Chronic Wasting Disease Investigation Update Michigan December 18, 2008
Chronic Wasting Disease Investigation Update Michigan
Provided by the Animal Industry Division Michigan Department of Agriculture December 18, 2008
Background:
The Michigan departments of Agriculture (MDA) and Natural Resources (DNR) confirmed the state’s first case of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in a three-year old white-tailed deer from a privately owned cervid (POC) facility in Kent County on Monday, August 25, 2008. The disease investigation as to where or how CWD was transmitted to this animal has been inconclusive.
The state quarantined all POC facilities, prohibiting the movement of all – dead or alive – privately-owned deer, elk, or moose. POC quarantines have been systematically lifted as audits confirm compliance with rules, regulations, and disease surveillance.
Recent MDA Actions:
Under the direction of MDA’s Emergency Manager and with help from DNR staff, 27 MDA employees were trained in four days to audit POC facilities. Scheduling and cervid head pick-up conflicts allowed for 19 MDA staff to conduct inspections.
In less than two weeks, 112 facilities were contacted. Of 112 facilities, 77 confirmed they were in compliance with Public Act 190 and were visited by staff. The field audits resulted in the release of 50 quarantines. A total of 172 POC facilities have been released from quarantine to date.
Over 2,300 privately owned cervids have been tested for CWD; and all but the one in Kent County have been negative.
Disease Surveillance:
Officials do not yet know how the deer may have contracted the disease. As of December 18, no other CWD positive animals have been found.
DNR Actions:
Report all Poaching (RAP) hotline calls are up 51% since last year. DNR issued 166 baiting violation citations in 2007 and to date, in 2008, they have issued 559.
DNR has tested over 8,000 free-ranging deer since January 2008; 4,000 of which have been since August 25, 2008.
There are 48 POC facilities in the process of de-commissioning. To date, 12 facilities have completed the process and have been de-commissioned.
Education and Outreach:
Director Donald Koivisto updated Michigan Farm Bureau executives at their annual meeting on December 3, 2008.
Dr. Steven Halstead provided an update on CWD issues to the Natural Resources Commission on December 4, and the Agriculture Commission on December 8, 2008.
http://www.michigan.gov/documents/emergingdiseases/CWD_Update_Dec_18_2008_Final_261168_7.pdf
CWD testing PRP in the area of the obex only ???
Greetings Michigan Hunters,
FROM these old and only updated i could find ;
Michigan Surveillance & Response Plan for Chronic Wasting Disease Executive Summary August 2002
snip...
Privately owned cervids The first part of MDA’s surveillance plan for privately owned cervids targets potential risk imports. Potential risk imports include animals identified by USDA as possibly being CWD exposed. To date, all traces have been completed with no animals testing positive for CWD. The other group of potential risk imports is all Wisconsin cervids brought into Michigan for the past three years before that state’s discovery of CWD. These animals have all been identified and located, and will be purchased and tested for CWD. Surveillance will also be conducted on privately owned cervid herds throughout the state. This will be done by testing death losses, sick and slaughtered animals 16 months of age and older based on herd plans developed by MDA’s State Veterinarian office.
http://www.michigan.gov/documents/dnr/CWDexecsumm_246633_7.pdf
MICHIGAN SURVEILLANCE AND RESPONSE PLAN FOR CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE OF FREE-RANGING AND PRIVATELY-OWNED/CAPTIVE CERVIDS
August 26, 2002
snip...
f. Testing will consist of: i. Removal of the brainstem and medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes (MRLN) from the head. A specific region of the brainstem (the obex) and the MRLN are the currently preferred anatomic sites for CWD testing.
http://www.michigan.gov/documents/CWD_ContingencyPlan_41755_7.pdf
questions please ;
IS it standard from state to state for CWD testing PRP in the area of the obex only in each testing program?
IS it possible that Michigan and other states are missing some CWD cases via testing methods?
OR do all programs have the same standard regime of tests for CWD from state to state?
WAS the complete brain taken and tested for CWD or just the obex in Michigan?
