U.S. National Parks, Cervid, Feedgrounds, and CWD TSE Prion, all this should have been averted
U.S. National Parks, Cervid, Feedgrounds, and CWD TSE Prion, all this should have been averted
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Wyoming Game and Fish Department announce CWD on the National Elk Refuge
May 11, 2026
JACKSON - The Wyoming Game and Fish Department (Game and Fish) and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) announce that chronic wasting disease has been detected in Wyoming Elk Hunt Area 77 on the National Elk Refuge, which is managed by FWS.
National Elk Refuge biological staff humanely euthanized and sampled an adult cow elk suspected of having CWD. Tests conducted at the Game and Fish Wildlife Health Laboratory confirmed a positive case. All CWD samples, including those collected on the refuge, are sent to the Game and Fish health lab for processing.
This is the first documented case of CWD in the hunt area and the first confirmed case of an elk with CWD on the refuge.
Moving forward, National Elk Refuge staff will increase monitoring and surveillance of herds for CWD, re-evaluate some existing programs and implement additional bio-security protocols to keep people and wildlife safe. Any changes will be shared with the public. The National Elk Refuge Chronic Wasting Disease Response Strategy contains the details for next steps.
CWD is a fatal neurological disease that affects deer, elk, and moose. Game and Fish partners with FWS to manage wildlife on federal lands and both will continue monitoring CWD over time to further understand the potential impacts of the disease and evaluate future management actions.
For more information on CWD testing, transmission, carcass transportation, and disposal regulations, visit the Game and Fish CWD webpage.
Visit the refuge website for more information on elk and bison management and CWD at the refuge.
– WGFD –
Media Contacts
FWS Public Affairs Officer Megan Nagel: fws_press_r6@ios.doi.gov
WGFD Public Information Officer Amanda Fry: amanda.fry@wyo.gov
https://wgfd.wyo.gov/news-events/us-fish-and-wildlife-service-and-wyoming-game-and-fish-department-announce-cwd-national
CHEYENNE Wyoming Chronic Wasting Disease Confirmed Muddy Creek Feedground CWD Detected In New Feedground
POSTED: MAY 4, 2026
CHEYENNE REGION NEWS Elk on elk feedground NEWS
CHEYENNE — The Wyoming Game and Fish Department has confirmed the presence of chronic wasting disease on the Muddy Creek feedground. Muddy Creek feedground is within Elk Hunt Area 98, which first detected CWD in 2021.
This is the fifth feedground in the state to have confirmed positive for CWD among elk.
Game and Fish personnel have continued to conduct extensive surveillance for sick and dead elk in feedground areas, collecting CWD samples whenever possible, both before and after the initial CWD detection at the Scab Creek feedground.
This CWD sample was obtained during a grid search for elk skulls with viable brain material at Muddy Creek feedground, carried out after the feeding season concluded.
CWD is a fatal neurological disease that affects deer, elk and moose. Continued monitoring of CWD over time is important to help Game and Fish understand the potential impacts of the disease and evaluate future management actions.
Game and Fish personnel will continue to monitor feedgrounds for elk displaying signs of CWD.
Game and Fish operates 21 feedgrounds in northwest Wyoming where supplemental winter feeding has occurred for more than a century.
The discovery of CWD on feedgrounds in 2025 was anticipated as the disease has continued to spread across the state throughout deer, elk and moose hunt areas.
For more information on CWD testing, transmission, carcass transportation and disposal regulations, visit the CWD webpage. To stay updated on feedground management efforts, visit the feedground webpage.
-WGFD-
Amanda Fry Public Information Officer amanda.fry@wyo.gov
https://wgfd.wyo.gov/news-events/cwd-detected-new-feedground
MONDAY, MAY 10, 2021
Wyoming Game and Fish moves to ‘Phase II’ of elk feedgrounds public process
https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/05/wyoming-game-and-fish-moves-to-phase-ii.html
Maryland Two deer tested positive for Chronic Wasting Disease at Catoctin Mountain Park
Two deer tested positive for Chronic Wasting Disease at Catoctin Mountain Park in Maryland during recent white-tailed deer reduction operations and subsequent disease sampling. This is the first CWD-positive detection at Catoctin Mountain Park.
In 2024, three nearby national parks - Antietam and Monocacy National Battlefields and Harpers Ferry National Historical Park - received their first CWD-positive test results, followed by Gettysburg National Military Park in 2026.
https://www.nationalparkstraveler.org/2026/04/deer-test-positive-chronic-wasting-disease-catoctin-mountain-park
WEDNESDAY, JULY 07, 2021
Wyoming Upper Powder River Mule Deer Initiative Research Project raising red flags CWD TSE PRION
https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/wyoming-upper-powder-river-mule-deer.html
MONDAY, MAY 10, 2021
Wyoming Game and Fish moves to ‘Phase II’ of elk feedgrounds public process
https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/05/wyoming-game-and-fish-moves-to-phase-ii.html
SATURDAY, DECEMBER 08, 2018
Wind Cave elk capture project to limit spread of disease or Planned elk drive from Wind Cave National Park raises question about spread of disease?
https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/12/wind-cave-elk-capture-project-to-limit.html
WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 21, 2018
Wyoming WGFD Chronic wasting disease cwd tse prion detected in Grand Teton National Park
https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/11/wyoming-wgfd-chronic-wasting-disease.html
Wednesday, September 21, 2016
Elk Cull Coming To Wind Cave National Park South Dakota Due To CWD TSE PRION DISEASE
http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/09/elk-cull-coming-to-wind-cave-national.html
Thursday, March 10, 2016
WYOMING RIDE EM COWBOY HELICOPTER WRANGLING RAMBO STYLE DEER BULLDOGGING RODEO FOR CWD VIDEO CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE: The Final Epidemic
http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/wyoming-ride-em-cowboy-helicopter.html
Tuesday, December 01, 2015
DRAFT for Public Review and Comment – November 30, 2015 WYOMING GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE MANAGEMENT PLAN Singeltary Submission
http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/12/draft-for-public-review-and-comment.html
WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 12, 2014
Shenandoah National Park, Chronic Wasting Disease Management Plan/Environmental Assessment
http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/shenandoah-national-park-chronic.html
Wednesday, October 29, 2014
Chronic wasting disease now rings Greater Yellowstone in Wyoming
http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/10/chronic-wasting-disease-now-rings.html
Tuesday, March 05, 2013
Chronic Wasting Disease Management Plan/Environmental Impact Statement, Shenandoah National Park Virginia
http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/03/chronic-wasting-disease-management.html
Tuesday, February 26, 2013
Planned elk drive from Wind Cave National Park raises question about spread of disease
snip...
just when you think it can’t get worse, dumb and dumber step up to the plate. this is about as dumb, if not dumber, than the blunder at Colorado Division of Wildlife Foothills Wildlife Research Facility in Fort Collins, where cwd was first documented. sometimes, you just can’t fix stupid. ...tss this should never happen!
http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/02/planned-elk-drive-from-wind-cave.html
Friday, November 16, 2012
Yellowstone elk herds feeding grounds, or future killing grounds from CWD
http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/11/yellowstone-elk-herds-feeding-grounds.html
chronic wasting disease proximity to elk feedgrounds in wyoming 2009-2010
http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2010/07/cwd-controversy-still-stalking-elk.html
Elk herd in Wind Cave to be culled to fight disease
by: Rae Yost
Posted: Dec 20, 2024 / 02:28 PM CST
Updated: Dec 20, 2024 / 04:39 PM CST
SIOUX FALLS, S.D. (KELO) — A winter tradition will be returning to Wind Cave National Park in January.
The park will be doing an elk management program to reduce chronic wasting disease (CWD).
The number of elk will be reduced to decrease the possibility of CWD in the southwestern herd, one of three herds in the park. The reduction is part of the 2009 park elk management plan.
Park biologist Angela Jarding said that this herd has about 250 to 300 animals. The herd will be reduced to 230 to 270 animals, Jarding said.
CWD was first detected in Wind Cave National Park in 2002, Jarding said. CWD was detected in a private herd next to the park in 1997, Jarding said.
CWD is a disease in which proteins are abnormal and cause symptoms that cause death. The disease is spread through saliva, feces and others as well as through food or drinking, according to the Centers for Disease Control.
Elk, deer, moose, caribou and reindeer can all get infected by CWD.
Elk populations are reduced to decrease animal-to-animal contact and to maintain healthy vegetation.
