-2.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Mar03/031403/96N-0417-EC-2.htm</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_07.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_07.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">-------- Original Message --------</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: METABOLIFE AND TSEs GAO-03-494 ''URGENT DATA''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: Thu, 01 May 2003 11:23:01 -0500</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: NelliganJ at <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">gao.gov</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The General Accounting Office (GAO) today released the following reports and testimonies:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">REPORTS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1. Dietary Supplements: Review of Health-Related Call Records for Users of Metabolife 356. GAO-03-494, <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">March 31.</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-03-494" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-03-494</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see updated url link;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050205084229/http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20050205084229/http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">GREETINGS GAO:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i was surprised that i did not see any listing of bovine tissue in metabolife on it's label. have they ceased using these desiccated tissues???</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i see that the lable on this product METABOLIFE 356, does not state that it has any tissues of desiccated bovine organs? i no the product use to, so i am curious if they have ceased the use of the tissues of cattle they use to use (see below)???</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">METABOLIFE 356 BOVINE COMPLEX/GLANDULAR SYSTEM OVARIES, PROSTATE, SCROTUM AND ADRENAL USDA SOURCE CATTLE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i tried warning them years ago of this potential threat of CJD/TSEs;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: Randy Smith To: "'flounder at <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">wt.net</span>'" Subject: Metabolife Date: Mon, 7 Dec 1998 14:21:35 -0800</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dear Sir,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We are looking at reformulation. I agree that slow virus diseases present a problem in some areas of the world.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our product uses healthy USDA inspected cattle for the glandular extract.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">If you have any links to more information on this subject I would like to examine them.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Thank you for your interest and concern,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dr. Smith ============</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see full text links of this archived information ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/03/chronic-wasting-disease-prions-in-elk.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/03/chronic-wasting-disease-prions-in-elk.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/ohio-division-of-wildlife-confirms.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/ohio-division-of-wildlife-confirms.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/124/additional-cases-marion-wyandot-counties" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/124/additional-cases-marion-wyandot-counties</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">with that, there is abundance of other scientific studies that show it's very likely CWD will or already has, transmit to humans, it's just that no one wants to believe it, they simply don't want it to happen, neither do i, but in the real world, imo, it's already happened and is being masked as sporadic CJD imo, you can see this science archived here, skroll down to about the halfway point of this blog on the recent cases of cwd in Texas;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see about half way down to;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> PRION CONFERENCE 2022 ABSTRACTS CWD TSE PrP ZOONOSIS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/texas-cwd-now-confirmed-505-cervid-101.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/texas-cwd-now-confirmed-505-cervid-101.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">creutzfeldt jakob disease IS NOT ONE IN A MILLION!</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">2023 COLLINGE ET AL, 1 IN 5,000!</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp70f9bee8yiv4446386101ydp14f8fcfyiv7563130031ydp9624c983yiv1716088967ydpb51b86f2yiv8296120965ydp5066c434yiv6636943674ydp7cf26efayiv5525069040ydp8aa3ee25yiv7404456984s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important;">Professor John Collinge on tackling prion diseases, sCJD accounts for around 1 in 5000 deaths worldwide<br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp70f9bee8yiv4446386101ydp14f8fcfyiv7563130031ydp9624c983yiv1716088967ydpb51b86f2yiv8296120965ydp5066c434yiv6636943674ydp7cf26efayiv5525069040ydp8aa3ee25yiv7404456984s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp70f9bee8yiv4446386101ydp14f8fcfyiv7563130031ydp9624c983yiv1716088967ydpb51b86f2yiv8296120965ydp5066c434yiv6636943674ydp7cf26efayiv5525069040ydp8aa3ee25yiv7404456984s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important;">MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 11, 2023 <br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp70f9bee8yiv4446386101ydp14f8fcfyiv7563130031ydp9624c983yiv1716088967ydpb51b86f2yiv8296120965ydp5066c434yiv6636943674ydp7cf26efayiv5525069040ydp8aa3ee25yiv7404456984s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp70f9bee8yiv4446386101ydp14f8fcfyiv7563130031ydp9624c983yiv1716088967ydpb51b86f2yiv8296120965ydp5066c434yiv6636943674ydp7cf26efayiv5525069040ydp8aa3ee25yiv7404456984s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important;">Professor John Collinge on tackling prion diseases </span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp70f9bee8yiv4446386101ydp14f8fcfyiv7563130031ydp9624c983yiv1716088967ydpb51b86f2yiv8296120965ydp5066c434yiv6636943674ydp7cf26efayiv5525069040ydp8aa3ee25yiv7404456984s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp70f9bee8yiv4446386101ydp14f8fcfyiv7563130031ydp9624c983yiv1716088967ydpb51b86f2yiv8296120965ydp5066c434yiv6636943674ydp7cf26efayiv5525069040ydp8aa3ee25yiv7404456984s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important;">“The best-known human prion disease is sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), a rapidly progressive dementia which accounts for around 1 in 5000 deaths worldwide.”</span></div></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp70f9bee8yiv4446386101ydp14f8fcfyiv7563130031ydp9624c983yiv1716088967ydpb51b86f2yiv8296120965ydp5066c434yiv6636943674ydp7cf26efayiv5525069040ydp8aa3ee25yiv7404456984s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp70f9bee8yiv4446386101ydp14f8fcfyiv7563130031ydp9624c983yiv1716088967ydpb51b86f2yiv8296120965ydp5066c434yiv6636943674ydp7cf26efayiv5525069040ydp8aa3ee25yiv7404456984s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important;">There is accumulating evidence also for iatrogenic AD. Understanding prion biology, and in particular how propagation of prions leads to neurodegeneration, is therefore of central research importance in medicine.<br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp70f9bee8yiv4446386101ydp14f8fcfyiv7563130031ydp9624c983yiv1716088967ydpb51b86f2yiv8296120965ydp5066c434yiv6636943674ydp7cf26efayiv5525069040ydp8aa3ee25yiv7404456984s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp70f9bee8yiv4446386101ydp14f8fcfyiv7563130031ydp9624c983yiv1716088967ydpb51b86f2yiv8296120965ydp5066c434yiv6636943674ydp7cf26efayiv5525069040ydp8aa3ee25yiv7404456984s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/brain-sciences/dementia-ucl-priority/professor-john-collinge-tackling-prion-diseases" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ucl.ac.uk/brain-sciences/dementia-ucl-priority/professor-john-collinge-tackling-prion-diseases</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp70f9bee8yiv4446386101ydp14f8fcfyiv7563130031ydp9624c983yiv1716088967ydpb51b86f2yiv8296120965ydp5066c434yiv6636943674ydp7cf26efayiv5525069040ydp8aa3ee25yiv7404456984s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp70f9bee8yiv4446386101ydp14f8fcfyiv7563130031ydp9624c983yiv1716088967ydpb51b86f2yiv8296120965ydp5066c434yiv6636943674ydp7cf26efayiv5525069040ydp8aa3ee25yiv7404456984s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">February 14, 2001</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary, Sr</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author Affiliations</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">JAMA. 2001;285(6):733-734. doi:10-1001/pubs.JAMA-ISSN-0098-7484-285-6-jlt0214 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To the Editor: In their Research Letter, Dr Gibbons and colleagues1 reported that the annual US death rate due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has been stable since 1985. These estimates, however, are based only on reported cases, and do not include misdiagnosed or preclinical cases. It seems to me that misdiagnosis alone would drastically change these figures. An unknown number of persons with a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in fact may have CJD, although only a small number of these patients receive the postmortem examination necessary to make this diagnosis. Furthermore, only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies should be reportable nationwide and internationally.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1031186" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1031186</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">terry</div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37946824.post-75877408011367377832023-11-02T15:19:00.004-05:002023-11-02T15:19:28.912-05:00Michigan DNR reports Ogemaw County’s first CWD-positive deer in Klacking Township, Ogemaw County<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Michigan DNR reports Ogemaw County’s first CWD-positive deer in Klacking Township, Ogemaw County</span></p><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Oct. 31, 2023</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Contact: Chad Stewart, 517-282-4810</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">DNR reports Ogemaw County’s first CWD-positive deer; hunters in north-central part of county encouraged to check deer A 4-year-old doe that was reported to be in poor condition – skinny, drooling and showing no fear of people – in Klacking Township, Ogemaw County, recently tested positive for chronic wasting disease. It is the first CWD-positive wild deer from that county, a finding confirmed by the University of Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory in Madison, which works with the Michigan Department of Natural Resources to identify CWD in Michigan’s wild herd.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">CWD is a fatal neurological disease that affects white-tailed deer, elk and moose. To date, the disease also has been detected in the following Michigan counties: Clinton, Dickinson, Eaton, Gratiot, Hillsdale, Ingham, Ionia, Isabella, Jackson, Kent, Midland and Montcalm.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">“When we find chronic wasting disease in a brand-new location, where previous intensive surveillance has not yet been done, it becomes extremely important for wildlife disease managers to understand where additional cases might be within that county,” said DNR deer and elk specialist Chad Stewart. “In light of this new detection, we are offering additional opportunities for those interested in getting their deer tested for CWD in Ogemaw County.”</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">A drop box for CWD testing will be available at the Rifle River Recreation Area headquarters, located at 2550 Rose City Road in Lupton, starting Friday, Nov. 3. The check station typically operated at the DNR field office located at 410 Fairview Road in West Branch will be open Nov. 15-30 from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. The field office will be closed Nov. 23-24 for the Thanksgiving holiday. Self-service test kits, typically available in other locations where CWD has been identified, will not be available in Ogemaw County due to concerns of bovine tuberculosis disease transmission in the county.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Stewart said that CWD is not common among deer in Michigan, and the hunting community can continue to play a key role in assisting the department in disease-testing efforts.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">“The DNR sets surveillance goals – basically, a number of deer tested in a particular area – to understand the scale of infection in the local deer herd,” he said. “The closer we come to meeting these goals, the more data we have to identify where and to what extent chronic wasting disease exists in Michigan. Strong hunter participation in testing is critical to that learning, especially in areas where we haven’t yet met surveillance goals.”</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Testing background, strategy In addition to testing around areas of known CWD positives, the DNR in 2021 began a rotational approach to testing around the state. A group of counties is selected each year, with the eventual aim of testing enough deer in every Michigan county.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The goal of this approach is early disease detection, as management has the potential to be most effective when the disease is caught early. Most of these areas have not had a CWD detection or have not previously been part of intensive testing efforts, so little is known about disease status or pathways in these locations. In 2021 and 2022, the rotational approach focused testing in areas of both the southwestern and southeastern Lower Peninsula.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">This year, testing will focus on the northwestern Lower Peninsula and a few counties in other areas where additional herd information is still needed. The focal counties for 2023 CWD testing include Antrim, Benzie, Charlevoix, Emmet, Grand Traverse, Hillsdale, Isabella, Kalkaska, Lake, Leelanau, Manistee, Missaukee, Osceola and Wexford. These counties will have CWD testing drop boxes, staffed submission sites, and partner processors and taxidermists to assist with collection efforts.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">In the rest of the state, testing is available through direct submission by hunters to a cooperating U.S. Department of Agriculture-approved diagnostic laboratory for a fee or through free self-sample shipping kits in counties where CWD has previously been detected.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Since CWD was first detected in 2015, over 103,000 deer have been tested for CWD in Michigan. There have been over 137,000 wild deer tested in total. The Ogemaw County deer is the Department’s 251st positive animal.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">To date, there have been no reported cases of CWD infection in people. However, as a precaution, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that infected animals not be consumed as food by either humans or domestic animals.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Hunters also are reminded to use caution when field-dressing or processing a deer. This includes practices such as wearing rubber gloves, minimizing contact with the deer’s brain and spinal tissue, and washing your hands with soap and warm water after handling any parts of the carcass.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Proper disposal of a deer carcass is critical to prevent the spread of chronic wasting disease. Deer carcasses should go directly to a landfill or be disposed of through your regular trash pickup to be taken to a landfill. Deer harvested from known CWD areas should never be disposed of on the landscape in non-CWD areas.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">For more information on chronic wasting disease, visit Michigan.gov/CWD.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/MIDNR/bulletins/378a3d4" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/MIDNR/bulletins/378a3d4</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">MDARD: Chronic Wasting Disease Confirmed in a Farmed White-Tailed Deer from Newaygo County Michigan </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Dept of Agriculture & Rural Development sent this bulletin at 05/02/2023 11:15 AM EDT <br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">For immediate release: May 2, 2023 Media contact: Jennifer Holton, 517-284-5724 or Chelsea Lewis, 517-331-1151</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MDARD: Chronic Wasting Disease Confirmed in a Farmed White-Tailed Deer from Newaygo County LANSING, MI –The Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (MDARD) has confirmed chronic wasting disease (CWD) in one white-tailed deer from a farmed cervid facility in Newaygo County. The infected four-and-a-half-year-old deer was discovered through routine testing as part of the state’s CWD surveillance program for farmed deer.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“Limiting the spread and impact of CWD on Michigan’s farmed cervid herds hinges on the ability to detect the disease early and respond promptly,” said State Veterinarian Dr. Nora Wineland. “While regular CWD surveillance testing is central to accomplishing this goal, MDARD’s continued partnership with herd owners, hunters, and other state and federal partners is also crucial to effectively managing this disease. Ensuring the health of Michigan’s farmed cervid population is a team effort.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD is a fatal neurological disease that affects different cervid species, including white-tailed deer, mule deer, elk, and moose. CWD can be transmitted directly from one animal to another and indirectly through the environment. While an infected animal may appear healthy for months or years, it will eventually display abnormal behavior, progressive weight loss, and physical debilitation in the later stages of the disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The presence of CWD in farmed cervid facilities and free-ranging deer is not new to Michigan. Since 2008, including this new case, CWD has been detected at 11 Michigan cervid farms in the following counties: Kent (2), Mecosta (4), Montcalm (3), and Newaygo (2).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">With free-ranging deer, CWD was first discovered in May 2015; and cases have been found across 11 counties in Michigan’s Upper and Lower Peninsulas. To date, no free-ranging white-tailed deer have tested positive for CWD in Newaygo County. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">As part of MDARD’s disease response, investigations are ongoing to rule out any possible exposure to other farmed cervids.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Currently, there have been no reported cases of CWD infection in humans. However, as a precaution, the World Health Organization and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that CWD-infected animals should not be consumed as food by either humans or domestic animals.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">More information about CWD can be found at Michigan.gov/CWD or Michigan.gov/MDARD-Cervid.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">###</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Michigan MDARD: Chronic Wasting Disease Confirmed in a Farmed White-Tailed Deer from Newaygo County<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/MIDARD/bulletins/3583c22" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/MIDARD/bulletins/3583c22</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Michigan MDARD Captive CWD Positives depopulated and quarantined<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Michigan MDARD CWD</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">APPENDIX A: 2021 REPORTABLE DISEASES<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Livestock Diseases: Small Animal, Equine and Exotic Diseases: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Disease Species Number of Animals</div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">CWD (Chronic Wasting Disease) Cervid 19<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/mdard/-/media/Project/Websites/mdard/documents/annual-reports/aid/2021_aid_annual_report.pdf?rev=6989dcce43ed4fe3985a05bcffa225ec&hash=0530DE52E159E9B48C80EC8165A25158" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/mdard/-/media/Project/Websites/mdard/documents/annual-reports/aid/2021_aid_annual_report.pdf?rev=6989dcce43ed4fe3985a05bcffa225ec&hash=0530DE52E159E9B48C80EC8165A25158</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Michigan MDARD CWD</div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">APPENDIX A: 2020 REPORTABLE DISEASES Livestock Diseases: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Disease Species Number of Animals </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">CWD (Chronic Wasting Disease) Cervid 46 <br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/-/media/Project/Websites/mdard/documents/annual-reports/aid/2020_aid_annual_report.pdf?rev=842e5267e3c747819bc4a9a8917a17f5" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/-/media/Project/Websites/mdard/documents/annual-reports/aid/2020_aid_annual_report.pdf?rev=842e5267e3c747819bc4a9a8917a17f5</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CASESCWD STATUS OF CAPTIVE HERDS<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Updated January 2023</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">4/19/2022 3 YR Female MI Mecosta WTD Shooter No No 275 Quarantine</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">11/4/2021 2, 3 Y Male MI Kent Elk Breeder Yes Yes 0 Depopulated</div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">7/15/2021 4 Y Female MI Montcalm WTD Breeder No No 109 Quarantine</div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">4/18/2021 2.5 Y Male MI WTD Shooter No No ukn Quarantine</div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">3/3/2021 4 Y Male MI Montcalm WTD Shooter No NA 14 Quarantine</div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">12/2019 3, 4.5 Y Males MI Newaygo WTD Shooter No No >600 Quarantine</div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">4/2019 2.5 Y Female MI Montcalm WTD Breeder No NA 113 Depopulated</div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">12/2017 1.5 Y Female MI Mecosta WTD Breeder Yes Yes 525 Quarantined</div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">1/2017 2Y Female MI Mecosta WTD & Sika deer Shooter No NA 71 Depopulated</div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Michigan Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Totals Since 2015 To Present 242 Confirmed Cases<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/managing-resources/wildlife/cwd/2022-cwd-testing-goals" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/managing-resources/wildlife/cwd/2022-cwd-testing-goals</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Michigan Department Ag. Captive Cervid</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">APPENDIX A: 2021 REPORTABLE DISEASES <br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Livestock Disease</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Disease Species Number of Animals<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">CWD (Chronic Wasting Disease) Cervid 19<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/mdard/-/media/Project/Websites/mdard/documents/annual-reports/aid/2021_aid_annual_report.pdf?rev=6989dcce43ed4fe3985a05bcffa225ec&hash=0530DE52E159E9B48C80EC8165A25158" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/mdard/-/media/Project/Websites/mdard/documents/annual-reports/aid/2021_aid_annual_report.pdf?rev=6989dcce43ed4fe3985a05bcffa225ec&hash=0530DE52E159E9B48C80EC8165A25158</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Michigan Department Ag. Captive Cervid</div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">APPENDIX A: 2020 REPORTABLE DISEASES </div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Livestock Diseases: Disease Species Number of Animals </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">CWD (Chronic Wasting Disease) Cervid 46 <br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/mdard/-/media/Project/Websites/mdard/documents/annual-reports/aid/2020_aid_annual_report.pdf?rev=842e5267e3c747819bc4a9a8917a17f5&hash=D6F332CE3D860BFE5983161FC8B2415D" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/mdard/-/media/Project/Websites/mdard/documents/annual-reports/aid/2020_aid_annual_report.pdf?rev=842e5267e3c747819bc4a9a8917a17f5&hash=D6F332CE3D860BFE5983161FC8B2415D</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">ACCOMPLISHMENTS: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• Managing the CWD-positive deer farm identified in March 2019. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• In May 2019, the USDA released updated CWD Herd Certification Program Standards. Michigan is in the process of implementing these new changes. </div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/mdard/-/media/Project/Websites/mdard/documents/annual-reports/aid/2019_aid_annual_report.pdf?rev=50d2a4bf7e5f4cc79764c0f427b1a185&hash=365B1FF5E43FF3C4DFA9792860FD7ECB" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/mdard/-/media/Project/Websites/mdard/documents/annual-reports/aid/2019_aid_annual_report.pdf?rev=50d2a4bf7e5f4cc79764c0f427b1a185&hash=365B1FF5E43FF3C4DFA9792860FD7ECB</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ACCOMPLISHMENTS: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• Managed the disease investigation and removal of deer from the a CWD positive deer farm identified in December 2017. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• Due to multiple detections of CWD in free-ranging deer, the parameters for being in a designated special surveillance area were modified to include all herds in an affected county. This change created more comprehensive and efficient responses. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• Initiated a comprehensive program review with the DNR to streamline and improve the Farmed Cervid Program. </div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/mdard/-/media/Project/Websites/mdard/documents/annual-reports/aid/2018_aid_annual_report.pdf?rev=4c34358ecb60444eb59a250f90c619b0&hash=7C1E98F597321BA27DF1444737658C0D" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/mdard/-/media/Project/Websites/mdard/documents/annual-reports/aid/2018_aid_annual_report.pdf?rev=4c34358ecb60444eb59a250f90c619b0&hash=7C1E98F597321BA27DF1444737658C0D</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Since May 2015, the Depaitment has confirmed chronic wasting disease (CWD) in free-ranging white-tailed deer from Clinton, Eaton, Gratiot, Ionia, Ingham, Jackson, Kent, and Montcalm Counties in the Lower Peninsula. In October 2018, the Department confirmed CWD in a free ranging white-tailed deer from Dickinson County in the Upper Peninsula (UP). As of mid-April 2019, after testing approximately 60,545 free-ranging white-tailed deer, 118 were positively confirmed with CWD, with 62 occurring in 2018. Chronic wasting disease was also found in August 2008, at a Kent County privately-owned cervid (POC) facility and in two POC facilities in Mecosta County in 2017. In addition, CWD was found in March 2019 at a POC facility in Montcalm County. <br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/mdard/-/media/Project/Websites/mdard/documents/boards/agcommission/2019-05-15_meeting_materials.pdf?rev=0542e3c19ecb44cb8fd3e0c37593af57&hash=88533F51CEDA3DD672336872304CC421" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/mdard/-/media/Project/Websites/mdard/documents/boards/agcommission/2019-05-15_meeting_materials.pdf?rev=0542e3c19ecb44cb8fd3e0c37593af57&hash=88533F51CEDA3DD672336872304CC421</a></div></div></div></div></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Michigan MDARD: Chronic Wasting Disease Confirmed in a Farmed White-Tailed Deer from Mecosta County</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">For immediate release: May 9, 2022 Media contact: Chelsea Lewis, 517-331-1151 or Jennifer Holton, 517-284-5724</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MDARD: Chronic Wasting Disease Confirmed in a Farmed White-Tailed Deer from Mecosta County </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">LANSING, MI – Today, the Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (MDARD) confirmed chronic wasting disease (CWD) in one white-tailed deer from a farmed cervid facility in Mecosta County. The infected three-year-old deer was discovered through routine testing as part of the state’s CWD surveillance program for farmed deer.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD is a fatal neurological disease that affects different cervid species, including white-tailed deer, mule deer, elk, and moose. The disease can be transmitted directly from one animal to another and indirectly through the environment. While an infected animal may appear healthy for months or years, it will eventually display abnormal behavior, progressive weight loss, and physical debilitation in the later stages of the disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“MDARD is committed to limiting the spread and impact of this disease. CWD surveillance testing plays an integral part in accomplishing this goal because it helps us to detect and respond to the disease promptly,” said State Veterinarian Dr. Nora Wineland. “In addition, our continued partnership with farmed cervid owners, hunters, and other state and federal partners is also essential to ensure the health of Michigan’s farmed deer population.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The presence of CWD in farmed cervid facilities and free-ranging deer is not new to Michigan. Since 2008, including this new case, CWD has been detected at 10 Michigan cervid farms in the following counties: Kent (2), Mecosta (4), Montcalm (3), and Newaygo.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">With free-ranging deer, CWD was first discovered in May 2015; and cases have been found across nine counties in Michigan’s Upper and Lower Peninsulas. To date, no free-ranging white-tailed deer have tested positive for CWD in Mecosta County. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">As part of MDARD’s disease response, investigations are ongoing to rule out any possible exposure to other farmed cervids.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Currently, there have been no reported cases of CWD infection in humans. However, as a precaution, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and the World Health Organization recommend that CWD-infected animals should not be consumed as food by either humans or domestic animals.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">More information about CWD can be found at Michigan.gov/CWD or Michigan.gov/MDARD-Cervid.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">###</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/mdard/about/media/pressreleases/2022/05/09/cwd-confirmed-in-a-farmed-white-tailed-deer-from-mecosta-county" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/mdard/about/media/pressreleases/2022/05/09/cwd-confirmed-in-a-farmed-white-tailed-deer-from-mecosta-county</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Michigan’s 2021 deer seasons included targeted CWD surveillance, 25 positive deer </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">April 14, 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Hunters encouraged to share harvest results via online survey</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Buck walking through lush green forest </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Though Michigan’s 2021 deer hunting seasons ended in late January 2022, the Michigan Department of Natural Resources is continuing to accept feedback from hunters about their experiences. Hunter harvest surveys have been sent to a random sample of the state’s deer hunters. In addition, hunters can take a brief online survey. Final harvest survey results will be presented later this summer.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Initial data from Michigan’s 2021 deer hunting seasons – including chronic wasting disease testing results and deer license sales information – was presented at Thursday’s meeting of the Michigan Natural Resources Commission in Lansing, with highlights shared below.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A shift in CWD testing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The DNR has finalized its 2021 surveillance efforts for chronic wasting disease, ultimately testing just over 7,200 deer. The more targeted testing goals are part of the department’s new region-by-region strategy aimed at detecting new outbreaks rather than revisiting known ones.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“We want to thank hunters for their cooperation in helping us meet our CWD surveillance goals,” said DNR Director Dan Eichinger. “Strategic testing for chronic wasting disease is of primary importance for the department, and we couldn’t meet these goals without the committed assistance of deer hunters.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Eichinger also praised the work of deer processors, taxidermists and local businesses that help collect samples for testing, and other key partners who provide necessary assistance to the department.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In all, 25 CWD-positive deer were confirmed in 2021. Three cases of CWD were detected in Isabella County, which represents a new county where the disease has been found. (Since Michigan’s first confirmation of a CWD-positive wild deer in 2015, CWD has been detected in white-tailed deer in Clinton, Dickinson, Eaton, Gratiot, Ingham, Ionia, Jackson, Kent and Montcalm counties.)