THE reason i ask ;
Comparison of retropharyngeal lymph node and obex region of the brainstem in detection of chronic wasting disease in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) Delwyn P. Keane1, Daniel J. Barr, Jason E. Keller, S. Mark Hall, Julie A. Langenberg and Philip N. Bochsler Correspondence: 1Corresponding Author: Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, 445 Easterday Lane, Madison, WI 53706, e-mail: mhtml:%7B33B38F65-8D2E-434D-8F9B-8BDCD77D3066%7Dmid://00000042/!x-usc:mailto:Delwyn.Keane@wvdl.wisc.edu
Abstract
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) in Wisconsin was first identified in February 2002. By April 2005, medial retropharyngeal lymph node (RLN) tissues had been examined from over 75,000 white-tailed deer for the presence of CWD by either immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for the prion protein associated with CWD (PrPres) or by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with confirmation of positives by IHC staining and had been detected in 469 animals. Obex tissue was also available from 438 of the CWD-positive animals and was CWD positive by IHC staining in 355 (81%). To verify whether false-negative results were possible examining only RLN, both obex and RLN samples were examined for CWD by IHC staining from 4,430 of the white-tailed deer harvested from an area in Wisconsin where the overall deer CWD prevalence was approximately 6.2%. Two hundred and fourteen of the 269 positive deer (79.6%) had deposits of PrPres in both obex and lymphoid tissues, 55 (20.4%) had deposits only in lymphoid tissue, and there were no deer that had deposits only in obex.
snip...
There appears to be variation in the pathogenesis of the disease in deer and elk.5 In infected mule deer, the dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve is the first area of the brain in which PrPres can be detected,11 although the palatine tonsil and medial retropharyngeal lymph node (RLN) accumulate PrPres before it can be detected in the brain.6,11 Early accumulation of PrPres in lymphoid tissue has also been observed in the preclinical stage of infection in elk; however, a substantial proportion (12.4%) of elk with brains that test positive do not have detectable PrPres in either tonsil or RLNs.7 The results of this brief communication demonstrate that, in white-tailed deer, PrPres is consistently present in lymphoid tissues before CNS and that, if only brain tissue (obex) is examined, then approximately 20% of animals that are CWD positive will not be detected.
http://jvdi.org/cgi/content/full/20/1/58
YOU can see where i am coming from here with the USDA testing of bovines for BSE/TSE, and how that system was so flawed, and who knows how many cases of mad cow disease entered the food chain there ;
"These 9,200 cases were different because brain tissue samples were preserved with formalin, which makes them suitable for only one type of test--immunohistochemistry, or IHC."
THIS WAS DONE FOR A REASON!
THE IHC test has been proven to be the LEAST LIKELY to detect BSE/TSE in the bovine, and these were probably from the most high risk cattle pool, the ones the USDA et al, SHOULD have been testing. ...TSS
USDA 2003
We have to be careful that we don't get so set in the way we do things that we forget to look for different emerging variations of disease. We've gotten away from collecting the whole brain in our systems. We're using the brain stem and we're looking in only one area. In Norway, they were doing a project and looking at cases of Scrapie, and they found this where they did not find lesions or PRP in the area of the obex. They found it in the cerebellum and the cerebrum. It's a good lesson for us. Ames had to go back and change the procedure for looking at Scrapie samples. In the USDA, we had routinely looked at all the sections of the brain, and then we got away from it. They've recently gone back. Dr. Keller: Tissues are routinely tested, based on which tissue provides an 'official' test result as recognized by APHIS.
Dr. Detwiler: That's on the slaughter. But on the clinical cases, aren't they still asking for the brain? But even on the slaughter, they're looking only at the brainstem. We may be missing certain things if we confine ourselves to one area.
snip.............