Symptoms include drastic weight loss, drooling and lack of fear of people and others. An elk can get infected but it may be years before they show the symptoms.
“We don’t see spikes in (CWD) but it’s mostly seasonal (increases),” Jarding said of CWD.
There is no vaccine for CWD. “Currently all that get it will die,” Jarding. “Some live longer than others.”
The southwestern herd has an infection rate of 3%, “It’s a low impact to the population growth from year to year,” Jarding said.
Although the third herd, or southwestern herd, is the focus of the winter reduction, the park service monitors two other herds.
The park has radio-collared elk in those two northern herds, Jarding said. Those herds have been more impacted by elk, she said.
“The population is maintaining, we didn’t want to reduce the size,” Jarding said.
The park service will also do a ground count of herds during calving in the spring. The calves and other herd animals are counted, Jarding said.
During the summer elk tend to “gather in the early morning and late evening…,” Jarding said.
Elk are more gregarious and tend to gather in groups during the winter, Jarding said.
But just because the elk gather in the winter, doesn’t mean the reduction is an easy task.
“The elk are very educated, it’s not easy,” Jarding said. Program hunters can’t simply approach the elk in the open.
The park service has used qualified volunteer hunters to help reduce the herd. Now, only skilled park service employees cull the herd, Jarding said.
The operation is set for about five weeks because park staff will need to follow and track the herd.
“It’s harder in a winter with no snow, we can’t use tracks,” Jarding said.
Any downed elk is tested for CWD. Those infected are incinerated. The elk that are not infected are donated to the Pine Ridge Reservation.
While only the herd in the southwest will be reduced, all the backcountry areas of the national park will be closed to hikers from Jan. 13 through Feb. 14, except on weekends and holidays.
During a reduction operation, the elk tend to move north, Jarding said. It’s safer for visitors and best to close all the backcountry trails during the operation, she said.
https://www.keloland.com/keloland-com-original/elk-herd-in-wind-cave-to-be-culled-to-fight-disease/
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=_VLgJCV5FNs
TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 26, 2013
Planned elk drive from Wind Cave National Park raises question about spread of disease
February 25, 2013 5:30 am • Kevin Woster Journal staff
A relocation plan aimed at reducing the elk herd in Wind Cave National Park and building elk numbers nearby has some critics worried about the spread of chronic wasting disease.
Wildlife officials at Wind Cave and adjoining Custer State Park are cooperating on a plan to use helicopters in early March to push hundreds of elk out of Wind Cave, where they have outgrown available habitat. The plan is to reduce the number of elk in Wind Cave and bolster the elk population in the adjoining national forest and Custer State Park, where the elk herd has dropped.
It is considered a win-win plan by those involved, but it worries critics who include former state Game, Fish & Parks Department wildlife specialist John Wrede of Rapid City. And chronic wasting disease is at the heart of that worry.
Wind Cave has been in a troubled area for the fatal brain disorder affecting elk and deer since a CWD-infected captive elk herd on private land adjoining the park had to be destroyed in the 1990s.
CWD apparently spread from that captive herd into wild elk in the park, causing a problem there that, based on limited data, appears to produce higher rates of infection in elk than elsewhere in the Black Hills.
"When considering just elk, the prevalence rate in and immediately around Wind Cave is far greater than anyplace else in South Dakota," Wrede said. "In fact, you could put Wind Cave directly in the center of what could easily be referred to as an endemic area, where managers and epidemiologists should be trying to figure out how to keep the area from growing larger."
Forcing hundreds of elk out of the park seems to work against such containment, Wrede said.
Wind Cave wildlife officials argue that a drive is unlikely to cause a significant increase in CWD elsewhere in the Black Hills. They also point out that the elk herd in Wind Cave is thriving in spite of CWD, to the point where the reduction plan was needed.
And the higher rates of CWD in the park's elk herd should be kept in perspective, said park biological science technician Duane Weber and natural resource manager Greg Schroeder.
They admit that the numbers of infected elk appear startling, based on limited survey results. Out of 140 elk tested in the park since 1998, 45 have tested CWD positive.
But there's a catch. Those were not random tests. They were tests on elk that were either dead or sick, unlike the more random testing done elsewhere in the Black Hills by GF&P, primarily from elk shot by hunters.
Those test results, based on 15 years of sampling, indicate a CWD infection rate throughout the Hills in deer and elk of slightly less than 1 percent. But comparing the two types of tests isn't fair, Weber said.
"The animals we test are either sick and we suspect chronic wasting and we shoot them, or they've already died and we test them," Weber said. "So it's way higher. Comparing our tests to the state's results is apples and elephants."
It's difficult to know what a more random testing system would show, since Wind Cave doesn't allow hunting within park boundaries.
"In a nutshell, we don't have a very good handle on what our prevalence is, whether it's higher or lower overall," Weber said.
The closest study Wind Cave has to the more random state surveys was a 3-year mortality study based on elk fitted with tracking collars. It indicated that 3 percent of the collared elk that died were CWD infected. For perspective, that was the same rate as those determined to have been killed by mountain lions in the park.
Hunter mortality on those collared elk was 6 to 7 percent, on animals that migrated outside the park during the hunting season, Weber said.
Weber and Schroeder said it should also be noted that Wind Cave elk have been moving in and out of the park for years. Portions of the herd have moved over low spots in fences to reach federal or private forest for calving season, Weber said.
Recent upgrades give Wind Cave officials more control over when and where elk leave and return to the park.
Wrede is pretty sure the Wind Cave rates are higher, regardless of variations in testing protocol. The CWD problem in the Black Hills pretty clearly began with the captive elk herd near Wind Cave and spread into the wild elk in the park and then beyond, he said.
"There may be a better than fair probability that, at least in the case of elk, animals historically testing positive for CWD had origins in Wind Cave National Park," Wrede said.
The issue isn't lost on John Kanta, GF&P regional wildlife manager in Rapid City. He noted that elk have migrated in and out of Wind Cave for years but also said the helicopter drive will get into parts of the population that tended not to leave the park. And now they will.
"We're certainly going to be pushing some animals into areas where they haven't been before, from a place where there has been a higher prevalence of the disease," Kanta said."That's certainly a concern that we've discussed among the staff."
Even so, Kanta doubts the CWD impacts outside the park will be dramatic. And he said the upside of redistributing elk will benefit Wind Cave wildlife and habitat management and hunters and wildlife watchers outside the park.
Building the herd in Custer State Park, where limited elk hunting is typically allowed, and on U.S. Forest Service land nearby will benefit elk hunters and elk watchers, Kanta said.
Weber said the positive side of the plan is big.
"We don't know exactly what's going to happen when these elk go out," he said. "But we think the benefit of this project far outweigh any detriments we might see."
http://rapidcityjournal.com/news/planned-elk-drive-from-wind-cave-national-park-raises-question/article_d4807b7f-a29f-541c-a74e-63219e2fdbcb.html
just when you think it can’t get worse, dumb and dumber step up to the plate. this is about as dumb, if not dumber, than the blunder at Colorado Division of Wildlife Foothills Wildlife Research Facility in Fort Collins, where cwd was first documented.
sometimes, you just can’t fix stupid. ...tss
this should never happen!
https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/02/planned-elk-drive-from-wind-cave.html
TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 26, 2013
Planned elk drive from Wind Cave National Park raises question about spread of disease Planned elk drive from Wind Cave National Park raises question about spread of disease
just when you think it can’t get worse, dumb and dumber step up to the plate. this is about as dumb, if not dumber, than the blunder at Colorado Division of Wildlife Foothills Wildlife Research Facility in Fort Collins, where cwd was first documented.
sometimes, you just can’t fix stupid. ...tss
this should never happen!
https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/02/planned-elk-drive-from-wind-cave.html
Tuesday, March 05, 2013
Chronic Wasting Disease Management Plan/Environmental Impact Statement, Shenandoah National Park Virginia
http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/03/chronic-wasting-disease-management.html
Tuesday, December 18, 2012
*** A Growing Threat How deer breeding could put public trust wildlife at risk
http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/12/a-growing-threat-how-deer-breeding.html
Friday, November 16, 2012
Yellowstone elk herds feeding grounds, or future killing grounds from CWD
http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/11/yellowstone-elk-herds-feeding-grounds.html
2026
Wyoming wildlife managers nearing completion of plan for feeding Jackson Elk Herd By Billy Arnold / Managing editor Jan 1, 2026 Updated Jan 1, 2026 Feedgrounds
Lucas Bielby and Jay Hoggan drive their team out to feed elk in 2017 on the Patrol Cabin feedground in the Gros Ventre River drainage. The feedground is one of 22 managed by the Wyoming Game and Fish Department, which is nearly complete with plans laying out those feedgrounds’ future in the Jackson region. RYAN DORGAN/JACKSON HOLE DAILY FILE Facebook SMS Email Copy article link Save After years of bureaucratic wrangling over the future of Wyoming’s state-run elk feedgrounds, wildlife managers have nearly completed a plan for feedgrounds serving the Jackson Elk Herd.
