N.C. Wildlife Resources Commission Revisions Made to Captive Cervid Licenses and Permits

 N.C. Wildlife Resources Commission

Revisions Made to Captive Cervid Licenses and Permits

 on Oct 30, 2014 05:01 PM • Views 7694

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 Media Contact: Geoff Cantrell 919-707-0186 geoff.cantrell@ncwildlife.org

 RALEIGH, N.C. (Oct. 30, 2014) — The N.C. Wildlife Resources Commission today approved temporary rules allowing the issuance of permits and licenses for “farmed cervid” facilities. Cervids are the family of mammals that includes deer, elk and moose. The temporary rules for permits and licenses apply only to “farmed cervids,” defined as any member of the deer family that is not a white-tailed deer or an elk. The new rules are required by legislation adopted by the General Assembly earlier this year.

Session Law 2014-100, the State Budget Act, mandated the Wildlife Resources Commission adopt rules for the issuance of new captivity licenses for cervid facilities. During the public comment period for the temporary rules, the Commission became aware of potential legal barriers to issuance of licenses for white-tailed deer and elk. In today’s actions, the Commission approved permitting and licensing rules pertaining only to farmed cervids, which are not affected by the potential legal barriers. The Commission also increased the mandatory testing age for chronic wasting disease in all captive deer that have died, from six months to 12 months.
 The Commission is continuing to review any legal barriers to the issuance of new licenses for white-tailed deer and elk. Any further proposed changes by the Commission to the captive cervid regulations will be available for review and public comment.

For more information or to request a farmed cervid license application, contact the N.C. Wildlife Resources Commission, 1701 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, N.C. 27699, online at

 www.ncwildlife.org.
 http://www.ncwildlife.org/News/NewsArticle/tabid/416/IndexID/9949/Default.aspx


this is concerning for CWD, to say the least. think of all the game farms, urine mills, antler mills, slaughter houses, meat cutters, processing, taxidermist, etc., that thought they were getting things decontaminated?

These data suggest that recommended current guidelines for the decontamination of farm buildings following outbreaks of scrapie do little to reduce the titre of infectious scrapie material and that environmental recontamination could also be an issue associated with these premises.

 Scrapie Sheep Goats Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) Accepted October 12, 2014. Published Online First 31 October 2014

 http://veterinaryrecord.bmj.com/content/early/2014/10/31/vr.102743.abstract


 Monday, November 3, 2014

 Persistence of ovine scrapie infectivity in a farm environment following cleaning and decontamination

 http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/11/persistence-of-ovine-scrapie.html



From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr.
 Sent: Monday, November 03, 2014 11:11 AM
 To: BSE-L BSE-L Cc: CJDVOICE CJDVOICE ; bloodcjd bloodcjd
 Subject: Persistence of ovine scrapie infectivity in a farm environment following cleaning and decontamination

 Paper

 Persistence of ovine scrapie infectivity in a farm environment following cleaning and decontamination

 Steve A. C. Hawkins, MIBiol, Pathology Department1, Hugh A. Simmons, BVSc MRCVS, MBA, MA Animal Services Unit1, Kevin C. Gough, BSc, PhD2 and Ben C. Maddison, BSc, PhD3 + Author Affiliations

 1Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK 2School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK 3ADAS UK, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK E-mail for correspondence: ben.maddison@adas.co.uk Abstract Scrapie of sheep/goats and chronic wasting disease of deer/elk are contagious prion diseases where environmental reservoirs are directly implicated in the transmission of disease. In this study, the effectiveness of recommended scrapie farm decontamination regimens was evaluated by a sheep bioassay using buildings naturally contaminated with scrapie. Pens within a farm building were treated with either 20,000 parts per million free chorine solution for one hour or were treated with the same but were followed by painting and full re-galvanisation or replacement of metalwork within the pen. Scrapie susceptible lambs of the PRNP genotype VRQ/VRQ were reared within these pens and their scrapie status was monitored by recto-anal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. All animals became infected over an 18-month period, even in the pen that had been subject to the most stringent decontamination process. These data suggest that recommended current guidelines for the decontamination of farm buildings following outbreaks of scrapie do little to reduce the titre of infectious scrapie material and that environmental recontamination could also be an issue associated with these premises.