Dr. Detwiler: It seems a good idea, but I'm not aware of it. Another important thing to get across to the public is that the negatives do not guarantee absence of infectivity. The animal could be early in the disease and the incubation period. Even sample collection is so important. If you're not collecting the right area of the brain in sheep, or if collecting lymphoreticular tissue, and you don't get a good biopsy, you could miss the area with the PRP in it and come up with a negative test. There's a new, unusual form of Scrapie that's been detected in Norway. We have to be careful that we don't get so set in the way we do things that we forget to look for different emerging variations of disease. We've gotten away from collecting the whole brain in our systems. We're using the brain stem and we're looking in only one area. In Norway, they were doing a project and looking at cases of Scrapie, and they found this where they did not find lesions or PRP in the area of the obex. They found it in the cerebellum and the cerebrum. It's a good lesson for us. Ames had to go back and change the procedure for looking at Scrapie samples. In the USDA, we had routinely looked at all the sections of the brain, and then we got away from it. They've recently gone back.
Dr. Keller: Tissues are routinely tested, based on which tissue provides an 'official' test result as recognized by APHIS .
Dr. Detwiler: That's on the slaughter. But on the clinical cases, aren't they still asking for the brain? But even on the slaughter, they're looking only at the brainstem. We may be missing certain things if we confine ourselves to one area.
snip...
FULL TEXT;
Completely Edited Version PRION ROUNDTABLE
Accomplished this day, Wednesday, December 11, 2003, Denver, Colorado
=============================
Owner and Corporation Plead Guilty to Defrauding Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Surveillance Program
An Arizona meat processing company and its owner pled guilty in February 2007 to charges of theft of Government funds, mail fraud, and wire fraud. The owner and his company defrauded the BSE Surveillance Program when they falsified BSE Surveillance Data Collection Forms and then submitted payment requests to USDA for the services. In addition to the targeted sample population (those cattle that were more than 30 months old or had other risk factors for BSE), the owner submitted to USDA, or caused to be submitted, BSE obex (brain stem) samples from healthy USDA-inspected cattle. As a result, the owner fraudulently received approximately $390,000. Sentencing is scheduled for May 2007.
snip...
4 USDA OIG SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FY 2007 1st Half
http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/sarc070619.pdf
full text ;
http://foiamadsheepmadrivervalley.blogspot.com/2008/09/re-foia-of-declaration-of-extraordinary.html
8 YEARS IN REVIEW OF THE MAD COW DEBACLE IN THE USA ;
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Statement May 4, 2004 Media Inquiries: 301-827-6242 Consumer Inquiries: 888-INFO-FDA
Statement on Texas Cow With Central Nervous System Symptoms
snip...full text ;
http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2008/12/mad-cow-disease-usa-december-28-2008-8.html
Sunday, September 07, 2008
CWD LIVE TEST, and the political aspects or fallout of live testing for BSE in cattle in the USA
http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/09/cwd-live-test-and-political-aspects-or.html
2008 CWD Laboratory Testing for Wild White-tailed Deer
http://www.michigan.gov/emergingdiseases/0,1607,7-186-25806-202922--,00.html
Wednesday, January 07, 2009
CWD to tighten taxidermy rules Hunters need to understand regulations
http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/01/cwd-to-tighten-taxidermy-rules-hunters.html
Monday, January 05, 2009
CWD, GAME FARMS, BAITING, AND POLITICS
http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/01/cwd-game-farms-baiting-and-politics.html
Tuesday, January 06, 2009
CWD Update 93 December 29, 2008
http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/01/cwd-update-93-december-29-2008.html
Tuesday, September 09, 2008
CWD MICHIGAN UPDATE September 5, 2008
http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/09/cwd-michigan-update-september-5-2008.html
Monday, August 25, 2008
CWD FIRST DOCUMENTED IN MICHIGAN
http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/08/cwd-first-documented-in-michigan.html
Monday, December 1, 2008
When Atypical Scrapie cross species barriers
http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2008/12/when-atypical-scrapie-cross-species.html
Sunday, December 28, 2008
MAD COW DISEASE USA DECEMBER 28, 2008 an 8 year review of a failed and flawed policy
http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2008/12/mad-cow-disease-usa-december-28-2008-8.html
kind regards, terry
Terry S. Singeltary Sr.
