Norwegian Food Safety Authority makes changes to measures to limit the spread of disease Skrantesjuke (CWD) in deer wildlife
Skrantesjuke (CWD) - Gjennomføring av EUs beskyttelsestiltak
Publisert 24.11.2017 | Sist endret 24.11.2017 Skriv ut Del denne siden
Mattilsynet gjør endringer i tiltak for å begrense spredning av skrantesjuke (CWD) hos hjortevilt. Endringene innebærer at det blir forbudt å produsere, omsette eller bruke naturlige luktstoffer fra hjortedyr fra Norge og fra nærmere angitte områder i Sverige og Finland. Det blir også forbud mot å utføre slike luktestoffer fra hjortedyr fra Norge til EØS-land. Til slutt blir det forbud mot å importere slike luktestoffer fra hjortedyr fra land utenfor EØS.
I dagens CWD-forskrift er det i § 5 et forbud mot luktestoffer fra hjortedyr fra land med CWD. Disse luktestoffene brukes blant annet som lokkemiddel under jakt. Mattilsynet har endret CWD-forskriften for å gjennomføre endring i EUs beskyttelsestiltak mot Norge. EU ønsker å forhindre at urin og luktestoffer fra hjortedyr sprer CWD-smitte i EØS.
Endringene innebærer at:
Det blir forbudt å produsere, omsette eller bruke naturlige luktestoffer fra hjortedyr fra Norge og angitte områder i Sverige og Finland. Områdene i Sverige er Norrbotten, Vâsterbotten, Jâmtland, Vâsternorrland, Âlvdalen kommune i Dalarna, kommunene Nordanstig, Hudiksvall og Sôderhamn i Gâvleborg. Områdene i Finland er mellom den norsk-finske grensen og det norsk-finske reinbeitegjerdet. I tillegg blir det forbudt å innføre slike luktestoffer som kommer fra de samme områdene i Sverige og Finland.
Det blir forbudt å utføre naturlige luktestoffer fra hjortedyr fra Norge til EØS-land. Altså kan man ikke ta med seg eller sende luktestoffer fra hjortedyr med opprinnelse fra Norge til andre land i EØS.
Det blir forbudt å importere naturlige luktestoffer fra hjortedyr fra land utenfor EØS. Konsekvensen av dette blir at man ikke kan importere luktestoffer fra land utenfor EØS, selv om det ikke er påvist skrantesjuke i landet. Til slutt videreføres forbudet mot å selge, kjøpe eller bruke naturlige luktestoffer fra hjortedyr fra land utenfor EØS med skrantesjuke, som ble innført sommeren 2016.
Det er derfor strengere regler for de landene som har fått påvist skrantesjuke. Det er ingen dispensasjonsmulighet fra tiltakene i rettsakten. Det er derfor heller ikke mulig for Mattilsynet å gi unntak eller dispensasjon fra disse.
Forskriftsendringene bygger på beslutning (EU) 2017/2181. Beslutningen er tatt inn i EØS-avtalen gjennom forenklet prosedyre og endringene ble derfor ikke sendt på ordinær høring.
Forskriftsendringene trer i kraft 24.11.2017
Les endringsforskriften her:
Forskrift om endring i forskrift om tiltak for å begrense spredning av Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD)
For mer informasjon om CWD-forskriften, se følgende lenke:
Tiltak for å begrense spredning av skrantesjuke hos hjortevilt
TRANSLATED
Crime Disorder (CWD) - Implementation of EU Protection Measures
Published 24.11.2017 | Last modified 24.11.2017
The Norwegian Food Safety Authority makes changes to measures to limit the spread of scanty disease (CWD) in deer wildlife.
The changes mean that it is forbidden to produce, convert or use natural fragrances from deer from Norway and from specified areas in Sweden and Finland. There will also be a ban on the export of such fragrances from deer animals from Norway to the EEA country. Finally, it is forbidden to import such odor fragrances from non-EEA countries.
In the current CWD regulation, Section 5 prohibits odor dust from land with CWD. These odors are used, among other things, as a lure during hunting. The Norwegian Food Safety Authority has amended the CWD regulation to implement change in the EU's safeguard measures against Norway. The EU wishes to prevent urinary and odorous substances from deer spreading CWD infection in the EEA.
The changes involve:
It is forbidden to produce, sell or use natural herbal debris from Norway and designated areas in Sweden and Finland. The areas in Sweden are Norrbotten, Västerbotten, Jämtland, Vâsternorrland, Âlvdalen municipality in Dalarna, the municipalities Nordanstig, Hudiksvall and Sôderhamn in Gâvleborg. The areas in Finland are between the Norwegian-Finnish border and the Norwegian-Finnish reinbeitegerdet. In addition, it is prohibited to introduce such odorants from the same areas in Sweden and Finland.
It is prohibited to carry natural herbicides from deer animals from Norway to the EEA country. Thus you can not bring or send odorous substances from deer animals originating in Norway to other countries in the EEA.
It is prohibited to import natural herbicides from deer from outside the EEA. The consequence of this is that you can not import odorous substances from countries outside the EEA, even though there has not been any scant disease in the country. Finally, the prohibition on selling, buying or using natural herbicides from deer animals from non-EEA countries continues with the continued incidence of scratch disease, which was introduced in the summer of 2016. It is therefore stricter rules for those countries that have been diagnosed with scarcity.
There is no dispensation from the measures in the trial. It is therefore not possible for the Norwegian Food Safety Authority to grant exceptions or exemptions from these.
The regulatory changes are based on decision (EU) 2017/2181. The decision was incorporated into the EEA Agreement through a simplified procedure, and the amendments were therefore not sent to ordinary consultation.
