Wyoming GAME AND FISH CONTINUES CWD SAMPLING
Game and Fish Continues CWD Sampling
Wyoming Game & Fish Department
sent this bulletin at 09/15/2014 03:16 PM MDT
GAME AND FISH CONTINUES CWD SAMPLING
Contact: Mark Zornes or Lucy Wold, 307-875-3223
GREEN RIVER – It has been two years since Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD), a
fatal neurological disease of deer, elk, and moose was discovered in deer hunt
area 132. Workers in the Green River Game and Fish Region are continuing disease
surveillance in southwest Wyoming and are asking hunters for their assistance in
the surveillance efforts.
Green River Wildlife Management Coordinator Mark Zornes said the occurrence
of CWD in Green River is not a huge surprise, as it has been documented in Utah
near the Wyoming border, about 40 miles to the south.
“Green River region personnel will be collecting samples through hunter
field checks and at check stations,” Zornes said. “Deer hunters are also
encouraged to bring their deer heads to the Green River Regional Office located
at 351 Astle Avenue in Green River so that the lymph nodes may be removed for
sampling. Game and Fish personnel collect and analyze more than 4,000 CWD
samples annually throughout the state. The sampling process only takes a few
minutes. Hunters can call ahead to make sure someone is at the office to take a
sample by calling 875-3223.”
Chronic Wasting Disease is not known to be a disease of humans.
Nonetheless, to avoid risk, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
recommends that people avoid eating meat from deer and elk that look sick or
that test positive for CWD.
There are no methods that have been proven effective in stopping the
expansion of CWD, although a number of things have been tried in other states.
Recent research in Wisconsin and Colorado has shown that large-scale culling of
animals is ineffective in stopping the spread of the disease or reducing its
prevalence. Currently, the Wyoming Game and Fish Department is monitoring the
disease, conducting various research projects to understand more about CWD, and
educating the public on the presence of the disease and what it means for
wildlife and people. The department is committed to using the best available
science to manage this disease in a manner that makes sense for the wildlife and
people of Wyoming.
For more information about CWD in Wyoming, visit the WGFD website at: http://wgfd.wyo.gov/web2011/wildlife
For more information about CWD in North America, visit the CWD Alliance
website at: http://www.cwd-info.org/.
Photo Credit: Lucy Wold, WGFD, CWD sampling at Kemmerer Check
Station
~WGFD~
Mateus-Pinilla Jan Novakofski PII: S0167-5877(13)00289-4 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.09.011
Reference: PREVET 3436 To appear in: PREVET
Received date: 11-12-2012 Revised date: 11-9-2013 Accepted date: 14-9-2013
Please cite this article as: Manjerovic, M.B., Green, M.L., Mateus-Pinilla,
N., Novakofski, J.,
*** The importance of localized culling in stabilizing chronic wasting
disease prevalence in white-tailed deer populations ***
Preventive Veterinary Medicine (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.09.011
This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for
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Page 1 of 27
Accepted Manuscript
The importance of localized culling in stabilizing chronic wasting disease
prevalence in white-tailed deer populations
Mary Beth Manjerovic1,2, Michelle L. Green1,2, Nohra Mateus-Pinilla1, and
Jan Novakofski2
1Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign,
1816 S. Oak Street, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
2Department of Animal Sciences, Illinois Natural History Survey, University
of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1503 S. Maryland Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
Corresponding author: Nohra Mateus-Pinilla Phone: 1-217-333-6856 Fax:
1-217-244-0802 Email: nohram@illinois.edu
Correspondence address: Illinois Natural History Survey University of
Illinois Urbana-Champaign 1816 S. Oak Street Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
nohram@illinois.edu
Page 2 of 27 Accepted Manuscript
Abstract
Strategies to contain the spread of disease often are developed with
incomplete knowledge of the possible outcomes but are intended to minimize the
risks associated with delaying control. Culling of game species by government
agencies is one approach to control disease in wild populations but is unpopular
with hunters and wildlife enthusiasts, politically unpalatable, and erodes
public support for agencies responsible for wildlife management. We addressed
the functional differences between hunting and government culling programs for
managing chronic wasting disease (CWD) in white39 tailed deer by comparing
prevalence over a 10-year period in Illinois and Wisconsin. We found similar
prevalence in both states when management emphasized culling but an increase in
CWD after Wisconsin switched from culling to a hunter-harvest focused management
strategy.
*** Despite its unpopularity among hunters, localized culling is a disease
management strategy that can maintain low disease prevalence without affecting
recreational deer harvest.
Keywords: culling, prion, chronic wasting disease, white-tailed deer,
wildlife, prevalence, disease management
snip...
Introduction
North American cervids [mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), elk (Cervus
elaphus), moose (Alces alces), and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)]
are popular game animals making them economically and recreationally valuable
species. Free-living cervids are susceptible to chronic wasting disease (CWD)
(Miller et al. 2000; Spraker et al. 1997), a contagious and fatal prion disease
with no cure or treatment (Williams et al., 2002). To date, CWD has been
identified in free-ranging cervid populations in 17 states and two Canadian
provinces (http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/disease_information/chronic_wasting_disease/index.jsp).
CWD is spread in free-living animals through contact with bodily secretions or
infectious agents persisting in contaminated environments (Mathiason et al.,
2009, 2006; Walter et al., 2011; Williams et al., 2002). Such transmissibility
results in a self-sustaining CWD epizootic with prevalence increasing slowly
over time (Miller et al., 2000; Miller and Conner, 2005; Saunders et al., 2012;
Williams et al., 2002). Furthermore, the environmental load of infectious prions
increases with the number of infectious animals making CWD exceedingly difficult
to eliminate from free-ranging populations once established (Almberg et al.,
2011; Gross and Miller, 2001). CWD models suggest substantial declines in cervid
populations with high prevalence and highlight the importance of long-term,
sustained management programs in controlling CWD (Gross and Miller, 2001;
Mateus-Pinilla et al., 2013; Wasserberg et al., 2009). ...
snip...
4. Discussion
Although culling is a widespread strategy for wildlife disease management
and for control of invasive ani-mal species (Carstensen et al., 2011; Heberlein,
2004;Woodroffe, 1999), based on the results of our study the effectiveness of
using public hunting rather than government culling is questionable. Reduction
in local deer densities by IDNR contributed to a stable prevalence of ∼1% over
the last 10 years. Because culling in Illinois always occurs in areas with CWD,
no experimental control area exists to statistically address the effect of not
culling. How-ever, comparison of prevalence in northern Illinois with publically
available data for southern Wisconsin allows usto infer the association between
different approaches to disease management and reduced CWD control in
geo-graphically similar areas. From 2003 to 2007, WDNR had a government culling
program similar to Illinois and com-parable CWD prevalence of 1%. In 2007,
public pressure resulted in a severe reduction of Wisconsin’s culling pro-gram.