P.O. Box 42
Bacliff, Texas USA 77518
Provided by the Animal Industry Division Michigan Department of Agriculture December 18, 2008
Background:
The Michigan departments of Agriculture (MDA) and Natural Resources (DNR) confirmed the state’s first case of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in a three-year old white-tailed deer from a privately owned cervid (POC) facility in Kent County on Monday, August 25, 2008. The disease investigation as to where or how CWD was transmitted to this animal has been inconclusive.
The state quarantined all POC facilities, prohibiting the movement of all – dead or alive – privately-owned deer, elk, or moose. POC quarantines have been systematically lifted as audits confirm compliance with rules, regulations, and disease surveillance.
Recent MDA Actions:
Under the direction of MDA’s Emergency Manager and with help from DNR staff, 27 MDA employees were trained in four days to audit POC facilities. Scheduling and cervid head pick-up conflicts allowed for 19 MDA staff to conduct inspections.
In less than two weeks, 112 facilities were contacted. Of 112 facilities, 77 confirmed they were in compliance with Public Act 190 and were visited by staff. The field audits resulted in the release of 50 quarantines. A total of 172 POC facilities have been released from quarantine to date.
Over 2,300 privately owned cervids have been tested for CWD; and all but the one in Kent County have been negative.
Disease Surveillance:
Officials do not yet know how the deer may have contracted the disease. As of December 18, no other CWD positive animals have been found.
DNR Actions:
Report all Poaching (RAP) hotline calls are up 51% since last year. DNR issued 166 baiting violation citations in 2007 and to date, in 2008, they have issued 559.
DNR has tested over 8,000 free-ranging deer since January 2008; 4,000 of which have been since August 25, 2008.
There are 48 POC facilities in the process of de-commissioning. To date, 12 facilities have completed the process and have been de-commissioned.
Education and Outreach:
Director Donald Koivisto updated Michigan Farm Bureau executives at their annual meeting on December 3, 2008.
Dr. Steven Halstead provided an update on CWD issues to the Natural Resources Commission on December 4, and the Agriculture Commission on December 8, 2008.
http://www.michigan.gov/documents/emergingdiseases/CWD_Update_Dec_18_2008_Final_261168_7.pdf
CWD testing PRP in the area of the obex only ???
Greetings Michigan Hunters,
FROM these old and only updated i could find ;
Michigan Surveillance & Response Plan for Chronic Wasting Disease Executive Summary August 2002
snip...
Privately owned cervids The first part of MDA’s surveillance plan for privately owned cervids targets potential risk imports. Potential risk imports include animals identified by USDA as possibly being CWD exposed. To date, all traces have been completed with no animals testing positive for CWD. The other group of potential risk imports is all Wisconsin cervids brought into Michigan for the past three years before that state’s discovery of CWD. These animals have all been identified and located, and will be purchased and tested for CWD. Surveillance will also be conducted on privately owned cervid herds throughout the state. This will be done by testing death losses, sick and slaughtered animals 16 months of age and older based on herd plans developed by MDA’s State Veterinarian office.
http://www.michigan.gov/documents/dnr/CWDexecsumm_246633_7.pdf
MICHIGAN SURVEILLANCE AND RESPONSE PLAN FOR CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE OF FREE-RANGING AND PRIVATELY-OWNED/CAPTIVE CERVIDS
August 26, 2002
snip...
f. Testing will consist of: i. Removal of the brainstem and medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes (MRLN) from the head. A specific region of the brainstem (the obex) and the MRLN are the currently preferred anatomic sites for CWD testing.
http://www.michigan.gov/documents/CWD_ContingencyPlan_41755_7.pdf
questions please ;
IS it standard from state to state for CWD testing PRP in the area of the obex only in each testing program?
IS it possible that Michigan and other states are missing some CWD cases via testing methods?
OR do all programs have the same standard regime of tests for CWD from state to state?
WAS the complete brain taken and tested for CWD or just the obex in Michigan?