While it will likely contemplate two controversial options — ending or reducing feeding, and reducing the herd’s population objective — managers aren’t ready to make those changes yet.
“Until we have support from our constituents to make a change like that and support from the commission, we are not going to be moving forward with those broad-scale changes,” said Brad Hovinga, the Wyoming Game and Fish Department’s wildlife supervisor for the Jackson region.
Instead, as it rolls out a “Feedgrounds Management Action Plan” for the Jackson herd, Game and Fish anticipates taking smaller steps, like trying to disperse elk as they feed them.
A draft for the Jackson herd is set to be presented to the public early this year. The plan will then be presented to the Wyoming Game and Fish Commission, according to a Wednesday press release. Times and locations for the public meetings are set to be posted to the Wyoming Game and Fish Department’s website in early January.
“Game and Fish remains committed to the management of our state’s feedgrounds in an adaptable manner that utilizes the best science available,” Game and Fish Director Angi Bruce said in a statement. “Supplemental winter feeding of elk has continued to grow in complexity. These plans will allow us to adjust to current and future conditions in feedground management.”
The question of feeding is relevant because chronic wasting disease, an always-fatal neurological condition spreading through western Wyoming’s elk, mule deer and moose, has been detected in the Jackson herd and other elk herds at the southern tip of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Research conducted by university professors, and wildlife biologists from Game and Fish and the National Elk Refuge predicts that, when 7% of the wapiti in the Jackson herd are infected, the population will decline whether or not hunters pursue cow elk each fall.
More recent studies conducted by a similar coterie of scientists found that, if feeding continues, chronic wasting disease will spread and kill more elk in the long term than if feeding stops now.
Feeding, consequently, is controversial and has been abandoned in other western states. That includes the Equality State’s neighbor to the north, Montana, which once asked Wyoming to stop feeding so that migratory Wyoming elk wouldn’t infect their Montana brethren with chronic wasting disease when they intermingle in Yellowstone National Park over the summer.
Feeding gathers the migrating ungulates in tight quarters, increasing the risk of spreading disease like chronic wasting disease. But it also has its benefits, propping up elk populations for hunters, helping wapiti survive the winter, and keeping the migrating ungulates out of ranchers’ hay and away from cattle, to which elk can spread diseases like brucellosis.
Figuring out a future of feeding in western Wyoming has, however, proved challenging. On one hand, environmental groups and wildlife advocates have urged Game and Fish and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, which manages the National Elk Refuge, to stop feeding. On the other, lobbies representing ranchers and outfitters have opposed plans to end feeding, threatening to sue the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and to make an end-run to Wyoming’s governor, if needed. The Wyoming Legislature gave the governor the authority to veto feedgrounds closures.
That’s left wildlife managers in a pickle. In March 2024, after four years of planning, the Wyoming Game and Fish Commission adopted Wyoming’s first-ever plan for managing elk feedgrounds, which established a bureaucratic process requiring local wildlife biologists to determine plans for individual feedgrounds: the Feedgrounds Management Action Plan.
For the better part of the last year, wildlife biologists and managers in the Jackson region have been developing a plan for the Jackson Elk Herd. That herd is best known for wintering on the 24,700-acre National Elk Refuge, where thousands of wapiti are typically visible from Jackson, snacking on alfalfa pellets provided by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
But some of the Jackson Elk Herd also winters in the Gros Ventre Drainage, where state employees also lay out feed. The plan focuses on the two remaining state-run feedgrounds in the Gros Ventre where the state, rather than the federal government, has jurisdiction: The Fish Creek and Patrol Cabin feedgrounds. A draft of that plan is being finalized, Hovinga said.
“We’re just waiting for division chief sign-off and approval,” Hovinga added. “They’re close enough that we’ve been given the go-ahead to start meeting with stakeholders to have conversations about the management action plan and brainstorm ideas to inform the final draft.”
While the plan is considered an internal document, Hovinga said, public meetings are being scheduled to let people know what’s in the plan. Hovinga said there are a mix of strategies that the public will likely support — like low density feeding — and strategies that will take more time to build consensus around, like ending feeding, or changing the population objective.
The latter two are intertwined.
As it stands, the population objective for the Jackson Elk Herd is 11,000 animals. But the herd has been slumping in recent years. The most recent estimate put the herd’s population around 9,870 animals, within wildlife manager’s ideal range but below the department’s objective. Biologists have seen declines in the last three years.
While the Wyoming Stockgrowers Association has said it supports lowering that objective if feedgrounds close, the Wyoming Outfitters and Guides Association has said it wants objectives maintained, whether that’s through keeping feedgrounds open, or through securing new winter range for wapiti.
The draft Jackson herd plan is set to be daylighted as the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service continues its review of the future of feeding on the National Elk Refuge, which could see the agency contemplate phasing out feeding after 10 years and boosting hunting to cull the Jackson herd. The Bridger-Teton National Forest, meanwhile, authorized Game and Fish to continue feeding at two feedgrounds south of Jackson through 2028. A lawsuit from environmental groups prompted the Bridger-Teton to review those feedgrounds’ permits.
Contact Billy Arnold at 307-732-7063 or barnold@jhnewsandguide.com.
https://www.jhnewsandguide.com/news/environmental/local/wyoming-wildlife-managers-nearing-completion-of-plan-for-feeding-jackson-elk-herd/article_54bba576-5aa5-4413-b65e-c5c04a295021.html
Chronic wasting disease prions on deer feeders and wildlife visitation to deer feeding areas
Miranda H. J. Huang, Steve Demarais, Marc D. Schwabenlander, Bronson K. Strickland, Kurt C. VerCauteren, William T. McKinley, Gage Rowden, Corina C. Valencia Tibbitts … See all authors
First published: 10 February 2025
https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.70000
Snip…
Finally, we swabbed 19 feeders in 2 areas where CWD was newly detected, finding prion contamination on swabs from 4 feeders. We show that deer feeders in free-ranging populations with high CWD prevalence become contaminated with CWD prions quickly, becoming a potential site of exposure of deer to CWD prions. Our results also demonstrate the ability to find evidence of prion contamination on deer feeders, even in areas where CWD is newly detected.
Snip…
We found that supplemental feeding increased the risk of exposure to CWD prions due to contamination of feeders, increased deer visitation, and increased deer-to-deer contact.
The 12-fold increase in deer visitation to feeders compared to mast trees and 2-fold increase compared to food plots demonstrates increased risk for direct disease spread.
https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jwmg.70000
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) prion detection in environmental and biological samples from a taxidermy site and nursing facility, and instruments used in surveillance activities
Paulina Soto a b , Nancy Ho a , Mitch Lockwood c , Austin Stolte c , J. Hunter Reed c , Rodrigo Morales a b
Received 20 September 2024, Revised 27 February 2025, Accepted 31 March 2025, Available online 9 April 2025, Version of Record 9 April 2025.
Cite https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179318
Highlights
• CWD prions were identified in a taxidermy and deer nursing facility.
• Contaminated samples included waters, soils, dermestid beetles, domestic flies and a dumpster.
• Surgical instruments used to collect deer samples can get contaminated with CWD prions.
• Some of the infectious particles are readily released from surgical instruments when washed.
• Our results suggest that taxidermy practices actively contribute in the spreading of CWD.
Snip…
In this study, we evaluated the presence of CWD prions in a taxidermy facility where deer heads are processed to prepare skull mounts. Analyses were made using the protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) technique in various biological and environmental samples. In addition, we also tested the persistence of CWD prions in surgical materials used in surveillance procedures. Our results show, for the first time, CWD-prion detection in a potentially exposed taxidermy facility. In addition, we also tested the persistence of CWD prions in surgical materials used in surveillance procedures. This information has important implications on several fronts of CWD research including environmental spreading, human-related practices, and exposure of humans to infectious animal prions.
