Tae-Yung KIM1,3), Hyun-Joo SHON2), Yi-Seok JOO2), Un-Kyong MUN2), Kyung-Sun KANG3) and Yong-Soon LEE3)* 1)Animal Health Division, Ministry of Agriculture & Forestry, Kwacheon 427–760, 2)National Veterinary Research & Quarantine Service, Anyang 430–016 and 3)Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151– 742, Korea (Received 21 January 2005/Accepted 27 May 2005)
Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD), which had previously occurred only in the U.S.A. and Canada, broke out in a farm at Chungbuk, Korea from imported Canadian deer (Aug. 8, 2001). CWD distribution, through surveillance and epidemiologic investigations, was reported for 93 deer (43 from the CWD originating farm and 50 imported with the CWD originating farm’s deer) out of 144 deer (72 from the CWD originating farm and 72 imported with the CWD originating farm’s deer) that were breeding at 30 different farms. On Oct. 4 and Oct. 8, 2001, additional cases of CWD were investigated. As a result of slaughtering cohabitating deer, it was verified that other imported deer from Canada were also infected with CWD. Since it was thought that this might cause horizontal transmission, 93 deer imported from Canada in 1997 and 130 cohabitating Korean deer were slaughtered and examined. There were no infected Korean deer, but CWD re-occurred on Nov. 20, 2004 and is still under investigation. KEY WORDS: Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD), horizontal transmission. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 67(8): 753–759, 2005
Yoon-Hee LEE1), Hyun-Joo SOHN1)*, Min-Jeong KIM1), Hyo-Jin KIM1), Won-Yong LEE1), Eun-Im YUN1), Dong-Seob TARK1), In-Soo CHO1) and Aru BALACHANDRAN2) 1)Animal, Plant and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency, Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Anyang 430–757, Republic of Korea 2)National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Scrapie and CWD, Ottawa Laboratory Fallowfield, Ottawa, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario K2H 8P9, Canada (Received 22 February 2012/Accepted 14 August 2012/Published online in J-STAGE 28 August 2012)
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) has been recognized as a naturally occurring prion disease in North American deer (Odocoileus species), Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) and moose (Alces alces). The disease was confirmed only in elk in the Republic of Korea in 2001, 2004 and 2005. Epidemiological investigations showed that CWD was introduced via importation of infected elk from Canada between 1994 and 1997. In spite of the increasing geographic distribution and host range of CWD, little is known about the prion strain (s) responsible for distinct outbreaks of the disease. We carried out strain characterization, using transgenic mice overexpressing elk prion protein, including clinical assessment, pathological examination and biochemical analyses, in brain tissues derived following primary through tertiary transmissions. The final incubation period was shortened to approximately 130 dpi due to adaptation. Biochemical profiles remained identical between passages. Lesion profiling in recipient mice brains showed similar patterns of vacuolation scores and intensity. It is clear that there were no biochemical or histopathological differences in Korean CWD cases in 2001 and 2004, suggesting a single strain was responsible for the outbreaks.
KEY WORDS: CWD, Republic of Korea, strain characterization. doi: 10.1292/jvms.12-0077; J. Vet. Med. Sci. 75(1): 95–98, 2013
Hyun-Joo SOHN1), Jae-Hoon KIM1)*, Kang-Seuk CHOI1), Jin-Ju NAH1), Yi-Seok JOO1), Young-Hwa JEAN1), Soo-Whan AHN1), Ok-Kyung KIM1), Dae-Yong KIM2) and Aru BALACHANDRAN3) 1)National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Anyang 430–824, 2)Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Suwon 441–744, Korea and 3)Animal Disease Research Institute, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Nepean, Ontario, Canada (Received 13 March 2002/Accepted 8 May 2002)
A seven-year-old male elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) was euthanized and necropsied after having a 3-week history of body weight loss, emaciation, excessive salivation, teeth grinding, fever, anorexia, and respiratory distress. The elk was imported into Korea from Canada on March 9, 1997. Gross pathologic findings were restricted to a diffuse fibrinous pneumonia. Microscopic lesions included mild neuronal vacuolation and spongiform change in the neuropil of selected brain stem nuclei and generalized astrocytosis. Immunohistochemistry for protease-resistant prion protein (PrPres) was positive in all brain sections but more pronounced in the section of the obex of the medulla. And the PrP res was also detected by western immunoblotting in the brain and spinal cord. All the remaining elk and deer that had been in contact with this elk were destroyed and negative for chronic wasting disease (CWD). To our knowl edge, this is the first case of CWD occurring outside of the U.S.A. and Canada.