The regulatory changes will take effect on November 24, 2017
Read the change regulation here:
Regulations amending the Regulation on Measures to Limit the Proliferation of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD)
For more information about the CWD Regulations, see the following link:
Measures to limit the spread of scanty disease in deer wildlife
SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 18, 2017
Norway detects more Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Skrantesjuke
FRIDAY, OCTOBER 13, 2017
*** Norway, Two More New Cases of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Skrantesjuke ***
TUESDAY, OCTOBER 10, 2017
Norway detects another case of CWD TSE PRION Skrantesjuke and continues to lie to the public on zoonotic likelyhood
Temporal patterns of chronic wasting disease prion excretion in three cervid species
Authors: Ian H. Plummer1, Scott D. Wright2,†, Chad J. Johnson3, Joel A. Pedersen3, Michael D. Samuel4
VIEW AFFILIATIONS
*Correspondence: Michael D. Samuel, mdsamuel@wisc.edu
First Published Online: 15 July 2017, Journal of General Virology doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.000845 Subject: Research Article - TSE Agents Received: 07/12/2016 Accepted: 22/05/2017 Cover date: 15/07/2017
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the only naturally occurring transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting free-ranging wildlife populations. Transmission of CWD occurs by direct contact or through contaminated environments; however, little is known about the temporal patterns of CWD prion excretion and shedding in wild cervids. We tested the urine and faeces of three species of captive cervids (elk, mule and white-tailed deer) at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months after oral inoculation to evaluate the temporal, species- and genotype-specific factors affecting the excretion of CWD prions. Although none of the animals exhibited clinical signs of CWD during the study, we determined that all three cervid species were excreting CWD prions by 6 months post-inoculation. Faecal samples were consistently positive for CWD prions for all three cervid species (88 %), and were more likely to be positive than urine samples (28 %). Cervids with genotypes encoding for the prion protein (PRNP) that were considered to be more susceptible to CWD were more likely to excrete CWD prions (94 %) than cervids with genotypes considered to be less susceptible (64 %). All cervids with CWD prions in their urine also had positive faeces (n=5), but the converse was not true. Our study is the first to demonstrate CWD prion excretion in urine by asymptomatic elk and mule deer. Our results indicate that the excretion of CWD prions in faeces and, to a lesser extent, urine may provide an important avenue for depositing prions in the environment.
Keyword(s): cervids, prions, PMCA, excretion, shedding, chronic wasting disease
P144 Environmental Contamination Assessment of CWD Shed in Excreta by RT-QuIC
Dr. Davin Henderson1, Ms. Joanne Tennant1, Dr. Nicholas Haley2, Dr. Nathaniel Denkers1, Dr. Candace Mathiason1, Dr. Edward Hoover1 1Prion Research Center. Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States, 2Midwestern State University, Glendale , United States
Chronic wasting disease affects free-ranging or captive populations of deer, elk and moose in the United States, Canada, Korea, and most recently Norwegian caribou and moose. CWD is unique in its ability to spread in wild populations, which likely occurs through environmental dissemination or direct contact with prions shed into bodily fluids or excreta. We have made progress to rapidly and cost-effectively detect CWD in urine and feces, which contribute substantially to environmental contamination.
Aims: 1) Using real-time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC) we will estimate environmental contamination via urine and feces by CWD positive animals throughout the disease course. 2) We will apply RT-QuIC to estimate CWD incidence in populations without animal capture and assess the persistence of prion seeding activity in feces under environmental conditions in the native range of cervid species.
Methods: CWD prions in fecal and urine samples will be concentrated via iron oxide mediated extraction (IOME) and assayed by RT-QuIC using temperature adjustment modifications to select increase to preserve sensitivity while minimizing specificity. Results: We assayed longitudinal cohorts of whitetailed deer for prion shedding in feces and urine during the CWD disease course and determined shedding kinetics and consistency. We applied a quantitative approach to these data using a reference brain sample to determine the levels of CWD prions shed in feces and urine during the disease course.
Conclusions: In deer experimentally inoculated with CWD approximately 100 (Tg5037) cervid PrP mouse LD50 doses are shed in urine and ~90 (TG5037) mouse LD50 doses are shed in feces per day. The relationship between cerPrP transgenic mouse and cerivd LD50 doses remains to be determined. In the future, we will apply RT-QuIC detection of CWD in feces to estimate CWD incidence in populations without animal capture and to determine how long prion seeding activity remains active in fecal samples under potentially harsh environment conditions that exist in the native range of cervid species.
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P155 Sensitive detection of PrPCWD in soil from CWD infected farm by PMCAb
Hyun Joo Sohn1, Kyung Je Park1, In Soon Roh1, Hyo Jin Kim1, Hoo Chang Park1, Director of division Hae Eun Kang1 1Foreign animal disease division, Animal And Plant Quarantine Agency(QIA), Gimcheon, South Korea
Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease that is known spread horizontally. CWD has confirmed last in Republic of Korea in 2016 since first outbreak of CWD in 2001. The environmental reservoirs mediate the transmission of this disease. The significant levels of infectivity have been detected in the saliva, urine, and feces of TSE-infected animals. Using serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification with beads (sPMCAb), we developed a detection method for CWD PrPCWD in soil from CWD affected farm in 2010. We found to detect PrPCWD in soil from CWD infected farm, but not detect PrPCWD in soil of normal cervid farm in Korea. Our method appears to be a very useful technique for monitoring PrPCWD levels in environmental conditions.
Methods: There are total of three steps with two washing steps for PrPCWD extraction and one amplification step for PrPCWD detection from soils of natural CWD farms which have confirmed horizontal spread of CWD in 2010 and 2016. The first washing step consists of slow rotating to remove large impurities. The second washing step was detached PrPCWD from abnormal prion contaminated soil by strong vortex. The last step was PrPCWD amplification step using sPMCAb. Sonication was performed with a Misonix 4000 sonicator with amplitude set to level 70, generating an average output of 160W during each cycle. One round consisted of 56 cycles of 30 sec of sonication followed 10min of 37℃ incubation. The samples(20uL) after each round of amplification were mixed with proteinase K (200ug/ml) and incubated 37℃ for 1hr. Samples were separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred onto PVDF membrane. After blocking, the membrane was incubated for 1h with 1st antibody S1 anti rabbit serum (QIA, 1:3000) and developed with enhanced chemiluminescent detection system
Results: We had collected 35 soil samples from the four farms which were confirmed CWD and five trace farm in 2016. After three rounds of sPMCAb, we detected PrPCWD in 10 samples from areas which were positive animals habitat but not detect PrPCWD in soil of wild cervids habitat and normal cervid farm in Korea. These results suggest that our method can be a very useful tool for monitoring PrPCWD contamination in environments
Conclusions: This sPMCAb method using soil washing solution by slow rotating and vortex is effective extraction method of PrPCWD from CWD contaminated soils. The method developed in this study will be useful for assessment of PrPCWD levels in the contaminated soils.