Section snippets
Samples
The samples were collected from a taxidermy and free-ranging deer rehabilitation facility located on the same property in Val Verde County, Texas. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) staff were initially notified of a CWD clinical suspect on this property; this animal was ultimately euthanized and confirmed positive for CWD by the National Veterinary Services Laboratory on January 5th, 2020. Samples were collected from different areas on this property where deer heads were processed to Screening of CWD prions in environmental and processing elements from a taxidermy facility
The European mount technique is a widely utilized taxidermy practice aiming to produce a skull of an animal that is free of tissue. The first critical step in making a European mount is removing the flesh from the animal's head. This is achieved by removing the majority of the external flesh, eyeballs, ears, and the brain. Then, the de-meated skull is subjected to a maceration process using bacteria. The purpose of this step is to soften and degrade any remaining tissue on the skull. This Discussion
CWD continues expanding in distribution and prevalence in North America. Hence, an essential factor in limiting the spread of this disease is to monitor and contain infectivity foci. This has proven to be difficult considering the limited diagnostic tools available to effectively identify the CWD infectious agent (prions). Identifying and mitigating the negative role that anthropogenic activities have in promoting CWD transmission is an essential step in developing a prevention strategy. The Conclusion
In summary, the information provided in this report demonstrate how anthropogenic activities, specifically taxidermy practices, animal processing, and rehabilitation of CWD susceptible species, may facilitate CWD transmission through the environmental dissemination of CWD prions. This study, along with future research efforts characterizing the overall level of infectivity, provides relevant information on managing CWD and to control its rapid geographic expansion. …
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969725009544
Chronic wasting disease detection in environmental and biological samples from a taxidermy site
Paulina Sotoa,b, J. Hunter Reedc, Mitch Lockwoodc, and Rodrigo Moralesa,b aDepartment of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA; bUniversidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile; cTexas Parks and Wildlife Department, Texas, USA
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting captive and free-ranging cervids (e.g., mule deer, white-tailed deer, elk, reindeer, and moose). Nowadays, CWD is widely distributed in North America. It is suggested that CWD spreads due to direct animal contact or through exposure to contaminated environments previously inhabited by infected animals. CWD may also be spread through the movement of infected animals and carcasses. Taxidermy practices involve processing deer tissues (or whole animal carcasses). In many cases, the CWD status of processed animals is unknown. This can generate risks of disease spread and transmission. Taxidermy practices include different steps involving physical, chemical, and biological procedures. Without proper tissue handling or disposal practices, taxidermist facilities may become a focus of prion infectivity.
Aims: In this study, we evaluated the presence of infectious prions in a taxidermy facility believed to be exposed to CWD. Detection was performed using the Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) technique in biological and inert environmental samples.
Methods: We collected biological and environmental samples (plants, soils, insects, excreta, and others) from a taxidermy facility, and we tested these samples using the PMCA technique. In addition, we swabbed different surfaces possibly exposed to CWD-infected animals. For the PMCA reaction, we directly used a swab piece or 10 µL of 20% w/v homogenized samples.
Results: The PMCA analysis demonstrated CWD seeding activity in some of the components of this facility, including insects involved in head processing, soils, and a trash dumpster.
Conclusions: Different areas of this property were used for various taxidermy procedures. We were able to detect the presence of prions in i) soils that were in contact with the heads of dead animals, ii) insects involved in the cleaning of skulls, and iii) an empty dumpster where animal carcasses were previously placed. This is the first report demonstrating that swabbing is a helpful method to screen for prion infectivity on surfaces potentially contaminated with CWD. These findings are relevant as this swabbing and amplification strategy may be used to evaluate the disease status of other free-ranging and captive settings where there is a concern for CWD transmissions, such as at feeders and water troughs with CWD-exposed properties. This approach could have substantial implications for free-ranging cervid surveillance as well as in epidemiological investigations of CWD.
Funded by: USDA Grant number: AP20VSSPRS00C143
PRION 2022 ABSTRACTS, AND A BIG THANK YOU TO On behalf of the Prion2020/2022 Congress Organizing Committee and the NeuroPrion Association, we heartily invite you to join us for the International Conference Prion2020/2022 from 13.-16. September 2022 in Göttingen.
Prion 2022 Conference abstracts: pushing the boundaries
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286
Artificial mineral sites that pre-date endemic chronic wasting disease become prion hotspots
Heather N'te Inzalaco1,1, Marie L. Gilbertson1, Stephanie J. Katircioglu1, Kenny Lepard2, Jordan McEarl2, Austin Bibb2, Jeremy Dennison2, Dan Grove3, Allen Houston4, Dan J. Storm5, Dan P. Walsh6, Wendy C. Turner7, Stuart S. Lichtenberg8 1Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, USA. 2Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency, Jackson, USA. 3University of Tennessee Extension, Nashville, USA. 4University of Tennessee -Knoxville, School of Forest, Wildlife, and Fisheries, Ames Research and Education Center, Grand Junction, USA. 5Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Eau Claire, USA. 6U.S. Geological Survey, Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, USA. 7U.S. Geological Survey, Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, USA. 8Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, USA
Abstract
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a highly contagious, fatal neurodegenerative disease caused by infectious prions (PrPCWD) affecting wild and captive cervids. As CWD continues to spread broadly over North America, factors influencing geographic expansion remain poorly understood. CWD-infected cervids shed infectious prions in urine, feces, and saliva. Activities that result in cervids aggregating and shedding PrPCWD may result in ‘hot spots’ of environmental PrPCWD deposition, however empirical data regarding the impact of deer attractants on environmental PrPCWD deposition is lacking. Filling this knowledge gap could inform deer and disease management. In 2018, the southwest region of Tennessee, U.S.A. experienced a CWD outbreak. The Ames Research and Educational Center property, centrally located within the CWD zone of southwest Tennessee, contains 49 historical mineral supplementation sites that were decommissioned in 2012. Here, we demonstrate that 32 of the 49 (65%) mineral sites within Ames established prior to the regional CWD outbreak, serve as foci of environmental PrPCWD contamination. Detection of PrPCWD in soils from these artificial mineral sites was dependent on site-specific management efforts. Soil physical properties were very similar across sites and no correlation between PrPCWD detection and soil physical properties was found. The detection of PrPCWD in soils at attractant sites within an endemic CWD zone significantly advances our understanding of environmental PrPCWD accumulation dynamics, providing valuable information for advancing adaptive CWD management approaches.
https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf
Shedding of Chronic Wasting Disease Prions in Multiple Excreta Throughout Disease Course in White-tailed Deer
Nathaniel D. Denkersa, Erin E. McNultya, Caitlyn N. Krafta, Amy V. Nallsa, Joseph A. Westricha, Wilfred Goldmannb, Candace K. Mathiasona, and Edward A. Hoovera
aPrion Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology; Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA; bDivision of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and the Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) now infects cervids in South Korea, North America, and Scandinavia. CWD is unique in its efficient transmission and shedding of prions in body fluids throughout long course infections. Questions remain as to the magnitude of shedding and the route of prion acquisition. As CWD continues to expand, the need to better understand these facets of disease becomes more pertinent. The purpose of the studies described was to define the longitudinal shedding profile of CWD prions in urine, saliva, and feces throughout the course of infection in white-tailed deer.
Material and Methods: Twelve (12) white-tailed deer were inoculated with either 1 mg or 300ng of CWD. Urine, saliva, and feces were collected every 3-month post-inoculation (MPI) throughout the study duration. Cohorts were established based on PNRP genotype: codon 96 GG (n = 6) and alternate codons 96 GS (n = 5) & 103NT (n = 1). Urine and saliva were analyzed using iron-oxide magnetic extraction (IOME) and real-time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC)(IQ). Feces were subjected to IOME, followed by 4 rounds protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) with products analyzed by RT-QuIC (IPQ). To determine whether IPQ may be superior to IQ, a subset of urine and saliva were also tested by IPQ. Results were compared with clinical disease status.
Results: Within the 96 GG cohort, positive seeding activity was detected in feces from all deer (100%), in saliva from 5 of 6 (83%), and in urine from 4 of 6 (66%). Shedding in all excreta occurred at, or just after, the first positive tonsil biopsy result. In the 96 GS/103NT cohort, positive seeding activity could be detected in feces from 3 of 6 (50%) deer, saliva in 2 of 6 (33%), and urine in 1 of 6 (16%). Shedding in excreta was detected >5 months after the first tonsil positive result. Four of six 96 GG deer developed clinical signs of CWD, whereas only 2 of the 96 GS/103NT did. Shedding was more frequently detected in deer with clinical disease. The IPQ protocol did not significantly improve detection in saliva or urine samples, however, it significantly augmented detection in feces by eliminating non-specific background commonly experienced with IQ. Negative control samples remained negative in samples tested.