KEY WORDS: chronic wasting disease, elk, immunohistochemistry. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 64(9): 855–858, 2002
KOREA CWD TSE Prion
CWD outbreaks in farmed animals were reported in 2001, 2004, 2005, 2010, and *2016 in the Republic of Korea.
Korean CWD was introduced by elk imported from Canada in 1997.
CWD outbreaks in farmed animals were reported in 2001, 2004, 2005, 2010, and ***2016 in the Republic of Korea.
The Korean water deer is the dominant species of wild deer in Korea, with approximately 620 thousand heads (8.0 heads/100 ha) [9].
*2016 in the Republic of Korea.
I LACK A REPORT ON THAT~!???
i have asked about it to Korea officials and scientist, with no reply to date...so, total count on Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion in Korea, your guess is good as mine, especially through 2019, ...terry
Between 1996 and 2002, chronic wasting disease was diagnosed in 39 herds of farmed elk in Saskatchewan in a single epidemic. All of these herds were depopulated as part of the Canadian Food Inspection Agency's (CFIA) disease eradication program. Animals, primarily over 12 mo of age, were tested for the presence CWD prions following euthanasia. Twenty-one of the herds were linked through movements of live animals with latent CWD from a single infected source herd in Saskatchewan, 17 through movements of animals from 7 of the secondarily infected herds.
***The source herd is believed to have become infected via importation of animals from a game farm in South Dakota where CWD was subsequently diagnosed (7,4). A wide range in herd prevalence of CWD at the time of herd depopulation of these herds was observed. Within-herd transmission was observed on some farms, while the disease remained confined to the introduced animals on other farms.
KOREA CWD TSE PRION
Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) outbreaks and surveillance program in the Republic of Korea Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) outbreaks and surveillance program in the Republic of Korea
Hyun-Joo Sohn, Yoon-Hee Lee, Min-jeong Kim, Eun-Im Yun, Hyo-Jin Kim, Won-Yong Lee, Dong-Seob Tark, In- Soo Cho, Foreign Animal Disease Research Division, National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Republic of Korea
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) has been recognized as an important prion disease in native North America deer and Rocky mountain elks. The disease is a unique member of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), which naturally affects only a few species. CWD had been limited to USA and Canada until 2000.
On 28 December 2000, information from the Canadian government showed that a total of 95 elk had been exported from farms with CWD to Korea.
These consisted of 23 elk in 1994 originating from the so-called "source farm" in Canada, and 72 elk in 1997, which had been held in pre export quarantine at the "source farm".
Based on export information of CWD suspected elk from Canada to Korea, CWD surveillance program was initiated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) in 2001.
All elks imported in 1997 were traced back, however elks imported in 1994 were impossible to identify.
CWD control measures included stamping out of all animals in the affected farm, and thorough cleaning and disinfection of the premises.
In addition, nationwide clinical surveillance of Korean native cervids, and improved measures to ensure reporting of CWD suspect cases were implemented.
*Total of 9 elks were found to be affected. CWD was designated as a notifiable disease under the Act for Prevention of Livestock Epidemics in 2002.
*Additional CWD cases - 12 elks and 2 elks - were diagnosed in 2004 and 2005.
*Since February of 2005, when slaughtered elks were found to be positive, all slaughtered cervid for human consumption at abattoirs were designated as target of the CWD surveillance program.
Currently, CWD laboratory testing is only conducted by National Reference Laboratory on CWD, which is the Foreign Animal Disease Division (FADD) of National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service (NVRQS).
*In July 2010, one out of 3 elks from Farm 1 which were slaughtered for the human consumption was confirmed as positive.
*Consequently, all cervid - 54 elks, 41 Sika deer and 5 Albino deer - were culled and one elk was found to be positive.
Epidemiological investigations were conducted by Veterinary Epidemiology Division (VED) of NVRQS in collaboration with provincial veterinary services.