 SNIP...

 Discussion

 Thorough pressure washing of a pen had no effect on the amount of bioavailable scrapie infectivity (pen B). The routine removal of prions from surfaces within a laboratory setting is treatment for a minimum of one hour with 20,000 ppm free chlorine, a method originally based on the use of brain macerates from infected rodents to evaluate the effectiveness of decontamination (Kimberlin and others 1983). Further studies have also investigated the effectiveness of hypochlorite disinfection of metal surfaces to simulate the decontamination of surgical devices within a hospital setting. Such treatments with hypochlorite solution were able to reduce infectivity by 5.5 logs to lower than the sensitivity of the bioassay used (Lemmer and others 2004). Analogous treatment of the pen surfaces did not effectively remove the levels of scrapie infectivity over that of the control pens, indicating that this method of decontamination is not effective within a farm setting. This may be due to the high level of biological matrix that is present upon surfaces within the farm environment, which may reduce the amount of free chlorine available to inactivate any infectious prion. Remarkably 1/5 sheep introduced into pen D had also became scrapie positive within nine months, with all animals in this pen being RAMALT positive by 18 months of age. Pen D was no further away from the control pen (pen A) than any of the other pens within this barn. Localised hot spots of infectivity may be present within scrapie-contaminated environments, but it is unlikely that pen D area had an amount of scrapie contamination that was significantly different than the other areas within this building. Similarly, there were no differences in how the biosecurity of pen D was maintained, or how this pen was ventilated compared with the other pens. This observation, perhaps, indicates the slower kinetics of disease uptake within this pen and is consistent with a more thorough prion removal and recontamination. These observations may also account for the presence of inadvertent scrapie cases within other studies, where despite stringent biosecurity, control animals have become scrapie positive during challenge studies using barns that also housed scrapie-affected animals (Ryder and others 2009). The bioassay data indicate that the exposure of the sheep to a farm environment after decontamination efforts thought to be effective in removing scrapie is sufficient for the animals to become infected with scrapie. The main exposure routes within this scenario are likely to be via the oral route, during feeding and drinking, and respiratory and conjunctival routes. It has been demonstrated that scrapie infectivity can be efficiently transmitted via the nasal route in sheep (Hamir and others 2008), as is the case for CWD in both murine models and in white-tailed deer (Denkers and others 2010, 2013). Recently, it has also been demonstrated that CWD prions presented as dust when bound to the soil mineral montmorillonite can be infectious via the nasal route (Nichols and others 2013). When considering pens C and D, the actual source of the infectious agent in the pens is not known, it is possible that biologically relevant levels of prion survive on surfaces during the decontamination regimen (pen C). With the use of galvanising and painting (pen D) covering and sealing the surface of the pen, it is possible that scrapie material recontaminated the pens by the movement of infectious prions contained within dusts originating from other parts of the barn that were not decontaminated or from other areas of the farm.

 Given that scrapie prions are widespread on the surfaces of affected farms (Maddison and others 2010a), irrespective of the source of the infectious prions in the pens, this study clearly highlights the difficulties that are faced with the effective removal of environmentally associated scrapie infectivity. This is likely to be paralleled in CWD which shows strong similarities to scrapie in terms of both the dissemination of prions into the environment and the facile mode of disease transmission. These data further contribute to the understanding that prion diseases can be highly transmissible between susceptible individuals not just by direct contact but through highly stable environmental reservoirs that are refractory to decontamination.

 The presence of these environmentally associated prions in farm buildings make the control of these diseases a considerable challenge, especially in animal species such as goats where there is lack of genetic resistance to scrapie and, therefore, no scope to re-stock farms with animals that are resistant to scrapie.

 Scrapie Sheep Goats Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) Accepted October 12, 2014. Published Online First 31 October 2014

 http://veterinaryrecord.bmj.com/content/early/2014/10/31/vr.102743.abstract

 2012

 PO-039: A comparison of scrapie and chronic wasting disease in white-tailed deer

 Justin Greenlee, Jodi Smith, Eric Nicholson US Dept. Agriculture; Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center; Ames, IA USA

 snip...