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P52 NaPTA/RT-QUIC detection of PrPCWD in saliva and urine of CWD-infected cervids and TgElk mice
Hyun Joo Sohn1, Kyung Je Park1, Gordon Mitchell2, In Soon Roh1, Hyo Jin Kim1, Hae Eun Kang1 1Foreign Animal Disease Division Animal And Plant Quarantine Agency(QIA), Gimcheon, South Korea, 2Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Canada
Aims: Chronic wasting disease(CWD) is the only prion disease affecting free-ranging animals, reported in North America, South Korea and Norway. CWD agents are shed in saliva, urine and feces which most likely contribute to the horizontal transmission between cervid species.The development of amplification-based seeding assays have been instrumental in the detection of low levels of prions in clinical samples. Using NaPTA precipitation and real-time quaking-induced conversion(NaPTA/RT-QUIC), we established a ultrasensitive detection method for PrPCWD in the saliva and urine of CWD affected cervids. Also we performed the longitudinal study to detect PrPCWD from ,in the CWD-infected, sequentially sampled transgenic mice overexpressing elk prion protein(TgElk mice).
Methods: Five saliva and two urine samples from CWD-infected cervids at the terminal stage of disease, and 28 urine samples from sequentially sampled CWD-infected TgElk mice (TgElk CWD) were stored at -80℃. 100uL of each sample was mixed with 10uL 2.8% sodium phosphotungustic acid (NaPTA) and incubated for 1hr at 37℃ with shaking at 1,350 rpm. Samples were centrifuged for 30min at 16,100 g. The pellet was resuspended in 10uL of 0.1% SDS/PBS for 30min at 55℃. RT-QUIC reactions were set up in 96-well clear bottom optic plates and consisted of 98uL RT-QUIC buffer [final concentrations of 1XPBS, 1mM EDTA, 10uM Thioflavin, 300mM NaCl buffer and 0.1mg/ml recombinant hamster recombinant protein(23-231) and 2uL of sample. The RT-QUIC assay was performed on a FLUOstar Omega fluorescence plate reader that was preheated to 55℃ for 60hr with 1min shaking at 700rpm followed by 1min incubation.
Results: NaPTA/RT-QUIC was applied to measure PrPCWD in urine samples collected on every 15days from 30dpi to 120dpi when CWD infected TgElk mice reached terminal stage. . and dpi typicallyCWD in PrPCWD in the urine in TgElk CWD was detectable in early stages(30 and 45dpi), disappeared during the intermediate stages of infection(60 and 75dpi) and reached the highest levels at 90dpi. PrPCWD was also detectable in late and terminal stages(120dpi). In addition, PrPCWD was detected in terminal urine samples from two sika deer(experimental cases) and terminal saliva samples from five cervids were also observed to consistently yield positive results by the NaPTA/RT-QUIC assay.
Conclusions: We demonstrate that CWD prions can be detected by NaPTA/RT-QUIC in the saliva and urine of TgElk mice, red deer and sika deer at the early and terminal stages of disease. Our method appears to be a very useful technique for both diagnosis and surveillance of CWD
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PRION 2017 DECIPHERING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS
Subject: PRION 2017 CONFERENCE DECIPHERING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS VIDEO
PRION 2017 CONFERENCE DECIPHERING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS
PRION 2017 CONFERENCE VIDEO
P.141: Abundant prion shedding in CWD-infected deer revealed by Realtime conversion
Edward A Hoover,1 Davin M Henderson,1 Nathaniel D Denkers,1 Candace K Mathiason,1 Matteo Manca,2,3 and Byron Caughey2 1Prion Research Center, Colorado State University; Fort Collins, CO USA; 2Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, NI AID; Hamilton, MT USA; 3Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari; Monserrato, Italy
Background/Introduction. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is unique among prion diseases in its efficient lateral transmission in nature. While the presence of infectious prions in body fluids and excreta of infected cervids has been demonstrated by bioassay, the dynamics, magnitude, and consequences of prion shedding remain unknown. The present studies were undertaken to determine the kinetics, duration, and magnitude of prion shedding in infected white-tailed deer.
Materials and Methods. Longitudinal samples were collected from white-tailed deer over a 2-year span after either oral (n=11)] aerosol (n = 6) CWD exposure. The assay protocol employed phosphotungstic acid precipitation of either whole saliva or the pelleted fraction of urine to seed recombinant Syrian hamster prion PrP substrate in RT-QuIC reactions. Prion seeding activity was assayed in 8 replicates of each sample employing thioflavin T detection in a 96-well plate-based fluorometer. Prion seeding reaction rate was determined by taking the inverse of the time at which samples exceeded a threshold of 5 standard deviations above the mean fluorescence of negative controls (1/time to threshold). Seeding activity was quantitated by comparing the realtime conversion reaction rate to a standard curve derived from a reference bioassayed brain pool homogenate from deer with terminal CWD.
Results. We analyzed >200 longitudinally collected, blinded, then randomized saliva and urine samples from 17 CWDinfected and 3 uninfected white-tailed deer. We detected prion shedding as early as 3 months post exposure and sustained thereafter throughout the disease course in both aerosol and orally exposed deer. The incidence of non-specific false positive results from > 500 saliva and urine samples from negative control deer was 0.8%. By comparing real-time reaction rates for these body fluids to a bioassayed serially diluted brain control, we estimated that ≤1 ml of saliva or urine from pre-symptomatic infected deer constitutes a lethal infectious prion dose.
Conclusion. CWD prions are shed in saliva and urine of infected deer as early as 3 months post infection and throughout the subsequent >1.5 year course of infection. In current work we are examining the relationship of prionemia to excretion and the impact of excreted prion binding to surfaces and particulates in the environment.