In the following 5 years, while Wisconsin relied primarily on public hunting to
reduce deer populations and control CWD, there was a steady increase in
prevalence to a current level of almost 5%. The rise in prevalence of CWD in
Wisconsin suggests that this disease cannot be contained effectively through
hunter harvest alone. Over the same time period, the comparison of prevalence to
Illinois suggests that culling effectively maintained low CWD prevalence.
Over the 10 years of this study, the primary factor included in this study
that changed between the two states was management. While it is possible that
the difference seen in prevalence between states is a reflection of differences
in factors that affect disease transmission (e.g. forest cover) (Storm et al.,
2013) or persistence of prions in the environment (e.g. clay, (Walter et al.,
2011)), these fac-tors did not explain the temporal differences we observed.We
have no reason to suspect that forest cover and soil composition would change
over the time of this study. The single factor of those examined in this study
that we have identified that has changed in WI was the cessation of the
sharpshooting program in 2007, a time point that coincides with the inflection
in WI prevalence. Furthermore, it is esti-mated that for every 1% increase in
clay, a 3.9% increase in CWD prevalence is expected (Walter et al., 2011). This
information suggests expectations of higher prevalence in IL because of higher
clay content compared to WI.
Relying on hunter harvest alone may be less effective at maintaining low
CWD prevalence because, unlike government culling, there is no practical
approach to concentrate hunter effort specifically in high risk CWD areas.
Hunters take deer from a much larger area and do not target specific locales of
high disease prevalence. In addition, animals often were located in areas where
hunter harvest was not allowed and government culling represented the only
avenue of control in those areas. Although hunter harvest was limited in the
effect it had on CWD prevalence, hunter harvested deer were the primary
mechanism for disease surveillance and serve a valuable role in early
detection.Hunter surveillance and public reports of animals exhibit-ing clinical
signs of CWD were used to find new positive locations. Once identified, the IDNR
then focused culling efforts on these areas. Thus, the collaborative partnership
between stakeholders and state agency personnel resulted in an effective control
mechanism that incorporated early detection with localized disease
management.
The use of government culling as a management strategy instead of increased
public hunting has been criticized because of the perceived reduction in hunter
opportunity (Holsman et al., 2010). Based on annual Illinois hunter harvest
records, we found the Illinois disease management program has not had a negative
effect on regional hunter harvest in northern Illinois. The number of deer
harvested by hunters was greater in the 10 years since management began compared
to the 10 years prior to disease management. While this may reflect additional
hunting seasons that were created specifically to reduce herds in high risk
areas, the increase in hunter harvest follows the same positive trajectory
throughout the entire state of Illinois including areas where these additional
seasons were not opened. At a smaller scale, two of the four Illinois counties
that had the longest CWD management have seen a reduction in hunter harvest,
while two counties with the same length of management did not have a reduction
in hunter harvest. Therefore, the impact of government culling on hunter
opportunity is related to both the spatial scale at which harvest is measured
and the spatial scale of the culling program. In Illinois, the state agency
management program based on local culling likely has achieved the goal of
preventing an increase in CWD without a consistent reduction of hunter
opportunity at a local scale while also maintaining overall hunter opportunity
at a larger scale throughout the state.
It is generally recognized that there are costs associated with either
controlling wildlife disease or allowing the dis-ease to run its course.
Although not addressed by this study,it is likely the relative costs of these
strategies are important in state agency management decisions. Public opinions
are also important to wildlife management decisions because they can influence
agency funding and support for management decisions. In the case of diseases
such as CWD, the perceived threat of human health risks may influence public
opinion of management decisions (Holsman et al.,2010). Because public perception
of disease is tied to direct experiences (Camerer and Kunreuther, 1989), the
absence of known associations of CWD with human neurological conditions (Belay
et al., 2004) resulted in low perceived risk from consuming or handling infected
tissues (Angerset al., 2006). This low risk perception may have translated into
poor support for wildlife disease management.
Consideration of costs in wildlife disease management is further
complicated by the potential of high future costs should new information
indicate greater human health risks. Without disease management, CWD is likely
to spread faster or farther. Increasing CWD prevalence or distribution in the
present would make future disease control more difficult and expensive.
According to models,an increase in CWD prevalence from 1 to 5% doubles the time
required to have a 50% chance of eliminating the disease (Gross and Miller,
2001). Because complete eradication is unlikely, data driven management policies
to contain disease spread are necessary for public support and economically
justified to maintain herd health andfuture recreational opportunities (Gross
and Miller, 2001;Saunders et al., 2012).
Previous disease models have provided inconsistent management
recommendations because of a lack of empirical data on the role of density in
transmission (Gross and Miller, 2001; Schauber and Woolf, 2003; Wasserberg et
al.,2009). A recent CWD model suggested focused culling is a more effective
strategy for reducing CWD transmission compared to reducing overall deer numbers
(Storm et al.,2013). Models suggest local culling is effective because cervid
social group interactions are complex and variations in contact rates influence
transmission (Habib et al., 2011;Potapov et al., 2013; Storm et al., 2013).
Mateus-Pinillaet al. (2013) examined results of culling and concluded that
frequent and continued culling is necessary to minimize CWD prevalence. The
complexity of CWD transmission highlights the importance of standard reporting
of CWD prevalence across states. We expect reliable data on this problem will
significantly influence policy and CWD management decisions. Our comparison
between states in this study includes the longest sustained government culling
program for wildlife disease in large mammals and is a unique opportunity to
validate and improve models for disease control. We conclude that localized
culling can maintain a low CWD prevalence in deer without compromising hunter
harvest opportunities.
see full text ;
Q93. If Chronic Wasting Disease was found in an area where you deer hunt in
Maryland and regulations were implemented to prohibit the removal of whole deer
carcasses from the area, do you agree or disagree that you would stop deer
hunting in that area?
Strongly agree
20 26 33 32
Percent who strongly or moderately agree they would stop deer hunting given
the following conditions.