 The results of this study suggest that there are many similarities in the manifestation of CWD and scrapie in WTD after IC inoculation including early and widespread presence of PrPSc in lymphoid tissues, clinical signs of depression and weight loss progressing to wasting, and an incubation time of 21-23 months. Moreover, western blots (WB) done on brain material from the obex region have a molecular profile similar to CWD and distinct from tissues of the cerebrum or the scrapie inoculum. However, results of microscopic and IHC examination indicate that there are differences between the lesions expected in CWD and those that occur in deer with scrapie: amyloid plaques were not noted in any sections of brain examined from these deer and the pattern of immunoreactivity by IHC was diffuse rather than plaque-like.

 *** After a natural route of exposure, 100% of WTD were susceptible to scrapie.

 Deer developed clinical signs of wasting and mental depression and were necropsied from 28 to 33 months PI. Tissues from these deer were positive for PrPSc by IHC and WB. Similar to IC inoculated deer, samples from these deer exhibited two different molecular profiles: samples from obex resembled CWD whereas those from cerebrum were similar to the original scrapie inoculum. On further examination by WB using a panel of antibodies, the tissues from deer with scrapie exhibit properties differing from tissues either from sheep with scrapie or WTD with CWD. Samples from WTD with CWD or sheep with scrapie are strongly immunoreactive when probed with mAb P4, however, samples from WTD with scrapie are only weakly immunoreactive. In contrast, when probed with mAb’s 6H4 or SAF 84, samples from sheep with scrapie and WTD with CWD are weakly immunoreactive and samples from WTD with scrapie are strongly positive. This work demonstrates that WTD are highly susceptible to sheep scrapie, but on first passage, scrapie in WTD is differentiable from CWD.

 http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/03-Prion6-2-Transmission-and-strains.pdf

 2011

 *** After a natural route of exposure, 100% of white-tailed deer were susceptible to scrapie.

 http://www.usaha.org/Portals/6/Reports/2011/report-cwal-2011.pdf

 Scrapie in Deer: Comparisons and Contrasts to Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD)

 Justin J. Greenlee of the Virus and Prion Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Ames, IA

 snip...

 This highlights the facts that

 1) prior to the onset of clinical signs PrPSc is widely distributed in the CNS and lymphoid tissues and

 2) currently used diagnostic methods are sufficient to detect PrPSc prior to the onset of clinical signs.

 The results of this study suggest that there are many similarities in the manifestation of CWD and scrapie in white-tailed deer after IC inoculation including early and widespread presence of PrPSc in lymphoid tissues, clinical signs of depression and weight loss progressing to wasting, and an incubation time of 21-23 months. Moreover, western blots (WB) done on brain material from the obex region have a molecular profile consistent with CWD and distinct from tissues of the cerebrum or the scrapie inoculum. However, results of microscopic and IHC examination indicate that there are differences between the lesions expected in CWD and those that occur in deer with scrapie: amyloid plaques were not noted in any sections of brain examined from these deer and the pattern of immunoreactivity by IHC was diffuse rather than plaque-like. After a natural route of exposure, 100% of white-tailed deer were susceptible to scrapie. Deer developed clinical signs of wasting and mental depression and were necropsied from 28 to 33 months PI. Tissues from these deer were positive for scrapie by IHC and WB. Tissues with PrPSc immunoreactivity included brain, tonsil, retropharyngeal and mesenteric lymph nodes, hemal node, Peyer’s patches, and spleen. While two WB patterns have been detected in brain regions of deer inoculated by the natural route, unlike the IC inoculated deer, the pattern similar to the scrapie inoculum predominates.

 http://www.usaha.org/Portals/6/Reports/2011/report-cwal-2011.pdf

 2011 Annual Report

 Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES Location: Virus and Prion Research Unit

 2011 Annual Report

 In Objective 1, Assess cross-species transmissibility of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) in livestock and wildlife, numerous experiments assessing the susceptibility of various TSEs in different host species were conducted. Most notable is deer inoculated with scrapie, which exhibits similarities to chronic wasting disease (CWD) in deer suggestive of sheep scrapie as an origin of CWD.

 snip...