*Epidemiologically related farms were found as 3 farms and all cervid at these farms were culled and subjected to CWD diagnosis.
*Three elks and 5 crossbreeds (Red deer and Sika deer) were confirmed as positive at farm 2.
All cervids at Farm 3 and Farm 4 - 15 elks and 47 elks - were culled and confirmed as negative.
Further epidemiological investigations showed that these CWD outbreaks were linked to the importation of elks from Canada in 1994 based on circumstantial evidences.
*In December 2010, one elk was confirmed as positive at Farm 5.
*Consequently, all cervid - 3 elks, 11 Manchurian Sika deer and 20 Sika deer - were culled and one Manchurian Sika deer and seven Sika deer were found to be positive.
This is the first report of CWD in these sub-species of deer.
*Epidemiological investigations found that the owner of the Farm 2 in CWD outbreaks in July 2010 had co-owned the Farm 5.
*In addition, it was newly revealed that one positive elk was introduced from Farm 6 of Jinju-si Gyeongsang Namdo.
All cervid - 19 elks, 15 crossbreed (species unknown) and 64 Sika deer - of Farm 6 were culled, but all confirmed as negative.
: Corresponding author: Dr. Hyun-Joo Sohn (+82-31-467-1867, E-mail:
shonhj@korea.kr) 2011 Pre-congress Workshop: TSEs in animals and their environment 5
FULL PAPER
Additional Cases of Chronic Wasting Disease in Imported Deer in Korea
Tae-Yung KIM, Hyun-Joo SHON, Yi-Seok JOO, Un-Kyong MUN, Kyung-Sun KANG, Yong-Soon LEE Author information Keywords: Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD), horizontal transmission JOURNALS FREE ACCESS 2005 Volume 67 Issue 8 Pages 753-759
Abstract
Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD), which had previously occurred only in the U.S.A. and Canada, broke out in a farm at Chungbuk, Korea from imported Canadian deer (Aug. 8, 2001). CWD distribution, through surveillance and epidemiologic investigations, was reported for 93 deer (43 from the CWD originating farm and 50 imported with the CWD originating farm's deer) out of 144 deer (72 from the CWD originating farm and 72 imported with the CWD originating farm's deer) that were breeding at 30 different farms. On Oct. 4 and Oct. 8, 2001, additional cases of CWD were investigated. As a result of slaughtering cohabitating deer, it was verified that other imported deer from Canada were also infected with CWD. Since it was thought that this might cause horizontal transmission, 93 deer imported from Canada in 1997 and 130 cohabitating Korean deer were slaughtered and examined. There were no infected Korean deer, but CWD re-occurred on Nov. 20, 2004 and is still under investigation.
snip...
DISCUSSION
Fig. 3. Present status of farms that sold or resold imported Canadian elk in 1997.
A total of 129 deer (deer/year: 27/1994, 30/1995, and 72/ 1997) were imported from the CWD originating farm in Canada, None ofthe 57 deer imported in 1994 and 1995 fell dead during the advanced surmise period, 60 months, and were confirmed to have no clinical disorders by Canadian authorities and no clinical matters examined. Korean deer were raised for 3.5 years with 144 deer imported in 1997, during which time only 9 of the imported deer became infected, Five of them were imported from the CWD affected farm in Canada and the other 4 were gathered at the CWD affected farm (SK 3 farm) for quarantine and shipped to Korea on the same boat.
It can be considered that horizontal CWD transmission took place, but it is still unclear whether only 4 of the cohabitating Canadian deer became infected. Therefore, Korean authorities should exchange further information on the number of quarantine certificates and coupons with the Canadian Communicable Disease Control Department in order to re— investigate whether only 5 deer were raised at the CWD affected farm, with the other 4 deer being raised at a CWD free farm, or whether the disease was transmitted during shipping. Furthermore, why cohabitating Korean deer were not infected by CWD is considered to be a subject for further research.