THE reason i ask ;
Comparison of retropharyngeal lymph node and obex region of the brainstem in detection of chronic wasting disease in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) Delwyn P. Keane1, Daniel J. Barr, Jason E. Keller, S. Mark Hall, Julie A. Langenberg and Philip N. Bochsler Correspondence: 1Corresponding Author: Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, 445 Easterday Lane, Madison, WI 53706, e-mail: mhtml:%7B33B38F65-8D2E-434D-8F9B-8BDCD77D3066%7Dmid://00000042/!x-usc:mailto:Delwyn.Keane@wvdl.wisc.edu
Abstract
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) in Wisconsin was first identified in February 2002. By April 2005, medial retropharyngeal lymph node (RLN) tissues had been examined from over 75,000 white-tailed deer for the presence of CWD by either immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for the prion protein associated with CWD (PrPres) or by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with confirmation of positives by IHC staining and had been detected in 469 animals. Obex tissue was also available from 438 of the CWD-positive animals and was CWD positive by IHC staining in 355 (81%). To verify whether false-negative results were possible examining only RLN, both obex and RLN samples were examined for CWD by IHC staining from 4,430 of the white-tailed deer harvested from an area in Wisconsin where the overall deer CWD prevalence was approximately 6.2%. Two hundred and fourteen of the 269 positive deer (79.6%) had deposits of PrPres in both obex and lymphoid tissues, 55 (20.4%) had deposits only in lymphoid tissue, and there were no deer that had deposits only in obex.
snip...
There appears to be variation in the pathogenesis of the disease in deer and elk.5 In infected mule deer, the dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve is the first area of the brain in which PrPres can be detected,11 although the palatine tonsil and medial retropharyngeal lymph node (RLN) accumulate PrPres before it can be detected in the brain.6,11 Early accumulation of PrPres in lymphoid tissue has also been observed in the preclinical stage of infection in elk; however, a substantial proportion (12.4%) of elk with brains that test positive do not have detectable PrPres in either tonsil or RLNs.7 The results of this brief communication demonstrate that, in white-tailed deer, PrPres is consistently present in lymphoid tissues before CNS and that, if only brain tissue (obex) is examined, then approximately 20% of animals that are CWD positive will not be detected.
http://jvdi.org/cgi/content/full/20/1/58
YOU can see where i am coming from here with the USDA testing of bovines for BSE/TSE, and how that system was so flawed, and who knows how many cases of mad cow disease entered the food chain there ;
"These 9,200 cases were different because brain tissue samples were preserved with formalin, which makes them suitable for only one type of test--immunohistochemistry, or IHC."
THIS WAS DONE FOR A REASON!
THE IHC test has been proven to be the LEAST LIKELY to detect BSE/TSE in the bovine, and these were probably from the most high risk cattle pool, the ones the USDA et al, SHOULD have been testing. ...TSS
USDA 2003
We have to be careful that we don't get so set in the way we do things that we forget to look for different emerging variations of disease. We've gotten away from collecting the whole brain in our systems. We're using the brain stem and we're looking in only one area. In Norway, they were doing a project and looking at cases of Scrapie, and they found this where they did not find lesions or PRP in the area of the obex. They found it in the cerebellum and the cerebrum. It's a good lesson for us. Ames had to go back and change the procedure for looking at Scrapie samples. In the USDA, we had routinely looked at all the sections of the brain, and then we got away from it. They've recently gone back. Dr. Keller: Tissues are routinely tested, based on which tissue provides an 'official' test result as recognized by APHIS.
Dr. Detwiler: That's on the slaughter. But on the clinical cases, aren't they still asking for the brain? But even on the slaughter, they're looking only at the brainstem. We may be missing certain things if we confine ourselves to one area.
snip.............