 4. Accomplishments

 1. Deer inoculated with domestic isolates of sheep scrapie. Scrapie-affected deer exhibit 2 different patterns of disease associated prion protein. In some regions of the brain the pattern is much like that observed for scrapie, while in others it is more like chronic wasting disease (CWD), the transmissible spongiform encephalopathy typically associated with deer.

 his work conducted by ARS scientists at the National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA suggests that an interspecies transmission of sheep scrapie to deer may have been the origin of CWD. This is important for husbandry practices with both captive deer, elk and sheep for farmers and ranchers attempting to keep their herds and flocks free of CWD and scrapie.

 http://ars.usda.gov/research/projects/projects.htm?ACCN_NO=411467&showpars=true&fy=2011

 White-tailed Deer are Susceptible to Scrapie by Natural Route of Infection

 Jodi D. Smith, Justin J. Greenlee, and Robert A. Kunkle; Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS

 snip...

 This work demonstrates for the first time that white-tailed deer are susceptible to sheep scrapie by potential natural routes of inoculation. In-depth analysis of tissues will be done to determine similarities between scrapie in deer after intracranial and oral/intranasal inoculation and chronic wasting disease resulting from similar routes of inoculation.

 see full text ;

 http://www.usaha.org/Portals/6/Reports/2010/report-cwal-2010.pdf

 SEE MORE USAHA REPORTS HERE, 2012 NOT PUBLISHED YET...TSS

 http://www.usaha.org/Portals/6/Proceedings/USAHAProceedings-2010-114th.pdf

 http://www.usaha.org/Portals/6/Proceedings/2009_USAHA_Proceedings.pdf

 http://portals5.gomembers.com/portals/6/proceedings/2008_usaha_proceedings.pdf

 *** Spraker suggested an interesting explanation for the occurrence of CWD. The deer pens at the Foot Hills Campus were built some 30-40 years ago by a Dr. Bob Davis. At or abut that time, allegedly, some scrapie work was conducted at this site. When deer were introduced to the pens they occupied ground that had previously been occupied by sheep. ...

 also, see where even decades back, the USDA had the same thought as they do today with CWD, not their problem...see page 27 below as well, where USDA stated back then, the same thing they stated in the state of Pennsylvania, not their damn business, once they escape, and they said the same thing about CWD in general back then ;

 ”The occurrence of CWD must be viewed against the contest of the locations in which it occurred. It was an incidental and unwelcome complication of the respective wildlife research programmes. Despite it’s subsequent recognition as a new disease of cervids, therefore justifying direct investigation, no specific research funding was forthcoming. The USDA veiwed it as a wildlife problem and consequently not their province!” ...page 26.

 http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102193705/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf

 Conclusions. During the pre-symptomatic stage of CWD infection and throughout the course of disease deer may be shedding multiple LD50 doses per day in their saliva. CWD prion shedding through saliva and excreta may account for the unprecedented spread of this prion disease in nature. Acknowledgments. Supported by NIH grant RO1-NS-061902 and grant D12ZO-045 from the Morris Animal Foundation.

 https://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/6.Poster_Topic%202_Prion%20Diseases%20in%20Animals.pdf

 *** We conclude that TSE infectivity is likely to survive burial for long time periods with minimal loss of infectivity and limited movement from the original burial site. However PMCA results have shown that there is the potential for rainwater to elute TSE related material from soil which could lead to the contamination of a wider area. These experiments reinforce the importance of risk assessment when disposing of TSE risk materials.

 *** The results show that even highly diluted PrPSc can bind efficiently to polypropylene, stainless steel, glass, wood and stone and propagate the conversion of normal prion protein. For in vivo experiments, hamsters were ic injected with implants incubated in 1% 263K-infected brain homogenate. Hamsters, inoculated with 263K-contaminated implants of all groups, developed typical signs of prion disease, whereas control animals inoculated with non-contaminated materials did not.

 PRION 2014 CONFERENCE

 CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD

 A FEW FINDINGS ;

 Conclusions. To our knowledge, this is the first established experimental model of CWD in TgSB3985. We found evidence for co-existence or divergence of two CWD strains adapted to Tga20 mice and their replication in TgSB3985 mice. Finally, we observed phenotypic differences between cervid-derived CWD and CWD/Tg20 strains upon propagation in TgSB3985 mice. Further studies are underway to characterize these strains.