The Korean Communicable Disease Control Department did its best to prevent the spread of CWD, but failed to trace back 43 out of 144 deer imported from Canada in 1997,
CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CASES IN KOREA 759
Among these, 25 deer were from the CWD affected farm and 18 deer were imported with the deer from the CWD affected farm (Table 5). The department is currently investigating a new case of CWD found on Nov, 20, 2004 to determine whether it is a deer that was missing in 2001, or a vertically or horizontally transmitted deer.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS, This work was supported by the National Veterinary Research & Quarantine Service, Anyang 430-016, Korea.
REFERENCES
Strain Characterization of the Korean CWD Cases in 2001 and 2004
Yoon-Hee LEE1), Hyun-Joo SOHN1)*, Min-Jeong KIM1), Hyo-Jin KIM1), Won-Yong LEE1), Eun-Im YUN1), Dong-Seob TARK1), In-Soo CHO1) and Aru BALACHANDRAN2)
1)Animal, Plant and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency, Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Anyang 430–757, Republic of Korea
2)National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Scrapie and CWD, Ottawa Laboratory Fallowfield, Ottawa, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario K2H 8P9, Canada
(Received 22 February 2012/Accepted 14 August 2012/Published online in J-STAGE 28 August 2012)
ABSTRACT. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) has been recognized as a naturally occurring prion disease in North American deer (Odocoileus species), Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) and moose (Alces alces). The disease was confirmed only in elk in the Republic of Korea in 2001, 2004 and 2005. Epidemiological investigations showed that CWD was introduced via importation of infected elk from Canada between 1994 and 1997. In spite of the increasing geographic distribution and host range of CWD, little is known about the prion strain (s) responsible for distinct outbreaks of the disease. We carried out strain characterization, using transgenic mice overexpressing elk prion protein, including clinical assessment, pathological examination and biochemical analyses, in brain tissues derived following primary through tertiary transmissions. The final incubation period was shortened to approximately 130 dpi due to adaptation. Biochemical profiles remained identical between passages. Lesion profiling in recipient mice brains showed similar patterns of vacuolation scores and intensity. It is clear that there were no biochemical or histopathological differences in Korean CWD cases in 2001 and 2004, suggesting a single strain was responsible for the outbreaks.
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) has been recognized as an important prion disease in North American deer and Rocky mountain elk [13]. This disease was confirmed only in elk in the Republic of Korea in 2001, 2004 and 2005 [7, 10]. Additional CWD cases were observed in red deer, sika deer, and crossbred sika and red deer in 2010 (unpublished data). However, these cases were not included in the present study, which focuses only on elk CWD. Recently, using a model of transgenic mice overexpressing mule deer prion, the possibility of at least two CWD strains existing in North American cervids was raised [1]. More evidence on the two distinct CWD strains that originated from the mule deer was suggested using the ferret model [9] and from Syrian hamster model studies, and the emergence of a new “wasting strain” (WST) would appear to have occurred in white-tailed deer [2]. Epidemiological investigations showed that CWD was introduced to the Korean peninsula via importation of infected elk from Canada in 1994, 1995 and 1997 [7]. It is possible that more than one strain might have been introduced from Canada, although a Canadian retrospective study underway shows no emergence of other phenotypes so far (Dr. Gordon Mitchell, personal comm.).
snip...
KEY WORDS: CWD, Republic of Korea, strain characterization.
doi: 10.1292/jvms.12-0077; J. Vet. Med. Sci. 75(1): 95–98, 2013
see full text;
A Case of Chronic Wasting Disease in an Elk Imported to Korea from Canada
Hyun-Joo SOHN, Jae-Hoon KIM, Kang-Seuk CHOI, Jin-Ju NAH, Yi-Seok JOO, Young-Hwa JEAN, Soo-Whan AHN, Ok-Kyung KIM, Dae-Yong KIM, Aru BALACHANDRAN Author information Keywords: chronic wasting disease, elk, immunohistochemistry JOURNALS FREE ACCESS 2002 Volume 64 Issue 9 Pages 855-858
Abstract A seven-year-old male elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) was euthanized and necropsied after having a 3-week history of body weight loss, emaciation, excessive salivation, teeth grinding, fever, anorexia, and respiratory distress. The elk was imported into Korea from Canada on March 9, 1997. Gross pathologic findings were restricted to a diffuse fibrinous pneumonia. Microscopic lesions included mild neuronal vacuolation and spongiform change in the neuropil of selected brain stem nuclei and generalized astrocytosis. Immunohistochemistry for protease-resistant prion protein (PrPres) was positive in all brain sections but more pronounced in the section of the obex of the medulla. And the PrPres was also detected by western immunoblotting in the brain and spinal cord. All the remaining elk and deer that had been in contact with this elk were destroyed and negative for chronic wasting disease (CWD). To our knowledge, this is the first case of CWD occurring outside of the U.S.A. and Canada.