Acknowledgments. Support: NIH-RO1-NS-061902; Morris Animal Foundation D12ZO-045
P.154: Urinary shedding of prions in Chronic Wasting Disease infected white-tailed deer
Nathaniel D Denkers,1 Davin M Henderson, 1 Candace K Mathiason,1 and Edward A Hoover1 1Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University; Fort Collins, CO USA
Background/Introduction. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is unique among prion diseases in its efficient lateral transmission in nature, yet the dynamics and magnitude of shedding and its immediate and long term consequences remain unknown. The present study was designed to determine the frequency and time span in which CWD prions are shed in urine from infected white-tailed deer using adapted real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) methodology.
Materials and Methods. Longitudinal urine samples were collected by free catch or catheterization over a 2-year period from oral-route infected [CWD+ (n = 11)] and aerosol-route-infected [CWD+ (n = 6); CWD- (n = 3)] white-tailed deer. High speed centrifugation pelleted material from 500 µl of urine was treated with sodium phosphotungstic acid (Na-PTA), resuspended in 0.05% SDS buffer, and used as seed in RT-QuIC assays employing recombinant Syrian hamster prion PrP substrate. Eight (8) replicates of each sample were run and prion seeding activity was recorded as thioflavin T binding fluorescence (480 nm emission) using a fluorimeter-shaker. Samples were considered positive if they crossed an established threshold (5 standard deviations above the negative mean fluorescence).
Results. In our oral-route inoculation studies, prion seeding activity has been demonstrated in urine collected at 6 months post-inoculation in 6 of 10 deer (11 of 80 replicates; 14%), and intermittently at later time points in all 11 CWD+ exposed deer. Our aerosol-route inoculation studies also showed prion seeding activity in urine collected at 6 months post-inoculation in 1 of 2 deer (3 of 16 replicates; 19%), and intermittently at later time points in 4 of 6 CWD+ exposed deer. Urine from sham-inoculated control deer and all baseline samples yielded 3 false-positive prion seeding activities (3 of 352 replicates; 0.8%).
Conclusion. CWD prions (as inferred by prion seeding activity by RT-QuIC) are shed in urine of infected deer as early as 6 months post inoculation and throughout the subsequent disease course. Further studies are in progress refining the real-time urinary prion assay sensitivity and we are examining more closely the excretion time frame, magnitude, and sample variables in relationship to inoculation route and prionemia in naturally and experimentally CWD-infected cervids.
Acknowledgments. Support: NIH: RO1-NS-061902 and Morris Animal Foundation: D12ZO-045 P.178: Longitudinal quantitative analysis of CWD prions shed in saliva of deer
Davin M Henderson, Nina Garbino, Nathaniel D Denkers, Amy V Nalls, Candace K Mathiason, and Edward A Hoover Prion Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University; Fort Collins, CO USA
Background/Introduction. Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) is an emergent rapidly spreading fatal prion disease of cervids (deer, elk and moose). CWD has now been identified in 22 States (including two new states within the last year), 2 Canadian provinces, and South Korea. Shedding of infectious prions in excreta (saliva, urine, feces) may be an important factor in CWD transmission. Here we apply an adapted version of a rapid in vitro assay [real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC)] to determine the time of onset, length, pattern, and magnitude of prion shedding in saliva of infected deer.
Materials and Methods. The RT-QuIC assay was performed as previously described in Henderson et al. PLoS-One (2013). Saliva samples were quantitated by comparison to a RT-QuIC reaction rate standard curve of a bioassayed obex sample from a terminally ill cervid.
Results. To better understand the onset and length of CWD prion shedding we analyzed >150 longitudinally collected, blinded, then randomized saliva samples from 17 CWD-infected and 3 uninfected white-tailed deer. We observed prion shedding, as detected by the RT-QuIC assay, as early as 3 months from inoculation and sustained shedding throughout the disease course in both aerosol and orally exposed deer. We estimated the infectious lethal dose of prions shed in saliva from infected deer by comparing real-time reaction rates of saliva samples to a bioassayed serially diluted brain control. Our results indicate that as little as 1 ml of saliva from pre-symptomatic infected deer constitutes a lethal CWD prion dose.
Conclusions. During the pre-symptomatic stage of CWD infection and throughout the course of disease deer may be shedding multiple LD50 doses per day in their saliva. CWD prion shedding through saliva and excreta may account for the unprecedented spread of this prion disease in nature.
Acknowledgments. Supported by NIH grant RO1-NS-061902 and grant D12ZO-045 from the Morris Animal Foundation.
Sunday, September 13, 2015
urine, feces, and chronic wasting disease cwd tse prion risk factors, loading up the environment
Subject: MAD DEER/ELK DISEASE AND POTENTIAL SOURCES
Date: Sat, 20 Jul 2002 09:43:10 -0700
From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."
Subject: MAD DEER/ELK DISEASE AND POTENTIAL SOURCES
Date: Sat, 25 May 2002 18:41:46 -0700
From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."
Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy To: BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de
######## Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy #########
MAD DEER/ELK DISEASE AND POTENTIAL SOURCES
snip...
now, what about those 'deer scents' of 100% urine', and the prion that is found in urine, why not just pass the prion with the urine to other deer...
Mrs. Doe Pee Doe in Estrus Model FDE1 Mrs. Doe Pee's Doe in Estrus is made from Estrus urine collected at the peak of the rut, blended with Fresh Doe Urine for an extremely effective buck enticer. Use pre-rut before the does come into heat. Use during full rut when bucks are most active. Use during post-rut when bucks are still actively looking for does. 1 oz.
ELK SCENT/SPRAY BOTTLE *
Works anytime of the year *
100 % Cow Elk-in-Heat urine (2oz.) *
Economical - mix with water in spray mist bottle *
Use wind to your advantage
Product Code WP-ESB $9.95
prions in urine?
[PDF] A URINE TEST FOR THE IN-VIVO DIAGNOSIS OF PRION DISEASES
Terry S. Singeltary Sr.
Thank You For Your Comments Thank you for submitting your comments on the Draft Deer Management Plan.
DRAFT Virginia Deer Management Plan 2015-2024 (bans urine scents do to CWD 2015)
Saturday, January 31, 2015
European red deer (Cervus elaphus elaphus) are susceptible to Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE by Oral Alimentary route
From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr.