Conclusions: These studies demonstrate: (a) CWD prion excretion occurs throughout infection; (2) PRNP genotype (GG≫GS/NT) influences the excreta shedding; and (3) detection sensitivity in excreta can vary with different RT-QuIC protocols. These results provide a more complete perspective of prion shedding in deer during the course of CWD infection.
Funded by: National Institutes of Health (NIH)
Grant number: RO1-NS061902-09 R to EAH, PO1-AI077774 to EAH, and R01-AI112956-06 to CKM
Acknowledgement: We abundantly thank Sallie Dahmes at WASCO and David Osborn and Gino D’Angelo at the University of Georgia Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources for their long-standing support of this work through provision of the hand-raised, CWD-free, white-tailed deer used in these studies…snip
End
PRION 2022 ABSTRACTS, AND A BIG THANK YOU TO On behalf of the Prion2020/2022 Congress Organizing Committee and the NeuroPrion Association, we heartily invite you to join us for the International Conference Prion2020/2022 from 13.-16. September 2022 in Göttingen.
Prion 2022 Conference abstracts: pushing the boundaries
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286
Research Paper Prion forensics: a multidisciplinary approach to investigate CWD at an illegal deer carcass disposal site
Pages 72-86 | Received 15 Jan 2024, Accepted 10 Apr 2024, Published online: 26 Apr 2024
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2024.2343298#d1e740
Characterizing Hydrological Transport Pathways of Chronic Wasting Disease in the Environment
Authors Anu Wille, Diana L Karwan, Stuart Siegfried Lichtenberg, Madeline Grunklee, Gage Rowden, Victoria Ferguson-Kramer, Marc D Schwabenlander, Tiffany M Wolf, Peter A Larsen Publication date 2024/6 Journal Water Science Conference (WaterSciCon24 Pages 110-04
Description Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal neurodegenerative prion disease found in deer, moose, and elk. Cases of CWD in Minnesota have risen considerably over the last few years, raising wildlife, environmental, and public health concerns.
Infectious prions, such as those causing CWD, enter the environment through bodily fluids or decomposing carcasses of infected individuals and can persist for at least fifteen years in soil and water.
Previous studies have shown strong prion sorption to various mineral particles in soils.
Through field observation and laboratory experimentation, we observed that prions readily partition to the particulate fraction of environmental waters, suggesting that hydrological transport of prions is likely sediment-facilitated.
To effectively contain the spread of CWD through the environment, it is imperative to predict prion transport times and pathways in the context of specific landscape and …
Scholar articles Characterizing Hydrological Transport Pathways of Chronic Wasting Disease in the Environment
A Wille, DL Karwan, SS Lichtenberg, M Grunklee… - Water Science Conference (WaterSciCon24, 2024 Related articles
https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=cVqWACIAAAAJ&cstart=20&pagesize=80&citation_for_view=cVqWACIAAAAJ:0EnyYjriUFMC
Characterizing Hydrological Transport Pathways of Chronic Wasting Disease in the Environment
Wille, Anu search by orcid.svg ; Karwan, Diana L. search by orcid.svg ; Lichtenberg, Stuart Siegfried ;Grunklee, Madeline ; Rowden, Gage ; Ferguson-Kramer, Victoria ;Schwabenlander, Marc D. ; Wolf, Tiffany M. ; Larsen, Peter A.
https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024wsc..conf11004W/abstract
https://agu.confex.com/agu/hydrology24/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/1502243
Characterizing Hydrological Transport Pathways of Chronic Wasting Disease in the Environment
Wille, Anu search by orcid ; Karwan, Diana L. search by orcid ; Lichtenberg, Stuart Siegfried ; Grunklee, Madeline ; Rowden, Gage ; Ferguson-Kramer, Victoria ; Schwabenlander, Marc D. ; Wolf, Tiffany M. ; Larsen, Peter A.
Abstract Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal neurodegenerative prion disease found in deer, moose, and elk. Cases of CWD in Minnesota have risen considerably over the last few years, raising wildlife, environmental, and public health concerns. Infectious prions, such as those causing CWD, enter the environment through bodily fluids or decomposing carcasses of infected individuals and can persist for at least fifteen years in soil and water. Previous studies have shown strong prion sorption to various mineral particles in soils. Through field observation and laboratory experimentation, we observed that prions readily partition to the particulate fraction of environmental waters, suggesting that hydrological transport of prions is likely sediment-facilitated. To effectively contain the spread of CWD through the environment, it is imperative to predict prion transport times and pathways in the context of specific landscape and watershed conditions. Our purpose is to characterize the hydrological transport of prions through watersheds at multiple scales. Through spatial analysis, we mapped surface flow pathways from CWD hotspots in Minnesota to identify how they overlap with major rivers and regions of high soil erosion. Based on in-stream measurements and sediment characterization, we used empirical equations to predict sediment mobilization conditions and transport rates in CWD-contaminated regions with diverse flow regimes. In order to model subsurface prion transport, we began conducting flow-through column experiments testing various flow rates and soil matrices.
Publication: Water Science Conference (WaterSciCon24), held in St. Paul, Minnesota, 24-27 June 2024, Session: Learning from observations / Catchment and Critical Zone Science - Understanding Ecosystems through Monitoring, Analysis, and Experimentation III Oral (Coupled Workshop: 231), id. 110-04. Pub Date: June 2024
https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024wsc..conf11004W/abstract
***> CWD to Primates and Humans, what if?
So, this is what we leave our children and grandchildren?
***> CWD TSE Prion Zoonotic Zoonosis Humans, What if? <***
CDC CWD TSE Prion Update 2025
KEY POINTS
Chronic wasting disease affects deer, elk and similar animals in the United States and a few other countries.
The disease hasn't been shown to infect people.
However, it might be a risk to people if they have contact with or eat meat from animals infected with CWD.
https://www.cdc.gov/chronic-wasting/about/index.html
Prions in Muscles of Cervids with Chronic Wasting Disease, Norway
Volume 31, Number 2—February 2025
Research
Prions in Muscles of Cervids with Chronic Wasting Disease, Norway
Snip…
In summary, the results of our study indicate that prions are widely distributed in peripheral and edible tissues of cervids in Norway, including muscles. This finding highlights the risk of human exposure to small amounts of prions through handling and consuming infected cervids.
Appendix
https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/31/2/24-0903-app1.pdf
https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/31/2/24-0903_article
Volume 31, Number 2—February 2025
Dispatch
Detection of Chronic Wasting Disease Prions in Raw, Processed, and Cooked Elk Meat, Texas, USA
Snip…
Of note, our data show that exposure to high temperatures used to cook the meat increased the availability of prions for in vitro amplification. Considering the potential implications in food safety and public health, we believe that the findings described in this study warrant further research. Our results suggest that although the elk meat used in this study resisted different manipulations involved in subsequent consumption by humans, their zoonotic potential was limited. Nevertheless, even though no cases of CWD transmission to human have been reported, the potential for human infection is still unclear and continued monitoring for zoonotic potential is warranted.
https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/31/2/24-0906_article
Detection of chronic wasting disease prions in processed meats
Results: Our results show positive prion detection in all the samples analyzed using deer and elk substrates. Surprisingly, cooked meats displayed increased seeding activities. This data suggests that CWD-prions are available to people even after meats are processed and cooked.
Conclusions: These results suggest CWD prions are accessible to humans through meats, even after processing and cooking. Considering the fact that these samples were collected from already processed specimens, the availability of CWD prions to humans is probably underestimated.
"Our results show positive prion detection in all the samples analyzed using deer and elk substrates. Surprisingly, cooked meats displayed increased seeding activities."
Meeting-book-final-version prion 2023 Prion 2023 Congress Organizing Committee and the NeuroPrion Association, we invite you to join us for the International Conference Prion2023 from 16-20 October 2023 in Faro, Portugal.
https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf
https://web.archive.org/web/20250828201533/https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Syed-Zahid-Shah/publication/378314391_Meeting-book-final-version_prion_2023/links/65d44dad28b7720cecdca95f/Meeting-book-final-version-prion-2023.pdf
DETECTION OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE PRIONS IN PROCESSED MEATS.