References (11)
see full text
P-147 Infection and detection of PrPCWD in soil from CWD infected farm in Korea
Hyun Joo Sohn, Kyung Je Park, In Soon Roh, Hyo Jin Kim, Hoo Chang Park, Byounghan Kim
Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (QIA), Korea
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder, which is so-called as prion diseases due to the causative agents (PrPSc). TSEs are believed to be due to the template-directed accumulation of disease-associated prion protein, generally designated PrPSc. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease that is known spread horizontally. CWD has confirmed last in Republic of Korea in 2010 since first outbreak of CWD in 2001. The environmental reservoirs mediate the transmission of this disease. The significant levels of infectivity have been detected in the saliva, urine, and feces of TSE-infected animals. Using serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA), we developed a detection method for CWD PrPSc in soil from CWD affected farm in 2010. We found to detect PrPSc in soil from CWD infected farm, but not detect PrPSc in soil of wild cervid habitats and normal cervid farm in Korea. We also tried the bioassay on transgenic mice overexpressing elk prion protein (TgElk mice) to confirm infectivity of CWD-infected farm soil and washing solution of it. As the results, there was the presence of infectious prions in them. The attack rates were each 12.5% (1/8, soil) and 100% (6/6, soil washing solution). Our method appears to be a very useful technique for monitoring PrPSc levels in environmental conditions.
P-153
Experimental oral transmission of chronic wasting disease to sika deer (Cervus nippon)
Gordon Mitchell1, Hyun-Joo Sohn2, Yoon-Hee Lee2, Antanas Staskevicius1, Nishandan Yogasingam1, Ines Walther1, In-Soo Cho2, Aru Balachandran1
1National & OIE Reference Laboratory for Scrapie and CWD, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; 2Animal, Plant and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency, Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Anyang, Republic of Korea
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) persists in North American cervids, and epidemiological evidence indicates CWD was introduced into the Republic of Korea approximately twenty years ago through the importation of an infected elk (Cervus elaphus) from Canada. Additional cases of CWD have since been detected in Korean elk, and recently for the first time in their farmed sika deer (Cervus nippon). Sika deer are also found in regions of North America and Europe, although natural transmission to these populations has not been detected. Understanding the pathogenesis of CWD in this species is therefore essential to developing diagnostic and disease control strategies.
Six sika deer were orally inoculated with a brain homogenate prepared from a farmed Canadian elk with clinical CWD. Four deer developed clinical signs consistent with CWD and were euthanized between 21 and 24 months post-inoculation (mpi). Two deer were removed from the study due to intercurrent disease, at 4 and 11 mpi. At necropsy, an array of tissues and bodily fluids were sampled and preliminary testing of brainstem and lymphoid tissue by ELISA, immunohistochemistry and western blot confirmed CWD transmission. Aggregates of pathological prion protein (PrPCWD) were detected in the retropharyngeal lymph nodes, but not brainstem of the deer sampled at 4 mpi. All other deer, including the deer tested at 11 mpi, displayed marked PrPCWD accumulation in brainstem and lymphoid tissues. Further immunohistochemical analysis of tissues from sika deer with clinical disease revealed widespread PrPCWD deposition in Iymphoreticular tissues, central and peripheral nervous systems, the gastrointestinal tract and neuroendocrine tissues. Western blot molecular profiles in sika deer brainstem samples were similar to the original elk inoculum. Ante-mortem biopsy of recto-anal mucosal associated lymphoid tissue, tested using immunohistochemistry, detected infected sika deer prior to the onset of clinical disease. These findings corroborate studies in other cervids, identifying early and widespread PrPCWD accumulation in tissues following oral inoculation. Efficient transmission of CWD to sika deer dictates a precautionary approach when exposing this species to environments or other cervids potentially infected with CWD.
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