30 39 49 44
Q93. If Chronic Wasting Disease was found in an area where you deer hunt in
Maryland and regulations were implemented to prohibit the removal of whole deer
carcasses from the area
Hunters’ Attitudes Toward CWD and Management Efforts in Hampshire County 65
Note: Graph shows results obtained from seven questions. Each item was asked
about individually.
14
28
28
27
27
27
19
0 20 40 60 80 100
Q87. The presence of Chronic Wasting Disease in Hampshire County
Q91. The ban on baiting and feeding deer in Hampshire County
Q88. Because you are concerned the deer you harvest or the meat you consume
might be infected with Chronic Wasting Disease
Q92. The carcass transportation restrictions for Hampshire County
Q89. Because you feel you cannot be sure the deer you harvest in Hampshire
County is not infected with Chronic Wasting Disease
Q90. Because you are concerned you might get Chronic Wasting Disease from
deer in Hampshire County
Q93. The presence of the West Virginia Division of Natural Resources at
checking stations in Hampshire County Percent (n=259)
Percent who indicated that the following strongly or moderately influenced
their decision to deer hunt less or stop deer hunting in Hampshire County since
2004. (Among those whose deer hunting participation in Hampshire County since
2004 decreased or stopped.)
THESIS HUNTERS’ RESPONSE TO CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE IN FOUR STATES
Submitted by Katie M. Lyon Department of Human Dimensions of Natural
Resources In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the Degree of Master of
Science Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Spring 2011
snip...
Results
Bivariate analysis
Across the entire sample, 27% of respondents indicated that they would stop
hunting because of CWD (Table I). All five independent variables were
statistically significant predictors of stopping hunting in the state and thus
provide evidence to support the first hypothesis. The greater the prevalence of
CWD in the state the more likely hunters were to quit. At the lowest
hypothetical prevalence level, 13% indicated that they would no longer hunt in
the state. When prevalence reached 50% statewide, 52% said that they would stop
hunting. The difference in these distributions was statistically significant (χ2
= 3,338.46, p < .001, r = .37).
If CWD were to cause human death, respondents were significantly more
likely to stop hunting in the state (χ2 = 1,187.99, p < .001, r = .25).
Forty-three percent indicated that they would quit hunting in the hypothetical
scenarios where a hunter had died due to CWD; only 19% said they would stop in
the “no human death” scenarios. When hunters’ perceived extreme risks associated
with CWD, 46% would stop hunting in the state. By comparison, 19% would quit
hunting when they perceived no CWD related risks (χ2 = 600.27, p < .001, r =
.17).
Whether or not CWD had been detected in the state and the respondents’
state of residency were also significant predictors of hunters’ behavioral
intentions. Individuals who had hunted in states that did not have CWD were
slightly more likely (30%) to stop hunting than those who had hunted in a CWD
state (25%). Nonresidents (29%) were slightly more likely to quit than residents
(24%). These relationships, however, were not strong for either the presence of
CWD in a state or residency (r = -.05 in both cases).
snip...
The significant 3-way interaction quit hunting * perceived risk * resident,
for example, indicated that nonresidents of the state who perceived greater risk
were more likely to quit hunting deer in the state. In the 4-way interaction,
stopping hunting increased: (a) when prevalence increased, (b) a human death
attributable to CWD had occurred, and (c) if CWD had been detected in the state.
Under the worst case scenario (i.e., 50% prevalence statewide, human death, a
non-CWD state), 64% of the respondents would stop hunting in the state (Table
3.3). If the prevalence of CWD was 50% statewide, a human death had occurred,
and the disease had been detected in the state, 60% would quit hunting.
Consistent with past research, if CWD is concentrated in a single area at
relatively low prevalence levels, few hunters would quit the activity.
snip...
Interactions among the predictors were hypothesized to increase the
potential for stopping hunting in the state. Multivariate analysis confirmed
that the decision to stop hunting interacted with all five predictors and
suggested that combinations of these predictors increase the probability of
quitting. The 4-way interaction, for example, revealed that 60% or more of our
respondents would stop hunting if CWD prevalence ever reached 50% statewide and
a human death attributable to CWD had occurred. These findings support our
second hypothesis and have implications for management, theory, and
research.
Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 9:211–231, 2004 Copyright © Taylor &
Francis Inc. ISSN: 1087–1209 print / 1533-158X online DOI:
10.1080/10871200490479990
Hunters’ Behavior and Acceptance of Management Actions Related to Chronic
Wasting Disease in Eight States
MARK D. NEEDHAM JERRY J. VASKE MICHAEL J. MANFREDO Department of Natural
Resource Recreation and Tourism Human Dimensions in Natural Resources Unit
Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
The impacts of chronic wasting disease (CWD) on hunters’ behavior and
beliefs about acceptable management actions are not clearly understood. This
article presents findings from an initial phase of a multi-stage, multi-state
effort to address these knowledge gaps. Data were obtained from mail surveys (n
= 659) of resident and nonresident deer hunters in eight states and elk hunters
in three states. Hunters were presented with hypothetical situations of
increasing:
(1) CWD prevalence (all eight states), and
(2) human health risks (two states).
Logistic regression equations estimated that at current prevalence levels
in some states, 3% (residents) to 5% (nonresidents) of hunters would stop
hunting deer/elk in their state.
If 50% of the deer or elk across the state were infected, approximately 42%
(residents) and 54% (nonresidents) would stop hunting deer/elk in their state.
In hypothetical situations where a hunter died from CWD at this prevalence
level, the percentage was 68%.
Potential for conflict indices (PCI) showed that as prevalence and human
health risks increased, acceptability of testing and lethal management increased
and acceptability of allowing CWD to take its natural course decreased.
snip...
Hunters’ Responses to CWD in Eight States 219
Results
Descriptive and Bivariate Findings
In total, 5% of the hunters reported that they would stop hunting deer/elk
in the state if 10% of the deer or elk in zone A and 0% in the rest of the state
(zones B and C) were infected with CWD (Table 1). This prevalence level is
consistent with current conditions in parts of some states (e.g., Colorado,
Wyoming). The percentage of respondents that would stop hunting deer/elk in the
state increased as prevalence and distribution increased. For example, if CWD
prevalence was 50% in zone A, 30% in zone B, and 10% in zone C, 32% of hunters
would stop hunting deer/elk in the state. If 50% of the deer or elk across the
entire state were infected, 49% of hunters reported that they would stop hunting
deer/elk in the state.2 Across all eight states, a similar proportion of
respondents hunted most often in zone A (30%), B (33%), or C (37%) in
2002.
snip...
Results, however, suggest more serious potential ramifications of CWD.