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Doe walking through late summer forest “It was not unexpected to find positive cases in Isabella County, as these detections were fairly close to where we’ve identified cases in Montcalm and northern Gratiot County,” said DNR deer and elk specialist Chad Stewart. “Our main areas of infection remain in parts of Montcalm and northeast Kent counties, as well as southern Jackson County, where we knew CWD existed going into the 2021 hunting season.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Despite the department’s finding of 25 positive animals last year, Stewart cautioned against comparing the low number of positives with the high number of deer tested and concluding there is not a problem.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“The distribution of our samples greatly affects the number of positives we expect to find. Intensive collection of samples in known CWD locations like Montcalm and Kent counties would certainly lead to a high number of positives being detected,” he said. “Our goal this year was to begin to understand what CWD looks like in areas that are historically under-sampled, and we made a lot of strides on that front.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stewart said that chronic wasting disease is going to be a problem for parts of Michigan’s deer herd in the future: “Once it becomes established, it is unlikely that we can reverse course on the disease. Prevention and early detection remain our best options for CWD management.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Hunter walking across plain while sun shines brightly CWD surveillance moving forward</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">For Michigan’s 2021 deer seasons, the DNR started a multiyear process of strategic, focused CWD surveillance in regions around the state. Last year’s surveillance occurred mainly in the three tiers of counties near the Ohio border. Over the next few years, the remainder of the state will be systematically sampled to determine if CWD is present in other areas where it hasn’t yet been identified.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Hunter numbers</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">While there was a temporary rise in hunter numbers during the COVID-19 pandemic, participation is declining in Michigan. The trend is not new, nor is it only being observed here. States across the country are feeling the financial pressure of reduced hunter numbers, because sales of hunting licenses comprise a large portion of the funding for critical conservation work.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“Nationwide, hunting has seen a gradual decline over the last several decades,” said Eichinger. “The trend is likely due to a combination of factors including generations of hunters who are aging out of the sport, and younger generations that are less likely to participate in hunting due to societal changes and more competition for their attention.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Deer hunter numbers in 2021 were down nearly 4% over the previous year with close to 600,000 hunters purchasing a deer license. Hunter number declines are in line with past years going back to peak participation in the mid 90’s.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“While the trend in hunter participation is discouraging, we know that hunting remains an important part of Michigan’s outdoor heritage,” Eichinger said. “That’s why we encourage experienced hunters to introduce the sport to new hunters wherever they can. Spending time with veteran hunters can reduce the learning curve, increase safety and instill a sense of excitement and appreciation for our state’s natural resources.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To learn more about deer management, CWD and deer hunting in Michigan, and to access the 2021 deer harvest survey, visitMichigan.gov/Deer.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/about/newsroom/releases/2022/04/14/2021-deer-seasons-included-targeted-cwd-surveillance" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/about/newsroom/releases/2022/04/14/2021-deer-seasons-included-targeted-cwd-surveillance</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">see archived link;</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20220416081652/https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/about/newsroom/releases/2022/04/14/2021-deer-seasons-included-targeted-cwd-surveillance" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20220416081652/https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/about/newsroom/releases/2022/04/14/2021-deer-seasons-included-targeted-cwd-surveillance</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Michigan Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Update</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD in Michigan</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Since May 2015 when the first CWD deer was found in Michigan, CWD has been confirmed in a number of townships in the Lower Peninsula. As of October 2018, a CWD positive deer was found in the Upper Peninsula in Dickinson County. CWD was also found in August 2008 at a Kent County deer farm facility and in January 2017 in two captive deer that were from a deer farm facility in Mecosta County.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-350-79136_79608_90516---,00.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-350-79136_79608_90516---,00.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">see archived link;</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20190703051707/https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-350-79136_79608_90516---,00.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20190703051707/https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-350-79136_79608_90516---,00.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-350-79136_79608_90516_90541---,00.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-350-79136_79608_90516_90541---,00.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">see archived;</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20211201002147/https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-350-79136_79608_90516_90541---,00.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20211201002147/https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-350-79136_79608_90516_90541---,00.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20211201002147/https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-350-79136_79608_90516_90541---,00.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20211201002147/https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-350-79136_79608_90516_90541---,00.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD TESTING RESULTS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-350-79136_79608_90516_90536-538324--,00.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-350-79136_79608_90516_90536-538324--,00.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20200925142120/https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-350-79136_79608_90516_90536-538324--,00.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20200925142120/https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-350-79136_79608_90516_90536-538324--,00.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20190416040227/https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-350-79136_79608_90516_90541---,00.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20190416040227/https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-350-79136_79608_90516_90541---,00.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Michigan CWD </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20200924143416/https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-350-79136_79608_90516_90541---,00.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20200924143416/https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-350-79136_79608_90516_90541---,00.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20200924145043/https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-350-79136_79608_90516_90536_90552_90560---,00.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20200924145043/https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-350-79136_79608_90516_90536_90552_90560---,00.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Michigan CWD 2023</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/managing-resources/wildlife/wildlife-disease/disease-monitoring/cwd/cwd-testing-data/2023-cwd-testing-goals-and-results" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/managing-resources/wildlife/wildlife-disease/disease-monitoring/cwd/cwd-testing-data/2023-cwd-testing-goals-and-results</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">see page two link at the bottom;</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/managing-resources/wildlife/wildlife-disease/disease-monitoring/cwd/cwd-testing-data/2023-cwd-testing-goals-and-results" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/managing-resources/wildlife/wildlife-disease/disease-monitoring/cwd/cwd-testing-data/2023-cwd-testing-goals-and-results</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Total tested and number of positives</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Area Total Tested # Positive</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Remainder of State* 954 6</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Statewide Total for 2023** 1386 7</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*These positive deer came from Gratiot (4), Jackson (1) and Midland (1) counties.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">**Certain deer are not included (e.g., insufficient samples, fawns, missing gender/age) with those included, statewide total = 1693</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/managing-resources/wildlife/wildlife-disease/disease-monitoring/cwd/cwd-testing-data/2023-cwd-testing-goals-and-results" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/managing-resources/wildlife/wildlife-disease/disease-monitoring/cwd/cwd-testing-data/2023-cwd-testing-goals-and-results</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Desperado Deer: The Persistent Problem of Captive Deer Running Wild<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">by Editor | May 8, 2018 | Conservation, Hunting</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Cervid Escapees – Measuring the Problem</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">For starters, no one knows for sure how many deer escape from high-fence facilities each year. Neither the DNR nor the Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development keep accurate, complete records of the number of escapees reported by citizens and/or investigated by DNR conservation officers. Only in 2017 did the DNR first begin using an electronic database to monitor escaped cervids.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Currently, there are 333 licensed captive cervid facilities in the state, most of which are breeding farms (161) or hunting ranches (132), holding over 21,000 whitetail deer, fallow deer, red deer, Sitka deer and elk. While the number of deer escapees voluntarily reported has declined over recent years, the numbers do not include escapees that are never reported.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.michiganoutofdoors.com/desperado-deer-the-persistent-problem-of-captive-deer-running-wild/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.michiganoutofdoors.com/desperado-deer-the-persistent-problem-of-captive-deer-running-wild/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible neurological disease found in deer and elk populations that produces small lesions in brains of infected animals. As a result, CWD causes weight loss and a decline in body control. It is a species-specific disease, and there have been no cases in humans or other animals.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Currently, to determine the presence of CWD, brain and lymph node samples are taken by an accredited veterinarian after an animal dies. These samples are then submitted for testing.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">As part of their operations, all privately-owned cervid (POC) facilities in Michigan are required to submit samples. The number of samples that must be submitted depends on what specific program that a producer participates in: the Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification Program (CWD HCP) or the Surveillance Program.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">First, for the CWD HCP, all cervids 12 months of age and older that die for any reason must be tested for CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Second, all facilities that are not a part of the CWD HCP must participate in the Surveillance Program. The Surveillance Program requires that all animals 12 months of age and older that die from illness, injury, or euthanasia due to disease must be tested for CWD. In addition, 25% of cervids slaughtered, hunted, or culled must be tested. This number is calculated on an annual basis. In general, all facilities that have at least one death must test at least this one animal. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samples for either of these programs can be submitted to a private veterinarian, the Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Lab, or an MDARD drop off location. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">For more information, contact the MDARD Cervid Program.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">General Questions/Concerns: MDARD-Cervid@Michigan.gov</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Cervid Program Manager: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dr. Jennifer Calogero CalogeroJ@Michigan.gov 517-284-5692</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Cervid Program Secretary: Melanie Hart HartM1@Michigan.gov 517-284-5679</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/mdard/animals/cervids/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-surveillance" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/mdard/animals/cervids/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-surveillance</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Privately Owned Cervidae</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Raising deer and elk in captivity is jointly regulated by the DNR and the Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development. The DNR oversees the registration of facilities containing farmed cervids and performs inspections of these operations. MDARD manages the disease programs for the state’s POC facilities. Participation in disease surveillance programs - such as those for chronic wasting disease (CWD) and the bovine tuberculosis (TB) - ensures for a robust industry by increasing the marketability of these animals by decreasing their potential for carrying disease. There are nearly 300 licensed facilities in 76 Michigan counties totaling over 63,000 fenced acres. The division conducts about 95 facility inspections per year to ensure that fencing and recordkeeping meet industry standards.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2021 Wildlife Health Section Accomplishments</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Tested over 8,000 deer heads for bovine tuberculosis and </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2,500 heads for chronic wasting disease. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">While CWD is not known to be zoonotic, bTB can infect humans, domestic animals and wild animals beyond white-tailed deer.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/79560ac896024e6cb8d925831904a5c7" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/79560ac896024e6cb8d925831904a5c7</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Tested ...and 2,500 heads for chronic wasting disease. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MDNR estimates put the Michigan deer population around 1.75 million for 2019. Dec 25, 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Issues Pros and Cons Despite federal, state, and local regulations and other measures intended to prevent the spread or reduce CWD prevalence, the disease continues to be identified in captive cervid facilities certified as “low risk” through the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Herd Certification Program and the CFIA (Canadian Food Inspection Agency) Voluntary Herd Certification Programs (participating in a federally-approved CWD program was a measure of the ATA program). According to the USDA data reports, there were 22 new CWD-positive captive cervid facilities identified in FY2020; 41 percent of those were either enrolled or certified in the federal HCP program. There are a variety of unregulated processes used to collect urine, and they often result in the accumulation of a mixture of secretions, therefore providing concurrent contaminated risks. In addition, urine products are frequently batched/combined from multiple locations and distributed across the country, which increases the likelihood of CWDinfected urine entering the market. There are currently no standard regulations to ensure that urine collected for lures and attractants are disease-free. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Biological</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Nationally, CWD continues to be found in captive cervid facilities. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From the years 2012 to 2021, there have been 66 privately owned cervid facilities nationally where CWD has been identified. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Of those 66 facilities, 39 were enrolled in the HCP, and 32 of those facilities were HCP-certified (meaning there had been at least five years of disease monitoring and no rule violations) indicating low risk for CWD. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This national USDA CWD HCP is not mandatory, and more importantly, recent CWD events show that it does not and cannot guarantee that captive deer herds are CWD free. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To date, CWD has been found in more than 140 captive deer herds in 16 states and two Canadian provinces. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/documents/dnr/Signed_05WCO2021_724156_7.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/documents/dnr/Signed_05WCO2021_724156_7.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20220218213530/https://www.michigan.gov/documents/dnr/Signed_05WCO2021_724156_7.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20220218213530/https://www.michigan.gov/documents/dnr/Signed_05WCO2021_724156_7.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Front. Vet. Sci., 18 January 2022 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.824815</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Evaluation of Real-Time Quaking-Induced Conversion, ELISA, and Immunohistochemistry for Chronic Wasting Disease Diagnosis</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">All, except one, CWD positive RLNs analyzed were from ten Counties geographically located in the West Michigan region of the Lower Peninsula. Taken together, we show evidence that the RT-QuIC assay is comparable to ELISA and IHC and could be helpful for routine CWD detection in surveillance programs. RT-QuIC also demonstrated that CWD prions are distributed across lymph nodes in a variety of anatomic locations.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8803730/pdf/fvets-08-824815.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8803730/pdf/fvets-08-824815.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Michigan:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">September, 2019: NVSL confirmed CWD in a two year old female white-tailed deer in Montcalm County. The doe was a natural addition to the breeding herd which consists of 50 white-tailed deer. This herd is not enrolled in the Federal HCP, is within a CWDendemic area, and is under quarantine. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/usaha-annual-cervid-health-report-2019.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/usaha-annual-cervid-health-report-2019.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Michigan: One new CWD positive herd</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Hunt preserve of >600 WTD, not in HCP, populated and under quarantine</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/cervid/voluntary-cwd-hcp-annual-update-fy2020" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/cervid/voluntary-cwd-hcp-annual-update-fy2020</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Farmed Cervid Chronic Wasting Disease Management and Response Activities 2021 Cooperative Agreements</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/cwd-funding-oppt-annc-fy2021.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/cwd-funding-oppt-annc-fy2021.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">archived link;</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20211201205141/https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/cwd-funding-oppt-annc-fy2021.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20211201205141/https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/cwd-funding-oppt-annc-fy2021.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/cervid/cervid-cwd-2021-funding-faqs" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/cervid/cervid-cwd-2021-funding-faqs</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">archived page;</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20210727152518/https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/cervid/cervid-cwd-2021-funding-faqs" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20210727152518/https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/cervid/cervid-cwd-2021-funding-faqs</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">APHIS also conducts monitoring and surveillance activities to detect diseases that affect cervids, including chronic wasting disease (CWD) and tuberculosis (TB). APHIS’ voluntary national CWD Herd Certification Plan (HCP) works with States, Tribes, and the cervid industry to control CWD in farmed cervids by allowing the interstate movement only from certified herds. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Currently, 28 States participate in the national CWD HCP. In FY 2019 APHIS tested more than 11,000 farmed cervids for CWD. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">As a result, APHIS identified 17 new CWD positive farmed cervid herds.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.usda.gov/sites/default/files/documents/20aphis2021notes.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.usda.gov/sites/default/files/documents/20aphis2021notes.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Wild Cervid Chronic Wasting Disease Management and Response Activities 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funding Opportunity USDA APHIS Wildlife Services announced awards for two opportunities for the control and prevention of CWD in wild cervids under the titles of “Wild Cervid CWD Management and Response Activities 2021” and “Tribal Nations Wild Cervid CWD Opportunities 2021.” See information below. Wild Cervid CWD FOA Wild Cervid CWD FAQs Wild Cervid CWD Management and Response Activities 2021 Cooperative Agreements Wild Cervid CWD 2021 Project Executive Summaries Tribal Nations Wild Cervid Chronic Wasting Disease Opportunities 2021 Funding Opportunity Tribal Nations Wild Cervid CWD FOA Tribal Nations Wild Cervid CWD FAQs Tribal Nations Wild Cervid CWD Opportunities 2021 Cooperative Agreements Wild Cervid Tribal CWD 2021 Project Executive Summaries</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">VS Farmed Cervid Chronic Wasting Disease Management and Response Activities 2021 Funding Opportunity RISK, UNCERTAINTY AND DECISION-MAKING: ASSESSING CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE OCCURRENCE RISK ACROSS AN EMERGENCE SPECTRUM</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Exposure hazards included point locations of captive cervid facilities, deer processors and taxidermists, and out-of-area hunting connectivity. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">As of 2018, there were a total of 296 ranch and full-registration facilities in Michigan. In terms of their spatial distribution, there were facilities in 196 out of 1240 townships, and 71 out of 83 counties (Fig. 2.1). There were 468 registered deer processors and taxidermists in 2017, the year for which data were available. Processors and taxidermists occurred in 696 out of 1240 townships, and 82 out of 83 counties (Fig. 2.2). Lastly, out-of-area hunting was based on both intrastate and interstate metrics. For intrastate hunting, the percentage of respondents that travelled from one county to another was scaled up to the total number of hunters that reside in a county. CWD positive counties included Clinton, Dickinson, Eaton, Gratiot, Ingham, Ionia, Jackson, Kent and Montcalm counties. The average number of hunters per resident county from 2013 – 2017 who travelled to a CWD positive county ranged from 0 – 3832 per year (Fig. 2.3). A low number (i.e., low connectivity) of interstate hunters ranged from 0 – 1059 for the 5-year average, whereas a high number ranged from 1060 – 3832 (Fig. 2.3). Interstate hunting was quantified as the number of Michigan resident hunters who purchased an out-of-state license in Wisconsin between years 2013 – 2017 (i.e., nonresident license). For interstate connectivity, I found that average annual number of Michigan county residents that traveled to Wisconsin between 2013 –2017 was 0 – 170 per year (Fig. 2.4). A low number (i.e., low connectivity) of interstate hunters ranged from 0 – 39 for the 5-year average, whereas a high number ranged from 40 – 170 (Fig. 2.4). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In 2017, the Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) detected CWD in a 3- year-old white-tailed doe submitted during an early season youth hunt (MDNR 2017). Additional surveillance in the area during 2017 identified 45 total CWD-positive animals in a concentrated disease focus in the west-central Lower Peninsula of Michigan within Kent and Montcalm counties. Nine previous CWD detections had occurred in the state in 2015 and 2016; however, the 2017 detections were the first evidence that CWD might be widespread and established within Michigan. Based on a single year of observation, predicting the area affected by the cluster of disease with distance benchmarks would likely fail to fully encapsulate the affected area. Furthermore, based on the sparsity of data, fitting complex disease models was not possible. Thus, there was an immediate need for an alternative approach that could more appropriately estimate the extent of CWD and identify locations at high risk using limited available information </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://d.lib.msu.edu/etd/49428/datastream/OBJ/View/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://d.lib.msu.edu/etd/49428/datastream/OBJ/View/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">archived</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://d.lib.msu.edu/etd/49428" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://d.lib.msu.edu/etd/49428</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/wildlife_damage/downloads/cwd-funding-ws-executive-summaries.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/wildlife_damage/downloads/cwd-funding-ws-executive-summaries.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion protein polymorphisms in Michigan white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Caitlin N. Ott-ConnORCID Icon,Julie A. Blanchong &Wes A. Larson</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Pages 183-190 | Received 22 Jul 2021, Accepted 01 Oct 2021, Published online: 09 Nov 2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Download citation <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2021.1990628" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2021.1990628</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ABSTRACT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD), a well-described transmissible spongiform encephalopathy of the Cervidae family, is associated with the aggregation of an abnormal isoform (PrPCWD) of the naturally occurring host prion protein (PrPC). Variations in the PrP gene (PRNP) have been associated with CWD rate of infection and disease progression. We analysed 568 free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from 9 CWD-positive Michigan counties for PRNP polymorphisms. Sampling included 185 CWD-positive, 332 CWD non-detected, and an additional 51 CWD non-detected paired to CWD-positives by sex, age, and harvest location. We found 12 polymorphic sites of which 5 were non-synonymous and resulted in a change in amino acid composition. Thirteen haplotypes were predicted, of which 11 have previously been described. Using logistic regression, consistent with other studies, we found haplotypes C (OR = 0.488, 95% CI = 0.321–0.730, P < 0.001) and F (OR = 0.122, 95% CI = 0.007–0.612, P < 0.05) and diplotype BC (OR = 0.340, 95% CI = 0.154–0.709, P < 0.01) were less likely to be found in deer infected with CWD. As has also been documented in other studies, the presence of a serine at amino acid 96 was less likely to be found in deer infected with CWD (P < 0.001, OR = 0.360 and 95% CI = 0.227–0.556). Identification of PRNP polymorphisms associated with reduced vulnerability to CWD in Michigan deer and their spatial distribution can help managers design surveillance programmes and identify and prioritize areas for CWD management.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRNP sequences were determined for 568 free-ranging white-tailed deer from 9 CWD-positive Michigan counties. Of these samples, 185 were CWD-positive, 332 were CWD non-detected, and an additional 51 CWD non-detected were paired to CWD-positives to control for sex, age, and harvest location (Figure 1). Within the analysed 625bp region of the PRNP gene, we detected 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 9 of which had been previously reported [22, 29, 33, 36, 38–41]. Of the 12 SNPs, 5 were non-synonymous, resulting in a change to the amino acid sequence (Table 1). BLAST and literature searches indicated that 589A/G, 642 G/A, and 643 C/A had not previously been reported. Full associated sequences have been deposited in GenBank under accession numbers MZ913400 – MZ913401.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">As CWD detections continue to increase the areas under surveillance, the use of regionally specific data to allocate testing efforts and funding will be pivotal for success. Identification of PRNP polymorphisms associated with reduced vulnerability to CWD and their spatial distribution and prevalence may help managers design surveillance programmes to identify and prioritize areas for CWD management when partnered with movement data and anticipated deposition of prions onto the landscape over time.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2021.1990628" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2021.1990628</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">77. Assessing chronic wasting disease strain differences in free-ranging cervids across the United States</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Kaitlyn M. Wagnera, Caitlin Ott-Connb, Kelly Strakab, Bob Dittmarc, Jasmine Battend, Robyn Piercea, Mercedes Hennessya, Elizabeth Gordona, Brett Israela, Jenn Ballarde and Mark D Zabela</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">aPrion Research Center at Colorado State University; bMichigan Department of Natural Resources; cTexas Parks and Wildlife Department; dMissouri Department of Conservation, 5. Arkansas Game and Fish Commission CONTACT Kaitlyn M. Wagner miedkait@rams.colostate.edu</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ABSTRACT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background/Introduction: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is an invariably fatal prion disease affecting captive and free-ranging cervids, including white-tailed deer, mule deer, moose, elk, and reindeer. Since the initial description of the disease in the 1960’s, CWD has spread to 23 states, 3 Canadian Provinces, South Korea, Norway and, most recently, Finland. While some outbreaks of CWD were caused by transport of infected animals from endemic regions, the origin of CWD in other epizootics is unclear and has not been characterized. Previous studies have shown that there are two distinct strains of CWD. However, the continuous spread and the unclear origin of several outbreaks warrant continued surveillance and further characterization of strain diversity.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: To address these knowledge gaps, we used biochemical tests to assess strain differences between CWD outbreaks in Michigan, Texas, Missouri, and Colorado, USA. Brain or lymph node samples were homogenized and digested in 50 µg/mL proteinase K (PK). These samples were then run on a Western blot to assess glycoform ratio and electrophoretic mobility. Texas samples were digested in 100 µg/mL PK. To assess conformational stability, brain or lymph node homogenates were incubated in increasing concentrations of guanidine hydrochloride from 0 M to 4 M in 0.5 M increments. Samples were then precipitated in methanol overnight, washed and PK digested in 50 µg/mL PK before slot blotting.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Our results have found significant differences in glycoform ratio between CWD from Michigan and Colorado, but no differences were observed in conformational stability assays. Interestingly, when testing our CWD isolates from Texas to analyse electrophoretic mobility and glycoform ratio, we found that these samples did not exhibit the characteristic band shift when treated with PK, but PK resistant material remained. Additionally, results from our conformational stability assay demonstrate a unique profile of these Texas isolates. Testing of samples from Missouri is currently underway.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Thus far, our data indicate that there are strain differences between CWD circulating in Michigan and CWD in Colorado and provide important insight into CWD strain differences between two non-contiguous outbreaks. We have also identified a unique strain of CWD in Texas with biochemical strain properties not seen in any of our other CWD isolates. These results highlight the importance of continued surveillance to better understand this devastating disease. These results have important implications for CWD emergence, evolution and our understanding of prion strain heterogeneity on the landscape.