 We conclude that TSE infectivity is likely to survive burial for long time periods with minimal loss of infectivity and limited movement from the original burial site. However PMCA results have shown that there is the potential for rainwater to elute TSE related material from soil which could lead to the contamination of a wider area. These experiments reinforce the importance of risk assessment when disposing of TSE risk materials.

 The results show that even highly diluted PrPSc can bind efficiently to polypropylene, stainless steel, glass, wood and stone and propagate the conversion of normal prion protein. For in vivo experiments, hamsters were ic injected with implants incubated in 1% 263K-infected brain homogenate. Hamsters, inoculated with 263K-contaminated implants of all groups, developed typical signs of prion disease, whereas control animals inoculated with non-contaminated materials did not.

 Our data establish that meadow voles are permissive to CWD via peripheral exposure route, suggesting they could serve as an environmental reservoir for CWD. Additionally, our data are consistent with the hypothesis that at least two strains of CWD circulate in naturally-infected cervid populations and provide evidence that meadow voles are a useful tool for CWD strain typing.

 Conclusion. CWD prions are shed in saliva and urine of infected deer as early as 3 months post infection and throughout the subsequent >1.5 year course of infection. In current work we are examining the relationship of prionemia to excretion and the impact of excreted prion binding to surfaces and particulates in the environment.

 Conclusion. CWD prions (as inferred by prion seeding activity by RT-QuIC) are shed in urine of infected deer as early as 6 months post inoculation and throughout the subsequent disease course. Further studies are in progress refining the real-time urinary prion assay sensitivity and we are examining more closely the excretion time frame, magnitude, and sample variables in relationship to inoculation route and prionemia in naturally and experimentally CWD-infected cervids.

 Conclusions. Our results suggested that the odds of infection for CWD is likely controlled by areas that congregate deer thus increasing direct transmission (deer-to-deer interactions) or indirect transmission (deer-to-environment) by sharing or depositing infectious prion proteins in these preferred habitats. Epidemiology of CWD in the eastern U.S. is likely controlled by separate factors than found in the Midwestern and endemic areas for CWD and can assist in performing more efficient surveillance efforts for the region.

 Conclusions. During the pre-symptomatic stage of CWD infection and throughout the course of disease deer may be shedding multiple LD50 doses per day in their saliva. CWD prion shedding through saliva and excreta may account for the unprecedented spread of this prion disease in nature.

 see full text and more ;

 Monday, June 23, 2014

 *** PRION 2014 CONFERENCE CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD

 https://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/6.Poster_Topic%202_Prion%20Diseases%20in%20Animals.pdf

 http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/06/prion-2014-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html

 *** Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years***

 Gudmundur Georgsson1, Sigurdur Sigurdarson2 and Paul Brown3

 http://jgv.sgmjournals.org/content/87/12/3737.full

 New studies on the heat resistance of hamster-adapted scrapie agent: Threshold survival after ashing at 600°C suggests an inorganic template of replication

 http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full

 Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production

 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/

 Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area

 http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/NicholsPRION3-3.pdf

 A Quantitative Assessment of the Amount of Prion Diverted to Category 1 Materials and Wastewater During Processing

 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract

 Rapid assessment of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion inactivation by heat treatment in yellow grease produced in the industrial manufacturing process of meat and bone meals

 http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2013/07/rapid-assessment-of-bovine-spongiform.html

 Sunday, November 3, 2013

 Environmental Impact Statements; Availability, etc.: Animal Carcass Management [Docket No. APHIS-2013-0044]

 http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2013/11/environmental-impact-statements.html

 Friday, October 17, 2014

 Missouri Final action on Orders of Rule making Breeders and Big Game Hunting Preserves

 http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/10/missouri-final-action-on-orders-of-rule.html

 Saturday, October 18, 2014

 Chronic wasting disease threatens Canadian agriculture, Alberta MLA says

 http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/10/chronic-wasting-disease-threatens.html

 Thursday, October 23, 2014

 FIRST CASE OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CONFIRMED IN OHIO ON PRIVATE PRESERVE

 http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/10/first-case-of-chronic-wasting-disease.html

 Tuesday, October 21, 2014

 Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture Tenth Pennsylvania Captive Deer Tests Positive for Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE PRION DISEASE

 http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/10/pennsylvania-department-of-agriculture.html