Sent: Saturday, November 07, 2015 11:54 AM
To: David.Putnam@pa.gov ; D.Putnam@pa.gov ; Putnam@pa.gov Cc: pgc-swregion@pa.gov ; pgc-ncregion@pa.gov ; pgccomments@pa.gov
Subject: re-Pennsylvania 2015 September Minutes CWD Urine Scents
Assessment of CWD prion shedding in deer saliva with occupancy modeling
Kristen A. Davenporta, Brittany A. Mosherb, Brian M. Brostc, Davin M. Hendersona, Nathaniel D. Denkersa, Amy V. Nallsa, Erin McNultya, Candace K. Mathiasona and Edward A. Hoovera# + Author Affiliations
Prion Research Center, Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, COa Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, COb Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WAc ABSTRACT
Detection of prions is difficult due to the peculiarity of the pathogen, which is a misfolded form of a normal protein. The specificity and sensitivity of detection methods are imperfect in complex samples, including excreta. Here, we combined optimized prion amplification procedures with a statistical method that accounts for false positive and false negative errors to test deer saliva for chronic wasting disease (CWD) prions. This approach enabled us to discriminate shedding of prions in saliva and detection of prions in saliva -- a distinction crucial to understanding the role of prion shedding in disease transmission and for diagnosis. We found that assay sensitivity and specificity were indeed imperfect, and we were able to draw several conclusions pertinent to CWD biology from our analyses:
(1) shedding of prions in saliva increases with time post-inoculation, but is common throughout the pre-clinical phase of disease;
(2) shedding propensity is influenced neither by sex nor by prion protein genotype at codon 96; and
(3) the source of prion-containing inoculum used to infect deer affects the likelihood of prion shedding in saliva -- oral inoculation of deer with CWD(+) saliva resulted in 2.77 times the likelihood of prion shedding in saliva compared to inoculation with CWD(+) brain.
These results are pertinent to horizontal CWD transmission in wild cervids. Moreover, the approach described is applicable to other diagnostic assays with imperfect detection.
FOOTNOTES
↵#Address correspondence to Edward A. Hoover, edward.hoover@colostate.edu. Copyright © 2017 American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.
SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 11, 2017
Assessment of CWD prion shedding in deer saliva with occupancy modeling
MONDAY, JUNE 17, 2013
Early detection of chronic wasting disease prions in urine of pre-symptomatic deer by real-time quaking-induced conversion assay
First evidence of intracranial and peroral transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) into Cynomolgus macaques: a work in progress
Stefanie Czub1, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer2, Christiane Stahl-Hennig3, Michael Beekes4, Hermann Schaetzl5 and Dirk Motzkus6 1
University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine/Canadian Food Inspection Agency; 2Universitatsklinikum des Saarlandes und Medizinische Fakultat der Universitat des Saarlandes; 3 Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen; 4 Robert-Koch-Institut Berlin; 5 University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; 6 presently: Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center; previously: Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen
This is a progress report of a project which started in 2009. 21 cynomolgus macaques were challenged with characterized CWD material from white-tailed deer (WTD) or elk by intracerebral (ic), oral, and skin exposure routes. Additional blood transfusion experiments are supposed to assess the CWD contamination risk of human blood product. Challenge materials originated from symptomatic cervids for ic, skin scarification and partially per oral routes (WTD brain). Challenge material for feeding of muscle derived from preclinical WTD and from preclinical macaques for blood transfusion experiments. We have confirmed that the CWD challenge material contained at least two different CWD agents (brain material) as well as CWD prions in muscle-associated nerves.
Here we present first data on a group of animals either challenged ic with steel wires or per orally and sacrificed with incubation times ranging from 4.5 to 6.9 years at postmortem. Three animals displayed signs of mild clinical disease, including anxiety, apathy, ataxia and/or tremor. In four animals wasting was observed, two of those had confirmed diabetes. All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals. Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuiC) and PET-blot assays to further substantiate these findings are on the way, as well as bioassays in bank voles and transgenic mice.
At present, a total of 10 animals are sacrificed and read-outs are ongoing. Preclinical incubation of the remaining macaques covers a range from 6.4 to 7.10 years. Based on the species barrier and an incubation time of > 5 years for BSE in macaques and about 10 years for scrapie in macaques, we expected an onset of clinical disease beyond 6 years post inoculation.
PRION 2017 DECIPHERING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS
Subject: PRION 2017 CONFERENCE DECIPHERING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS VIDEO
PRION 2017 CONFERENCE DECIPHERING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS
PRION 2017 CONFERENCE VIDEO
2017
Subject: ***CDC Now Recommends Strongly consider having the deer or elk tested for CWD before you eat the meat
CDC Now Recommends Strongly consider having the deer or elk tested for CWD before you eat the meat
Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD)
Prevention
If CWD could spread to people, it would most likely be through eating of infected deer and elk. In a 2006-2007 CDC survey of U.S. residents, nearly 20 percent of those surveyed said they had hunted deer or elk and more than two-thirds said they had eaten venison or elk meat. However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people.
Hunters must consider many factors when determining whether to eat meat from deer and elk harvested from areas with CWD, including the level of risk they are willing to accept. Hunters harvesting wild deer and elk from areas with reported CWD should check state wildlife and public health guidance to see whether testing of animals is recommended or required in a given state or region. In areas where CWD is known to be present, CDC recommends that hunters strongly consider having those animals tested before eating the meat.
Tests for CWD are monitoring tools that some state wildlife officials use to look at the rates of CWD in certain animal populations. Testing may not be available in every state, and states may use these tests in different ways. A negative test result does not guarantee that an individual animal is not infected with CWD, but it does make it considerably less likely and may reduce your risk of exposure to CWD.
To be as safe as possible and decrease their potential risk of exposure to CWD, hunters should take the following steps when hunting in areas with CWD:
Do not shoot, handle or eat meat from deer and elk that look sick or are acting strangely or are found dead (road-kill). When field-dressing a deer: Wear latex or rubber gloves when dressing the animal or handling the meat. Minimize how much you handle the organs of the animal, particularly the brain or spinal cord tissues. Do not use household knives or other kitchen utensils for field dressing. Check state wildlife and public health guidance to see whether testing of animals is recommended or required. Recommendations vary by state, but information about testing is available from many state wildlife agencies. Strongly consider having the deer or elk tested for CWD before you eat the meat. If you have your deer or elk commercially processed, consider asking that your animal be processed individually to avoid mixing meat from multiple animals. If your animal tests positive for CWD, do not eat meat from that animal. The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service regulates commercially farmed deer and elk. The agency operates a national CWD herd certification program. As part of the voluntary program, states and individual herd owners agree to meet requirements meant to decrease the risk of CWD in their herds. Privately owned herds that do not participate in the herd certification program may be at increased risk for CWD.