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Special Surveillance Area (SSA) Counties for Farmed Deer</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Calhoun (CA)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Clinton (CN)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dickinson (DK)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Eaton (ET)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Gratiot (GT)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Hillsdale (HD)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ingham (IN)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ionia (IO)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Jackson (JK)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Kent (KN)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Lenawee (LN)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Livingston (LV)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Mecosta (MT)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Menominee (MO)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Montcalm (MT)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Newaygo (NW)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Saginaw (SG)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Shiawassee (SH)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Washtenaw (WA)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SSAs as of December 18, 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SSAs are established when a free-ranging or farmed deer is identified with chronic wasting disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Contact the Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development’s Cervid Program at MDARD-Cervid@Michigan.gov or 517-284-5679.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/mdard/-/media/Project/Websites/mdard/documents/animals/cervids/special_surveillance_areas_for_farmed_deer.pdf?rev=6497528a63b94975a982c9fc08039db3&hash=4AA0BEE0C1C96A0D34EE935AA0F55189" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/mdard/-/media/Project/Websites/mdard/documents/animals/cervids/special_surveillance_areas_for_farmed_deer.pdf?rev=6497528a63b94975a982c9fc08039db3&hash=4AA0BEE0C1C96A0D34EE935AA0F55189</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20220520151213/https://www.michigan.gov/mdard/-/media/Project/Websites/mdard/documents/animals/cervids/special_surveillance_areas_for_farmed_deer.pdf?rev=6497528a63b94975a982c9fc08039db3&hash=4AA0BEE0C1C96A0D34EE935AA0F55189" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20220520151213/https://www.michigan.gov/mdard/-/media/Project/Websites/mdard/documents/animals/cervids/special_surveillance_areas_for_farmed_deer.pdf?rev=6497528a63b94975a982c9fc08039db3&hash=4AA0BEE0C1C96A0D34EE935AA0F55189</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Expanding Distribution of Chronic Wasting Disease ACTIVE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">By National Wildlife Health Center February 5, 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.usgs.gov/centers/nwhc/science/expanding-distribution-chronic-wasting-disease" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.usgs.gov/centers/nwhc/science/expanding-distribution-chronic-wasting-disease</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Michigan CWD Testing Results Deer Harvested in 2021 Statewide Total 22 Positive To Date For Year in Wild</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD Testing Results for Deer Harvested in 2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Test results updated as of December 13, 2021.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Totals reflected in this update only include those with final test results.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Deer with pending results are not included in these totals.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Zone Total Tested Number Positive</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">UP CWD Core Surveillance Area 193 0</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">South Isabella + Gratiot 749 3</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">South Jackson 855 12</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Totals 1797 15</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Testing numbers above are part of the county totals in the larger table below. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">County Name Total Tested Number Positive</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Allegan 290 0</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Barry 150 0</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Berrien 77 0</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Branch 104 0</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Calhoun 139 0</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Cass 64 0</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Eaton 82 0</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Hillsdale 204 0</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">N. Jackson 135 0</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Kalamazoo 196 0</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Lenawee 118 0</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Livingston 68 0</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Macomb 13 0</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Monroe 34 0</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Oakland 43 0</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">St. Joseph 81 0</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Van Buren 155 0</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Washtenaw 178 0</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Wayne 9 0</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Total to date 2106 0</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">These counties are open for hunter service testing November 15-18 ONLY. There are no surveillance goals.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">County Name Total Tested Number Positive</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Clinton 45 0</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dickinson (non-core) 3 0</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ingham 32 0</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ionia 35 1</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Kent 47 1</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Montcalm 53 5</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Total to date 215 7 Deer tested in remainder of state 113 0 Positive</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Statewide Total 3865 22 Positive </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-350-79136_79608_90516_90536-538324--,00.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-350-79136_79608_90516_90536-538324--,00.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">archived link;</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20200925142120/https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-350-79136_79608_90516_90536-538324--,00.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20200925142120/https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-350-79136_79608_90516_90536-538324--,00.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Michigan MDARD Chronic Wasting Disease Confirmed in Two Farmed Elk from Kent County </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">For immediate release: November 18, 2021 Media contact: Chelsea Lewis-Parisio, 517-331-1151</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MDARD: Chronic Wasting Disease Confirmed in Two Farmed Elk from Kent County </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">LANSING, MI – Today, the Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (MDARD) confirmed two cases of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in elk from a farmed cervid facility in Kent County. The two infected elk, a two-and-a-half-year-old and a three-and-a-half-year-old, were discovered through disease tracing efforts that resulted from finding CWD in a different Michigan farmed cervid herd. These are the first cases of CWD in Michigan elk.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD is a fatal neurological disease that affects different cervid species, including white-tailed deer, mule deer, elk, and moose. The disease can be transmitted directly from one animal to another and indirectly through the environment. While an infected animal may appear healthy for months or years, it will eventually display abnormal behavior, progressive weight loss, and physical debilitation in the latter stages of the disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“The discovery of chronic wasting disease in elk housed at a facility linked to a positive animal is not surprising,” said State Veterinarian Dr. Nora Wineland, DVM. “MDARD’s main priority is to limit the spread of this disease by working together with other state departments, farmers, and ranchers. These findings underscore how important it is to pay attention to CWD and the movement of animals that may allow the disease to spread.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The presence of CWD in farmed cervid facilities and free-ranging deer is not new to Michigan. Since 2008, including these new cases, CWD has been detected at nine Michigan cervid farms in the following counties: Kent (2), Mecosta (3), Montcalm (3), and Newaygo.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">No wild elk have tested positive for CWD in Michigan. The disease was first discovered in free-ranging deer in May 2015; cases have been found across nine counties in Michigan’s Upper and Lower Peninsulas. To date, 37 free-ranging white-tailed deer have tested positive for CWD in Kent County. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">As part of MDARD’s disease response, investigations are ongoing to rule out any possible exposure to other farmed cervids.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Currently, there have been no reported cases of CWD infection in humans. However, as a precaution, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and the World Health Organization recommend that animals that have tested positive for CWD should not be consumed as food by either humans or domestic animals.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">More information about CWD can be found at http://Michigan.gov/CWD or http://Michigan.gov/MDARD-Cervid.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">###</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/MIDARD/bulletins/2fcd9a1" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/MIDARD/bulletins/2fcd9a1</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Michigan CWD TSE Prion TOTAL WILD CERVID 220 POSITIVE TO DATE, CAPTIVE CWD TOTAL???</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PERSONAL COMMUNICATION DNR...see;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Mon, Aug 9, 2021 11:46 am</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''The interactive hot map you are referencing is updated regularly, at least once a month, but even more regularly during hunting season as that is when we receive most samples and theoretical positives. All 209 animals to date are wild. No captive cervid deer are listed in our testing metrics because they fall into a different category of management as overseen by Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (MDARD). Because they are captive they are treated as domestic animals – same as cows, horses, and pigs. If you were inquiring about CWD+ private cervids you will have to reach out to them as we don’t so much focus on total individuals positive as we do positive herds and locations (which again they would be best to ask).'' ''Our 2021 testing totals account for 11 positives this year, all USDA-APHIS or Disease Permit culled animals in Gratiot (3) and Jackson (8) counties. I am digging into when the interactive map was last updated now, but at a worst that would but our total positive at 220 over Michigan’s history of testing if it hadn’t been recently updated (which is possible as USDA-APHIS shooting just recently started up again in July after a multi-month break).''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">YOU can see CWD here;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/emergingdiseases/0,4579,7-186-76711_78204-357110--,00.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/emergingdiseases/0,4579,7-186-76711_78204-357110--,00.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">archived link;</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20171018014630/https://www.michigan.gov/emergingdiseases/0,4579,7-186-76711_78204-357110--,00.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20171018014630/https://www.michigan.gov/emergingdiseases/0,4579,7-186-76711_78204-357110--,00.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Where has chronic wasting disease (CWD) been found in Michigan?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Since the initial finding of CWD on May 20, 2015, free-ranging deer in Clinton, Dickinson, Eaton, Gratiot, Ingham, Ionia, Jackson, Kent and Montcalm counties have been positively confirmed with CWD. Please visit Michigan.gov/CWD for more information on CWD and the latest news and testing updates. See pages 56-57 and 61-62 for important regulations pertaining to CWD. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/documents/dnr/hunting_and_trapping_digest_461177_7.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/documents/dnr/hunting_and_trapping_digest_461177_7.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Assessing drivers of spread and transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease in Michigan deer</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Primary Contact: Dr. Dwayne Etter, DNR Wildlife Division, Lansing, Michigan</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Email: etterd@michigan.gov</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Phone: (517) 284-4720</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DNR Financial Support: $120,149 in FY19, $502,737 total.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Study Area: South-central Lower Peninsula</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Time Frame: 10/1/2017-9/30/2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The occurrence of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in Michigan challenges the foundations of wildlife conservation, both in the short term and perhaps more significantly in the longer term. In the short term, CWD is causing reallocation of precious financial and staff-time resources and will be widely disruptive to existing programs of the Michigan Department of Natural Resources (DNR). In the longer term, diseases such as CWD pose a threat to the financial cornerstone of fisheries and wildlife programs because sales of deer hunting licenses represent a large proportion of annual revenue for the Division of Wildlife. Recognizing these threats, the Division of Wildlife included wildlife disease in its Guiding Principles and Strategies (Objective 1.3: monitor and preserve the health of Michigan’s wildlife) and prepared a comprehensive Surveillance and Response Plan for Chronic Wasting Disease of Free-ranging and Privately Owned Cervids.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy that infects North American cervids including white-tailed deer (Williams 2005). The infectious agent of CWD is a misfolded protein, a prion, which accumulates in the brainstem and lymphatic tissue of infected animals and results in neurodegeneration and eventual death. In states where CWD is established it has emerged as a major threat, reducing the health of populations and causing long-term population decline (Edmunds et al. 2016, Gross and Miller 2001, Manjerovic et al. 2014).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The discovery of CWD in Michigan creates an immediate need for population monitoring and surveillance of at-risk deer populations. Since 2015, nine infected individuals have been identified following collection through state surveillance efforts, representing key successes in targeted disease management. However, the continued discovery of infected individuals in 2016 suggests a high likelihood that additional infected individuals remain on the landscape. The occurrence of a small number of infected animals across a relatively small geographic region in mid-Michigan indicates that the disease is still emerging.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">What distinguishes the research proposed here from extensive work done in other states is that CWD is still in an emergent phase in Michigan. Michigan discovered the disease early during a time when transmission of the disease may be more dependent on the density of deer on the landscape because most infections are through direct contact of infected animals with susceptible individuals. This situation is similar only to New York and Minnesota. In all other states where CWD has been discovered, the disease was already well established, and transmission included infection mediated by contact of susceptible individuals with severely contaminated environments. Our research in Michigan is intended to explore management options for the control of an emerging occurrence of CWD through better understanding of behavior and population dynamics of deer inhabiting areas of known infection. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The goal of this research is to improve the cost-efficiency of detecting CWD when it is still rare and removing animals from the landscape to control the spread of disease, by reducing contact among deer and potentially eliminating infectious animals. We intend to take a multi-pronged approach to accomplish this goal and the work described here will complement another study that seeks to develop new methods for detecting and removing diseased animals. The effort described here is designed to accumulate a dataset on movement behavior of deer that is of high temporal and spatial resolution to address questions about dispersal rates, directions and distances; evaluate hypotheses about environmental factors that are likely influences on dispersal behavior; parameterize risk maps of first-order contact for Michigan in concert with data and prior research in New York State; and create models of the interaction of landscape contexts (e.g., suburban, rural) and habitat characteristics that can be used to direct hunters and biologists to increase the efficiency of surveillance and removal actions. Our objectives address the strategic plans set forth by the Michigan DNR to “1.3.1: Develop and implement strategies to prevent and control diseases before they occur; 1.3.2: Respond to wildlife disease outbreaks; 1.3.4: Conduct research and monitoring to provide information to make management recommendations regarding wildlife disease; 1.3.5: Raise awareness regarding current and emerging wildlife health issues; and 1.3.6: Work with State and Federal agencies, and stakeholders to address wildlife health issues.” </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">12 IC4117 (Rev. 02/02/2021) </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">control of an emerging occurrence of CWD through better understanding of behavior and population dynamics of deer inhabiting areas of known infection.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The goal of this research is to improve the cost-efficiency of detecting CWD when it is still rare and removing animals from the landscape to control the spread of disease, by reducing contact among deer and potentially eliminating infectious animals. We intend to take a multi-pronged approach to accomplish this goal and the work described here will complement another study that seeks to develop new methods for detecting and removing diseased animals. The effort described here is designed to accumulate a dataset on movement behavior of deer that is of high temporal and spatial resolution to address questions about dispersal rates, directions and distances; evaluate hypotheses about environmental factors that are likely influences on dispersal behavior; parameterize risk maps of first-order contact for Michigan in concert with data and prior research in New York State; and create models of the interaction of landscape contexts (e.g., suburban, rural) and habitat characteristics that can be used to direct hunters and biologists to increase the efficiency of surveillance and removal actions.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our objectives address the strategic plans set forth by the Michigan DNR to “1.3.1: Develop and implement strategies to prevent and control diseases before they occur; 1.3.2: Respond to wildlife disease outbreaks; 1.3.4: Conduct research and monitoring to provide information to make management recommendations regarding wildlife disease; 1.3.5: Raise awareness regarding current and emerging wildlife health issues; and 1.3.6: Work with State and Federal agencies, and stakeholders to address wildlife health issues.” </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Management of Chronic Wasting Disease in Michigan</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Primary Contact: Dr. Kelly Straka, DNR Wildlife Division, Lansing, Michigan</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Email: StrakaK1@michigan.gov</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Phone: (517) 336-5030</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DNR Financial Support: $50,000 in FY19, $250,000 total.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Study Area: Statewide.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Time Frame: 10/01/2016-09/30/2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract: Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy that infects North American cervids including white-tailed deer (Williams 2005). The infectious agent of CWD is a misfolded protein, a prion, that accumulates in the brainstem and lymphatic tissue of infected animals and results in neurodegeneration and eventual death. In states where CWD is established, it has emerged as a major threat, reducing the health of populations and causing long-term population decline (Edmunds et. al. 2016, Gross and Miller 2001, Manjerovic et. al. 2014). 15 IC4117 (Rev. 02/02/2021) </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The occurrence of CWD in Michigan challenges the foundations of wildlife conservation, both in the short term and perhaps more significantly in the longer term. In the short term, CWD is causing reallocation of precious financial and staff-time resources and will be widely disruptive to existing programs. In the longer term, diseases such as CWD pose a threat to the financial cornerstone of fisheries and wildlife programs because sales of deer hunting licenses represent such a large proportion of annual revenue. Recognizing these threats, the Wildlife Division included wildlife disease in its Guiding Principles and Strategies (Objective 1.3: Monitor and preserve the health of Michigan’s wildlife) and prepared a comprehensive Surveillance and Response Plan for Chronic Wasting Disease of Free-ranging and Privately Owned Cervids.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The discovery of CWD in Michigan creates an immediate need for tools that better assess the return-oninvestment of funds for surveillance and management of CWD. We propose building on risk assessment and modeling that was previously developed during a CWD outbreak in New York. There, we showed how costs of CWD containment could be reduced dramatically by using risk modeling procedures and mapping areas where management action would have the greatest impact on disease control (Williams et. al. 2014). We plan to expand on those efforts by adapting them to Michigan and drawing on newly emerging tools for population estimation and risk analysis procedures that we have been using on other research (e.g., local-scale monitoring of deer populations using distance sampling and evaluation of wild turkey harvest regulations using statistical risk modeling).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our objectives address the strategies set forth in the Wildlife Division’s Guiding Principles and Strategies to “1.3.1: Develop and implement strategies to prevent and control diseases before they occur, 1.3.2: Respond to wildlife disease outbreaks, 1.3.4: Conduct research and monitoring to provide information to make management recommendations regarding wildlife disease, 1.3.5: Raise awareness regarding current and emerging wildlife health issues and 1.3.6: Work with State and Federal agencies and stakeholders to address wildlife health issues.” Specifically, we will provide managers with decision tools to: (1) evaluate the risk of spread of disease against the geographic extent of management action and attendant financial and political costs, (2) evaluate management alternatives to control CWD and assess the risk of local cases of CWD transitioning from emergent status to established status (where the disease becomes a self-sustaining reservoir within a population) and (3) monitor management outcomes for deer population abundance and disease prevalence. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Quantifying Upper Peninsula deer movements and abundance: preparing for CWD management</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Primary Contact: Dr. Dean Beyer Jr., DNR Wildlife Division, Marquette, Michigan</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Email: beyerd@michigan.gov</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Phone: (906) 228-6561</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DNR Financial Support: $117,759 in FY19, $613,001 total.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Study Area: Upper Peninsula</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Time Frame: 10/1/2017-9/30/2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) occurs in free-ranging white-tailed deer in Lower Michigan, and in our neighboring state of Wisconsin where the disease is endemic. Although wildlife managers have not documented CWD in the Upper Peninsula, managers found infected deer in two Wisconsin captive cervid facilities near the Michigan border. Officials identified the disease in a facility in Oneida County, Wisconsin, about 40 km from our Iron County border and a second positive deer in Oconto County, Wisconsin, about 50 km from our Menominee County border.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">While it is not possible to predict if or when we will find CWD in the Upper Peninsula, preparations seem prudent. A scientifically based understanding of deer movements and estimates of population abundance are critical for developing management recommendations in response to CWD. Deer movements and abundance can influence the probability of disease occurrence, contact rates which can affect transmission rate, and geographic extent of an outbreak (e.g., Oyer et al. 2007, Skult et al. 2008, Webb et al. 2010). Importantly, these data take time to gather and managers need this information at the time of first discovery. Thus, waiting for a disease outbreak before gathering these data would put managers at a disadvantage. Important deer movements to understand include seasonal home ranges, migration (especially important in the Upper Peninsula), dispersal, transient, and exploratory.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Information on these movements would inform decisions on identification of CWD management zones. The current strategy is to establish a 16-km radius circle around the location of an infected cervid and include entire counties whose boundaries intersect this circle as part of the CWD management zone. Further, if results from local population surveys or other credible scientific data suggest that cervids from within the radius are likely to move beyond the management zone boundary, the boundary should be expanded accordingly. In the Upper Peninsula, deer can seasonally migrate 50 km (Van Deelen et al. 1998), with overall movements exceeding 80 km (Doepker et al. 2015). These migratory movements, as well as other movements (e.g., dispersal), are currently unknown and certainly not aligned with or contained within county boundaries. Although some information exists on deer movements in the UP, most of this work relied on tag returns that do not provide the needed level of spatial and temporal resolution to inform management responses to a disease outbreak.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Consequently, If CWD was detected in the UP, large areas would likely be under surveillance and management that would not contain infected deer and large areas with potential for infected deer would not be within the prescribed surveillance zone, rendering the current management zone less effective. The Upper Peninsula Region (UPR), Biological and Social Sciences Section (BSSS), Wildlife Health Section (WHS), and Mississippi State University (MSU) wish to develop a program to address the need for information on deer movements. The core work would entail deploying GPS collars on deer in select wintering complexes and conditional winter range (starting along WI border) and documenting movements over three years. To complete the capture and collaring work, we would work cooperatively with interested sportspersons. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/documents/dnr/IC4117_SummaryofSustainableForestryResearch_652352_7.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/documents/dnr/IC4117_SummaryofSustainableForestryResearch_652352_7.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-350-79136_79772_79773_83479---,00.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-350-79136_79772_79773_83479---,00.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-350-79136_79608_90516_90541---,00.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-350-79136_79608_90516_90541---,00.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">archived link;</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20190723145018/https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-350-79136_79608_90516_90541---,00.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20190723145018/https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-350-79136_79608_90516_90541---,00.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20190723144916/https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-350-79136_79608_90516_90536_90552_90560---,00.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20190723144916/https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-350-79136_79608_90516_90536_90552_90560---,00.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20190324032939/https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-350-79136_79608_90516---,00.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20190324032939/https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-350-79136_79608_90516---,00.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 01, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Michigan CWD TSE Prion 211 Cases To Date</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/09/michigan-cwd-tse-prion-211-cases-to-date.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/09/michigan-cwd-tse-prion-211-cases-to-date.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Michigan CWD TSE Prion 211 Cases To Date</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Deer Tested for Chronic Wasting Disease Since Detection of First Positive Free-ranging Deer (May 2015) </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">https://www.michigan.gov/emergingdiseases/0,4579,7-186-76711_78204-357110--,00.html Total Deer Tested and Total Positives Cases CWD Testing Results for Deer Harvested in 2020 CWD Testing Results for Deer Harvested in 2019 CWD Testing Results for Deer Harvested in 2018 Michigan Lower Peninsula townships where free-ranging deer have tested positive for CWD https://www.michigan.gov/emergingdiseases/0,4579,7-186-76711_78204-357110--,00.html</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) Surveillance Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible neurological disease found in deer and elk populations that produces small lesions in brains of infected animals. As a result, CWD causes weight loss and a decline in body control. It is a species-specific disease, and there have been no cases in humans or other animals.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Currently, to determine the presence of CWD, brain and lymph node samples are taken by an accredited veterinarian after an animal dies. These samples are then submitted for testing.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">As part of their operations, all privately-owned cervid (POC) facilities in Michigan are required to submit samples. The number of samples that must be submitted depends on what specific program that a producer participates in: the Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification Program (CWD HCP) or the Surveillance Program.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">First, for the CWD HCP, all cervids 12 months of age and older that die for any reason must be tested for CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Second, all facilities that are not a part of the CWD HCP must participate in the Surveillance Program. The Surveillance Program requires that all animals 12 months of age and older that die from illness, injury, or euthanasia due to disease must be tested for CWD. In addition, 25% of cervids slaughtered, hunted, or culled must be tested. This number is calculated on an annual basis. In general, all facilities that have at least one death must test at least this one animal. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samples for either of these programs can be submitted to a private veterinarian, the Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Lab, or an MDARD drop off location. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">For more information, contact the MDARD Cervid Program.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/mdard/0,4610,7-125-48096_100264-530075--,00.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/mdard/0,4610,7-125-48096_100264-530075--,00.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Special Surveillance Area (SSA) If a free-ranging or privately-owned cervid (POC) tests positive for chronic wasting disease (CWD), then a buffer circle is created around that positive animal. This buffer circle is referred to as a Special Surveillance Area (SSA). POC facilities that fall within a SSA will have increased CWD testing requirements.