Research has shown that although it is unlikely to occur, CWD can reach higher
prevalence levels in deer and elk populations (Gross & Miller, 2001; Miller
et al., 2000; Williams & Young, 1980) and the potential for human
susceptibility to CWD may exist (Belay et al., 2004; Raymond et al., 2000). If
CWD prevalence among deer or elk ever increases to 50% across a state, 49% of
hunters will stop hunting deer/elk in the state. Based on the findings from
South Dakota and Wisconsin, 60% to 68% of hunters will stop hunting deer/elk in
their state if this Hunters’ Responses to CWD in Eight States 227 prevalence
level exists and CWD is shown to be transmissible to humans or cause human
death. Even at current prevalence levels (e.g., 10%) in parts of some states
(e.g., Colorado, Wyoming), 16% to 20% of hunters will stop hunting deer/ elk in
their state if CWD affects humans or causes human death.
These findings suggest that if CWD prevalence increases dramatically, deer
and/or elk hunting participation will substantially decrease in several states.
If high levels of prevalence are combined with threats to human health, the
decline could be even greater. This could have compounding and catastrophic
effects on revenues for wildlife agencies, financial and logistical support for
wildlife programs, management and control of deer and elk populations, public
support for wildlife agencies and their ability to manage wildlife resources,
the preservation of cultural and family traditions, and the economic viability
of rural communities that are dependent on hunting revenues. Findings also
suggested that nonresident hunters are more likely than residents to stop
hunting deer/elk in the state as CWD conditions worsen. Declining numbers of
nonresidents could significantly reduce agency revenue from license sales
because they often pay much higher fees for hunting licenses. Taken together,
these consequences of a decline in hunting participation due to CWD suggest the
need for agencies and other stakeholders to engage in long-term and proactive
management planning efforts for addressing the disease.
Although most of the CWD conditions manipulated in this study (i.e., high
CWD prevalence, human health risks) are extremely unlikely, increased testing of
harvested deer and elk (i.e., postmortem samples), advancements in lymphoid and
tonsillar biopsy techniques for testing live animals (i.e., antemortem
sampling), and in-vitro laboratory experiments of CWD in human cells may provide
a more realistic assessment of current and future CWD prevalence levels and
possible risks to human health associated with the disease (Raymond et al.,
2000; Sigurdson et al., 1999; Wild, Spraker, Sigurdson, O’Rourke, & Miller,
2002; Wolfe et al., 2002).
snip...
Keywords chronic wasting disease, hunting, risk behavior, wildlife
management, potential for conflict index
This article is based on a project of the Human Dimensions Committee of the
Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (WAFWA). The authors thank
Chris Burkett (Wyoming Game and Fish Department), Dana Dolsen (Utah Division of
Wildlife Resources), Jacquie Ermer (North Dakota Game and Fish Department),
Larry Gigliotti (South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks), Ty Gray
(Arizona Game and Fish Department), Larry Kruckenberg (Wyoming Game and Fish
Department), Bruce Morrison (Nebraska Game and Parks Commission), Peter Newman
(Colorado State University), Jordan Petchenik (Wisconsin Department of Natural
Resources), Duane Shroufe (Arizona Game and Fish Department), Linda Sikorowski
(Colorado Division of Wildlife), and Tara Teel (Colorado State University) for
their assistance.
Address correspondence to Mark D. Needham, Department of Natural Resource
Recreation and Tourism, Human Dimensions in Natural Resources Unit, Colorado
State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1480, USA. E-mail:
mneedham@cnr.colostate.edu
Friday, September 27, 2013
*** Uptake of Prions into Plants
Presentation Abstract
Prion2013
Friday, August 09, 2013
*** CWD TSE prion, plants, vegetables, and the potential for environmental
contamination
Friday, September 05, 2014
*** CFIA CWD and Grain Screenings due to potential risk factor of spreading
via contamination of grain, oil seeds, etc.
Chronic Wasting Disease Ecology and Epidemiology of Mule Deer and
White-tailed Deer in Wyoming
Dr. Brant Schumaker of the University of Wyoming reported that the effects
of high chronic wasting disease (CWD) prevalence in free-ranging deer
populations are unknown. In south-central Wyoming, CWD prevalence exceeds 50% in
hunter harvested deer. We hypothesized that 1) vital rates are depressed by CWD
and the finite rate of population growth (λ) is subsequently lowered, 2) CWD
alters normal deer behavior during preclinical and clinical disease, and 3)
genetic differences associated with CWD incubation periods drives natural
selection to favor less susceptible deer. To test these hypotheses, we
radio-collared white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer
(Odocoileus hemionus) and monitored them to determine a) survival probability,
pregnancy rates, and annual recruitment, b) cause of death, c) home range area
and habitat use, d) migration patterns, e) dispersal behavior, and f) genetic
variation in incubation period based on CWD-status. Deer were tested for CWD
using tonsil tissue collected by biopsy at capture and immunohistochemistry.
White-tailed deer positive for CWD were 4.5 times more likely to die annually
compared to CWD-negative deer. High CWD prevalence depressed survival of young
females and resulted in an unsustainable white-tailed deer population (λ <
1.0); however, when female harvest was eliminated, the population became stable
(λ =1.0). Female CWD-positive white-tailed deer maintain locally high CWD
incidence as they migrated less and occupied smaller home ranges compared to
other deer. Male CWD-positive white-tailed deer migrated at the highest
proportion and likely contributed to spread of CWD to disparate populations. In
the last nine years, mule deer genetically associated with prolonged incubation
periods to CWD have increased in frequency in the population. However, it is
still unknown whether or not this change will counteract the negative impacts of
CWD on the population. The white-tailed deer population is adversely affected by
high CWD prevalence; however, implementing management techniques to increase
annual survival of females may maintain deer populations. The impact of CWD on
mule deer populations is currently unknown; however, the present study is in its
final stages with results to be completed in the near future.
Chronic Wasting Disease Found in Deer Hunt Area 97 Near Muddy Gap 8/18/2014
LANDER - Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD), a fatal neurological disease of
deer, elk and moose, has been discovered in deer hunt area 97, near Muddy Gap.
Chronic Wasting Disease has been previously discovered in several areas
bordering hunt area 97.
A mule deer doe from hunt area 97 was confirmed CWD positive by the Wyoming
Game and Fish Department’s wildlife disease laboratory in Laramie on August 3,
2014. The animal was dispatched by wardens after being reported as acting
strangely west of Muddy Gap. Hunt area 97 borders deer CWD endemic areas 87 and
89 to the east. Hunt area 89 became positive in 2002 and 87 in 2007.