Page last reviewed: August 17, 2017 Page last updated: August 17, 2017 Content source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID) Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology (DHCPP)
> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people.
key word here is 'reported'. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can't, and it's as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it's being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. ...terry
LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$
*** These results would seem to suggest that CWD does indeed have zoonotic potential, at least as judged by the compatibility of CWD prions and their human PrPC target. Furthermore, extrapolation from this simple in vitro assay suggests that if zoonotic CWD occurred, it would most likely effect those of the PRNP codon 129-MM genotype and that the PrPres type would be similar to that found in the most common subtype of sCJD (MM1).***
Molecular Barriers to Zoonotic Transmission of Prions
*** chronic wasting disease, there was no absolute barrier to conversion of the human prion protein.
*** Furthermore, the form of human PrPres produced in this in vitro assay when seeded with CWD, resembles that found in the most common human prion disease, namely sCJD of the MM1 subtype.
TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 12, 2017
CDC Now Recommends Strongly consider having the deer or elk tested for CWD before you eat the meat
Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion to Humans, who makes that final call, when, or, has it already happened?
TUESDAY, JUNE 13, 2017
PRION 2017 CONFERENCE ABSTRACT First evidence of intracranial and peroral transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) into Cynomolgus macaques: a work in progress
TUESDAY, JUNE 13, 2017
PRION 2017 CONFERENCE ABSTRACT Chronic Wasting Disease in European moose is associated with PrPSc features different from North American CWD
TUESDAY, JULY 04, 2017
*** PRION 2017 CONFERENCE ABSTRACTS ON CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION ***
The Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE prion aka mad cow type disease is not your normal pathogen.
The tse prion disease survives ashing to 600 degrees celsius, that’s around 1112 degrees farenheit.
You cannot cook the TSE prion disease out of meat.
You can take the ash and mix it with saline and inject that ash into a mouse, and the mouse will go down with TSE.
Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production as well.
The TSE prion agent also survives Simulated Wastewater Treatment Processes.
IN fact, you should also know that the TSE Prion agent will survive in the environment for years, if not decades.
You can bury it and it will not go away.
The TSE agent is capable of infected your water table i.e. Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area.
IT is not your ordinary pathogen you can just cook it out and be done with.
That is what’s so worrisome about Iatrogenic mode of transmission, a simple autoclave will not kill this TSE prion agent.
1: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994 Jun;57(6):757-8
Transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease to a chimpanzee by electrodes contaminated during neurosurgery.
Gibbs CJ Jr, Asher DM, Kobrine A, Amyx HL, Sulima MP, Gajdusek DC.
Laboratory of Central Nervous System Studies, National Institute of
Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, MD 20892.
Stereotactic multicontact electrodes used to probe the cerebral cortex of a middle aged woman with progressive dementia were previously implicated in the accidental transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) to two younger patients. The diagnoses of CJD have been confirmed for all three cases. More than two years after their last use in humans, after three cleanings and repeated sterilisation in ethanol and formaldehyde vapour, the electrodes were implanted in the cortex of a chimpanzee. Eighteen months later the animal became ill with CJD. This finding serves to re-emphasise the potential danger posed by reuse of instruments contaminated with the agents of spongiform encephalopathies, even after scrupulous attempts to clean them.
PMID: 8006664 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
TITLE: PATHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE IN REINDEER AND DEMONSTRATION OF HORIZONTAL TRANSMISSION
*** DECEMBER 2016 CDC EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL CWD HORIZONTAL TRANSMISSION
*** INFECTIOUS AGENT OF SHEEP SCRAPIE MAY PERSIST IN THE ENVIRONMENT FOR AT LEAST 16 YEARS ***
GUDMUNDUR GEORGSSON1, SIGURDUR SIGURDARSON2 AND PAUL BROWN3
New studies on the heat resistance of hamster-adapted scrapie agent: Threshold survival after ashing at 600°C suggests an inorganic template of replication
Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production
Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area
A Quantitative Assessment of the Amount of Prion Diverted to Category 1 Materials and Wastewater During Processing
Rapid assessment of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion inactivation by heat treatment in yellow grease produced in the industrial manufacturing process of meat and bone meals
PPo4-4:
Survival and Limited Spread of TSE Infectivity after Burial
Using in vitro prion replication for high sensitive detection of prions and prionlike proteins and for understanding mechanisms of transmission.
Claudio Soto Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's diseases and related Brain disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston.
***Recently, we have been using PMCA to study the role of environmental prion contamination on the horizontal spreading of TSEs. These experiments have focused on the study of the interaction of prions with plants and environmentally relevant surfaces. Our results show that plants (both leaves and roots) bind tightly to prions present in brain extracts and excreta (urine and feces) and retain even small quantities of PrPSc for long periods of time. Strikingly, ingestion of prioncontaminated leaves and roots produced disease with a 100% attack rate and an incubation period not substantially longer than feeding animals directly with scrapie brain homogenate. Furthermore, plants can uptake prions from contaminated soil and transport them to different parts of the plant tissue (stem and leaves). Similarly, prions bind tightly to a variety of environmentally relevant surfaces, including stones, wood, metals, plastic, glass, cement, etc. Prion contaminated surfaces efficiently transmit prion disease when these materials were directly injected into the brain of animals and strikingly when the contaminated surfaces were just placed in the animal cage. These findings demonstrate that environmental materials can efficiently bind infectious prions and act as carriers of infectivity, suggesting that they may play an important role in the horizontal transmission of the disease.
========================
Since its invention 13 years ago, PMCA has helped to answer fundamental questions of prion propagation and has broad applications in research areas including the food industry, blood bank safety and human and veterinary disease diagnosis.