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">More specifically, if a free-ranging cervid is found to be positive for CWD, a 15-mile radius circle is created around the positive animal. And, if a POC is found to be positive for CWD, a 5-mile radius circle is created around the positive animal. Further, for both cases, the SSA extends to the entirety of the county of the infected animal and any county that the 15-mile or 5-mile circle touches. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">For a complete list of counties that are included within a particular SSA, please review the map below.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/mdard/0,4610,7-125-48096_100264-530074--,00.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/mdard/0,4610,7-125-48096_100264-530074--,00.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Livestock Diseases:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Disease Species Number of Animals</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD (Chronic Wasting Disease) Cervid 46</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Number of herds involved in special surveillance zones around CWD positive free-ranging deer 84 84 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/documents/mdard/2020_Animal_Industry_Division_Annual_Report_719508_7.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/documents/mdard/2020_Animal_Industry_Division_Annual_Report_719508_7.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MDARD CWD Confirmed at Farmed Deer Facilities in Mecosta and Montcalm Counties</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">... Rural Development (MDARD) has confirmed two cases of chronic wasting disease (CWD) at two separate farmed deer facilities, one ... 123 free-ranging deer from Montcalm County. "Since chronic wasting disease can significantly impact all Michigan deer, it is ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/mdard/0,4610,7-125-1572_28248_50968-565732--,00.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/mdard/0,4610,7-125-1572_28248_50968-565732--,00.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MDARD CWD Identified in Newaygo County Farmed Deer</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">... Agriculture and Rural and Development (MDARD) has confirmed chronic wasting disease (CWD) in three white-tailed deer from a ... rule out exposure of any other farmed deer. "Chronic wasting disease is a serious disease affecting both farmed and ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/mdard/0,4610,7-125-1572_28248_50968-516936--,00.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/mdard/0,4610,7-125-1572_28248_50968-516936--,00.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MDARD CWD identified in a Montcalm County farmed deer</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">... Rural Development (MDARD) has confirmed a case of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in a four-year-old white-tailed ... 123 free-ranging deer in Montcalm County. "As chronic wasting disease affects both farmed and free-ranging deer, MDARD ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/mdard/0,4610,7-125-1572_28248_50968-554427--,00.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/mdard/0,4610,7-125-1572_28248_50968-554427--,00.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Michigan CWD Confirmed at Farmed Deer Facilities in Mecosta and Montcalm Counties</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD Confirmed at Farmed Deer Facilities in Mecosta and Montcalm Counties </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">For immediate release: August 11, 2021 Media contact: Jennifer Holton, 517-284-5724</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">LANSING, MI - The Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (MDARD) has confirmed two cases of chronic wasting disease (CWD) at two separate farmed deer facilities, one in Mecosta County and one in Montcalm County. The two infected deer, a two-year-old and a four-year-old, were discovered through routine testing as part of the state's CWD surveillance program for farmed deer.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD is a fatal neurological disease that affects white-tailed deer, mule deer, elk, and moose. The disease can be transmitted directly from one animal to another, as well as indirectly through the environment. While an infected deer may appear healthy for months or years, it will eventually display abnormal behavior, progressive weight loss, and physical debilitation in the latter stages of the disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The presence of CWD in farmed and free-ranging deer is not new to Michigan. Since 2008, and including these new cases, CWD has been detected at eight Michigan deer farms in the following counties: Kent, Mecosta (3), Montcalm (3), and Newaygo.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">With free-ranging deer, CWD was first discovered in May 2015, and cases have been found across nine counties in Michigan's Upper and Lower Peninsulas. To date, while no free-ranging white-tailed deer have tested positive for CWD in Mecosta County, the disease has been detected in 123 free-ranging deer from Montcalm County. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Since chronic wasting disease can significantly impact all Michigan deer, it is vitally important to detect the disease as early as possible," said State Veterinarian Nora Wineland, DVM. "Early detection allows MDARD and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources to work in collaboration with farmers and hunters to stem the spread and manage this serious disease."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">As part of MDARD's disease response, investigations are being conducted to rule out exposure to any other farmed deer.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Currently, there have been no reported cases of CWD infection in humans. However, as a precaution, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and the World Health Organization recommend that infected animals should not be consumed as food by either humans or domestic animals.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">More information about CWD can be found at Michigan.gov/CWD or Michigan.gov/MDARD-Cervid.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">###</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">https://www.michigan.gov/mdard/0,4610,7-125--565732--,00.html</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD identified in a Montcalm County farmed deer </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">For immediate release: March 12, 2021 Media contact: Jessy Sielski, 517-331-1151</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">LANSING, MI - The Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (MDARD) has confirmed a case of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in a four-year-old white-tailed deer from a Montcalm County deer farm. The case was found through samples that were submitted for routine testing as part of the state's CWD surveillance program for farmed deer.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD is a fatal neurological disease that affects white-tailed deer, mule deer, elk, and moose. CWD can be transmitted directly from one animal to another, as well as indirectly through the environment. While an infected deer may appear healthy for months or years, it will eventually display abnormal behavior, progressive weight loss, and physical debilitation in the latter stages of the disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The discovery of CWD in farmed and free-ranging deer is not new to the state of Michigan. Since 2008, and including this new case, CWD has been detected at six Michigan deer farms in the following counties: Kent, Mecosta (2), Montcalm (2), and Newaygo.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">With free-ranging deer, CWD was first discovered in May 2015, and cases have been found across nine counties in both the Upper and Lower Peninsulas. To date, CWD has been detected in 123 free-ranging deer in Montcalm County. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"As chronic wasting disease affects both farmed and free-ranging deer, MDARD works in partnership with the Michigan Department of Natural Resources and the state's deer farmers to detect and manage this serious disease," said State Veterinarian Nora Wineland, DVM. "Due to the nature of the disease, it is imperative that farmers, hunters, DNR, and MDARD continue to work in collaboration to protect all of Michigan's deer."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">As part of MDARD's disease response, an investigation will be conducted to rule out exposure of any other farmed deer.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Currently, there have been no reported cases of CWD infection in humans. However, as a precaution, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and the World Health Organization recommend infected animals not be consumed as food by either humans or domestic animals.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">More information about CWD can be found at Michigan.gov/CWD or Michigan.gov/MDARD-Cervid.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">###</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/mdard/0,4610,7-125-1572_28248_50968-554427--,00.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/mdard/0,4610,7-125-1572_28248_50968-554427--,00.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">APPENDIX A: 2020 REPORTABLE DISEASES</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Livestock Diseases: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD (Chronic Wasting Disease) Cervid 46 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/documents/mdard/2020_Animal_Industry_Division_Annual_Report_719508_7.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/documents/mdard/2020_Animal_Industry_Division_Annual_Report_719508_7.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD Identified in Newaygo County Farmed Deer </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">For Immediate Release: January 14, 2020 Media Contact: Jessy Sielski, 517-284-5725</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">LANSING, MI - The Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural and Development (MDARD) has confirmed chronic wasting disease (CWD) in three white-tailed deer from a Newaygo County deer farm. All three deer were four-and-a-half years old. The samples were submitted for routine testing as part of the state's CWD surveillance program for farmed deer.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To date, CWD has not been detected in free-ranging deer in Newaygo County. As part of MDARD's disease response, an investigation will be conducted to rule out exposure of any other farmed deer.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Chronic wasting disease is a serious disease affecting both farmed and free-ranging deer," said State Veterinarian Nora Wineland, DVM. "MDARD and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources work together, in partnership with the state's deer farmers, to ensure the protection of all of Michigan's deer."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Since 2008, CWD has been detected in four additional privately-owned cervid facilities from Kent, Mecosta, and Montcalm Counties. The deer farm in Newaygo County is the fifth Michigan farm in which CWD has been detected.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD is a fatal neurological disease that affects white-tailed deer, mule deer, elk, and moose. CWD can be transmitted directly from one animal to another, as well as indirectly through the environment. Infected animals may display abnormal behavior, progressive weight loss and physical debilitation. To date, there have been no reported cases of CWD infection in humans. However, as a precaution, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and the World Health Organization recommend that infected animals not be consumed as food by either humans or domestic animals.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">More information about CWD can be found at Michigan.gov/CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/mdard/0,4610,7-125-1572_28248_50968-516936--,00.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/mdard/0,4610,7-125-1572_28248_50968-516936--,00.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/documents/mdard/May_15_2019_Commission_Meeting_Materials_655387_7.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/documents/mdard/May_15_2019_Commission_Meeting_Materials_655387_7.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-350-79136_79608_90516---,00.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-350-79136_79608_90516---,00.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Total Deer Tested and Total Positives Cases CWD Testing Results for Deer Harvested in 2020 CWD Testing Results for Deer Harvested in 2019 CWD Testing Results for Deer Harvested in 2018 Michigan Lower Peninsula townships where free-ranging deer have tested positive for CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/emergingdiseases/0,4579,7-186-76711_78204-357110--,00.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/emergingdiseases/0,4579,7-186-76711_78204-357110--,00.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Greenville man charged with violating CWD deer requirements</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">By Elisabeth Waldon | on February 03, 2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Eric Snyder</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">EUREKA TOWNSHIP — A Greenville man is facing half a dozen charges related to his alleged improper handling of deer with chronic wasting disease (CWD).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Eric David Snyder, 51, is charged with three counts of animal industry acts (privately owned cervidae) two counts of animal industry acts (felony violation) and one count of animals burial.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">According to Montcalm County Prosecutor Andrea Krause, the alleged crimes occurred between March 2019 and February 2020. The Department of Natural Resources investigated, however, Snyder wasn’t charged until December 2020 and he wasn’t arraigned until Jan. 21. Krause said the coronavirus pandemic likely played a role in the delay.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">According to Krause, Snyder owned Fieldview Whitetails, a deer farm/ranch in Eureka Township.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> “He had a deer test positive for CWD,” Krause said. “(Snyder) dumped the deer outside the farm in violation of the law. He also violated a quarantine of the other deer he had on his farm.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A deer with CWD in Montcalm County was discovered in October 2017 and as a precaution in January 2018, all privately owned deer facilities were put into mandatory quarantine if they were within 15 miles of a deer that tested positive, according to Krause. In March 2019, a deer at Snyder’s farm was discovered to have CWD, and a follow-up investigation later that month discovered the alleged violations at the farm, according to Krause.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snyder is being represented by attorney Jeff Crampton. If convicted, Snyder faces to from 90 days to five years prison and/or fines and costs.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Share This Article:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://thedailynews.cc/articles/greenville-man-charged-with-violating-cwd-deer-requirements/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://thedailynews.cc/articles/greenville-man-charged-with-violating-cwd-deer-requirements/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SUNDAY, JANUARY 22, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Michigan Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Totals Since 2015 To Present 242 Confirmed Cases</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/01/michigan-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/01/michigan-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">THURSDAY, APRIL 14, 2022 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Michigan’s 2021 deer seasons included targeted CWD surveillance, 25 positive deer </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/04/michigans-2021-deer-seasons-included.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/04/michigans-2021-deer-seasons-included.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 10, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion protein polymorphisms in Michigan white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/prion-protein-polymorphisms-in-michigan.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/prion-protein-polymorphisms-in-michigan.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 27, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Michigan shifts approach to monitor spread of deadly deer disease deer CWD TSE Prion 220 cases confirmed in WILD to date, captive? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/10/michigan-shifts-approach-to-monitor.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/10/michigan-shifts-approach-to-monitor.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, OCTOBER 22, 2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Michigan CWD TSE Prion TOTAL WILD CERVID 220 POSITIVE TO DATE, CAPTIVE CWD TOTAL</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/10/michigan-cwd-tse-prion-total-wild.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/10/michigan-cwd-tse-prion-total-wild.html</a></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, JUNE 28, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Michigan Total CWD Positive/Suspect Positive Deer 209 Cases To Date</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/06/michigan-total-cwd-positivesuspect.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/06/michigan-total-cwd-positivesuspect.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 27, 2020 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Michigan, to date, CWD TSE Prion has been detected in 197 cervid </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/11/michigan-to-date-cwd-tse-prion-has-been.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/11/michigan-to-date-cwd-tse-prion-has-been.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SUNDAY, OCTOBER 11, 2020 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Michigan Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion increases to 191 positive to date</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/10/michigan-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/10/michigan-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 22, 2020 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Michigan CWD TSE Prion 189 Positive To Date UPDATE September 2020</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/09/michigan-cwd-tse-prion-189-positive-to.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/09/michigan-cwd-tse-prion-189-positive-to.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, MARCH 25, 2020 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Michigan CWD TSE Prion Total Suspect Positive Deer Moves Up To 188 with total deer tested 80,687 to date</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/emergingdiseases/0,4579,7-186-76711_78204-357110--,00.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/emergingdiseases/0,4579,7-186-76711_78204-357110--,00.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/03/michigan-cwd-tse-prion-total-suspect.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/03/michigan-cwd-tse-prion-total-suspect.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">THURSDAY, JANUARY 30, 2020 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Michigan CWD TSE Prion Total Suspect Positive Deer Jumps To 181 to date</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/michigan-cwd-tse-prion-total-suspect.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/michigan-cwd-tse-prion-total-suspect.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, JANUARY 27, 2020 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Michigan CWD TSE Prion MDARD 3 positive white-tailed deer from a Newaygo County deer farm depopulation and quarantine efforts update?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/michigan-cwd-tse-prion-mdard-3-positive.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/michigan-cwd-tse-prion-mdard-3-positive.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, JANUARY 14, 2020 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Michigan MDARD has confirmed chronic wasting disease (CWD) in 3 white-tailed deer from a Newaygo County deer farm</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/michigan-mdard-has-confirmed-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/michigan-mdard-has-confirmed-chronic.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, JANUARY 07, 2020 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Michigan Total CWD TSE Prion Positive Suspect-Positive Deer Jump To 174 confirmed to date</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/michigan-total-cwd-tse-prion-positive.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/michigan-total-cwd-tse-prion-positive.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">THURSDAY, DECEMBER 12, 2019 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Michigan Total CWD TSE Prion Positive Suspect-Positive Deer Jump To 162 confirmed to date</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/12/michigan-total-cwd-tse-prion-positive.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/12/michigan-total-cwd-tse-prion-positive.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 22, 2019 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Michigan Total CWD TSE Prion Positive/Suspect-Positive Deer 140 To Date</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/11/michigan-total-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/11/michigan-total-cwd-tse-prion.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 06, 2019 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Michigan Total CWD TSE Prion Positive, Suspect Positive, Deer 136 To Date</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/11/michigan-total-cwd-tse-prion-positive.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/11/michigan-total-cwd-tse-prion-positive.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2019 CWD Testing Goals and Results as of October 18, 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-350-79136_79608_90516_90536-501527--,00.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-350-79136_79608_90516_90536-501527--,00.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">THURSDAY, OCTOBER 24, 2019 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Michigan DNR reports CWD-positive deer in Hamilton Township, Gratiot County</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/10/michigan-dnr-reports-cwd-positive-deer.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/10/michigan-dnr-reports-cwd-positive-deer.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SATURDAY, OCTOBER 05, 2019 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Michigan MSU SCIENTISTS ARE TESTING A FASTER WAY TO DETECT CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/10/michigan-msu-scientists-are-testing.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/10/michigan-msu-scientists-are-testing.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 22, 2019 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Michigan TWO MORE CWD TSE PRION POSITIVES Total Now At 124 Positive</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/09/michigan-two-more-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/09/michigan-two-more-cwd-tse-prion.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 17, 2019 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Michigan House Bill 4687 State Legislators Turn To Draft Dodger Ted Nugent To Make Scientific Decisions over DNR on CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/09/michigan-house-bill-4687-state.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/09/michigan-house-bill-4687-state.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SATURDAY, AUGUST 24, 2019 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Michigan Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Two More Cases Total 122 To Date https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/08/michigan-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html THURSDAY, MAY 23, 2019 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Michigan Osceola County deer farm/ranch owner arraigned on several violations</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/05/michigan-osceola-county-deer-farmranch.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/05/michigan-osceola-county-deer-farmranch.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">THURSDAY, MAY 09, 2019 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Michigan CWD TSE Prion increases to 120 Cases to Date</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/05/michigan-cwd-tse-prion-increases-to-120.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/05/michigan-cwd-tse-prion-increases-to-120.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">THURSDAY, MARCH 28, 2019 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Michigan CWD Identified in a Montcalm County Farmed Deer</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/03/michigan-cwd-identified-in-montcalm.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/03/michigan-cwd-identified-in-montcalm.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">March 30, 2018</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Contact: Lt. David Shaw, 616-218-3762</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Mecosta County man sentenced following DNR investigation</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Game ranch owner falsified information related to chronic wasting disease testing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A Mecosta County game ranch owner has been sentenced on charges resulting from an investigation by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources Law Enforcement Division, in cooperation with the Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Lester Jay Gemmen, 64, of Morley was charged with providing false information regarding the origin of two deer heads that were submitted for disease testing, and for failing to properly maintain fencing at the Super G Ranch. The ranch is a privately owned cervid (POC) facility, a designation that includes game ranches and hunting ranches.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">He was sentenced by the 77th District Court to 60 days in jail for each count, ordered to pay $775 in fines and costs and must perform 80 hours of community service.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The investigation began in 2017 after two of the six deer heads submitted by Gemmen tested positive for chronic wasting disease (CWD).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“I commend the detectives from our Special Investigations Unit and our field conservation officers for their thorough, professional approach to this investigation,” said 1st Lt. David Shaw, supervisor of the Special Investigations Unit of the DNR Law Enforcement Division.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The facility’s remaining deer were depopulated and tested, but no further evidence of CWD was found. The facility remains under quarantine, currently preventing ownership of farmed cervids.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Privately Owned Cervid Program is jointly managed by the DNR and MDARD. There is mandatory CWD testing in all registered herds in Michigan, under the oversight of MDARD. The DNR oversees POC registration and performs inspections of POC facilities. Proper maintenance of POC facilities is critical to protecting Michigan’s free-ranging and privately owned cervid herds.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD is a fatal central nervous system disease that affects white-tailed deer, mule deer, elk and moose. It attacks the brain of infected animals, creating small lesions in the brain, which result in death. It is transmitted through direct animal-to-animal contact or by contact with saliva, urine, feces, blood, carcass parts of an infected animal or infected soil. To date, there have been no reported cases of CWD infection in humans. However, as a precaution, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization recommend that infected animals not be consumed as food by humans or domestic animals.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Since May 2015, CWD-positive deer have been found in Michigan. As of mid-March 2018, 57 free-ranging deer have tested positive for the disease. CWD has not been found in the Upper Peninsula, though it has been discovered in Wisconsin, approximately 40 miles from the western Upper Peninsula border.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The DNR is working with stakeholders to address the status of CWD in Michigan. In the coming weeks, the DNR and the Michigan Natural Resources Commission will host a series of public engagement meetings across the state on CWD. The sessions will provide hunters, business owners and residents with opportunities to share their ideas and observations.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In addition, the DNR, NRC and MDARD are evaluating recommendations from the CWD Working Group, which was created after last year’s CWD Symposium. The symposium brought national and international experts to Michigan to discuss CWD. During the coming months, the DNR, NRC and MDARD will work with stakeholders to develop new CWD regulation recommendations.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Visit www.michigan.gov/cwd for more information about the disease, preventive measures and the public meeting schedule.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/MIDNR/bulletins/1e60b39" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/MIDNR/bulletins/1e60b39</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">2023 ENVIRONMENTAL AND ZOONOSIS FACTORS FOR CHRONIC WASTING DISESASE CWD TSE PrP</div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION CONFERENCE 2023 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS FOR CWD TSE PRION</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">CWD TSE PRION CERVID ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation."</div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Detection of prions in soils contaminated by multiple routes</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stuart Siegfried Lichtenberg1,2 , Heather Inzalaco3 , Sam Thomas4 , Dan Storm5 , Dan Walsh6</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A. 2Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A. 3 Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A 4Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A. 5Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, U.S.A. 6U.S. Geological Survey, Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, U.S.A.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Free-ranging animals afflicted with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies frequently shed infectious prions into the broader environment. The quintessential example is chronic wasting disease, the TSE of cervids. Over the course of the disease, an infected animal will shed infectious prions in blood, urine, saliva, and feces. Upon death, the total prion load interred in the animal’s tissues will be deposited wherever the animal falls. This contamination creates substantial risk to naïve animals, and likely contributes to disease spread. Identification and quantification of prions at contamination hotspots is essential for any attempt at mitigation of environmental transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: Surfactant extraction of soils followed by precipitation yields a sample that is amenable to analysis by real-time quaking induced conversion. However, differences in extraction yield are apparent depending on the properties of the matrix from which the prions are being extracted, principally soil clay content.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: We are able to detect prion seeding activity at multiple types of environmental hotspots, including carcass sites, contaminated captive facilities, and scrapes (i.e. urine and saliva). Differences in relative prion concentration vary depending on the nature and source of the contamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Detection of prions in the environment is of the utmost importance for controlling chronic wasting disease spread. Here, we have demonstrated a viable method for detection of prions in complex environmental matrices. However, it is quite likely that this method underestimates the total infectious prion load in a contaminated sample, due to incomplete recovery of infectious prions. Further refinements are necessary for accurate quantification of prions in such samples, and to account for the intrinsic heterogeneities found in the broader environment.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">The detection and decontamination of chronic wasting disease prions during venison processing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Marissa S. Milstein1,2, Marc D. Schwabenlander1,2, Sarah C. Gresch1,2, Manci Li1,2, Stuart Lichtenberg1,2, Rachel Shoemaker1,2, Gage R. Rowden1,2, Jason C. Bartz2,3 , Tiffany M. Wolf2,4, Peter A. Larsen1,2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Presenting author: Tiffany M. Wolf 1 Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 2 Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 3 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA 4 Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: There is a growing concern that chronic wasting disease (CWD) prions in venison pose a risk to human health. CWD prions accumulate in infected deer tissues that commonly enter the human food chain through meat processing and consumption. The United States (US) Food and Drug Administration and US Department of Agriculture now formally consider CWD-positive venison unfit for human and animal consumption. Yet, the degree to which prion contamination occurs during routine venison processing is unknown. Here, we use environmental surface swab methods to: a) experimentally test meat processing equipment (i.e., stainless steel knives and polyethylene cutting boards) before and after processing CWD-positive venison and b) test the efficacy of five different disinfectant types (i.e., Dawn dish soap, Virkon-S, Briotech, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach) to determine prion decontamination efficacy.