In this study, we analyzed different processed meats derived from a pre-clinical, CWD-positive free-ranging elk. Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats. CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates. Our results show positive prion detection in all products. To confirm the resilience of CWD-prions to traditional cooking methods, we grilled and boiled the meat products and evaluated them for any remnant PMCA seeding activity. Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking. Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products.
Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats.
CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates.
Our results show positive prion detection in all products.
Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking.
Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products.
https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true
Transmission of prion infectivity from CWD-infected macaque tissues to rodent models demonstrates the zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease.
Further passage to cervidized mice revealed transmission with a 100% attack rate.
Our findings demonstrate that macaques, considered the best model for the zoonotic potential of prions, were infected upon CWD challenge, including the oral one.
The disease manifested as atypical in macaques and initial transgenic mouse transmissions, but with infectivity present at all times, as unveiled in the bank vole model with an unusual tissue tropism.
Epidemiologic surveillance of prion disease among cervid hunters and people likely to have consumed venison contaminated with chronic wasting disease
=====
https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true
Fortuitous generation of a zoonotic cervid prion strain
Aims: Whether CWD prions can infect humans remains unclear despite the very substantial scale and long history of human exposure of CWD in many states or provinces of USA and Canada. Multiple in vitro conversion experiments and in vivo animal studies indicate that the CWD-to-human transmission barrier is not unbreakable. A major long-term public health concern on CWD zoonosis is the emergence of highly zoonotic CWD strains. We aim to address the question of whether highly zoonotic CWD strains are possible.
Materials and Methods: We inoculated several sCJD brain samples into cervidized transgenic mice (Tg12), which were intended as negative controls for bioassays of brain tissues from sCJD cases who had potentially been exposed to CWD. Some of the Tg12mice became infected and their brain tissues were further examined by Western blot as well as serial passages in humanized or cervidized mice.
Results: Passage of sCJDMM1 in transgenic mice expressing elk PrP (Tg12) resulted in a “cervidized” CJD strain that we termed CJDElkPrP. We observed 100% transmission of the original CJDElkPrP in transgenic mice expressing human PrP. We passaged CJDElkPrP two more times in the Tg12mice. We found that such second and third passage CJDElkPrP prions retained 100% transmission rate in the humanized mice, despite that the natural elk CWD isolates and CJDElkPrP share the same elk PrP sequence. In contrast, we and others found zero or poor transmission of natural elk CWD isolates in humanized mice.
Conclusions: Our data indicate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can retain zoonotic potential after serial passages in cervids, suggesting a very significant and serious long-term risk of CWD zoonosis given that the broad and continuing spread of CWD prions will provide fertile grounds for the emergence of zoonotic CWD strains over time.
https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf
https://web.archive.org/web/20250828201533/https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Syed-Zahid-Shah/publication/378314391_Meeting-book-final-version_prion_2023/links/65d44dad28b7720cecdca95f/Meeting-book-final-version-prion-2023.pdf
Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD
Samia Hannaoui1 · Irina Zemlyankina1 · Sheng Chun Chang1 · Maria Immaculata Arifn1 · Vincent Béringue2 · Debbie McKenzie3 · Hermann M. Schatzl1 · Sabine Gilch1
Received: 24 May 2022 / Revised: 5 August 2022 / Accepted: 7 August 2022
© The Author(s) 2022
Abstract
Prions cause infectious and fatal neurodegenerative diseases in mammals. Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease of cervids, spreads efficiently among wild and farmed animals. Potential transmission to humans of CWD is a growing concern due to its increasing prevalence. Here, we provide evidence for a zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and its probable signature using mice expressing human prion protein (PrP) as an infection model. Inoculation of these mice with deer CWD isolates resulted in atypical clinical manifestation with prion seeding activity and efficient transmissible infectivity in the brain and, remarkably, in feces, but without classical neuropathological or Western blot appearances of prion diseases. Intriguingly, the protease-resistant PrP in the brain resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon second passage. Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.
Keywords Chronic wasting disease · CWD · Zoonotic potential · Prion strains · Zoonotic prions
HIGHLIGHTS OF THIS STUDY
================================
Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.
In this study, we evaluated the zoonotic potential of CWD using a transgenic mouse model overexpressing human M129-PrPC (tg650 [12]). We inoculated tg650mice intracerebrally with two deer CWD isolates, Wisc-1 and 116AG [22, 23, 27, 29]. We demonstrate that this transgenic line was susceptible to infection with CWD prions and displayed a distinct leading clinical sign, an atypical PrPSc signature and unusual fecal shedding of infectious prions. Importantly, these prions generated by the human PrP transgenic mice were transmissible upon passage. Our results are the first evidence of a zoonotic risk of CWD when using one of the most common CWD strains, Wisc-1/CWD1 for infection. We demonstrated in a human transgenic mouse model that the species barrier for transmission of CWD to humans is not absolute. The fact that its signature was not typical raises the questions whether CWD would manifest in humans as a subclinical infection, whether it would arise through direct or indirect transmission including an intermediate host, or a silent to uncovered human-to-human transmission, and whether current detection techniques will be suffcient to unveil its presence.
Our findings strongly suggest that CWD should be regarded as an actual public health risk. Here, we use humanized mice to show that CWD prions can cross the species barrier to humans, and remarkably, infectious prions can be excreted in feces.
Our results indicate that if CWD crosses the species-barrier to humans, it is unlikely to resemble the most common forms of human prion diseases with respect to clinical signs, tissue tropism and PrPSc signature. For instance, PrPSc in variable protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr), a sporadic form of human prion disease, and in the genetic form Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS) is defined by an atypical PK-resistant PrPSc fragment that is non-glycosylated and truncated at both C- and N-termini, with a molecular weight between 6 and 8 kDa [24, 44–46]. These biochemical features are unique and distinctive from PrPSc (PrP27-30) found in most other human or animal prion disease. The atypical PrPSc signature detected in brain homogenate of tg650 mice #321 (1st passage) and #3063 (2nd passage), and the 7–8 kDa fragment (Figs. 2, 4) are very similar to that of GSS, both in terms of migration profile and the N-terminal cleavage site.
CWD in humans might remain subclinical but with PrPSc deposits in the brain with an unusual morphology that does not resemble the patterns usually seen in different prion diseases (e.g., mouse #328; Fig. 3), clinical with untraceable abnormal PrP (e.g., mouse #327) but still transmissible and uncovered upon subsequent passage (e.g., mouse #3063; Fig. 4), or prions have other reservoirs than the usual ones, hence the presence of infectivity in feces (e.g., mouse #327) suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.
“suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.”
=================================
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9
snip...see full text;
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf
Transmission of Cervid Prions to Humanized Mice Demonstrates the Zoonotic Potential of CWD
Samia Hannaouia, Irina Zemlyankinaa, Sheng Chun Changa, Maria Immaculata Arifina, Vincent Béringueb, Debbie McKenziec, Hermann M. Schatzla, and Sabine Gilcha
Results: Here, we provide the strongest evidence supporting the zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and their possible phenotype in humans. Inoculation of mice expressing human PrPCwith deer CWD isolates (strains Wisc-1 and 116AG) resulted in atypical clinical manifestations in > 75% of the mice, with myoclonus as leading clinical sign. Most of tg650brain homogenates were positive for seeding activity in RT-QuIC. Clinical disease and presentation was transmissible to tg650mice and bank voles. Intriguingly, protease-resistant PrP in the brain of tg650 mice resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon passage. Abnormal PrP aggregates upon infection with Wisc-1 were detectable in thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain/pons regions.
Unprecedented in human prion disease, feces of CWD-inoculated tg650 mice harbored prion seeding activity and infectious prions, as shown by inoculation of bank voles and tg650 with fecal homogenates.
Conclusions: This is the first evidence that CWD can infect humans and cause disease with a distinctive clinical presentation, signature, and tropism, which might be transmissible between humans while current diagnostic assays might fail to detect it. These findings have major implications for public health and CWD-management.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286
Macaque tissues to rodent models demonstrates the zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease.
Samia Hannaoui1,2, Ginny Cheng1,2, Wiebke Wemheuer3, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer3, Sabine Gilch1,2, Hermann Schatzl1,2 1University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. 2Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada. 3Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
Snip…
***> Further passage to cervidized mice revealed transmission with a 100% attack rate.
***> Our findings demonstrate that macaques, considered the best model for the zoonotic potential of prions, were infected upon CWD challenge, including the oral one.