In conclusion, the results in the current study indicate that removal of furniture that had been in contact with scrapie-infected animals should be recommended, particularly since cleaning and decontamination may not effectively remove scrapie infectivity (31), even though infectivity declines considerably if the pasture and the field furniture have not been in contact with scrapie-infected sheep for several months. As sPMCA failed to detect PrPSc in furniture that was subjected to weathering, even though exposure led to infection in sheep, this method may not always be reliable in predicting the risk of scrapie infection through environmental contamination. These results suggest that the VRQ/VRQ sheep model may be more sensitive than sPMCA for the detection of environmentally associated scrapie, and suggest that extremely low levels of scrapie contamination are able to cause infection in susceptible sheep genotypes.
Keywords: classical scrapie, prion, transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, sheep, field furniture, reservoir, serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification
Wednesday, December 16, 2015
*** Objects in contact with classical scrapie sheep act as a reservoir for scrapie transmission ***
*** Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years ***
Gudmundur Georgsson1, Sigurdur Sigurdarson2 and Paul Brown3
with CWD TSE Prions, I am not sure there is any absolute yet, other than what we know with transmission studies, and we know tse prion kill, and tse prion are bad. science shows to date, that indeed soil, dirt, some better than others, can act as a carrier. same with objects, farm furniture. take it with how ever many grains of salt you wish, or not. if load factor plays a role in the end formula, then everything should be on the table, in my opinion...tss
Oral Transmissibility of Prion Disease Is Enhanced by Binding to Soil Particles
Author Summary
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are a group of incurable neurological diseases likely caused by a misfolded form of the prion protein. TSEs include scrapie in sheep, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (‘‘mad cow’’ disease) in cattle, chronic wasting disease in deer and elk, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans. Scrapie and chronic wasting disease are unique among TSEs because they can be transmitted between animals, and the disease agents appear to persist in environments previously inhabited by infected animals. Soil has been hypothesized to act as a reservoir of infectivity and to bind the infectious agent. In the current study, we orally dosed experimental animals with a common clay mineral, montmorillonite, or whole soils laden with infectious prions, and compared the transmissibility to unbound agent. We found that prions bound to montmorillonite and whole soils remained orally infectious, and, in most cases, increased the oral transmission of disease compared to the unbound agent. The results presented in this study suggest that soil may contribute to environmental spread of TSEs by increasing the transmissibility of small amounts of infectious agent in the environment.
tse prion soil
Wednesday, December 16, 2015
Objects in contact with classical scrapie sheep act as a reservoir for scrapie transmission
The sources of dust borne prions are unknown but it seems reasonable to assume that faecal, urine, skin, parturient material and saliva-derived prions may contribute to this mobile environmental reservoir of infectivity. This work highlights a possible transmission route for scrapie within the farm environment, and this is likely to be paralleled in CWD which shows strong similarities with scrapie in terms of prion dissemination and disease transmission. The data indicate that the presence of scrapie prions in dust is likely to make the control of these diseases a considerable challenge.
>>>Particle-associated PrPTSE molecules may migrate from locations of deposition via transport processes affecting soil particles, including entrainment in and movement with air and overland flow. <<<
Fate of Prions in Soil: A Review
Christen B. Smith, Clarissa J. Booth, and Joel A. Pedersen*
Several reports have shown that prions can persist in soil for several years. Significant interest remains in developing methods that could be applied to degrade PrPTSE in naturally contaminated soils. Preliminary research suggests that serine proteases and the microbial consortia in stimulated soils and compost may partially degrade PrPTSE. Transition metal oxides in soil (viz. manganese oxide) may also mediate prion inactivation. Overall, the effect of prion attachment to soil particles on its persistence in the environment is not well understood, and additional study is needed to determine its implications on the environmental transmission of scrapie and CWD.
P.161: Prion soil binding may explain efficient horizontal CWD transmission
Conclusion. Silty clay loam exhibits highly efficient prion binding, inferring a durable environmental reservoir, and an efficient mechanism for indirect horizontal CWD transmission.
>>>Another alternative would be an absolute prohibition on the movement of deer within the state for any purpose. While this alternative would significantly reduce the potential spread of CWD, it would also have the simultaneous effect of preventing landowners and land managers from implementing popular management strategies involving the movement of deer, and would deprive deer breeders of the ability to engage in the business of buying and selling breeder deer. Therefore, this alternative was rejected because the department determined that it placed an avoidable burden on the regulated community.<<<
This is industry corporate junk science, will not work. If we are going to stop CWD TSE Prion, we all must adhere to all sound science, from all routes and sources. picking and choosing what suits our means,...TSE Prions know no suits or means, they know to borders, they know no boundaries...TSS
Wednesday, December 16, 2015
Objects in contact with classical scrapie sheep act as a reservoir for scrapie transmission
Timm Konold1*, Stephen A. C. Hawkins2, Lisa C. Thurston3, Ben C. Maddison4, Kevin C. Gough5, Anthony Duarte1 and Hugh A. Simmons1
1 Animal Sciences Unit, Animal and Plant Health Agency Weybridge, Addlestone, UK, 2 Pathology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency Weybridge, Addlestone, UK, 3 Surveillance and Laboratory Services, Animal and Plant Health Agency Penrith, Penrith, UK, 4 ADAS UK, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK, 5 School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK
Classical scrapie is an environmentally transmissible prion disease of sheep and goats. Prions can persist and remain potentially infectious in the environment for many years and thus pose a risk of infecting animals after re-stocking. In vitro studies using serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) have suggested that objects on a scrapie affected sheep farm could contribute to disease transmission. This in vivo study aimed to determine the role of field furniture (water troughs, feeding troughs, fencing, and other objects that sheep may rub against) used by a scrapie-infected sheep flock as a vector for disease transmission to scrapie-free lambs with the prion protein genotype VRQ/VRQ, which is associated with high susceptibility to classical scrapie. When the field furniture was placed in clean accommodation, sheep became infected when exposed to either a water trough (four out of five) or to objects used for rubbing (four out of seven). This field furniture had been used by the scrapie-infected flock 8 weeks earlier and had previously been shown to harbor scrapie prions by sPMCA. Sheep also became infected (20 out of 23) through exposure to contaminated field furniture placed within pasture not used by scrapie-infected sheep for 40 months, even though swabs from this furniture tested negative by PMCA. This infection rate decreased (1 out of 12) on the same paddock after replacement with clean field furniture. Twelve grazing sheep exposed to field furniture not in contact with scrapie-infected sheep for 18 months remained scrapie free. The findings of this study highlight the role of field furniture used by scrapie-infected sheep to act as a reservoir for disease re-introduction although infectivity declines considerably if the field furniture has not been in contact with scrapie-infected sheep for several months. PMCA may not be as sensitive as VRQ/VRQ sheep to test for environmental contamination.
snip...