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: We used a real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay to determine CWD infection status of venison and to detect CWD prions in the swabs. We collected three swabs per surface and ran eight technical replicates on RT-QuIC.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: CWD prions were detected on all cutting boards (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8 and knives (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) used in processing CWD-positive venison, but not on those used for CWD-negative venison. After processing CWD-positive venison, allowing the surfaces to dry, and washing the cutting board with Dawn dish soap, we detected CWD prions on the cutting board surface (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) but not on the knife (n= 3, replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). Similar patterns were observed with Briotech (cutting board: n= 3; replicates= 7/8, 1/8, 0/8; knife: n= 3; replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). We did not detect CWD prions on the knives or cutting boards after disinfecting with Virkon-S, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: These preliminary results suggest that Dawn dish soap and Briotech do not reliably decontaminate CWD prions from these surfaces. Our data suggest that Virkon-S and various bleach concentrations are more effective in reducing prion contamination of meat processing surfaces; however, surface type may also influence the ability of prions to adsorb to surfaces, preventing complete decontamination. Our results will directly inform best practices to prevent the introduction of CWD prions into the human food chain during venison processing.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: Funding was provided by the Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund as recommended by the Legislative-Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources (LCCMR), the Rapid Agriculture Response Fund (#95385/RR257), and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Theme: Animal prion diseases</div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2023 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> Nine of these recurrences occurred 14–21 years after culling, apparently as the result of environmental contamination, but outside entry could not always be absolutely excluded. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY Volume 87, Issue 12</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years Free</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82011-0" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82011-0</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Rapid recontamination of a farm building occurs after attempted prion removal</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">First published: 19 January 2019 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">The data illustrates the difficulty in decontaminating farm buildings from scrapie, and demonstrates the likely contribution of farm dust to the recontamination of these environments to levels that are capable of causing disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">This study clearly demonstrates the difficulty in removing scrapie infectivity from the farm environment. Practical and effective prion decontamination methods are still urgently required for decontamination of scrapie infectivity from farms that have had cases of scrapie and this is particularly relevant for scrapiepositive goatherds, which currently have limited genetic resistance to scrapie within commercial breeds.24 This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids.</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***>This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids.</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Front. Vet. Sci., 14 September 2015 | <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Objects in contact with classical scrapie sheep act as a reservoir for scrapie transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">In conclusion, the results in the current study indicate that removal of furniture that had been in contact with scrapie-infected animals should be recommended, particularly since cleaning and decontamination may not effectively remove scrapie infectivity (31), even though infectivity declines considerably if the pasture and the field furniture have not been in contact with scrapie-infected sheep for several months. As sPMCA failed to detect PrPSc in furniture that was subjected to weathering, even though exposure led to infection in sheep, this method may not always be reliable in predicting the risk of scrapie infection through environmental contamination. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">172. Establishment of PrPCWD extraction and detection methods in the farm soil</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Conclusions: Our studies showed that PrPCWD persist in 0.001% CWD contaminated soil for at least 4 year and natural CWD-affected farm soil. When cervid reintroduced into CWD outbreak farm, the strict decontamination procedures of the infectious agent should be performed in the environment of CWD-affected cervid habitat.</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">SUBJECT MATTER: Chronic Wasting Disease Carcass Disposal Dumpster Management and Biosecurity</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BACKGROUND INFORMATION:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">State and tribal wildlife agencies may identify collection points (dumpsters) within an identified chronic wasting disease (CWD) management zone for the disposal of hunter-harvested cervid carcasses to remove potentially infected carcasses off the landscape for disposal by an approved method (Gillin & Mawdsley, 2018, chap.14). However, depending on their placement and maintenance these dumpsters could potentially increase the risk of CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In several different states, photographic evidence has shown dumpsters in state identified CWD management zones overflowing with deer carcasses and limbs scattered on the land nearby. This could provide an opportunity for scavengers to potentially move infected carcass material to non-infected zones or increase contamination of the ground material around the dumpster’s location.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Federal guidance does not explicitly address uniform standards for collection locations for carcasses of free-ranging cervids; however, the United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services Program Standards on CWD outlines procedures for carcass disposal, equipment sanitation, and decontamination of premises for captive cervid facilities.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">RESOLUTION:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The United States Animal Health Association urges the Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (AFWA), Wildlife Health Committee to further refine the AFWA Technical Report on Best Management Practices for Prevention, Surveillance, and Management of Chronic Wasting Disease; Chapter 14, Carcass Disposal to address the placement and management of chronic wasting disease carcass disposal dumpsters or other carcass collection containers.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Reference:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1. Gillin, Colin M., and Mawdsley, Jonathan R. (eds.). 2018. AFWA Technical Report on Best Management Practices for Surveillance, Management and Control of Chronic Wasting Disease. Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Washington, D. C. 111 pp. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.usaha.org/upload/Resolution/2022/2022_Resolution_30_CWD_Dumpste.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.usaha.org/upload/Resolution/2022/2022_Resolution_30_CWD_Dumpste.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">THE tse prion aka mad cow type disease is not your normal pathogen. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">The TSE prion disease survives ashing to 600 degrees celsius, that’s around 1112 degrees farenheit. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">you cannot cook the TSE prion disease out of meat. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">you can take the ash and mix it with saline and inject that ash into a mouse, and the mouse will go down with TSE. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production as well. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">the TSE prion agent also survives Simulated Wastewater Treatment Processes. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">IN fact, you should also know that the TSE Prion agent will survive in the environment for years, if not decades. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">you can bury it and it will not go away. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">The TSE agent is capable of infected your water table i.e. Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">it’s not your ordinary pathogen you can just cook it out and be done with. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> that’s what’s so worrisome about Iatrogenic mode of transmission, a simple autoclave will not kill this TSE prion agent. I’m thinking tools used to dress a deer, knives with wooden handles, carcass disposal, burial only 3ft, scavengers, exposure of Cwd to soil and surrounding area, plants intake, …I could go on…Terry</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">1: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994 Jun;57(6):757-8 </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> Transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease to a chimpanzee by electrodes contaminated during neurosurgery. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Asher DM, Kobrine A, Amyx HL, Sulima MP, Gajdusek DC. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Laboratory of Central Nervous System Studies, National Institute of </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Bethesda, MD 20892. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Stereotactic multicontact electrodes used to probe the cerebral cortex of a middle aged woman with progressive dementia were previously implicated in the accidental transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) to two younger patients. The diagnoses of CJD have been confirmed for all three cases. More than two years after their last use in humans, after three cleanings and repeated sterilisation in ethanol and formaldehyde vapour, the electrodes were implanted in the cortex of a chimpanzee. Eighteen months later the animal became ill with CJD. This finding serves to re-emphasise the potential danger posed by reuse of instruments contaminated with the agents of spongiform encephalopathies, even after scrupulous attempts to clean them. </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">PMID: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">8006664</span> [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8006664?dopt=Abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8006664?dopt=Abstract</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">New studies on the heat resistance of hamster-adapted scrapie agent: Threshold survival after ashing at 600°C suggests an inorganic template of replication </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">A Quantitative Assessment of the Amount of Prion Diverted to Category 1 Materials and Wastewater During Processing </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Rapid assessment of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion inactivation by heat treatment in yellow grease produced in the industrial manufacturing process of meat and bone meals </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 2019 </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">BSE infectivity survives burial for five years with only limited spread</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">5 or 6 years quarantine is NOT LONG ENOUGH FOR CWD TSE PRION !!!</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">QUARANTINE NEEDS TO BE 21 YEARS FOR CWD TSE PRION !</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">You can take this communication from my old files with how ever many grains of salt you wish…Terry</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">FRIDAY, APRIL 30, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Should Property Evaluations Contain Scrapie, CWD, TSE PRION Environmental Contamination of the land?</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> Confidential!!!!</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> As early as 1992-3 there had been long studies conducted on small pastures containing scrapie infected sheep at the sheep research station associated with the Neuropathogenesis Unit in Edinburgh, Scotland. Whether these are documented...I don't know. But personal recounts both heard and recorded in a daily journal indicate that leaving the pastures free and replacing the topsoil completely at least 2 feet of thickness each year for SEVEN years....and then when very clean (proven scrapie free) sheep were placed on these small pastures.... the new sheep also broke out with scrapie and passed it to offspring. I am not sure that TSE contaminated ground could ever be free of the agent!! A very frightening revelation!!!</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">---end personal email early BSE days---end...tss</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">and so it seems...</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Scrapie Agent (Strain 263K) Can Transmit Disease via the Oral Route after Persistence in Soil over Years</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Published: May 9, 2007</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Our results showed that 263K scrapie agent can persist in soil at least over 29 months. Strikingly, not only the contaminated soil itself retained high levels of infectivity, as evidenced by oral administration to Syrian hamsters, but also feeding of aqueous soil extracts was able to induce disease in the reporter animals. We could also demonstrate that PrPSc in soil, extracted after 21 months, provides a catalytically active seed in the protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) reaction. PMCA opens therefore a perspective for considerably improving the detectability of prions in soil samples from the field.</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0000435" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0000435</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Dr. Paul Brown Scrapie Soil Test BSE Inquiry Document</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090505211734/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/Seac07/tab03.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090505211734/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/Seac07/tab03.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Trucking CWD TSE PrP</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Friday, December 14, 2012 <div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with CWD prion. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing, footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible. For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant uncertainty associated with these estimates. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists and returning GB residents. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://webarchive.nationa... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Published: 06 September 2021<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">***> Chronic wasting disease: a cervid prion infection looming to spillover</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Alicia Otero, Camilo Duque Velásquez, Judd Aiken & Debbie McKenzie </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Veterinary Research volume 52, Article number: 115 (2021) </div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-021-00986-y" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-021-00986-y</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Detection of chronic wasting disease prions in processed meats</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rebeca Benavente1 , Francisca Bravo1,2, J. Hunter Reed3 , Mitch Lockwood3 , Glenn Telling4 , Rodrigo Morales1,2 1 Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA; 2 Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins. Santiago, Chile; 3 Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Texas, USA. 4 Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: identify the presence of CWD prions in processed meats derived from elk. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: In this study, we analyzed different processed meats derived from a CWD-positive (pre-clinical) free-ranging elk. Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats. The presence of CWD-prions in these samples were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates. The same analyses were performed in grilled and boiled meats to evaluate the resistance of the infectious agent to these procedures. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Our results show positive prion detection in all the samples analyzed using deer and elk substrates. Surprisingly, cooked meats displayed increased seeding activities. This data suggests that CWD-prions are available to people even after meats are processed and cooked. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: These results suggest CWD prions are accessible to humans through meats, even after processing and cooking. Considering the fact that these samples were collected from already processed specimens, the availability of CWD prions to humans is probably underestimated. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH and USDA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Grant number: 1R01AI132695 and APP-20115 to RM </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We would like to thank TPWD personnel for providing us with valuable samples</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">"Our results show positive prion detection in all the samples analyzed using deer and elk substrates. Surprisingly, cooked meats displayed increased seeding activities."</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">end... </span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Fortuitous generation of a zoonotic cervid prion strain </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Manuel Camacho, Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Sydney Smith, Jieji Hu, Wanyun Tao, Ignazio Cali, Qingzhong Kong. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Whether CWD prions can infect humans remains unclear despite the very substantial scale and long history of human exposure of CWD in many states or provinces of USA and Canada. Multiple in vitro conversion experiments and in vivo animal studies indicate that the CWD-to-human transmission barrier is not unbreakable. A major long-term public health concern on CWD zoonosis is the emergence of highly zoonotic CWD strains. We aim to address the question of whether highly zoonotic CWD strains are possible. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: We inoculated several sCJD brain samples into cervidized transgenic mice (Tg12), which were intended as negative controls for bioassays of brain tissues from sCJD cases who had potentially been exposed to CWD. Some of the Tg12 mice became infected and their brain tissues were further examined by Western blot as well as serial passages in humanized or cervidized mice. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Passage of sCJDMM1 in transgenic mice expressing elk PrP (Tg12) resulted in a “cervidized” CJD strain that we termed CJDElkPrP. We observed 100% transmission of the original CJDElkPrP in transgenic mice expressing human PrP. We passaged CJDElkPrP two more times in the Tg12 mice. We found that such second and third passage CJDElkPrP prions retained 100% transmission rate in the humanized mice, despite that the natural elk CWD isolates and CJDElkPrP share the same elk PrP sequence. In contrast, we and others found zero or poor transmission of natural elk CWD isolates in humanized mice. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our data indicate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can retain zoonotic potential after serial passages in cervids, suggesting a very significant and serious long-term risk of CWD zoonosis given that the broad and continuing spread of CWD prions will provide fertile grounds for the emergence of zoonotic CWD strains over time. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O'Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples used in this study, respectively</div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">"Our data indicate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can retain zoonotic potential after serial passages in cervids, suggesting a very significant and serious long-term risk of CWD zoonosis given that the broad and continuing spread of CWD prions will provide fertile grounds for the emergence of zoonotic CWD strains over time."</span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A probable diagnostic marker for CWD infection in humans </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Manuel Camacho, Ignazio Cali, Qingzhong Kong. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Multiple in vitro CWD-seeded human PrP conversion experiments and some animal model studies indicate that the species barrier for CWD to human transmission can be overcome, but whether CWD prion can infect humans in real life remains controversial. The very limited understanding on the likely features of CWD infection in humans and the lack of a reliable diagnostic marker for identification of acquired human CWD cases contribute to this uncertainty. We aim to stablish such a reliable diagnostic marker for CWD infections in humans should they occur. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: A couple of PrPSc-positive spleens were identified from humanized transgenic mice inoculated with either CWD or sCJDMM1. Prions in these spleens were compared by bioassays in cervidized or humanized transgenic mice. A couple of PrPSc-positive spleens from UK sCJDMM1 patients were also examined similarly as controls with no exposure to CWD. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: We have detected two prion-positive spleens in humanized transgenic mice inoculated with some CWD isolates. Such experimentally generated splenic “humanized” CWD prions (termed eHuCWDsp) appear indistinguishable from prions in the brain of sCJDMM1 patients on Western blot. We compared eHuCWDsp with prions in the spleen from humanized mice infected with sCJDMM1 (termed sCJDMM1sp) by bioassays in cervidized or humanized transgenic mice. Significantly, we found that eHuCWDsp can efficiently infect not only the humanized mice but also cervidized transgenic mice, and cervidized mice infected by eHuCWDsp produced PrPSc and brain pathology that are practically identical to those of CWD-infected cervidized mice. In contrast, sCJDMM1sp, similar to prions from sCJDMM1 patient brains, is poorly transmissible in the cervidized mice. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that high transmissibility with CWD features of splenic prions in cervidized transgenic mice is unique to acquired human CWD prions, and it may serve as a reliable marker to identify the first acquired human CWD cases. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O'Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples used in this study, respectively.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2023 Experimental Oronasal Inoculation of the Chronic Wasting Disease Agent into White Tailed Deer </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author list: Sarah Zurbuchena,b , S. Jo Moorea,b , Jifeng Biana , Eric D. Cassmanna , and Justin J. Greenleea . a. Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, US b. Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, United States </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether white-tailed deer (WTD) are susceptible to inoculation of chronic wasting disease (CWD) via oronasal exposure. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and methods: Six male, neutered WTD were oronasally inoculated with brainstem material (10% w/v) from a CWD-positive wild-type WTD. The genotypes of five inoculated deer were Q95/G96 (wild-type). One inoculated deer was homozygous S at codon 96 (96SS). Cervidized (Tg12; M132 elk PrP) mice were inoculated with 1% w/v brainstem homogenate from either a 96GG WTD (n=10) or the 96SS WTD (n=10). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: All deer developed characteristic clinical signs of CWD including weight loss, regurgitation, and ataxia. The 96SS individual had a prolonged disease course and incubation period compared to the other deer. Western blots of the brainstem on all deer yielded similar molecular profiles. All deer had widespread lymphoid distribution of PrPCWD and neuropathologic lesions associated with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Both groups of mice had a 100% attack rate and developed clinical signs, including loss of body condition, ataxia, and loss of righting reflex. Mice inoculated with material from the 96SS deer had a significantly shorter incubation period than mice inoculated with material from 96GG deer (Welch two sample T-test, P<0.05). Serial dilutions of each inocula suggests that differences in incubation period were not due to a greater concentration of PrPCWD in the 96SS inoculum. Molecular profiles from western blot of brain homogenates from mice appeared similar regardless of inoculum and appear similar to those of deer used for inoculum. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: This study characterizes the lesions and clinical course of CWD in WTD inoculated in a similar manner to natural conditions. It supports previous findings that 96SS deer have a prolonged disease course. Further, it describes a first pass of inoculum from a 96SS deer in cervidized mice which shortened the incubation period. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection, analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We thank Ami Frank and Kevin Hassall for their technical contributions to this project.</div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">The detection and decontamination of chronic wasting disease prions during venison processing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Marissa S. Milstein1,2, Marc D. Schwabenlander1,2, Sarah C. Gresch1,2, Manci Li1,2, Stuart Lichtenberg1,2, Rachel Shoemaker1,2, Gage R. Rowden1,2, Jason C. Bartz2,3 , Tiffany M. Wolf2,4, Peter A. Larsen1,2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Presenting author: Tiffany M. Wolf 1 Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 2 Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 3 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA 4 Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: There is a growing concern that chronic wasting disease (CWD) prions in venison pose a risk to human health. CWD prions accumulate in infected deer tissues that commonly enter the human food chain through meat processing and consumption. The United States (US) Food and Drug Administration and US Department of Agriculture now formally consider CWD-positive venison unfit for human and animal consumption. Yet, the degree to which prion contamination occurs during routine venison processing is unknown. Here, we use environmental surface swab methods to: a) experimentally test meat processing equipment (i.e., stainless steel knives and polyethylene cutting boards) before and after processing CWD-positive venison and b) test the efficacy of five different disinfectant types (i.e., Dawn dish soap, Virkon-S, Briotech, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach) to determine prion decontamination efficacy.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: We used a real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay to determine CWD infection status of venison and to detect CWD prions in the swabs. We collected three swabs per surface and ran eight technical replicates on RT-QuIC.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: CWD prions were detected on all cutting boards (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8 and knives (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) used in processing CWD-positive venison, but not on those used for CWD-negative venison. After processing CWD-positive venison, allowing the surfaces to dry, and washing the cutting board with Dawn dish soap, we detected CWD prions on the cutting board surface (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) but not on the knife (n= 3, replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). Similar patterns were observed with Briotech (cutting board: n= 3; replicates= 7/8, 1/8, 0/8; knife: n= 3; replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). We did not detect CWD prions on the knives or cutting boards after disinfecting with Virkon-S, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: These preliminary results suggest that Dawn dish soap and Briotech do not reliably decontaminate CWD prions from these surfaces. Our data suggest that Virkon-S and various bleach concentrations are more effective in reducing prion contamination of meat processing surfaces; however, surface type may also influence the ability of prions to adsorb to surfaces, preventing complete decontamination. Our results will directly inform best practices to prevent the introduction of CWD prions into the human food chain during venison processing.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: Funding was provided by the Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund as recommended by the Legislative-Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources (LCCMR), the Rapid Agriculture Response Fund (#95385/RR257), and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Theme: Animal prion diseases</div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2023 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">''Currently, there is scientific evidence to suggest that CWD has zoonotic potential; however, no confirmed cases of CWD have been found in humans.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PART 2. TPWD CHAPTER 65. DIVISION 1. CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, 65.88</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission in a duly noticed meeting on May 25, 2023 adopted amendments to 31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, and §65.88, concerning Disease Detection and Response, without changes to the proposed text as published in the April 21, 2023, issue of the Texas Register (48 TexReg 2048). The rules will not be republished.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Currently, there is scientific evidence to suggest that CWD has zoonotic potential; however, no confirmed cases of CWD have been found in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 DETECTION OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE PRIONS IN PROCESSED MEATS.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rebeca Benavente1, Francisca Bravo1,2, Paulina Soto1,2, J. Hunter Reed3, Mitch Lockwood3, Rodrigo Morales1,2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA. 2Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile. 3Texas Parks and Wildlife, Austin, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease (CWD) remains unknown. Currently, there are no known natural cases of CWD transmission to humans but increasing evidence suggests that the host range of CWD is not confined only to cervid species. Alarmingly, recent experimental evidence suggests that certain CWD isolates can induce disease in non-human primates. While the CDC strongly recommends determining CWD status in animals prior to consumption, this practice is voluntary. Consequently, it is plausible that a proportion of the cervid meat entering the human food chain may be contaminated with CWD. Of additional concern is that traditional diagnostic techniques used to detect CWD have relatively low sensitivity and are only approved for use in tissues other than those typically ingested by humans. In this study, we analyzed different processed meats derived from a pre-clinical, CWD-positive free-ranging elk. Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats. CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates. Our results show positive prion detection in all products. To confirm the resilience of CWD-prions to traditional cooking methods, we grilled and boiled the meat products and evaluated them for any remnant PMCA seeding activity. Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking. Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our results show positive prion detection in all products.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">9 Carrot plants as potential vectors for CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Paulina Soto1,2, Francisca Bravo-Risi1,2, Claudio Soto1, Rodrigo Morales1,2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA. 2Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> We show that edible plant components can absorb prions from CWD-contaminated soils and transport them to their aerial parts.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our results indicate that edible plants could participate as vectors of CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of prion infectivity from CWD-infected macaque tissues to rodent models demonstrates the zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaoui1,2, Ginny Cheng1,2, Wiebke Wemheuer3, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer3, Sabine Gilch1,2, Hermann Schatzl1,2 1University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. 2Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada. 3Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Further passage to cervidized mice revealed transmission with a 100% attack rate.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our findings demonstrate that macaques, considered the best model for the zoonotic potential of prions, were infected upon CWD challenge, including the oral one.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">****> The disease manifested as atypical in macaques and initial transgenic mouse transmissions, but with infectivity present at all times, as unveiled in the bank vole model with an unusual tissue tropism.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Epidemiologic surveillance of prion disease among cervid hunters and people likely to have consumed venison contaminated with chronic wasting disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of Cervid Prions to Humanized Mice Demonstrates the Zoonotic Potential of CWD </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaouia, Irina Zemlyankinaa, Sheng Chun Changa, Maria Immaculata Arifina, Vincent Béringueb, Debbie McKenziec, Hermann M. Schatzla, and Sabine Gilcha </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Results: Here, we provide the strongest evidence supporting the zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and their possible phenotype in humans. Inoculation of mice expressing human PrPCwith deer CWD isolates (strains Wisc-1 and 116AG) resulted in atypical clinical manifestations in > 75% of the mice, with myoclonus as leading clinical sign. Most of tg650brain homogenates were positive for seeding activity in RT-QuIC. Clinical disease and presentation was transmissible to <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> mice and bank voles. Intriguingly, protease-resistant PrP in the brain of <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> mice resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon passage. Abnormal PrP aggregates upon infection with Wisc-1 were detectable in thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain/pons regions. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Unprecedented in human prion disease, feces of CWD-inoculated <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> mice harbored prion seeding activity and infectious prions, as shown by inoculation of bank voles and <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> with fecal homogenates. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Conclusions: This is the first evidence that CWD can infect humans and cause disease with a distinctive clinical presentation, signature, and tropism, which might be transmissible between humans while current diagnostic assays might fail to detect it. These findings have major implications for public health and CWD-management. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a> </div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">The finding that infectious PrPSc was shed in fecal material of CWD-infected humanized mice and induced clinical disease, different tropism, and typical three banding pattern-PrPres in bank voles that is transmissible upon second passage is highly concerning for public health. The fact that this biochemical signature in bank voles resembles that of the Wisc-1 original deer isolate and is different from that of bvWisc-1, in the migration profile and the glyco-form-ratio, is valid evidence that these results are not a product of contamination in our study. If CWD in humans is found to be contagious and transmissible among humans, as it is in cervids [57], the spread of the disease within humans might become endemic.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acta Neuropathol 144, 767–784 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 August 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaoui1 · Irina Zemlyankina1 · Sheng Chun Chang1 · Maria Immaculata Arifn1 · Vincent Béringue2 · Debbie McKenzie3 · Hermann M. Schatzl1 · Sabine Gilch1</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Received: 24 May 2022 / Revised: 5 August 2022 / Accepted: 7 August 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">© The Author(s) 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prions cause infectious and fatal neurodegenerative diseases in mammals. Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease of cervids, spreads efficiently among wild and farmed animals. Potential transmission to humans of CWD is a growing concern due to its increasing prevalence. Here, we provide evidence for a zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and its probable signature using mice expressing human prion protein (PrP) as an infection model. Inoculation of these mice with deer CWD isolates resulted in atypical clinical manifestation with prion seeding activity and efficient transmissible infectivity in the brain and, remarkably, in feces, but without classical neuropathological or Western blot appearances of prion diseases. Intriguingly, the protease-resistant PrP in the brain resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon second passage. Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Keywords Chronic wasting disease · CWD · Zoonotic potential · Prion strains · Zoonotic prions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">HIGHLIGHTS OF THIS STUDY</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">================================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In this study, we evaluated the zoonotic potential of CWD using a transgenic mouse model overexpressing human M129-PrPC (tg650 [12]). We inoculated tg650 mice intracerebrally with two deer CWD isolates, Wisc-1 and 116AG [22, 23, 27, 29]. We demonstrate that this transgenic line was susceptible to infection with CWD prions and displayed a distinct leading clinical sign, an atypical PrPSc signature and unusual fecal shedding of infectious prions. Importantly, these prions generated by the human PrP transgenic mice were transmissible upon passage. Our results are the first evidence of a zoonotic risk of CWD when using one of the most common CWD strains, Wisc-1/CWD1 for infection. We demonstrated in a human transgenic mouse model that the species barrier for transmission of CWD to humans is not absolute. The fact that its signature was not typical raises the questions whether CWD would manifest in humans as a subclinical infection, whether it would arise through direct or indirect transmission including an intermediate host, or a silent to uncovered human-to-human transmission, and whether current detection techniques will be suffcient to unveil its presence.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our findings strongly suggest that CWD should be regarded as an actual public health risk. Here, we use humanized mice to show that CWD prions can cross the species barrier to humans, and remarkably, infectious prions can be excreted in feces.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our results indicate that if CWD crosses the species-barrier to humans, it is unlikely to resemble the most common forms of human prion diseases with respect to clinical signs, tissue tropism and PrPSc signature. For instance, PrPSc in variable protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr), a sporadic form of human prion disease, and in the genetic form Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS) is defined by an atypical PK-resistant PrPSc fragment that is non-glycosylated and truncated at both C- and N-termini, with a molecular weight between 6 and 8 kDa [24, 44–46]. These biochemical features are unique and distinctive from PrPSc (PrP27-30) found in most other human or animal prion disease. The atypical PrPSc signature detected in brain homogenate of tg650 mice #321 (1st passage) and #3063 (2nd passage), and the 7–8 kDa fragment (Figs. 2, 4) are very similar to that of GSS, both in terms of migration profile and the N-terminal cleavage site.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD in humans might remain subclinical but with PrPSc deposits in the brain with an unusual morphology that does not resemble the patterns usually seen in different prion diseases (e.g., mouse #328; Fig. 3), clinical with untraceable abnormal PrP (e.g., mouse #327) but still transmissible and uncovered upon subsequent passage (e.g., mouse #3063; Fig. 4), or prions have other reservoirs than the usual ones, hence the presence of infectivity in feces (e.g., mouse #327) suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=================================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) Antonia Ricci Ana Allende Declan Bolton Marianne Chemaly Robert Davies Pablo Salvador Fernández Escámez ... See all authors </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">First published: 17 January 2018 <a href="https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">also, see; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers.. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Paper</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Cellular prion protein distribution in the vomeronasal organ, parotid, and scent glands of white-tailed deer and mule deer</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Anthony Ness, Aradhana Jacob, Kelsey Saboraki, Alicia Otero, Danielle Gushue, Diana Martinez Moreno, Melanie de Peña, Xinli Tang, Judd Aiken, Susan Lingle & Debbie McKenzieORCID Icon show less</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Pages 40-57 | Received 03 Feb 2022, Accepted 13 May 2022, Published online: 29 May 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Download citation</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ABSTRACT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting species of the cervidae family. CWD has an expanding geographic range and complex, poorly understood transmission mechanics. CWD is disproportionately prevalent in wild male mule deer and male white-tailed deer. Sex and species influences on CWD prevalence have been hypothesized to be related to animal behaviours that involve deer facial and body exocrine glands. Understanding CWD transmission potential requires a foundational knowledge of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) in glands associated with cervid behaviours. In this study, we characterized the presence and distribution of PrPC in six integumentary and two non-integumentary tissues of hunter-harvested mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (O. virginianus). We report that white-tailed deer expressed significantly more PrPC than their mule deer in the parotid, metatarsal, and interdigital glands. Females expressed more PrPC than males in the forehead and preorbital glands. The distribution of PrPC within the integumentary exocrine glands of the face and legs were localized to glandular cells, hair follicles, epidermis, and immune cell infiltrates. All tissues examined expressed sufficient quantities of PrPC to serve as possible sites of prion initial infection, propagation, and shedding.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ARS RESEARCH Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Publication Acceptance Date: 9/8/2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author item WANG, ZERUI - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item QIN, KEFENG - University Of Chicago item CAMACHO, MANUEL - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item SHEN, PINGPING - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item YUAN, JUE - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item Greenlee, Justin item CUI, LI - Jilin University item KONG, QINGZHONG - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item MASTRIANNI, JAMES - University Of Chicago item ZOU, WEN-QUAN - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Submitted to: Acta Neuropathologica Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 9/8/2021 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Interpretive Summary: Prion diseases are invariably fatal neurologic diseases for which there is no known prevention or cure. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease of deer and elk and is present in farmed and free ranging herds throughout North America. To date there is no clear evidence that the CWD agent could be transmitted to humans. This manuscript describes the use of an in vitro technique, cell-free serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA), to generate a CWD prion that is infectious to transgenic mice expressing the human prion protein. This study provides the first evidence that CWD prions may be able to cause misfolding in the human prion protein. This information will impact medical experts and those involved in making policy for farmed cervids and wildlife.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Technical Abstract: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a cervid spongiform encephalopathy or prion disease caused by the infectious prion or PrPSc, a misfolded conformer of cellular prion protein (PrPC). It has rapidly spread in North America and also has been found in Asia and Europe. In contrast to the zoonotic mad cow disease that is the first animal prion disease found transmissible to humans, the transmissibility of CWD to humans remains uncertain although most previous studies have suggested that humans may not be susceptible to CWD. Here we report the generation of an infectious human PrPSc by seeding CWD PrPSc in normal human brain PrPC through the in vitro cell-free serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA). Western blotting confirms that the sPMCA-induced proteinase K-resistant PrPSc is a human form, evidenced by a PrP-specific antibody that recognizes human but not cervid PrP. Remarkably, two lines of humanized transgenic (Tg) mice expressing human PrP-129Val/Val (VV) or -129Met/Met (MM) polymorphism develop prion disease at 233 ± 6 (mean ± SE) days post-inoculation (dpi) and 552 ± 27 dpi, respectively, upon intracerebral inoculation with the sPMCA-generated PrPSc. The brain of diseased Tg mice reveals the electrophoretic profile of PrPSc similar to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) MM1 or VV2 subtype but different neuropathological patterns. We believe that our study provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc is able to convert human PrPC into PrPSc in vitro and the CWD-derived human PrPSc mimics atypical sCJD subtypes in humanized Tg mice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''The brain of diseased Tg mice reveals the electrophoretic profile of PrPSc similar to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) MM1 or VV2 subtype but different neuropathological patterns.'' </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''We believe that our study provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc is able to convert human PrPC into PrPSc in vitro and the CWD-derived human PrPSc mimics atypical sCJD subtypes in humanized Tg mice.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published: 26 September 2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Zerui Wang, Kefeng Qin, Manuel V. Camacho, Ignazio Cali, Jue Yuan, Pingping Shen, Justin Greenlee, Qingzhong Kong, James A. Mastrianni & Wen-Quan Zou</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acta Neuropathologica Communications volume 9, Article number: 158 (2021)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a cervid prion disease caused by the accumulation of an infectious misfolded conformer (PrPSc) of cellular prion protein (PrPC). It has been spreading rapidly in North America and also found in Asia and Europe. Although bovine spongiform encephalopathy (i.e. mad cow disease) is the only animal prion disease known to be zoonotic, the transmissibility of CWD to humans remains uncertain. Here we report the generation of the first CWD-derived infectious human PrPSc by elk CWD PrPSc-seeded conversion of PrPC in normal human brain homogenates using in vitro protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA). Western blotting with human PrP selective antibody confirmed that the PMCA-generated protease-resistant PrPSc was derived from the human PrPC substrate. Two lines of humanized transgenic mice expressing human PrP with either Val or Met at the polymorphic codon 129 developed clinical prion disease following intracerebral inoculation with the PMCA-generated CWD-derived human PrPSc. Diseased mice exhibited distinct PrPSc patterns and neuropathological changes in the brain. Our study, using PMCA and animal bioassays, provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc can cross the species barrier to convert human PrPC into infectious PrPSc that can produce bona fide prion disease when inoculated into humanized transgenic mice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It is worth noting that the annual number of sporadic CJD (sCJD) cases in the USA has increased, with the total number of suspected and confirmed sCJD cases rising from 284 in 2003 to 511 in 2017 (https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cjd/occurrence-transmission.html). The greatly enhanced CJD surveillance and an aging population in the USA certainly contributed to the observed increase in annual sCJD case numbers in recent years, but the possibility cannot be excluded that some of the increased sCJD prevalence is linked to CWD exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the present study, using serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) assay we generate PrPSc by seeding CWD prions in normal human brain homogenates. Importantly, we reveal that two lines of humanized Tg mice expressing human PrP-129VV and 129MM develop prion diseases upon intracerebral inoculation of the abnormal PrP generated by sPMCA. We believe that our study provides the first opportunity to dissect the clinical, pathological and biochemical features of the CWD-derived human prion disease in two lines of humanized Tg mice expressing two major human PrP genotypes, respectively.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i thought i might share some news about cwd zoonosis that i got, that i cannot share or post to the public yet, i promised for various reasons, one that it will cause a shit storm for sure, but it was something i really already knew from previous studies, but, i was told that ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">==================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''As you can imagine, 2 and 5 (especially 5) may raise alarms. The evidence we have for 4 are not as strong or tight as I would like to have. At this point, please do not post any of the points publicly yet, but you can refer to points 1-3 in private discussions and all 5 points when discussing with relevant public officials to highlight the long-term risks of CWD zoonosis.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">====================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">so, i figure your as about as official as it gets, and i think this science is extremely important for you to know and to converse about with your officials. it's about to burn a whole in my pocket. this is about as close as it will ever get for cwd zoonosis to be proven in my time, this and what Canada Czub et al found with the Macaques, plus an old study from cjd surveillance unit back that showed cjd and a 9% increase in risk from folks that eat venison, i will post all this below for your files Sir. i remember back in the BSE nvCJD days, from when the first BSE case in bovine was confirmed around 1984 maybe 83, i forget the good vets named that screwed it up first, Carol something, but from 83ish to 95 96 when nvCJD was linked to humans from BSE in cattle, so that took 10 to 15 years. hell, at that rate, especially with Texas and cwd zoonsis, hell, i'll be dead before it's official, if ever, so here ya go Sir. there was a grant study on cwd zoonosis that had been going on for some time, i followed it over the years, then the grant date for said study had expired, so, i thought i would write the good Professor about said study i.e. Professor Kong, CWRU et al. i will post the grant study abstract first, and then after that, what reply i got back, about said study that i was told not to post/publish...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD ZOONOSIS GRANT FIRST;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Cervid to human prion transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Kong, Qingzhong </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Abstract Prion disease is transmissible and invariably fatal. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease affecting deer, elk and moose, and it is a widespread and expanding epidemic affecting 22 US States and 2 Canadian provinces so far. CWD poses the most serious zoonotic prion transmission risks in North America because of huge venison consumption (>6 million deer/elk hunted and consumed annually in the USA alone), significant prion infectivity in muscles and other tissues/fluids from CWD-affected cervids, and usually high levels of individual exposure to CWD resulting from consumption of the affected animal among often just family and friends. However, we still do not know whether CWD prions can infect humans in the brain or peripheral tissues or whether clinical/asymptomatic CWD zoonosis has already occurred, and we have no essays to reliably detect CWD infection in humans. We hypothesize that: (1) The classic CWD prion strain can infect humans at low levels in the brain and peripheral lymphoid tissues; (2) The cervid-to-human transmission barrier is dependent on the cervid prion strain and influenced by the host (human) prion protein (PrP) primary sequence; (3) Reliable essays can be established to detect CWD infection in humans; and (4) CWD transmission to humans has already occurred. We will test these hypotheses in 4 Aims using transgenic (Tg) mouse models and complementary in vitro approaches. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 1 will prove that the classical CWD strain may infect humans in brain or peripheral lymphoid tissues at low levels by conducting systemic bioassays in a set of humanized Tg mouse lines expressing common human PrP variants using a number of CWD isolates at varying doses and routes. Experimental human CWD samples will also be generated for Aim 3. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 2 will test the hypothesis that the cervid-to-human prion transmission barrier is dependent on prion strain and influenced by the host (human) PrP sequence by examining and comparing the transmission efficiency and phenotypes of several atypical/unusual CWD isolates/strains as well as a few prion strains from other species that have adapted to cervid PrP sequence, utilizing the same panel of humanized Tg mouse lines as in Aim 1. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 3 will establish reliable essays for detection and surveillance of CWD infection in humans by examining in details the clinical, pathological, biochemical and in vitro seeding properties of existing and future experimental human CWD samples generated from Aims 1-2 and compare them with those of common sporadic human Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) prions. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 4 will attempt to detect clinical CWD-affected human cases by examining a significant number of brain samples from prion-affected human subjects in the USA and Canada who have consumed venison from CWD-endemic areas utilizing the criteria and essays established in Aim 3. The findings from this proposal will greatly advance our understandings on the potential and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for CWD zoonosis and potentially discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Public Health Relevance There are significant and increasing human exposure to cervid prions because chronic wasting disease (CWD, a widespread and highly infectious prion disease among deer and elk in North America) continues spreading and consumption of venison remains popular, but our understanding on cervid-to-human prion transmission is still very limited, raising public health concerns. This proposal aims to define the zoonotic risks of cervid prions and set up and apply essays to detect CWD zoonosis using mouse models and in vitro methods. The findings will greatly expand our knowledge on the potentials and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for such infections and may discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Funding Agency Agency National Institute of Health (NIH) Institute National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Type Research Project (R01) Project # 1R01NS088604-01A1 Application # 9037884 Study Section Cellular and Molecular Biology of Neurodegeneration Study Section (CMND) Program Officer Wong, May Project Start 2015-09-30 Project End 2019-07-31 Budget Start 2015-09-30 Budget End 2016-07-31 Support Year 1 Fiscal Year 2015 Total Cost $337,507 Indirect Cost $118,756</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1#panel-abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1#panel-abstract</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Professor Kongs reply to me just this month about above grant study that has NOT been published in peer reveiw yet...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=================================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Here is a brief summary of our findings:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...can't post, made a promise...tss</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">On Sat, Apr 3, 2021 at 12:19 PM Terry Singeltary <flounder9@verizon.net> wrote:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">end...tss</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">==============</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD ZOONOSIS THE FULL MONTY TO DATE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">International Conference on Emerging Diseases, Outbreaks & Case Studies & 16th Annual Meeting on Influenza March 28-29, 2018 | Orlando, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Qingzhong Kong</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease prions from cervids</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease in cervids (mule deer, white-tailed deer, American elk, moose, and reindeer). It has become an epidemic in North America, and it has been detected in the Europe (Norway) since 2016. The widespread CWD and popular hunting and consumption of cervid meat and other products raise serious public health concerns, but questions remain on human susceptibility to CWD prions, especially on the potential difference in zoonotic potential among the various CWD prion strains. We have been working to address this critical question for well over a decade. We used CWD samples from various cervid species to inoculate transgenic mice expressing human or elk prion protein (PrP). We found infectious prions in the spleen or brain in a small fraction of CWD-inoculated transgenic mice expressing human PrP, indicating that humans are not completely resistant to CWD prions; this finding has significant ramifications on the public health impact of CWD prions. The influence of cervid PrP polymorphisms, the prion strain dependence of CWD-to-human transmission barrier, and the characterization of experimental human CWD prions will be discussed.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Speaker Biography Qingzhong Kong has completed his PhD from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst and Post-doctoral studies at Yale University. He is currently an Associate Professor of Pathology, Neurology and Regenerative Medicine. He has published over 50 original research papers in reputable journals (including Science Translational Medicine, JCI, PNAS and Cell Reports) and has been serving as an Editorial Board Member on seven scientific journals. He has multiple research interests, including public health risks of animal prions (CWD of cervids and atypical BSE of cattle), animal modeling of human prion diseases, mechanisms of prion replication and pathogenesis, etiology of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD) in humans, normal cellular PrP in the biology and pathology of multiple brain and peripheral diseases, proteins responsible for the α-cleavage of cellular PrP, as well as gene therapy and DNA vaccination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">qxk2@case.edu </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SUNDAY, JULY 25, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">North American and Norwegian Chronic Wasting Disease prions exhibit different potential for interspecies transmission and zoonotic risk </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''Our data suggest that reindeer and red deer from Norway could be the most transmissible CWD prions to other mammals, whereas North American CWD prions were more prone to generate human prions in vitro.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/north-american-and-norwegian-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/north-american-and-norwegian-chronic.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, JULY 19, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> U Calgary researchers at work on a vaccine against a fatal infectious disease affecting deer and potentially people</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/u-calgary-researchers-at-work-on.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/u-calgary-researchers-at-work-on.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE aka MAD COW DISEASE, was first discovered in 1984, and it took until 1995 to finally admit that BSE was causing nvCJD, the rest there is history, but that science is still evolving i.e. science now shows that indeed atypical L-type BSE, atypical Nor-98 Scrapie, and typical Scrapie are all zoonosis, zoonotic for humans, there from. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">HOW long are we going to wait for Chronic Wasting Disease, CWD TSE Prion of Cervid, and zoonosis, zoonotic tranmission to humans there from?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Studies have shown since 1994 that humans are susceptible to CWD TSE Prion, so, what's the hold up with making CWD a zoonotic zoonosis disease, the iatrogenic transmissions there from is not waiting for someone to make a decision.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P190 Human prion disease mortality rates by occurrence of chronic wasting disease in freeranging cervids, United States</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abrams JY (1), Maddox RA (1), Schonberger LB (1), Person MK (1), Appleby BS (2), Belay ED (1)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease of deer and elk that has been identified in freeranging cervids in 23 US states. While there is currently no epidemiological evidence for zoonotic transmission through the consumption of contaminated venison, studies suggest the CWD agent can cross the species barrier in experimental models designed to closely mimic humans. We compared rates of human prion disease in states with and without CWD to examine the possibility of undetermined zoonotic transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Death records from the National Center for Health Statistics, case records from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, and additional state case reports were combined to create a database of human prion disease cases from 2003-2015. Identification of CWD in each state was determined through reports of positive CWD tests by state wildlife agencies. Age- and race-adjusted mortality rates for human prion disease, excluding cases with known etiology, were determined for four categories of states based on CWD occurrence: highly endemic (>16 counties with CWD identified in free-ranging cervids); moderately endemic (3-10 counties with CWD); low endemic (1-2 counties with CWD); and no CWD states. States were counted as having no CWD until the year CWD was first identified. Analyses stratified by age, sex, and time period were also conducted to focus on subgroups for which zoonotic transmission would be more likely to be detected: cases <55 years old, male sex, and the latter half of the study (2010-2015).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Highly endemic states had a higher rate of prion disease mortality compared to non-CWD states (rate ratio [RR]: 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01 - 1.23), as did low endemic states (RR: 1.15, 95% CI = 1.04 - 1.27). Moderately endemic states did not have an elevated mortality rate (RR: 1.05, 95% CI = 0.93 - 1.17). In age-stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates among the <55 year old population were elevated for moderately endemic states (RR: 1.57, 95% CI = 1.10 – 2.24) while mortality rates were elevated among those ≥55 for highly endemic states (RR: 1.13, 95% CI = 1.02 - 1.26) and low endemic states (RR: 1.16, 95% CI = 1.04 - 1.29). In other stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates for males were only elevated for low endemic states (RR: 1.27, 95% CI = 1.10 - 1.48), and none of the categories of CWD-endemic states had elevated mortality rates for the latter time period (2010-2015).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">While higher prion disease mortality rates in certain categories of states with CWD in free-ranging cervids were noted, additional stratified analyses did not reveal markedly elevated rates for potentially sensitive subgroups that would be suggestive of zoonotic transmission. Unknown confounding factors or other biases may explain state-by-state differences in prion disease mortality.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P172 Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Prion Disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Wang H(1), Cohen M(1), Appleby BS(1,2)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio (2) National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Cleveland, Ohio.