****> The disease manifested as atypical in macaques and initial transgenic mouse transmissions, but with infectivity present at all times, as unveiled in the bank vole model with an unusual tissue tropism.
***> Epidemiologic surveillance of prion disease among cervid hunters and people likely to have consumed venison contaminated with chronic wasting disease
=====
https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true
18. Zoonotic potential of moose-derived chronic wasting disease prions after adaptation in intermediate species
Tomás Barrioa, Jean-Yves Doueta, Alvina Huora, Séverine Lugana, Naïma Arona, Hervé Cassarda, Sylvie L. Benestadb, Juan Carlos Espinosac, Juan María Torresc, Olivier Andréolettia
aUnité Mixte de Recherche de l’Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement 1225 Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, 31076 Toulouse, France; bNorwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, NO-1431 Ås, Norway; cCentro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), 28130, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is an emerging prion disease in Europe. To date, cases have been reported in three Nordic countries and in several species, including reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), moose (Alces alces) and red deer (Cervus elaphus). Cumulating data suggest that the prion strains responsible for the European cases are distinct from those circulating in North America. The biological properties of CWD prions are still poorly documented, in particular their spillover and zoonotic capacities. In this study, we aimed at characterizing the interspecies transmission potential of Norwegian moose CWD isolates.
Materials and Methods: For that purpose, we performed experimental transmissions in a panel of transgenic models expressing the PrPC sequence of various species.
Results: On first passage, one moose isolate propagated in the ovine PrPC-expressing model (Tg338). After adaptation in this host, moose CWD prions were able to transmit in mice expressing either bovine or human PrPC with high efficacy.
Conclusions: These results suggest that CWD prions can acquire enhanced zoonotic properties following adaptation in an intermediate species.
Funding
Grant number: AAPG2020 EU-CWD, ICRAD2020 TCWDE, NRC2022 NorCWD
Acknowledgement
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2024.2424058
“ After adaptation in this host, moose CWD prions were able to transmit in mice expressing either bovine or human PrPC with high efficacy.”
“Also, we do not claim that "no-one has ever been infected with prion disease from eating venison." Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans in the article you quoted or in any other forum is limited to the patients we investigated.”
*** now, let’s see what the authors said about this casual link, personal communications years ago, and then the latest on the zoonotic potential from CWD to humans from the TOKYO PRION 2016 CONFERENCE.
see where it is stated NO STRONG evidence. so, does this mean there IS casual evidence ????
“Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans”
Subject: CWD aka MAD DEER/ELK TO HUMANS ???
Date: September 30, 2002 at 7:06 am PST
From: "Belay, Ermias"
To: Cc: "Race, Richard (NIH)" ; ; "Belay, Ermias"
Sent: Monday, September 30, 2002 9:22 AM
Subject: RE: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS
Dear Sir/Madam, In the Archives of Neurology you quoted (the abstract of which was attached to your email), we did not say CWD in humans will present like variant CJD.. That assumption would be wrong. I encourage you to read the whole article and call me if you have questions or need more clarification (phone: 404-639-3091).
Also, we do not claim that "no-one has ever been infected with prion disease from eating venison." Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans in the article you quoted or in any other forum is limited to the patients we investigated.
Ermias Belay, M.D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Subject: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS
Sunday, November 10, 2002 6:26 PM .......snip........end..............TSS
-----Original Message-----
From:
Sent: Sunday, September 29, 2002 10:15 AM
To: rr26k@nih.gov; rrace@niaid.nih.gov; ebb8@CDC.GOV
Subject: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS
Sunday, November 10, 2002 6:26 PM .......snip........end..............TSS
Thursday, April 03, 2008
A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease 2008 1: Vet Res. 2008 Apr 3;39(4):41 A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease Sigurdson CJ.
snip...
*** twenty-seven CJD patients who regularly consumed venison were reported to the Surveillance Center, however there have been no unusual or novel prion subtypes that might indicate the appearance of a new prion strain [7, 41].
snip... full text ;
https://www.vetres.org/articles/vetres/abs/2008/04/v08092/v08092.html
https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html
“regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD”
Subject: Re: DEER SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY SURVEY & HOUND STUDY
Date: Fri, 18 Oct 2002 23:12:22 +0100
From: Steve Dealler Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Organization: Netscape Online member
To: BSE-L@ …
######## Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy <BSE-L@UNI-KARLSRUHE.DE> #########
Dear Terry,
An excellent piece of review as this literature is desparately difficult to get back from Government sites. What happened with the deer was that an association between deer meat eating and sporadic CJD was found in about 1993. The evidence was not great but did not disappear after several years of asking CJD cases what they had eaten. I think that the work into deer disease largely stopped because it was not helpful to the UK industry...and no specific cases were reported.
Well, if you dont look adequately like they are in USA currenly then you wont find any!
Steve Dealler
########### http://mailhost.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/warc/bse-l.html ############
Subject: DEER SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY SURVEY & HOUND STUDY
From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr." <flounder@WT.NET>
Reply To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy <BSE-L@UNI-KARLSRUHE.DE>
Date: Thu, 17 Oct 2002 17:04:51 -0700
snip...
''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''
CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM THIRD ANNUAL REPORT AUGUST 1994
snip...see full report ;
http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf
http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf
http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf
Stephen Dealler is a consultant medical microbiologist deal@airtime.co.uk BSE Inquiry Steve Dealler Management In Confidence BSE: Private Submission of Bovine Brain Dealler
snip...end
########### http://mailhost.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/warc/bse-l.html ############
*** These results would seem to suggest that CWD does indeed have zoonotic potential, at least as judged by the compatibility of CWD prions and their human PrPC target. Furthermore, extrapolation from this simple in vitro assay suggests that if zoonotic CWD occurred, it would most likely effect those of the PRNP codon 129-MM genotype and that the PrPres type would be similar to that found in the most common subtype of sCJD (MM1).***
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true
https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article
Two Hunters from the Same Lodge Afflicted with Sporadic CJD: Is Chronic Wasting Disease to Blame?
(P7-13.002) Jonathan Trout, Matthew Roberts, Michel Tabet, Eithan Kotkowski, and Sarah HornAUTHORS INFO & AFFILIATIONS April 9, 2024 issue 102 (17_supplement_1) https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000204407
Abstract Publication History Information & Authors Metrics & Citations Share Abstract
Objective:
This study presents a cluster of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) cases after exposure to chronic wasting disease (CWD)-infected deer, suggestive of potential prion transmission from CWD-infected deer to humans.
Background:
CJD is a rapidly progressive central nervous system disorder caused by misfolded prion proteins. CWD, a prion disease prevalent in North American deer, has raised concerns due to its possible link to CJD. Although no conclusive evidence of cross-species prion transmission exists, vigilance for such cases is crucial for public health.
Design/Methods:
Not applicable.
Results:
In 2022, a 72-year-old man with a history of consuming meat from a CWD-infected deer population presented with rapid-onset confusion and aggression. His friend, who had also eaten venison from the same deer population, recently died of CJD, raising concerns about a potential link between CWD and human prion disease. Despite aggressive symptomatic treatment of seizures and agitation, the patient’s condition deteriorated and he died within a month of initial presentation. The diagnosis was confirmed postmortem as sporadic CJD with homozygous methionine at codon 129 (sCJDMM1). The patient’s history, including a similar case in his social group, suggests a possible novel animal-to-human transmission of CWD. Based on non-human primate and mouse models, cross-species transmission of CJD is plausible. Due to the challenge of distinguishing sCJDMM1 from CWD without detailed prion protein characterization, it is not possible to definitively rule out CWD in these cases. Although causation remains unproven, this cluster emphasizes the need for further investigation into the potential risks of consuming CWD-infected deer and its implications for public health.
Conclusions:
Clusters of sporadic CJD cases may occur in regions with CWD-confirmed deer populations, hinting at potential cross-species prion transmission. Surveillance and further research are essential to better understand this possible association.