After a review of available scientific data, the World Health Organization
in December 1999 stated, “There is currently no evidence that CWD in cervidae
(deer and elk) is transmitted to humans.” In 2004, Dr. Ermias Belay of the
Center for Disease Control said, “The lack of evidence of a link between CWD
transmission and unusual cases of CJD, [Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, a human prion
disease] despite several epidemiological investigations, suggest that the risk,
if any, of transmission of CWD to humans is low.” Nonetheless to avoid risk,
both organizations say parts or products from any animal that looks sick and/or
tests positive for CWD should not be eaten.
Game and Fish personnel will continue to collect samples through hunter
field checks, and at CWD sampling stations during the 2014 hunting season.
For more information on chronic wasting disease and regulations on
transportation and disposal of carcasses please visit the Game and Fish website
at: wgfd.wyo.gov.
(Contact: Rene Schell (307) 332-2688)
-WGFD-
*** We conclude that TSE infectivity is likely to survive burial for long
time periods with minimal loss of infectivity and limited movement from the
original burial site. However PMCA results have shown that there is the
potential for rainwater to elute TSE related material from soil which could lead
to the contamination of a wider area. These experiments reinforce the importance
of risk assessment when disposing of TSE risk materials.
*** The results show that even highly diluted PrPSc can bind efficiently to
polypropylene, stainless steel, glass, wood and stone and propagate the
conversion of normal prion protein. For in vivo experiments, hamsters were ic
injected with implants incubated in 1% 263K-infected brain homogenate. Hamsters,
inoculated with 263K-contaminated implants of all groups, developed typical
signs of prion disease, whereas control animals inoculated with non-contaminated
materials did not.
PRION 2014 CONFERENCE
CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD
A FEW FINDINGS ;
Conclusions. To our knowledge, this is the first established experimental
model of CWD in TgSB3985. We found evidence for co-existence or divergence of
two CWD strains adapted to Tga20 mice and their replication in TgSB3985 mice.
Finally, we observed phenotypic differences between cervid-derived CWD and
CWD/Tg20 strains upon propagation in TgSB3985 mice. Further studies are underway
to characterize these strains.
We conclude that TSE infectivity is likely to survive burial for long time
periods with minimal loss of infectivity and limited movement from the original
burial site. However PMCA results have shown that there is the potential for
rainwater to elute TSE related material from soil which could lead to the
contamination of a wider area. These experiments reinforce the importance of
risk assessment when disposing of TSE risk materials.
The results show that even highly diluted PrPSc can bind efficiently to
polypropylene, stainless steel, glass, wood and stone and propagate the
conversion of normal prion protein. For in vivo experiments, hamsters were ic
injected with implants incubated in 1% 263K-infected brain homogenate. Hamsters,
inoculated with 263K-contaminated implants of all groups, developed typical
signs of prion disease, whereas control animals inoculated with non-contaminated
materials did not.
Our data establish that meadow voles are permissive to CWD via peripheral
exposure route, suggesting they could serve as an environmental reservoir for
CWD. Additionally, our data are consistent with the hypothesis that at least two
strains of CWD circulate in naturally-infected cervid populations and provide
evidence that meadow voles are a useful tool for CWD strain typing.
Conclusion. CWD prions are shed in saliva and urine of infected deer as
early as 3 months post infection and throughout the subsequent >1.5 year
course of infection. In current work we are examining the relationship of
prionemia to excretion and the impact of excreted prion binding to surfaces and
particulates in the environment.
Conclusion. CWD prions (as inferred by prion seeding activity by RT-QuIC)
are shed in urine of infected deer as early as 6 months post inoculation and
throughout the subsequent disease course. Further studies are in progress
refining the real-time urinary prion assay sensitivity and we are examining more
closely the excretion time frame, magnitude, and sample variables in
relationship to inoculation route and prionemia in naturally and experimentally
CWD-infected cervids.
Conclusions. Our results suggested that the odds of infection for CWD is
likely controlled by areas that congregate deer thus increasing direct
transmission (deer-to-deer interactions) or indirect transmission
(deer-to-environment) by sharing or depositing infectious prion proteins in
these preferred habitats. Epidemiology of CWD in the eastern U.S. is likely
controlled by separate factors than found in the Midwestern and endemic areas
for CWD and can assist in performing more efficient surveillance efforts for the
region.
Conclusions. During the pre-symptomatic stage of CWD infection and
throughout the course of disease deer may be shedding multiple LD50 doses per
day in their saliva. CWD prion shedding through saliva and excreta may account
for the unprecedented spread of this prion disease in nature.
see full text and more ;
Monday, June 23, 2014
*** PRION 2014 CONFERENCE CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD
*** Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at
least 16 years***
Gudmundur Georgsson1, Sigurdur Sigurdarson2 and Paul Brown3
New studies on the heat resistance of hamster-adapted scrapie agent:
Threshold survival after ashing at 600°C suggests an inorganic template of
replication
Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel
Production
Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a
CWD-endemic area
A Quantitative Assessment of the Amount of Prion Diverted to Category 1
Materials and Wastewater During Processing
Rapid assessment of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion inactivation by
heat treatment in yellow grease produced in the industrial manufacturing process
of meat and bone meals
PPo4-4:
Survival and Limited Spread of TSE Infectivity after Burial
PPo4-4:
Survival and Limited Spread of TSE Infectivity after Burial
Karen Fernie, Allister Smith and Robert A. Somerville The Roslin Institute
and R(D)SVS; University of Edinburgh; Roslin, Scotland UK
Scrapie and chronic wasting disease probably spread via environmental
routes, and there are also concerns about BSE infection remaining in the
environment after carcass burial or waste 3disposal. In two demonstration
experiments we are determining survival and migration of TSE infectivity when
buried for up to five years, as an uncontained point source or within bovine
heads. Firstly boluses of TSE infected mouse brain were buried in lysimeters
containing either sandy or clay soil. Migration from the boluses is being
assessed from soil cores taken over time. With the exception of a very small
amount of infectivity found 25 cm from the bolus in sandy soil after 12 months,
no other infectivity has been detected up to three years. Secondly, ten bovine
heads were spiked with TSE infected mouse brain and buried in the two soil
types. Pairs of heads have been exhumed annually and assessed for infectivity
within and around them. After one year and after two years, infectivity was
detected in most intracranial samples and in some of the soil samples taken from
immediately surrounding the heads. The infectivity assays for the samples in and
around the heads exhumed at years three and four are underway. These data show
that TSE infectivity can survive burial for long periods but migrates slowly.