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion disease is a fatal progressive neurodegenerative disease due to deposition of an abnormal protease-resistant isoform of prion protein. Typical symptoms include rapidly progressive dementia, myoclonus, visual disturbance and hallucinations. Interestingly, in patients with prion disease, the abnormal protein canould also be found in the peripheral nervous system. Case reports of prion deposition in peripheral nerves have been reported. Peripheral nerve involvement is thought to be uncommon; however, little is known about the exact prevalence and features of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We reviewed autopsy-proven prion cases from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center that were diagnosed between September 2016 to March 2017. We collected information regarding prion protein diagnosis, demographics, comorbidities, clinical symptoms, physical exam, neuropathology, molecular subtype, genetics lab, brain MRI, image and EMG reports. Our study included 104 patients. Thirteen (12.5%) patients had either subjective symptoms or objective signs of peripheral neuropathy. Among these 13 patients, 3 had other known potential etiologies of peripheral neuropathy such as vitamin B12 deficiency or prior chemotherapy. Among 10 patients that had no other clear etiology, 3 (30%) had familial CJD. The most common sCJD subtype was MV1-2 (30%), followed by MM1-2 (20%). The Majority of cases wasere male (60%). Half of them had exposure to wild game. The most common subjective symptoms were tingling and/or numbness of distal extremities. The most common objective finding was diminished vibratory sensation in the feet. Half of them had an EMG with the findings ranging from fasciculations to axonal polyneuropathy or demyelinating polyneuropathy.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our study provides an overview of the pattern of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease. Among patients with peripheral neuropathy symptoms or signs, majority has polyneuropathy. It is important to document the baseline frequency of peripheral neuropathy in prion diseases as these symptoms may become important when conducting surveillance for potential novel zoonotic prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P177 PrP plaques in methionine homozygous Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abrams JY (1), Schonberger LB (1), Cali I (2), Cohen Y (2), Blevins JE (2), Maddox RA (1), Belay ED (1), Appleby BS (2), Cohen ML (2)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is widely believed to originate from de novo spontaneous conversion of normal prion protein (PrP) to its pathogenic form, but concern remains that some reported sporadic CJD cases may actually be caused by disease transmission via iatrogenic processes. For cases with methionine homozygosity (CJD-MM) at codon 129 of the PRNP gene, recent research has pointed to plaque-like PrP deposition as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission for a subset of cases. This phenotype is theorized to originate from specific iatrogenic source CJD types that comprise roughly a quarter of known CJD cases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We reviewed scientific literature for studies which described PrP plaques among CJD patients with known epidemiological links to iatrogenic transmission (receipt of cadaveric human grown hormone or dura mater), as well as in cases of reported sporadic CJD. The presence and description of plaques, along with CJD classification type and other contextual factors, were used to summarize the current evidence regarding plaques as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission. In addition, 523 cases of reported sporadic CJD cases in the US from January 2013 through September 2017 were assessed for presence of PrP plaques.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We identified four studies describing 52 total cases of CJD-MM among either dura mater recipients or growth hormone recipients, of which 30 were identified as having PrP plaques. While sporadic cases were not generally described as having plaques, we did identify case reports which described plaques among sporadic MM2 cases as well as case reports of plaques exclusively in white matter among sporadic MM1 cases. Among the 523 reported sporadic CJD cases, 0 of 366 MM1 cases had plaques, 2 of 48 MM2 cases had kuru plaques, and 4 of 109 MM1+2 cases had either kuru plaques or both kuru and florid plaques. Medical chart review of the six reported sporadic CJD cases with plaques did not reveal clinical histories suggestive of potential iatrogenic transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PrP plaques occur much more frequently for iatrogenic CJD-MM cases compared to sporadic CJDMM cases. Plaques may indicate iatrogenic transmission for CJD-MM cases without a type 2 Western blot fragment. The study results suggest the absence of significant misclassifications of iatrogenic CJD as sporadic. To our knowledge, this study is the first to describe grey matter kuru plaques in apparently sporadic CJD-MM patients with a type 2 Western blot fragment.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P180 Clinico-pathological analysis of human prion diseases in a brain bank series</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ximelis T (1), Aldecoa I (1,2), Molina-Porcel L (1,3), Grau-Rivera O (4), Ferrer I (5), Nos C (6), Gelpi E (1,7), Sánchez-Valle R (1,4)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobanc-Hospital ClÃnic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (2) Pathological Service of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (3) EAIA Trastorns Cognitius, Centre Emili Mira, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain (4) Department of Neurology of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (5) Institute of Neuropathology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona (6) General subdirectorate of Surveillance and Response to Emergencies in Public Health, Department of Public Health in Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain (7) Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background and objective:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Neurological Tissue Bank (NTB) of the Hospital Clínic-Institut d‘Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain is the reference center in Catalonia for the neuropathological study of prion diseases in the region since 2001. The aim of this study is to analyse the characteristics of the confirmed prion diseases registered at the NTB during the last 15 years.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We reviewed retrospectively all neuropathologically confirmed cases registered during the period January 2001 to December 2016.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">176 cases (54,3% female, mean age: 67,5 years and age range: 25-86 years) of neuropathological confirmed prion diseases have been studied at the NTB. 152 cases corresponded to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), 10 to genetic CJD, 10 to Fatal Familial Insomnia, 2 to GerstmannSträussler-Scheinker disease, and 2 cases to variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr). Within sCJD subtypes the MM1 subtype was the most frequent, followed by the VV2 histotype.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Clinical and neuropathological diagnoses agreed in 166 cases (94%). The clinical diagnosis was not accurate in 10 patients with definite prion disease: 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Fronto-temporal dementia (FTD), 1 Niemann-Pick‘s disease, 1 Lewy Body‘s Disease, 2 Alzheimer‘s disease, 1 Cortico-basal syndrome and 2 undetermined dementia. Among patients with VPSPr, 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and the other one with FTD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Concomitant pathologies are frequent in older age groups, mainly AD neuropathological changes were observed in these subjects.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Discussion:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A wide spectrum of human prion diseases have been identified in the NTB being the relative frequencies and main characteristics like other published series. There is a high rate of agreement between clinical and neuropathological diagnoses with prion diseases. These findings show the importance that public health has given to prion diseases during the past 15 years. Continuous surveillance of human prion disease allows identification of new emerging phenotypes. Brain tissue samples from these donors are available to the scientific community. For more information please visit:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P192 Prion amplification techniques for the rapid evaluation of surface decontamination procedures</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Bruyere-Ostells L (1), Mayran C (1), Belondrade M (1), Boublik Y (2), Haïk S (3), Fournier-Wirth C (1), Nicot S (1), Bougard D (1)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Pathogenesis and control of chronic infections, Etablissement Français du Sang, Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (2) Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (3) Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) or prion diseases are a group of incurable and always fatal neurodegenerative disorders including Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases (CJD) in humans. These pathologies include sporadic (sCJD), genetic and acquired (variant CJD) forms. By the past, sCJD and vCJD were transmitted by different prion contaminated biological materials to patients resulting in more than 400 iatrogenic cases (iCJD). The atypical nature and the biochemical properties of the infectious agent, formed by abnormal prion protein or PrPTSE, make it particularly resistant to conventional decontamination procedures. In addition, PrPTSE is widely distributed throughout the organism before clinical onset in vCJD and can also be detected in some peripheral tissues in sporadic CJD. Risk of iatrogenic transmission of CJD by contaminated medical device remains thus a concern for healthcare facilities. Bioassay is the gold standard method to evaluate the efficacy of prion decontamination procedures but is time-consuming and expensive. Here, we propose to compare in vitro prion amplification techniques: Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) and Real-Time Quaking Induced Conversion (RT-QuIC) for the detection of residual prions on surface after decontamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stainless steel wires, by mimicking the surface of surgical instruments, were proposed as a carrier model of prions for inactivation studies. To determine the sensitivity of the two amplification techniques on wires (Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC), steel wires were therefore contaminated with serial dilutions of brain homogenates (BH) from a 263k infected hamster and from a patient with sCJD (MM1 subtype). We then compared the different standard decontamination procedures including partially and fully efficient treatments by detecting the residual seeding activity on 263K and sCJD contaminated wires. We completed our study by the evaluation of marketed reagents endorsed for prion decontamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The two amplification techniques can detect minute quantities of PrPTSE adsorbed onto a single wire. 8/8 wires contaminated with a 10-6 dilution of 263k BH and 1/6 with the 10-8 dilution are positive with Surf-PMCA. Similar performances were obtained with Surf-QuIC on 263K: 10/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilution and 1/8 wires contaminated with 10-8 dilution are positive. Regarding the human sCJD-MM1 prion, Surf-QuIC allows us to detect 16/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilutions and 14/16 with 10-7 . Results obtained after decontamination treatments are very similar between 263K and sCJD prions. Efficiency of marketed treatments to remove prions is lower than expected.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC are very sensitive methods for the detection of prions on wires and could be applied to prion decontamination studies for rapid evaluation of new treatments. Sodium hypochlorite is the only product to efficiently remove seeding activity of both 263K and sCJD prions.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WA2 Oral transmission of CWD into Cynomolgus macaques: signs of atypical disease, prion conversion and infectivity in macaques and bio-assayed transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Schatzl HM (1, 2), Hannaoui S (1, 2), Cheng Y-C (1, 2), Gilch S (1, 2), Beekes M (3), SchulzSchaeffer W (4), Stahl-Hennig C (5) and Czub S (2, 6)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) University of Calgary, Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada (2) University of Calgary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calgary, Canada, (3) Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany, (4) University of Homburg/Saar, Homburg, Germany, (5) German Primate Center, Goettingen, Germany, (6) Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), Lethbridge, Canada.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To date, BSE is the only example of interspecies transmission of an animal prion disease into humans. The potential zoonotic transmission of CWD is an alarming issue and was addressed by many groups using a variety of in vitro and in vivo experimental systems. Evidence from these studies indicated a substantial, if not absolute, species barrier, aligning with the absence of epidemiological evidence suggesting transmission into humans. Studies in non-human primates were not conclusive so far, with oral transmission into new-world monkeys and no transmission into old-world monkeys. Our consortium has challenged 18 Cynomolgus macaques with characterized CWD material, focusing on oral transmission with muscle tissue. Some macaques have orally received a total of 5 kg of muscle material over a period of 2 years. After 5-7 years of incubation time some animals showed clinical symptoms indicative of prion disease, and prion neuropathology and PrPSc deposition were found in spinal cord and brain of euthanized animals. PrPSc in immunoblot was weakly detected in some spinal cord materials and various tissues tested positive in RT-QuIC, including lymph node and spleen homogenates. To prove prion infectivity in the macaque tissues, we have intracerebrally inoculated 2 lines of transgenic mice, expressing either elk or human PrP. At least 3 TgElk mice, receiving tissues from 2 different macaques, showed clinical signs of a progressive prion disease and brains were positive in immunoblot and RT-QuIC. Tissues (brain, spinal cord and spleen) from these and preclinical mice are currently tested using various read-outs and by second passage in mice. Transgenic mice expressing human PrP were so far negative for clear clinical prion disease (some mice >300 days p.i.). In parallel, the same macaque materials are inoculated into bank voles. Taken together, there is strong evidence of transmissibility of CWD orally into macaques and from macaque tissues into transgenic mouse models, although with an incomplete attack rate. The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology. Our ongoing studies will show whether the transmission of CWD into macaques and passage in transgenic mice represents a form of non-adaptive prion amplification, and whether macaque-adapted prions have the potential to infect mice expressing human PrP. The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">See also poster P103</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WA16 Monitoring Potential CWD Transmission to Humans</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Belay ED</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The spread of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in animals has raised concerns about increasing human exposure to the CWD agent via hunting and venison consumption, potentially facilitating CWD transmission to humans. Several studies have explored this possibility, including limited epidemiologic studies, in vitro experiments, and laboratory studies using various types of animal models. Most human exposures to the CWD agent in the United States would be expected to occur in association with deer and elk hunting in CWD-endemic areas. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) collaborated with state health departments in Colorado, Wisconsin, and Wyoming to identify persons at risk of CWD exposure and to monitor their vital status over time. Databases were established of persons who hunted in Colorado and Wyoming and those who reported consumption of venison from deer that later tested positive in Wisconsin. Information from the databases is periodically cross-checked with mortality data to determine the vital status and causes of death for deceased persons. Long-term follow-up of these hunters is needed to assess their risk of development of a prion disease linked to CWD exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P166 Characterization of CJD strain profiles in venison consumers and non-consumers from Alberta and Saskatchewan</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stephanie Booth (1,2), Lise Lamoureux (1), Debra Sorensen (1), Jennifer L. Myskiw (1,2), Megan Klassen (1,2), Michael Coulthart (3), Valerie Sim (4)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg (2) Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (3) Canadian CJD Surveillance System, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (4) Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is spreading rapidly through wild cervid populations in the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. While this has implications for tourism and hunting, there is also concern over possible zoonotic transmission to humans who eat venison from infected deer. Whilst there is no evidence of any human cases of CWD to date, the Canadian CJD Surveillance System (CJDSS) in Canada is staying vigilant. When variant CJD occurred following exposure to BSE, the unique biochemical fingerprint of the pathologic PrP enabled a causal link to be confirmed. However, we cannot be sure what phenotype human CWD prions would present with, or indeed, whether this would be distinct from that see in sporadic CJD. Therefore we are undertaking a systematic analysis of the molecular diversity of CJD cases of individuals who resided in Alberta and Saskatchewan at their time of death comparing venison consumers and non-consumers, using a variety of clinical, imaging, pathological and biochemical markers. Our initial objective is to develop novel biochemical methodologies that will extend the baseline glycoform and genetic polymorphism typing that is already completed by the CJDSS. Firstly, we are reviewing MRI, EEG and pathology information from over 40 cases of CJD to select clinically affected areas for further investigation. Biochemical analysis will include assessment of the levels of protease sensitive and resistant prion protein, glycoform typing using 2D gel electrophoresis, testing seeding capabilities and kinetics of aggregation by quaking-induced conversion, and determining prion oligomer size distributions with asymmetric flow field fractionation with in-line light scattering. Progress and preliminary data will be presented. Ultimately, we intend to further define the relationship between PrP structure and disease phenotype and establish a baseline for the identification of future atypical CJD cases that may arise as a result of exposure to CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Source Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/</a> </div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Volume 24, Number 8—August 2018 </span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-size: 30.2px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 3px; outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Research Susceptibility of Human Prion Protein to Conversion by Chronic Wasting Disease Prions</span></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Marcelo A. BarriaComments to Author , Adriana Libori, Gordon Mitchell, and Mark W. Head Author affiliations: National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (M.A. Barria, A. Libori, M.W. Head); National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Scrapie and CWD, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (G. Mitchell)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal neurodegenerative disease and a serious animal health issue for deer and elk in North America. The identification of the first cases of CWD among free-ranging reindeer and moose in Europe brings back into focus the unresolved issue of whether CWD can be zoonotic like bovine spongiform encephalopathy. We used a cell-free seeded protein misfolding assay to determine whether CWD prions from elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer in North America can convert the human prion protein to the disease-associated form. We found that prions can convert, but the efficiency of conversion is affected by polymorphic variation in the cervid and human prion protein genes. In view of the similarity of reindeer, elk, and white-tailed deer in North America to reindeer, red deer, and roe deer, respectively, in Europe, a more comprehensive and thorough assessment of the zoonotic potential of CWD might be warranted.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Discussion Characterization of the transmission properties of CWD and evaluation of their zoonotic potential are important for public health purposes. Given that CWD affects several members of the family Cervidae, it seems reasonable to consider whether the zoonotic potential of CWD prions could be affected by factors such as CWD strain, cervid species, geographic location, and Prnp–PRNP polymorphic variation. We have previously used an in vitro conversion assay (PMCA) to investigate the susceptibility of the human PrP to conversion to its disease-associated form by several animal prion diseases, including CWD (15,16,22). The sensitivity of our molecular model for the detection of zoonotic conversion depends on the combination of 1) the action of proteinase K to degrade the abundant human PrPC that constitutes the substrate while only N terminally truncating any human PrPres produced and 2) the presence of the 3F4 epitope on human but not cervid PrP. In effect, this degree of sensitivity means that any human PrPres formed during the PMCA reaction can be detected down to the limit of Western blot sensitivity. In contrast, if other antibodies that detect both cervid and human PrP are used, such as 6H4, then newly formed human PrPres must be detected as a measurable increase in PrPres over the amount remaining in the reaction product from the cervid seed. Although best known for the efficient amplification of prions in research and diagnostic contexts, the variation of the PMCA method employed in our study is optimized for the definitive detection of zoonotic reaction products of inherently inefficient conversion reactions conducted across species barriers. By using this system, we previously made and reported the novel observation that elk CWD prions could convert human PrPC from human brain and could also convert recombinant human PrPC expressed in transgenic mice and eukaryotic cell cultures (15).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A previous publication suggested that mule deer PrPSc was unable to convert humanized transgenic substrate in PMCA assays (23) and required a further step of in vitro conditioning in deer substrate PMCA before it was able to cross the deer–human molecular barrier (24). However, prions from other species, such as elk (15) and reindeer affected by CWD, appear to be compatible with the human protein in a single round of amplification (as shown in our study). These observations suggest that different deer species affected by CWD could present differing degrees of the olecular compatibility with the normal form of human PrP.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The contribution of the polymorphism at codon 129 of the human PrP gene has been extensively studied and is recognized as a risk factor for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (4). In cervids, the equivalent codon corresponds to the position 132 encoding methionine or leucine. This polymorphism in the elk gene has been shown to play an important role in CWD susceptibility (25,26). We have investigated the effect of this cervid Prnp polymorphism on the conversion of the humanized transgenic substrate according to the variation in the equivalent PRNP codon 129 polymorphism. Interestingly, only the homologs methionine homozygous seed–substrate reactions could readily convert the human PrP, whereas the heterozygous elk PrPSc was unable to do so, even though comparable amounts of PrPres were used to seed the reaction. In addition, we observed only low levels of human PrPres formation in the reactions seeded with the homozygous methionine (132 MM) and the heterozygous (132 ML) seeds incubated with the other 2 human polymorphic substrates (129 MV and 129 VV). The presence of the amino acid leucine at position 132 of the elk Prnp gene has been attributed to a lower degree of prion conversion compared with methionine on the basis of experiments in mice made transgenic for these polymorphic variants (26). Considering the differences observed for the amplification of the homozygous human methionine substrate by the 2 polymorphic elk seeds (MM and ML), reappraisal of the susceptibility of human PrPC by the full range of cervid polymorphic variants affected by CWD would be warranted.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In light of the recent identification of the first cases of CWD in Europe in a free-ranging reindeer (R. tarandus) in Norway (2), we also decided to evaluate the in vitro conversion potential of CWD in 2 experimentally infected reindeer (18). Formation of human PrPres was readily detectable after a single round of PMCA, and in all 3 humanized polymorphic substrates (MM, MV, and VV). This finding suggests that CWD prions from reindeer could be more compatible with human PrPC generally and might therefore present a greater risk for zoonosis than, for example, CWD prions from white-tailed deer. A more comprehensive comparison of CWD in the affected species, coupled with the polymorphic variations in the human and deer PRNP–Prnp genes, in vivo and in vitro, will be required before firm conclusions can be drawn. Analysis of the Prnp sequence of the CWD reindeer in Norway was reported to be identical to the specimens used in our study (2). This finding raises the possibility of a direct comparison of zoonotic potential between CWD acquired in the wild and that produced in a controlled laboratory setting. (Table).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The prion hypothesis proposes that direct molecular interaction between PrPSc and PrPC is necessary for conversion and prion replication. Accordingly, polymorphic variants of the PrP of host and agent might play a role in determining compatibility and potential zoonotic risk. In this study, we have examined the capacity of the human PrPC to support in vitro conversion by elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer CWD PrPSc. Our data confirm that elk CWD prions can convert the human PrPC, at least in vitro, and show that the homologous PRNP polymorphisms at codon 129 and 132 in humans and cervids affect conversion efficiency. Other species affected by CWD, particularly caribou or reindeer, also seem able to convert the human PrP. It will be important to determine whether other polymorphic variants found in other CWD-affected Cervidae or perhaps other factors (17) exert similar effects on the ability to convert human PrP and thus affect their zoonotic potential.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dr. Barria is a research scientist working at the National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh. His research has focused on understanding the molecular basis of a group of fatal neurologic disorders called prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgments We thank Aru Balachandran for originally providing cervid brain tissues, Abigail Diack and Jean Manson for providing mouse brain tissue, and James Ironside for his critical reading of the manuscript at an early stage.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This report is independent research commissioned and funded by the United Kingdom’s Department of Health Policy Research Programme and the Government of Scotland. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Department of Health or the Government of Scotland.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author contributions: The study was conceived and designed by M.A.B. and M.W.H. The experiments were conducted by M.A.B. and A.L. Chronic wasting disease brain specimens were provided by G.M. The manuscript was written by M.A.B. and M.W.H. All authors contributed to the editing and revision of the manuscript.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion</a></div></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Prion 2017 Conference Abstracts</span></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none !important;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">First evidence of intracranial and peroral transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) into Cynomolgus macaques: a work in progress Stefanie Czub1, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer2, Christiane Stahl-Hennig3, Michael Beekes4, Hermann Schaetzl5 and Dirk Motzkus6 1 </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine/Canadian Food Inspection Agency; 2Universitatsklinikum des Saarlandes und Medizinische Fakultat der Universitat des Saarlandes; 3 Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen; 4 Robert-Koch-Institut Berlin; 5 University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; 6 presently: Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center; previously: Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">This is a progress report of a project which started in 2009. </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">21 cynomolgus macaques were challenged with characterized CWD material from white-tailed deer (WTD) or elk by intracerebral (ic), oral, and skin exposure routes. Additional blood transfusion experiments are supposed to assess the CWD contamination risk of human blood product. Challenge materials originated from symptomatic cervids for ic, skin scarification and partially per oral routes (WTD brain). Challenge material for feeding of muscle derived from preclinical WTD and from preclinical macaques for blood transfusion experiments. We have confirmed that the CWD challenge material contained at least two different CWD agents (brain material) as well as CWD prions in muscle-associated nerves. </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Here we present first data on a group of animals either challenged ic with steel wires or per orally and sacrificed with incubation times ranging from 4.5 to 6.9 years at postmortem. Three animals displayed signs of mild clinical disease, including anxiety, apathy, ataxia and/or tremor. In four animals wasting was observed, two of those had confirmed diabetes. All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals. Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuiC) and PET-blot assays to further substantiate these findings are on the way, as well as bioassays in bank voles and transgenic mice. </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">At present, a total of 10 animals are sacrificed and read-outs are ongoing. Preclinical incubation of the remaining macaques covers a range <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">from 6.4 to 7.10</span> years. Based on the species barrier and an incubation time of > 5 years for BSE in macaques and about 10 years for scrapie in macaques, we expected an onset of clinical disease beyond 6 years post inoculation. </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">PRION 2017 DECIPHERING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS ABSTRACTS REFERENCE</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 23, 2019 </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion and THE FEAST 2003 CDC an updated review of the science 2019 </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 04, 2014 </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Six-year follow-up of a point-source exposure to CWD contaminated venison in an Upstate New York community: risk behaviours and health outcomes 2005–2011 Authors, though, acknowledged the study was limited in geography and sample size and so it couldn't draw a conclusion about the risk to humans. They recommended more study. Dr. Ermias Belay was the report's principal author but he said New York and Oneida County officials are following the proper course by not launching a study. "There's really nothing to monitor presently. No one's sick," Belay said, noting the disease's incubation period in deer and elk is measured in years. " </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Transmission Studies Mule deer transmissions of CWD were by intracerebral inoculation and compared with natural cases {the following was written but with a single line marked through it ''first passage (by this route)}....TSS resulted in a more rapidly progressive clinical disease with repeated episodes of synocopy ending in coma. One control animal became affected, it is believed through contamination of inoculum (?saline). Further CWD transmissions were carried out by Dick Marsh into ferret, mink and squirrel monkey. Transmission occurred in ALL of these species with the shortest incubation period in the ferret. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip.... </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Prion Infectivity in Fat of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease▿ </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Brent Race#, Kimberly Meade-White#, Richard Race and Bruce Chesebro* + Author Affiliations In mice, prion infectivity was recently detected in fat. Since ruminant fat is consumed by humans and fed to animals, we determined infectivity titers in fat from two CWD-infected deer. Deer fat devoid of muscle contained low levels of CWD infectivity and might be a risk factor for prion infection of other species. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Prions in Skeletal Muscles of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease Here bioassays in transgenic mice expressing cervid prion protein revealed the presence of infectious prions in skeletal muscles of CWD-infected deer, demonstrating that humans consuming or handling meat from CWD-infected deer are at risk to prion exposure. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> *** now, let’s see what the authors said about this casual link, personal communications years ago, and then the latest on the zoonotic potential from CWD to humans from the TOKYO PRION 2016 CONFERENCE. see where it is stated NO STRONG evidence. so, does this mean there IS casual evidence ???? “Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans” </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">From: TSS Subject: CWD aka MAD DEER/ELK TO HUMANS ??? </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Date: September 30, 2002 at 7:06 am PST </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">From: "Belay, Ermias" </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">To: Cc: "Race, Richard (NIH)" ; ; "Belay, Ermias" </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Sent: Monday, September 30, 2002 9:22 AM Subject: RE: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Dear Sir/Madam, In the Archives of Neurology you quoted (the abstract of which was attached to your email), we did not say CWD in humans will present like variant CJD.. That assumption would be wrong. I encourage you to read the whole article and call me if you have questions or need more clarification (phone: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">404-639-3091</span></span>). </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Also, we do not claim that "no-one has ever been infected with prion disease from eating venison." Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans in the article you quoted or in any other forum is limited to the patients we investigated. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Ermias Belay, M.D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">-----Original Message----- From: </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Sent: Sunday, September 29, 2002 10:15 AM To: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">rr26k@nih.gov</span></span>; <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">rrace@niaid.nih.gov</span></span>; <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">ebb8@CDC.GOV</span></span> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Subject: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Sunday, November 10, 2002 6:26 PM .......snip........end..............TSS </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Thursday, April 03, 2008 </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease 2008 1: Vet Res. 2008 Apr 3;39(4):41 A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease Sigurdson CJ. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip... *** twenty-seven CJD patients who regularly consumed venison were reported to the Surveillance Center***, </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip... full text ; </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">sporadic, spontaneous CJD, 85%+ of all human TSE, did not just happen. never in scientific literature has this been proven. if one looks up the word sporadic or spontaneous at pubmed, you will get a laundry list of disease that are classified in such a way; </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">sporadic = 54,983 hits </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic</a><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">spontaneous = 325,650 hits </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous</a><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">key word here is 'reported'. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can't, and it's as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it's being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. ...terry </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people.<br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;">key word here is ‘reported’. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can’t, and it’s as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it’s being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. …terry</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;">*** These results would seem to suggest that CWD does indeed have zoonotic potential, at least as judged by the compatibility of CWD prions and their human PrPC target. Furthermore, extrapolation from this simple in vitro assay suggests that if zoonotic CWD occurred, it would most likely effect those of the PRNP codon 129-MM genotype and that the PrPres type would be similar to that found in the most common subtype of sCJD (MM1).***</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys</a></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true</a></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: white; color: #196ad4; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD TSE PRION AND ZOONOTIC, ZOONOSIS, POTENTIAL</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: Re: DEER SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY SURVEY & HOUND STUDY </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: Fri, 18 Oct 2002 23:12:22 +0100 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: Steve Dealler </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Organization: Netscape Online member </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: BSE-L@ References: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dear Terry,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">An excellent piece of review as this literature is desperately difficult to get back from Government sites.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">What happened with the deer was that an association between deer meat eating and sporadic CJD was found in about 1993. The evidence was not great but did not disappear after several years of asking CJD cases what they had eaten. I think that the work into deer disease largely stopped because it was not helpful to the UK industry...and no specific cases were reported. Well, if you dont look adequately like they are in USA currenly then you wont find any!</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Steve Dealler </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM THIRD ANNUAL REPORT AUGUST 1994</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Consumption of venison and veal was much less widespread among both cases and controls. For both of these meats there was evidence of a trend with increasing frequency of consumption being associated with increasing risk of CJD. (not nvCJD, but sporadic CJD...tss) These associations were largely unchanged when attention was restricted to pairs with data obtained from relatives. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Table 9 presents the results of an analysis of these data.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is STRONG evidence of an association between ‘’regular’’ veal eating and risk of CJD (p = .0.01).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Individuals reported to eat veal on average at least once a year appear to be at 13 TIMES THE RISK of individuals who have never eaten veal.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is, however, a very wide confidence interval around this estimate. There is no strong evidence that eating veal less than once per year is associated with increased risk of CJD (p = 0.51).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is some evidence that risk of CJD INCREASES WITH INCREASING FREQUENCY OF LAMB EATING (p = 0.02).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The evidence for such an association between beef eating and CJD is weaker (p = 0.14). When only controls for whom a relative was interviewed are included, this evidence becomes a little STRONGER (p = 0.08).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It was found that when veal was included in the model with another exposure, the association between veal and CJD remained statistically significant (p = < 0.05 for all exposures), while the other exposures ceased to be statistically significant (p = > 0.05).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In conclusion, an analysis of dietary histories revealed statistical associations between various meats/animal products and INCREASED RISK OF CJD. When some account was taken of possible confounding, the association between VEAL EATING AND RISK OF CJD EMERGED AS THE STRONGEST OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS STATISTICALLY. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the study in the USA, a range of foodstuffs were associated with an increased risk of CJD, including liver consumption which was associated with an apparent SIX-FOLD INCREASE IN THE RISK OF CJD. By comparing the data from 3 studies in relation to this particular dietary factor, the risk of liver consumption became non-significant with an odds ratio of 1.2 (PERSONAL COMMUNICATION, PROFESSOR A. HOFMAN. ERASMUS UNIVERSITY, ROTTERDAM). (???...TSS)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full report ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stephen Dealler is a consultant medical microbiologist <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">deal@airtime.co.uk</span> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE Inquiry Steve Dealler</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Management In Confidence</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE: Private Submission of Bovine Brain Dealler</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> MAD DOGS AND ENGLISHMEN BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, CJD, TSE PRION A REVIEW 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> ''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> In conclusion, sensory symptoms and loss of reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome can be explained by neuropathological changes in the spinal cord. We conclude that the sensory symptoms and loss of lower limb reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome is due to pathology in the caudal spinal cord. <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology.<*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD. <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals.<*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids.'' Scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease (II) <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, MAY 11, 2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">> A Unique Presentation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in a Patient Consuming Deer Antler Velvet <</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusion</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We believe that our patient’s case of CJD is highly suspicious for cervid etiology given the circumstances of the case as well as the strong evidence of plausibility reported in published literature. This is the first known case of CJD in a patient who had consumed deer antler velvet. Despite the confirmed diagnosis of CJD, a causal relationship between the patient’s disease and his consumption of deer antler velvet cannot be definitively concluded.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Supplemental data including molecular tissue sample analysis and autopsy findings could yield further supporting evidence. Given this patient’s clinical resemblance to CBD and the known histological similarities of CBD with CJD, clinicians should consider both diseases in the differential diagnosis of patients with a similarly esoteric presentation. Regardless of the origin of this patient’s disease, it is clear that the potential for prion transmission from cervids to humans should be further investigated by the academic community with considerable urgency.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''We believe that our patient’s case of CJD is highly suspicious for cervid etiology given the circumstances of the case as well as the strong evidence of plausibility reported in published literature. This is the first known case of CJD in a patient who had consumed deer antler velvet. Despite the confirmed diagnosis of CJD, a causal relationship between the patient’s disease and his consumption of deer antler velvet cannot be definitively concluded.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE: A Unique Presentation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in a Patient Consuming Deer Antler Velvet</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i was warning England and the BSE Inquiry about just this, way back in 1998, and was ask to supply information to the BSE Inquiry. for anyone that might be interested, see;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary submission to the BSE Inquiry on CJD and Nutritional Supplements 1998</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ABOUT that deer antler spray and CWD TSE PRION... I have been screaming this since my neighbors mom died from cjd, and she had been taking a supplement that contained bovine brain, bovine eyeball, and other SRMs specified risk materials, the most high risk for mad cow disease. just saying...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I made a submission to the BSE Inquiry long ago during the BSE Inquiry days, and they seemed pretty interested.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sender: "Patricia Cantos"</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: "Terry S Singeltary Sr. (E-mail)"</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: Your submission to the Inquiry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: Fri, 3 Jul 1998 10:10:05 +0100 3 July 1998</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Mr Terry S Singeltary Sr. E-Mail: Flounder at <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">wt.net</span> Ref: E2979</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dear Mr Singeltary, Thank you for your E-mail message of the 30th of June 1998 providing the Inquiry with your further comments. Thank you for offering to provide the Inquiry with any test results on the nutritional supplements your mother was taking before she died. As requested I am sending you our general Information Pack and a copy of the Chairman's letter. Please contact me if your system cannot read the attachments. Regarding your question, the Inquiry is looking into many aspects of the scientific evidence on BSE and nvCJD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I would refer you to the transcripts of evidence we have already heard which are found on our internet site at ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">http://www.bse.org.uk</span>.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Could you please provide the Inquiry with a copy of the press article you refer to in your e-mail? If not an approximate date for the article so that we can locate it? In the meantime, thank you for you comments. Please do not hesitate to contact me on... snip...end...tss</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">everyone I tell this too gets it screwed up...MY MOTHER WAS NOT TAKING THOSE SUPPLEMENTS IPLEX (that I ever knew of). this was my neighbors mother that died exactly one year previously and to the day of sporadic CJD that was diagnosed as Alzheimer’s at first. my mother died exactly a year later from the Heidenhain Variant of Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease hvCJD, and exceedingly rare strains of the ever growing sporadic CJD’s. both cases confirmed. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">kind regards, terry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TSEs i.e. mad cow disease's BSE/BASE and NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS IPLEX, mad by standard process; vacuum dried bovine BRAIN, bone meal, bovine EYE, veal Bone, bovine liver powder, bovine adrenal, vacuum dried bovine kidney, and vacuum dried porcine stomach. also; what about potential mad cow candy bars ? see their potential mad cow candy bar list too... THESE are just a few of MANY of just this ONE COMPANY...TSS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''So, in sum, dietary supplements sold in the United States often contain ruminant tissues from undisclosed sources. Personally, I am rather squeamish and I don't think I would be eating prostate or testicle or pituitary, but I am also a little bit wary of consuming products with those glands, not just out of personal repugnance but simply out of a health concern.'' DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION CENTER FOR BIOLOGICS EVALUATION AND RESEARCH TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES ADVISORY COMMITTEE Friday, January 19, 2001</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15 Open Public Hearing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">16 DR. FREAS: We are opening the open public hearing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 now. We have received one response to speak in this</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">18 afternoon's open public hearing. That is from Dr. Scott</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">19 Norton. If Dr. Norton is here, would you please come</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">20 forward. You can either use the podium or the microphone,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">21 whichever is your choice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 DR. NORTON: I am Scott Norton and I am a</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23 physician in the Washington D.C. area. I am here speaking</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">24 as a private citizen today.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">25 I first became concerned about the presence of 231</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1 tissues from ruminant animals in dietary supplements about</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2 six months ago and expressed my concern in a letter that was 3 published in New England Journal of Medicine in July of Year 4 2000. 5 A couple of the products that I had looked at, and 6 examined their labels, that raised these concerns I brought 7 in right here. I will just read some of the organs that are 8 found in one that is called Male Power. Deer antler, 9 pancreas, orchic--despite what we just heard that the FDA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">10 prefers the term "testicular tissue" to be written on the</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">11 labels, I have never seen a dietary supplement say</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">12 "testicle." They always say "orchis" or "orchic" which may</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">13 sound rather flowery to the etymologically impaired--thymus,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">14 adrenal, heart, lymph node, prostate, spleen and pituitary.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15 There are actually seventeen organs in that particular</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">16 product.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 There is another product that is called Brain</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">18 Nutrition that tells us that it is vitamins and minerals</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">19 essential for important brain function. It does not mention</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">20 that there is any glandulars on at least the bold print. 21 But if you look at the small print on the back, we learn</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 that it has brain extract and pituitary extract, raw, in</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23 there.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">24 We know that many of the organs that can be found</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">25 in the dietary supplements do fall in that list of organs</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">232</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1 that are suspect for contamination with TSEs, the labels, in 2 nearly all cases, identify neither the animal source nor the 3 geographic location from which the organs were derived. I 4 have seen one line that did specify from New Zealand cattle 5 but no other manufacturer will list either the species or 6 the geographic location. 7 The FDA's and the USDA's import alerts that we 8 just learned about prohibit the use of these organs in 9 foods, medicines and medical devices. But my reading of the</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">10 alert, 17-04, suggests that DSHEA does allow some loopholes</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">11 for these tissues to possible slip in.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">12 I will just read <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">from 17-04</span> that we heard. On the</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">13 first page, it says that, "This alert does not establish any</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">14 obligations on regulated entities." I love seeing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15 legislation that starts out with that caveat.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">16 Then it says, further, "The USDA regulations do</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 not apply to bovine-derived materials intended for human</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">18 consumption as finished dietary supplements." We also learn</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">19 that the prohibition, or the import alert, is limited to</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">20 bulk lots of these tissues, completed tissues, from BSE-</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">21 derived countries. It does not mention if it is not a bulk</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 import or if it is raw materials rather than finished</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23 materials.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">24 Further, we know that it is strongly recommended</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">25 but not actually prohibited in the language here. So I have</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">233</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1 not taken the assurances from that import alert that Dr. 2 Moore was trying to convey to us. 3 So, in sum, dietary supplements sold in the United 4 States often contain ruminant tissues from undisclosed 5 sources. Personally, I am rather squeamish and I don't 6 think I would be eating prostate or testicle or pituitary, 7 but I am also a little bit wary of consuming products with 8 those glands, not just out of personal repugnance but simply 9 out of a health concern.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">10 So my question to the advisory committee is this;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">11 is my caution reasonable and, if it is, should we take</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">12 further efforts to inform, or even protect, the American</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">13 public from such exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">14 I was curious about Dr.</span> Moore's remarks. I sensed</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15 two messages. One was the initial reassurance that FDA has</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">16 the regulatory authority but then I also learned that it is</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 the manufacturer's responsibility to provide those 18 assurances, that the FDA doesn't actually inspect.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">19 I think that the FDA commissioners from Harvey</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">20 Wylie to David Kessler would say that that track record has</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">21 proven itself.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 Thank you very much.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23 [Applause.]</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">24 DR. BROWN: Thanks, Dr. Norton. 25 Committee Discussion snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 But I think that we could exhibit some quite 18 reasonable concern about blood donors who are taking dietary 19 supplements that contain a certain amount of unspecified- 20 origin brain, brain-related, brain and pituitary material. 21 If they have done this for more than a sniff or something 22 like that, then, perhaps, they should be deferred as blood 23 donors. 24 That is probably worse than spending six months in 25 the U.K. 1/19/01 3681t2.rtf(845) page 501 <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/cber01.htm</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Advisory Committees: CBER 2001 Meeting Documents</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see actual paper;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20110616...ov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t2.rtf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20110616...ov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t2.rtf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Mar03/031403/96N-0417-EC-2.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Mar03/031403/96N-0417-EC-2.htm</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_07.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_07.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">-------- Original Message --------</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: METABOLIFE AND TSEs GAO-03-494 ''URGENT DATA''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: Thu, 01 May 2003 11:23:01 -0500</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: NelliganJ at <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">gao.gov</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The General Accounting Office (GAO) today released the following reports and testimonies:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">REPORTS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1. Dietary Supplements: Review of Health-Related Call Records for Users of Metabolife 356. GAO-03-494, <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">March 31.</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-03-494" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-03-494</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see updated url link;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050205084229/http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20050205084229/http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">GREETINGS GAO:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i was surprised that i did not see any listing of bovine tissue in metabolife on it's label. have they ceased using these desiccated tissues???</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i see that the lable on this product METABOLIFE 356, does not state that it has any tissues of desiccated bovine organs? i no the product use to, so i am curious if they have ceased the use of the tissues of cattle they use to use (see below)???</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">METABOLIFE 356 BOVINE COMPLEX/GLANDULAR SYSTEM OVARIES, PROSTATE, SCROTUM AND ADRENAL USDA SOURCE CATTLE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i tried warning them years ago of this potential threat of CJD/TSEs;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: Randy Smith To: "'flounder at <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">wt.net</span>'" Subject: Metabolife Date: Mon, 7 Dec 1998 14:21:35 -0800</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dear Sir,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We are looking at reformulation. I agree that slow virus diseases present a problem in some areas of the world.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our product uses healthy USDA inspected cattle for the glandular extract.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">If you have any links to more information on this subject I would like to examine them.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Thank you for your interest and concern,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dr. Smith ============</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see full text links of this archived information ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/03/chronic-wasting-disease-prions-in-elk.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/03/chronic-wasting-disease-prions-in-elk.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/ohio-division-of-wildlife-confirms.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/ohio-division-of-wildlife-confirms.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/124/additional-cases-marion-wyandot-counties" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/124/additional-cases-marion-wyandot-counties</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">with that, there is abundance of other scientific studies that show it's very likely CWD will or already has, transmit to humans, it's just that no one wants to believe it, they simply don't want it to happen, neither do i, but in the real world, imo, it's already happened and is being masked as sporadic CJD imo, you can see this science archived here, skroll down to about the halfway point of this blog on the recent cases of cwd in Texas;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see about half way down to;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> PRION CONFERENCE 2022 ABSTRACTS CWD TSE PrP ZOONOSIS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/texas-cwd-now-confirmed-505-cervid-101.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/texas-cwd-now-confirmed-505-cervid-101.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">creutzfeldt jakob disease IS NOT ONE IN A MILLION!</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">2023 COLLINGE ET AL, 1 IN 5,000!</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp54ddfb11yiv3028220047ydpb51b86f2yiv8296120965ydp5066c434yiv6636943674ydp7cf26efayiv5525069040ydp8aa3ee25yiv7404456984s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important;">Professor John Collinge on tackling prion diseases, sCJD accounts for around 1 in 5000 deaths worldwide<br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp54ddfb11yiv3028220047ydpb51b86f2yiv8296120965ydp5066c434yiv6636943674ydp7cf26efayiv5525069040ydp8aa3ee25yiv7404456984s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp54ddfb11yiv3028220047ydpb51b86f2yiv8296120965ydp5066c434yiv6636943674ydp7cf26efayiv5525069040ydp8aa3ee25yiv7404456984s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important;">MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 11, 2023 <br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp54ddfb11yiv3028220047ydpb51b86f2yiv8296120965ydp5066c434yiv6636943674ydp7cf26efayiv5525069040ydp8aa3ee25yiv7404456984s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp54ddfb11yiv3028220047ydpb51b86f2yiv8296120965ydp5066c434yiv6636943674ydp7cf26efayiv5525069040ydp8aa3ee25yiv7404456984s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important;">Professor John Collinge on tackling prion diseases </span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp54ddfb11yiv3028220047ydpb51b86f2yiv8296120965ydp5066c434yiv6636943674ydp7cf26efayiv5525069040ydp8aa3ee25yiv7404456984s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp54ddfb11yiv3028220047ydpb51b86f2yiv8296120965ydp5066c434yiv6636943674ydp7cf26efayiv5525069040ydp8aa3ee25yiv7404456984s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important;">“The best-known human prion disease is sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), a rapidly progressive dementia which accounts for around 1 in 5000 deaths worldwide.”</span></div></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp54ddfb11yiv3028220047ydpb51b86f2yiv8296120965ydp5066c434yiv6636943674ydp7cf26efayiv5525069040ydp8aa3ee25yiv7404456984s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp54ddfb11yiv3028220047ydpb51b86f2yiv8296120965ydp5066c434yiv6636943674ydp7cf26efayiv5525069040ydp8aa3ee25yiv7404456984s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important;">There is accumulating evidence also for iatrogenic AD. Understanding prion biology, and in particular how propagation of prions leads to neurodegeneration, is therefore of central research importance in medicine.<br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp54ddfb11yiv3028220047ydpb51b86f2yiv8296120965ydp5066c434yiv6636943674ydp7cf26efayiv5525069040ydp8aa3ee25yiv7404456984s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp54ddfb11yiv3028220047ydpb51b86f2yiv8296120965ydp5066c434yiv6636943674ydp7cf26efayiv5525069040ydp8aa3ee25yiv7404456984s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/brain-sciences/dementia-ucl-priority/professor-john-collinge-tackling-prion-diseases" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ucl.ac.uk/brain-sciences/dementia-ucl-priority/professor-john-collinge-tackling-prion-diseases</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp54ddfb11yiv3028220047ydpb51b86f2yiv8296120965ydp5066c434yiv6636943674ydp7cf26efayiv5525069040ydp8aa3ee25yiv7404456984s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;"><span class="ydp54ddfb11yiv3028220047ydpb51b86f2yiv8296120965ydp5066c434yiv6636943674ydp7cf26efayiv5525069040ydp8aa3ee25yiv7404456984s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">February 14, 2001</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary, Sr</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author Affiliations</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">JAMA. 2001;285(6):733-734. doi:10-1001/pubs.JAMA-ISSN-0098-7484-285-6-jlt0214 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To the Editor: In their Research Letter, Dr Gibbons and colleagues1 reported that the annual US death rate due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has been stable since 1985. These estimates, however, are based only on reported cases, and do not include misdiagnosed or preclinical cases. It seems to me that misdiagnosis alone would drastically change these figures. An unknown number of persons with a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in fact may have CJD, although only a small number of these patients receive the postmortem examination necessary to make this diagnosis. Furthermore, only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies should be reportable nationwide and internationally.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1031186" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1031186</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr., Bacliff, Texas USA 77518 flounder9@verizon.net</div><div><br /></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0