Disclosure: Mr. Trout has nothing to disclose. Dr. Roberts has nothing to disclose. Dr. Tabet has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kotkowski has nothing to disclose. Dr. Horn has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Cala Trio. The institution of Dr. Horn has received research support from Alzheimer's Association.
https://www.neurology.org/doi/abs/10.1212/WNL.0000000000204407
TUESDAY, MAY 11, 2021
A Unique Presentation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in a Patient Consuming Deer Antler Velvet
Conclusion
We believe that our patient’s case of CJD is highly suspicious for cervid etiology given the circumstances of the case as well as the strong evidence of plausibility reported in published literature. This is the first known case of CJD in a patient who had consumed deer antler velvet. Despite the confirmed diagnosis of CJD, a causal relationship between the patient’s disease and his consumption of deer antler velvet cannot be definitively concluded.
Supplemental data including molecular tissue sample analysis and autopsy findings could yield further supporting evidence. Given this patient’s clinical resemblance to CBD and the known histological similarities of CBD with CJD, clinicians should consider both diseases in the differential diagnosis of patients with a similarly esoteric presentation. Regardless of the origin of this patient’s disease, it is clear that the potential for prion transmission from cervids to humans should be further investigated by the academic community with considerable urgency.
https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf
''We believe that our patient’s case of CJD is highly suspicious for cervid etiology given the circumstances of the case as well as the strong evidence of plausibility reported in published literature. This is the first known case of CJD in a patient who had consumed deer antler velvet. Despite the confirmed diagnosis of CJD, a causal relationship between the patient’s disease and his consumption of deer antler velvet cannot be definitively concluded.''
https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf
CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE: A Unique Presentation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in a Patient Consuming Deer Antler Velvet
i was warning England and the BSE Inquiry about just this, way back in 1998, and was ask to supply information to the BSE Inquiry. for anyone that might be interested, see;
Singeltary submission to the BSE Inquiry on CJD and Nutritional Supplements 1998
ABOUT that deer antler spray and CWD TSE PRION... I have been screaming this since my neighbors mom died from cjd, and she had been taking a supplement that contained bovine brain, bovine eyeball, and other SRMs specified risk materials, the most high risk for mad cow disease. just saying...
I made a submission to the BSE Inquiry long ago during the BSE Inquiry days, and they seemed pretty interested.
Sender: "Patricia Cantos"
To: "Terry S Singeltary Sr. (E-mail)"
Subject: Your submission to the Inquiry
Date: Fri, 3 Jul 1998 10:10:05 +0100 3 July 1998
Mr Terry S Singeltary Sr. E-Mail: Flounder at wt.netRef: E2979
Dear Mr Singeltary, Thank you for your E-mail message of the 30th of June 1998 providing the Inquiry with your further comments. Thank you for offering to provide the Inquiry with any test results on the nutritional supplements your mother was taking before she died. As requested I am sending you our general Information Pack and a copy of the Chairman's letter. Please contact me if your system cannot read the attachments. Regarding your question, the Inquiry is looking into many aspects of the scientific evidence on BSE and nvCJD.
I would refer you to the transcripts of evidence we have already heard which are found on our internet site at ;
http://www.bse.org.uk.
Could you please provide the Inquiry with a copy of the press article you refer to in your e-mail? If not an approximate date for the article so that we can locate it? In the meantime, thank you for you comments. Please do not hesitate to contact me on... snip...end...tss
everyone I tell this too gets it screwed up...MY MOTHER WAS NOT TAKING THOSE SUPPLEMENTS IPLEX (that I ever knew of). this was my neighbors mother that died exactly one year previously and to the day of sporadic CJD that was diagnosed as Alzheimer’s at first. my mother died exactly a year later from the Heidenhain Variant of Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease hvCJD, and exceedingly rare strains of the ever growing sporadic CJD’s. both cases confirmed. ...kind regards, terry
2001 Singeltary on CJD, Journal of American Medical Association
February 14, 2001
Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Terry S. Singeltary, Sr
Author Affiliations
JAMA. 2001;285(6):733-734. doi:10-1001/pubs.JAMA-ISSN-0098-7484-285-6-jlt0214
To the Editor: In their Research Letter, Dr Gibbons and colleagues1 reported that the annual US death rate due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has been stable since 1985. These estimates, however, are based only on reported cases, and do not include misdiagnosed or preclinical cases. It seems to me that misdiagnosis alone would drastically change these figures. An unknown number of persons with a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in fact may have CJD, although only a small number of these patients receive the postmortem examination necessary to make this diagnosis. Furthermore, only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies should be reportable nationwide and internationally.
February 14, 2001
Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Terry S. Singeltary, Sr
Author Affiliations
JAMA. 2001;285(6):733-734. doi:10-1001/pubs.JAMA-ISSN-0098-7484-285-6-jlt0214
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1031186
RE-Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States 2003 Singeltary Journal of Neurology
26 MARCH 2003
RE-Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States
Terry S. Singeltary, retired (medically)
I lost my mother to hvCJD (Heidenhain Variant CJD). I would like to comment on the CDC's attempts to monitor the occurrence of emerging forms of CJD. Asante, Collinge et al [1] have reported that BSE transmission to the 129-methionine genotype can lead to an alternate phenotype that is indistinguishable from type 2 PrPSc, the commonest sporadic CJD. However, CJD and all human TSEs are not reportable nationally. CJD and all human TSEs must be made reportable in every state and internationally. I hope that the CDC does not continue to expect us to still believe that the 85%+ of all CJD cases which are sporadic are all spontaneous, without route/source. We have many TSEs in the USA in both animal and man. CWD in deer/elk is spreading rapidly and CWD does transmit to mink, ferret, cattle, and squirrel monkey by intracerebral inoculation. With the known incubation periods in other TSEs, oral transmission studies of CWD may take much longer. Every victim/family of CJD/TSEs should be asked about route and source of this agent. To prolong this will only spread the agent and needlessly expose others. In light of the findings of Asante and Collinge et al, there should be drastic measures to safeguard the medical and surgical arena from sporadic CJDs and all human TSEs. I only ponder how many sporadic CJDs in the USA are type 2 PrPSc?
https://www.neurology.org/doi/10.1212/01.WNL.0000036913.87823.D6
2023
https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html
Good Luck!
Terry S. Singeltary Sr.
February 14, 2001
Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Terry S. Singeltary, Sr
Author Affiliations
JAMA. 2001;285(6):733-734. doi:10-1001/pubs.JAMA-ISSN-0098-7484-285-6-jlt0214
To the Editor: In their Research Letter, Dr Gibbons and colleagues1 reported that the annual US death rate due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has been stable since 1985. These estimates, however, are based only on reported cases, and do not include misdiagnosed or preclinical cases. It seems to me that misdiagnosis alone would drastically change these figures. An unknown number of persons with a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in fact may have CJD, although only a small number of these patients receive the postmortem examination necessary to make this diagnosis. Furthermore, only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies should be reportable nationwide and internationally.
February 14, 2001
Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Terry S. Singeltary, Sr
Author Affiliations
JAMA. 2001;285(6):733-734. doi:10-1001/pubs.JAMA-ISSN-0098-7484-285-6-jlt0214
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1031186
RE-Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States 2003 Singeltary Journal of Neurology
26 MARCH 2003
RE-Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States
Terry S. Singeltary, retired (medically)
I lost my mother to hvCJD (Heidenhain Variant CJD). I would like to comment on the CDC's attempts to monitor the occurrence of emerging forms of CJD. Asante, Collinge et al [1] have reported that BSE transmission to the 129-methionine genotype can lead to an alternate phenotype that is indistinguishable from type 2 PrPSc, the commonest sporadic CJD. However, CJD and all human TSEs are not reportable nationally. CJD and all human TSEs must be made reportable in every state and internationally. I hope that the CDC does not continue to expect us to still believe that the 85%+ of all CJD cases which are sporadic are all spontaneous, without route/source. We have many TSEs in the USA in both animal and man. CWD in deer/elk is spreading rapidly and CWD does transmit to mink, ferret, cattle, and squirrel monkey by intracerebral inoculation. With the known incubation periods in other TSEs, oral transmission studies of CWD may take much longer. Every victim/family of CJD/TSEs should be asked about route and source of this agent. To prolong this will only spread the agent and needlessly expose others. In light of the findings of Asante and Collinge et al, there should be drastic measures to safeguard the medical and surgical arena from sporadic CJDs and all human TSEs. I only ponder how many sporadic CJDs in the USA are type 2 PrPSc?
https://www.neurology.org/doi/10.1212/01.WNL.0000036913.87823.D6
2023
https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html
Good Luck!
Terry S. Singeltary Sr.
posted by Terry S. Singeltary Sr. at
11:00 AM
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