Risk assessments should take into account the likely long survival rate when
infected material has been buried.
The authors gratefully acknowledge funding from DEFRA.
Chronic Wasting Disease closes in on Yellowstone
By Ralph Maughan On May 17, 2013
Friday, November 16, 2012
Yellowstone elk herds feeding grounds, or future killing grounds from CWD
Saturday, May 25, 2013
Wyoming Game and Fish Commission Alkali Creek Feedground #39126 Singeltary
comment submission
Dense concentrations of elk at feedgrounds facilitate the transmission of
diseases and increase their prevalence. Free-ranging elk herds have a CWD
prevalence of approximately 1-3% in the core Colorado-Wyoming area where the
disease is endemic. Captive elk herds, whose densities more closely match those
of feedground elk, have shown rates of CWD prevalence between 17- 59%. Many
states now ban the artificial feeding of deer because scientific evidence
suggests that such feeding elevates the risk of CWD transmission. High
concentrations of animals, close contact between animals, and the contaminated
environments that result from these conditions, all contribute to the increased
transmission of CWD and other diseases.
Wednesday, April 30, 2014
WYOMING Mule Deer Found Dead Near Rawlins Tests Positive for CWD
Wednesday, October 24, 2012
WYOMING Deer Hunt Area 132 Near Green River Added to CWD List
Wednesday, November 16, 2011
Chronic wasting disease found in Big Horn basin deer Wyoming's deer hunt
area 165
Monday, November 14, 2011
WYOMING Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease, CWD, TSE, PRION REPORTING 2011
Thursday, July 08, 2010
CWD Controversy still stalking elk feedgrounds in Wyoming 2010
Greetings,
This is very serious, please notice that one of the CWD clusters is only 45
miles from ELK feeding grounds in Wyoming, the second elk feeding ground is 98
miles from CWD cluster, and the third elk feeding ground is 130 miles from the
CWD cluster. Common sense tells us we need to stop those feeding grounds, if you
want your Elk to survive. There is no politics or plot against the hunters or
elk about it. read the science please. ...TSS
chronic wasting disease proximity to elk feedgrounds in wyoming 2009-2010
Thursday, December 30, 2010
WYOMING MULE DEER BUCK HARVESTED NEAR LYSITE TESTS POSITIVE FOR CWD
December 27, 2010
Monday, December 13, 2010
WYOMING DEER AREA 119 ADDED TO CWD LIST DEER AREA 119 ADDED TO CWD
LIST
11/22/2010
Friday, November 12, 2010
WHITE-TAILED BUCK HARVESTED NEAR MOORCROFT TESTS POSITIVE FOR CWD
WYOMING
Sunday, October 31, 2010
TWO DEER HARVESTED NEAR GREYBULL TEST POSITIVE FOR CWD WYOMING
Wednesday, October 20, 2010
WYOMING ELK NEAR GLENDO TESTS POSITIVE FOR CWD 10/18/2010
Wednesday, November 25, 2009
CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE FOUND IN ELK AREA 35 NEAR BUFFALO
Wednesday, November 11, 2009
CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE DISCOVERED IN DEER HUNT AREA 42 WYOMING
Sunday, November 01, 2009
CWD confirmed in Johnson County Wyoming Sunday, November 1, 2009
Wednesday, October 14, 2009
Deer on western Bighorns has chronic wasting disease Shell Creek drainage
Wyoming
Monday, December 22, 2008
CWD DETECTED IN ELK HUNT AREA 117 SOUTH OF SUNDANCE WYOMING
Saturday, October 18, 2008
WYOMING STAR VALLEY MOOSE TESTS POSITIVE FOR CWD
Wednesday, August 20, 2014
Wyoming Chronic Wasting Disease Found in Deer Hunt Area 97 Near Muddy Gap
*** Cervid Health Business Plan Fiscal Years 2014 to 2018 Animal and Plant
Health Inspection Service Veterinary Services ***
snip...
c. Funding sources
Cervid Health Programs are funded through the equine, cervid, small
ruminant health (ECSR) line. The total APHIS FY 2014 ECSR budget is $19. 5
million. Congressional language accompanying the FY 2014 appropriations
specifies that APHIS should spend $3. 0 million for cervid health
activities.
III. Value of Program Objectives:
In 2007, the cervid industry in the United States included 5,600 deer farms
and 1,900 elk farms with an economic value of $894 million that supported nearly
30,000 jobs. The recently conducted 2012 National Agricultural Statistics
Service (NASS) census will provide important updates on cervid industry
statistics.
The Cervid Health Program protects the health of cervids and improves the
quality, productivity and economic viability of the cervid industry. CWD, TB,
and brucellosis remain important disease threats to cervid populations.
Outbreaks of these diseases could have serious consequences for the cervid
industry and allied stakeholders. APHIS’ CWD HCP, cervid TB herd accreditation,
and proposed brucellosis herd certification programs are essential to reducing
and mitigating those consequences.
A key value of the cervid health programs is to reduce losses to the cervid
industry and to reduce the overall cost to the Federal government to respond to
outbreaks. In the past 10 years, many CWD infected and exposed cervid farms were
depopulated with Federal indemnity at a significant cost to the industry,
States, and Federal government. The cervid TB herd accreditation program has
reduced disease transmission in cervid populations and in other domestic species
that could have resulted in larger and more serious disease outbreaks.
An additional value of the cervid health program is to promote and
facilitate domestic and international trade of animals and cervid-derived
products. Since the identification of CWD, many international markets have
refused farmed cervids or cervid-derived products from the United States. The
U.S. cervid industry cannot expand its markets without USDA animal health
programs to certify their animals to have low disease risk and/or disease
freedom. The Cervid Health Program promotes the opportunity for the cervid
industry to start competing in international trade again.
Lastly, TB and brucellosis are zoonotic diseases which can be transmitted
from farmed cervids to other livestock, wildlife, and people. Although CWD has
not been recognized as a prion disease transmissible to people, it can be
transmitted between farmed cervids to wild cervid populations and it persists in
the environment. A direct benefit of the Cervid Health Program is to safeguard
public health, prevent transmission at the domestic animal-wildlife interface,
and reduce environmental contamination.
IV. FY 2014 – FY 2018 Implementation
Objective 1: Prevent and control CWD in farmed cervid populations
Strategy 1: Implement CWD rule and CWD Program Standards.