 Tuesday, October 07, 2014

 Wisconsin white-tailed deer tested positive for CWD on a Richland County breeding farm, and a case of CWD has been discovered on a Marathon County hunting preserve

 http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/10/wisconsin-white-tailed-deer-tested.html

 Thursday, October 02, 2014

 IOWA TEST RESULTS FROM CAPTIVE DEER HERD WITH CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE RELEASED 79.8 percent of the deer tested positive for the disease

 http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/10/iowa-test-results-from-captive-deer.html

 Thursday, July 03, 2014

 *** How Chronic Wasting Disease is affecting deer population and what’s the risk to humans and pets?

 http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/07/how-chronic-wasting-disease-is.html

 Tuesday, July 01, 2014

 *** CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION DISEASE, GAME FARMS, AND POTENTIAL RISK FACTORS THERE FROM

 http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/07/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html

 Saturday, October 25, 2014

 118th USAHA Annual Meeting CWD and Captive Cerivds

 http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/10/118th-usaha-annual-meeting-cwd-and.html

 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF INDIANA SOUTH BEND DIVISION UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, vs. RUSSELL G. BELLAR, Defendant.

 ___________________________

 )))))))))

 Cause No.: 3:04cr00068-AS South Bend, Indiana January 4, 2005 9:30 a.m.

 TRANSCRIPT EXCERPT OF JURY TRIAL (TESTIMONY OF: RONNIE DUNN AND RUSTY CAMP) BEFORE THE HONORABLE ALLEN SHARP

 snip...

 Ronnie Dunn Cross Examination

 Q. Mr. Dunn, at one point I believe you told the federal agents that Mr. Bellar told you that this was a private deer farm and shooting deer on that farm was like slaughtering cattle; is that correct?

 A. I don't know if I used the word "slaughter," but it was, yeah, like that.

 Q. You don't know if that was your word, "slaughtering cattle"?

 A. I don't know that.

 Q. Well, did he give you the idea of killing cattle?

 A. Yes, it was the same principle.

 snip...

 see full text ;

 https://s3.amazonaws.com/s3.documentcloud.org/documents/1095857/r-dunn-r-camp-bellartrial.pdf

 https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/1095857-r-dunn-r-camp-bellartrial.html

 http://www.indystar.com/longform/news/investigations/2014/03/27/buck-fever-chapter-four/6867811/

 BUCK FEVER

 http://www.indystar.com/longform/news/investigations/2014/03/27/buck-fever-intro/6865031/

 *** The potential impact of prion diseases on human health was greatly magnified by the recognition that interspecies transfer of BSE to humans by beef ingestion resulted in vCJD. While changes in animal feed constituents and slaughter practices appear to have curtailed vCJD, there is concern that CWD of free-ranging deer and elk in the U.S. might also cross the species barrier. Thus, consuming venison could be a source of human prion disease. Whether BSE and CWD represent interspecies scrapie transfer or are newly arisen prion diseases is unknown. Therefore, the possibility of transmission of prion disease through other food animals cannot be ruled out. There is evidence that vCJD can be transmitted through blood transfusion. There is likely a pool of unknown size of asymptomatic individuals infected with vCJD, and there may be asymptomatic individuals infected with the CWD equivalent. These circumstances represent a potential threat to blood, blood products, and plasma supplies.

 http://cdmrp.army.mil/prevfunded/nprp/NPRP_Summit_Final_Report.pdf

 TSS

 http://www.ncwildlife.org/News/NewsArticle/tabid/416/IndexID/9949/Default.aspx

 These data suggest that recommended current guidelines for the decontamination of farm buildings following outbreaks of scrapie do little to reduce the titre of infectious scrapie material and that environmental recontamination could also be an issue associated with these premises.

 Scrapie Sheep Goats Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) Accepted October 12, 2014. Published Online First 31 October 2014

 http://veterinaryrecord.bmj.com/content/early/2014/10/31/vr.102743.abstract

 Monday, November 3, 2014

 Persistence of ovine scrapie infectivity in a farm environment following cleaning and decontamination

 http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/11/persistence-of-ovine-scrapie.html


Saturday, September 20, 2014

*** North Carolina Captive cervid licenses and permits Senate Bill 744 Singeltary Submission

http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/09/north-carolina-captive-cervid-licenses.html





TSS