Dr. Detwiler: It seems a good idea, but I'm not aware of it. Another important thing to get across to the public is that the negatives do not guarantee absence of infectivity. The animal could be early in the disease and the incubation period. Even sample collection is so important. If you're not collecting the right area of the brain in sheep, or if collecting lymphoreticular tissue, and you don't get a good biopsy, you could miss the area with the PRP in it and come up with a negative test. There's a new, unusual form of Scrapie that's been detected in Norway. We have to be careful that we don't get so set in the way we do things that we forget to look for different emerging variations of disease. We've gotten away from collecting the whole brain in our systems. We're using the brain stem and we're looking in only one area. In Norway, they were doing a project and looking at cases of Scrapie, and they found this where they did not find lesions or PRP in the area of the obex. They found it in the cerebellum and the cerebrum. It's a good lesson for us. Ames had to go back and change the procedure for looking at Scrapie samples. In the USDA, we had routinely looked at all the sections of the brain, and then we got away from it. They've recently gone back.
Dr. Keller: Tissues are routinely tested, based on which tissue provides an 'official' test result as recognized by APHIS .
Dr. Detwiler: That's on the slaughter. But on the clinical cases, aren't they still asking for the brain? But even on the slaughter, they're looking only at the brainstem. We may be missing certain things if we confine ourselves to one area.
snip...
FULL TEXT;
Completely Edited Version PRION ROUNDTABLE
Accomplished this day, Wednesday, December 11, 2003, Denver, Colorado
=============================
Owner and Corporation Plead Guilty to Defrauding Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Surveillance Program
An Arizona meat processing company and its owner pled guilty in February 2007 to charges of theft of Government funds, mail fraud, and wire fraud. The owner and his company defrauded the BSE Surveillance Program when they falsified BSE Surveillance Data Collection Forms and then submitted payment requests to USDA for the services. In addition to the targeted sample population (those cattle that were more than 30 months old or had other risk factors for BSE), the owner submitted to USDA, or caused to be submitted, BSE obex (brain stem) samples from healthy USDA-inspected cattle. As a result, the owner fraudulently received approximately $390,000. Sentencing is scheduled for May 2007.
snip...
4 USDA OIG SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FY 2007 1st Half
http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/sarc070619.pdf
full text ;
http://foiamadsheepmadrivervalley.blogspot.com/2008/09/re-foia-of-declaration-of-extraordinary.html
8 YEARS IN REVIEW OF THE MAD COW DEBACLE IN THE USA ;
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Statement May 4, 2004 Media Inquiries: 301-827-6242 Consumer Inquiries: 888-INFO-FDA
Statement on Texas Cow With Central Nervous System Symptoms
snip...full text ;
http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2008/12/mad-cow-disease-usa-december-28-2008-8.html
Sunday, September 07, 2008
CWD LIVE TEST, and the political aspects or fallout of live testing for BSE in cattle in the USA
http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/09/cwd-live-test-and-political-aspects-or.html
2008 CWD Laboratory Testing for Wild White-tailed Deer
http://www.michigan.gov/emergingdiseases/0,1607,7-186-25806-202922--,00.html
Wednesday, January 07, 2009
CWD to tighten taxidermy rules Hunters need to understand regulations
http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/01/cwd-to-tighten-taxidermy-rules-hunters.html
Monday, January 05, 2009
CWD, GAME FARMS, BAITING, AND POLITICS
http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/01/cwd-game-farms-baiting-and-politics.html
Tuesday, January 06, 2009
CWD Update 93 December 29, 2008
http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/01/cwd-update-93-december-29-2008.html
Tuesday, September 09, 2008
CWD MICHIGAN UPDATE September 5, 2008
http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/09/cwd-michigan-update-september-5-2008.html
Monday, August 25, 2008
CWD FIRST DOCUMENTED IN MICHIGAN
http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/08/cwd-first-documented-in-michigan.html
Monday, December 1, 2008
When Atypical Scrapie cross species barriers
http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2008/12/when-atypical-scrapie-cross-species.html
Sunday, December 28, 2008
MAD COW DISEASE USA DECEMBER 28, 2008 an 8 year review of a failed and flawed policy
http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2008/12/mad-cow-disease-usa-december-28-2008-8.html
kind regards, terry
Terry S. Singeltary Sr.
P.O. Box 42
Bacliff, Texas USA 77518
posted by Terry S. Singeltary Sr. at
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