FY 2014 Activities:
1. 1 Affirm CWD final rule and publish in FY 2014.
1. 2 Finalize CWD Program Standards revision (consider public comments) and
publish new version in FY 2014.
1. 3 Prepare and submit information collection documents for renewal by FY
2015.
FY 2015- FY 2018 Activities
1. 4 CWD Program Standards (2nd edition) to be reviewed for further
updates.
1. 5 Information collection renewal to be completed in FY 2015 (triennial
cycle).
Strategy 2: Maintain Approved State CWD HCPs.
FY 2014 Activities:
2. 1 Finalize annual report template and guidance for Approved States
renewal process, and collect annual reports from Approved States.
2. 2 Complete Approved State status for remaining six Provisional Approved
States.
FY 2015 – FY 2018 Activities
2. 3 Review annual reports and evaluate compliance of Approved
States.
2. 4 Administer the national CWD HCP, subject to the availability of
appropriated funds, for herd owners in States that do not have an approved State
HCP.
June 19, 2014 6
2. 5 Develop metrics for Approved State program administration
reviews.
2. 6 Conduct Consistent State Reviews of Approved State CWD HCPs based on
requests for review by States or observation of deficiencies in State
programs.
Strategy 4: Complete official CWD, cervid TB, and cervid brucellosis
testing.
FY 2014 Activities:
4. 1 Monitor NAHLN approved laboratories for proficiency and accuracy in
lab testing and reporting in defined timeframes.
4. 2 Establish list of approved laboratories to conduct IHC and/or ELISA
testing for CWD.
4. 3 Approve new laboratories as needed as outlined in the NAHLN SOP and
CWD Program Standards.
FY 2015 – FY 2018 Activities
4.4 Continue activities 4. 1 – 4. 3.
Strategy 5: National Program Reporting/ Data Management.
FY 2014 Activities:
5. 1 Develop and implement cervid health indemnity database on indemnity
SharePoint site.
5. 2 Assess use of SCS/national CWD instance by Approved States.
5. 3 Develop SCS data entry guidance for national CWD instance (if
warranted).
5. 4 Prepare national annual summary report from Approved States’
reports.
5. 5 Receive quarterly tallies of CWD testing surveillance in farmed
cervids and prepare annual summary surveillance report.
5. 6 Encourage VS personnel and stakeholders regarding the use of
electronic identification of animals, electronic data collection and reporting,
e. g. MIMS, of program surveillance and disease control activities, collection
and use of data and test results from outside sources. Tools that support this
type of data handling also need to be improved so the process is streamlined,
easily accessible and user friendly to VS employees, States and Federally
accredited veterinarians.
FY 2015 – FY 2018 Activities
5. 6 Continue activities 5. 1 – 5. 5 (with or without SCS/national CWD
instance). Strategy 6: Interstate and International Cervid Movement.
FY 2014 Activities:
6. 1 Address import/export issues for cervids and cervid products.
6. 2 Facilitate requests for interstate movement (translocation) of
free-ranging cervids based on CWD rule requirements. Refine interstate movement
agreement protocols as needed. Complete guidance.
June 19, 2014 7
FY 2015 – FY 2018 Activities:
6. 3 Continue work on import/export issues.
6. 4 Continue facilitation of requests for interstate movement
(translocation) of wild cervids.
6. 5 Develop risk assessment and surveillance templates for interstate
movement of cervids.
June 19, 2014
snip...
*** Susceptibility of UK red deer (Cervus alaphus elaphus) to oral BSE
transmission Project Code: M03024 ***
02/08/2011
The project confirmed that U.K red deer are susceptible to both oral and
intra-cerebral inoculation with the cattle BSE agent. Six clinically positive
(from 26-42 months post inoculation) i.c inoculated and one (56 months post
inoculation) orally dosed deer that tested positive for TSE by
immunohistochemistry and Western blotting using several primary antibodies
demonstrated widespread accumulation of disease specific prion protein in the
central nervous system, peripheral nervous system and enteric nervous system but
none in lymphoreticular system. All showed several brain sites positive for
disease specific prion protein and presented immunohistochemistry and Western
blotting phenotypes with similarities to BSE in sheep, goats and cattle but
unlike those seen in chronic wasting disease (CWD) in elk or scrapie in sheep.
The vacuolar pathology and distribution of disease specific prion protein in red
deer resembled that of CWD in most major respects however we have shown that BSE
can be clearly differentiated from CWD by existing immunohistochemical and
biochemical methods that are in routine use.
The knowledge gained as a result of this work will permit rapid and
accurate diagnosis should a TSE ever be detected in European red deer and will
also enable effective disease control methods to be quickly put in place.
Results
We confirmed that U.K red deer are susceptible to both oral and
intra-cerebral inoculation with the cattle BSE agent. Six clinically positive
(from 26-42mpi) i.c inoculated and one (56mpi) orally dosed deer that tested
positive for TSE by IHC and WB using several primary antibodies demonstrated
widespread accumulation of disease specific PrP in CNS, PNS and ENS but none in
LRS. All showed several brain sites positive for disease specific PrP and
presented IHC and WB phenotypes with similarities to BSE in sheep, goats and
cattle but unlike those seen in CWD in elk or scrapie in sheep. The vacuolar
pathology and distribution of PrPd BSE in red deer resembled that of CWD in most
major respects however we have shown that BSE can be clearly differentiated from
CWD by existing immunohistochemical and biochemical methods that are in routine
use.
Final technical report MO3024 01/04/2003 – 31/03/2010 Susceptibility of UK
red deer (Cervus elaphus elaphus) to oral BSE transmission. Stuart Martin - VLA
Lasswade Pentlands Science Park Bush Loan Penicuik EH26 0PZ Page 2 of 21 Further
work undertaken August 2009 – March 2010. Genetic analysis - Wilfred Goldmann;
Roslin NPD.
Negative controls and the remaining 5 orally dosed deer culled at 72mpi
tested negative by IHC and Western blot however analysis of the PrP ORF of these
deer (kindly carried out by Wilfred Goldmann of the Roslin NPD) identified a Q
to E polymorphism at codon 226 that may influence the efficiency of oral
transmission (not published).
In the experimental BSE challenge of red deer six out of six deer succumbed
to BSE when challenged by intracerebral routes but only one of six deer
challenged by the oral route succumbed to infection. Deer killed at 190 days or
365 days post oral challenge showed no evidence of abnormal PrP accumulation
when tested by immunocytochemistry. The PrP gene of red deer includes a Q to E
polymorphism at codon 226. The table shows the distribution of these codon 226
polymorphisms within experimental challenge groups.
snip...
Research article Open Access
Immunohistochemical and biochemical characteristics of BSE and CWD in
experimentally infected European red deer (Cervus elaphus elaphus)
Stuart Martin*1, Martin Jeffrey1, Lorenzo González1, Sílvia Sisó1, Hugh W
Reid2, Philip Steele2, Mark P Dagleish2, Michael J Stack3, Melanie J Chaplin3
and Aru Balachandran4 Address: 1Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA-Lasswade),
Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, UK, 2Moredun
Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian,
EH26 0PZ, UK, 3VLA-Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK and 4Animal
Diseases Research Institute, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario,
K2H 8P9, Canada
Abstract
Background: The cause of the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
epidemic in the United Kingdom (UK) was the inclusion of contaminated meat and
bone meal in the protein rations fed to cattle. Those rations were not
restricted to cattle but were also fed to other livestock including farmed and
free living deer. Although there are no reported cases to date of natural BSE in
European deer, BSE has been shown to be naturally or experimentally
transmissible to a wide range of different ungulate species. Moreover, several
species of North America's cervids are highly susceptible to chronic wasting
disease (CWD), a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) that has become
endemic. Should BSE infection have been introduced into the UK deer population,
the CWD precedent could suggest that there is a danger for spread and
maintenance of the disease in both free living and captive UK deer populations.
This study compares the immunohistochemical and biochemical characteristics of
BSE and CWD in experimentally-infected European red deer (Cervus elpahus
elaphus).
Results: After intracerebral or alimentary challenge, BSE in red deer more
closely resembled natural infection in cattle rather than experimental BSE in
small ruminants, due to the lack of accumulation of abnormal PrP in lymphoid
tissues. In this respect it was different from CWD, and although the
neuropathological features of both diseases were similar, BSE could be clearly
differentiated from CWD by immunohistochemical and Western blotting methods
currently in routine use.
Conclusion: Red deer are susceptible to both BSE and CWD infection, but the
resulting disease phenotypes are distinct and clearly distinguishable.
SNIP...
Results
Clinical disease
All six deer challenged i.c. with BSE developed clinical disease between
794 and 1260 days post-inoculation with a mean incubation period of 1027 days. A
detailed description of the clinical signs was provided in an earlier report
[8]. Briefly, affected deer showed variable degrees of ataxia, anorexia,
circling and apparent blindness, together with failure of seasonal change of
coat, weight loss and 'panic attacks'. In addition, one of six red deer orally
dosed with BSE developed clinical disease 1740 days after challenge, and this
animal presented with a short clinical duration of two days; the other five deer
from this group remain healthy at the time of writing (65 months after
challenge). Sequential rectal biopsies taken at five different time points from
orally and i.c. inoculated deer were negative for PrPd.
All four deer orally challenged with CWD started to show behavioural
changes between 577 and 586 days post challenge;
these progressed to definite neurological disease between 742 and 760 days
post-challenge (Table 1).
Clinical signs were similar to the BSE challenged deer and included
nervousness, weight loss, excessive salivation, roughness of coat, and
progressive ataxia. All these CWD inoculated deer showed PrPd accumulation in
the secondary follicles of rectal biopsies taken at 7 months post
infection.
Conclusion
European red deer are susceptible to infection with the cattle BSE agent,
not only by the intra-cerebral but also by the oral route, and although the
clinical signs and spong- iform change are similar to those of CWD in the same
species, these two infections can be easily differentiated. The lack of lymphoid
involvement, the PrPd truncation pattern both "in vivo" and "in vitro", and the
predominantly intracellular accumulation of PrPd are features of deer BSE that
are in contrast with those of deer CWD. However, only one of six deer developed
disease after alimentary exposure to 25 g of a BSE brain pool homogenate after
an incubation period of nearly 5 years; this suggests a strong species barrier
but if a TSE in European red deer should ever be identified then BSE/CWD
discrimination would be an urgent priority. To determine whether there are
potential naturally occurring BSE-like strains and to determine the degree to
which there is strain variation, it would be necessary to examine many more
naturally occurring CWD cases. These results will support the ongoing European
surveillance for natural TSEs in red deer and the further assessment of
potential risk to human health.
Published: 27 July 2009 BMC Veterinary Research 2009, 5:26
doi:10.1186/1746-6148-5-26 Received: 12 February 2009 Accepted: 27 July 2009
This article is available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1746-6148/5/26
© 2009 Martin et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article
distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0),
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original work is properly cited.
Monday, May 05, 2014
*** Member Country details for listing OIE CWD 2013 against the criteria of
Article 1.2.2., the Code Commission recommends consideration for listing ***
snip...
Friday, December 14, 2012
DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced
into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012
snip...
In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration’s BSE Feed Regulation
(21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin)
from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With
regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may
not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered
at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the
animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a
requirement by law.
Animals considered at high risk for CWD include:
1) animals from areas declared to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD
eradication zones and
2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period prior to
slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal.
Therefore, in the USA, materials from cervids other than CWD positive
animals may be used in animal feed and feed ingredients for non-ruminants.
The amount of animal PAP that is of deer and/or elk origin imported from
the USA to GB can not be determined, however, as it is not specified in TRACES.
It may constitute a small percentage of the 8412 kilos of non-fish origin
processed animal proteins that were imported from US into GB in 2011.
*** Overall, therefore, it is considered there is a __greater than
negligible risk___ that (nonruminant) animal feed and pet food containing deer
and/or elk protein is imported into GB.
There is uncertainty associated with this estimate given the lack of data
on the amount of deer and/or elk protein possibly being imported in these
products.
snip...
2003D-0186 Guidance for Industry: Use of Material From Deer and Elk In
Animal Feed
EMC 1 Terry S. Singeltary Sr. Vol #: 1
see my full text submission here ;
Sunday, December 15, 2013
*** FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED
VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OIA UPDATE DECEMBER 2013 UPDATE
snip...
please see full text and more ;
Wednesday, September 17, 2014
*** Cervid Health Business Plan Fiscal Years 2014 to 2018 Animal and Plant
Health Inspection Service Veterinary Services ***
Wednesday, September 17, 2014
*** Cost benefit analysis of the development and use of ante-mortem tests
for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies ***
kind regards, terry
posted by Terry S. Singeltary Sr. at
4:22 PM
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