Discussion
Classical scrapie is an environmentally transmissible disease because it has been reported in naïve, supposedly previously unexposed sheep placed in pastures formerly occupied by scrapie-infected sheep (4, 19, 20). Although the vector for disease transmission is not known, soil is likely to be an important reservoir for prions (2) where – based on studies in rodents – prions can adhere to minerals as a biologically active form (21) and remain infectious for more than 2 years (22). Similarly, chronic wasting disease (CWD) has re-occurred in mule deer housed in paddocks used by infected deer 2 years earlier, which was assumed to be through foraging and soil consumption (23).
Our study suggested that the risk of acquiring scrapie infection was greater through exposure to contaminated wooden, plastic, and metal surfaces via water or food troughs, fencing, and hurdles than through grazing. Drinking from a water trough used by the scrapie flock was sufficient to cause infection in sheep in a clean building. Exposure to fences and other objects used for rubbing also led to infection, which supported the hypothesis that skin may be a vector for disease transmission (9). The risk of these objects to cause infection was further demonstrated when 87% of 23 sheep presented with PrPSc in lymphoid tissue after grazing on one of the paddocks, which contained metal hurdles, a metal lamb creep and a water trough in contact with the scrapie flock up to 8 weeks earlier, whereas no infection had been demonstrated previously in sheep grazing on this paddock, when equipped with new fencing and field furniture. When the contaminated furniture and fencing were removed, the infection rate dropped significantly to 8% of 12 sheep, with soil of the paddock as the most likely source of infection caused by shedding of prions from the scrapie-infected sheep in this paddock up to a week earlier.
This study also indicated that the level of contamination of field furniture sufficient to cause infection was dependent on two factors: stage of incubation period and time of last use by scrapie-infected sheep. Drinking from a water trough that had been used by scrapie sheep in the predominantly pre-clinical phase did not appear to cause infection, whereas infection was shown in sheep drinking from the water trough used by scrapie sheep in the later stage of the disease. It is possible that contamination occurred through shedding of prions in saliva, which may have contaminated the surface of the water trough and subsequently the water when it was refilled. Contamination appeared to be sufficient to cause infection only if the trough was in contact with sheep that included clinical cases. Indeed, there is an increased risk of bodily fluid infectivity with disease progression in scrapie (24) and CWD (25) based on PrPSc detection by sPMCA. Although ultraviolet light and heat under natural conditions do not inactivate prions (26), furniture in contact with the scrapie flock, which was assumed to be sufficiently contaminated to cause infection, did not act as vector for disease if not used for 18 months, which suggest that the weathering process alone was sufficient to inactivate prions.
PrPSc detection by sPMCA is increasingly used as a surrogate for infectivity measurements by bioassay in sheep or mice. In this reported study, however, the levels of PrPSc present in the environment were below the limit of detection of the sPMCA method, yet were still sufficient to cause infection of in-contact animals. In the present study, the outdoor objects were removed from the infected flock 8 weeks prior to sampling and were positive by sPMCA at very low levels (2 out of 37 reactions). As this sPMCA assay also yielded 2 positive reactions out of 139 in samples from the scrapie-free farm, the sPMCA assay could not detect PrPSc on any of the objects above the background of the assay. False positive reactions with sPMCA at a low frequency associated with de novo formation of infectious prions have been reported (27, 28). This is in contrast to our previous study where we demonstrated that outdoor objects that had been in contact with the scrapie-infected flock up to 20 days prior to sampling harbored PrPSc that was detectable by sPMCA analysis [4 out of 15 reactions (12)] and was significantly more positive by the assay compared to analogous samples from the scrapie-free farm. This discrepancy could be due to the use of a different sPMCA substrate between the studies that may alter the efficiency of amplification of the environmental PrPSc. In addition, the present study had a longer timeframe between the objects being in contact with the infected flock and sampling, which may affect the levels of extractable PrPSc. Alternatively, there may be potentially patchy contamination of this furniture with PrPSc, which may have been missed by swabbing. The failure of sPMCA to detect CWD-associated PrP in saliva from clinically affected deer despite confirmation of infectivity in saliva-inoculated transgenic mice was associated with as yet unidentified inhibitors in saliva (29), and it is possible that the sensitivity of sPMCA is affected by other substances in the tested material. In addition, sampling of amplifiable PrPSc and subsequent detection by sPMCA may be more difficult from furniture exposed to weather, which is supported by the observation that PrPSc was detected by sPMCA more frequently in indoor than outdoor furniture (12). A recent experimental study has demonstrated that repeated cycles of drying and wetting of prion-contaminated soil, equivalent to what is expected under natural weathering conditions, could reduce PMCA amplification efficiency and extend the incubation period in hamsters inoculated with soil samples (30). This seems to apply also to this study even though the reduction in infectivity was more dramatic in the sPMCA assays than in the sheep model. Sheep were not kept until clinical end-point, which would have enabled us to compare incubation periods, but the lack of infection in sheep exposed to furniture that had not been in contact with scrapie sheep for a longer time period supports the hypothesis that prion degradation and subsequent loss of infectivity occurs even under natural conditions.
In conclusion, the results in the current study indicate that removal of furniture that had been in contact with scrapie-infected animals should be recommended, particularly since cleaning and decontamination may not effectively remove scrapie infectivity (31), even though infectivity declines considerably if the pasture and the field furniture have not been in contact with scrapie-infected sheep for several months. As sPMCA failed to detect PrPSc in furniture that was subjected to weathering, even though exposure led to infection in sheep, this method may not always be reliable in predicting the risk of scrapie infection through environmental contamination. These results suggest that the VRQ/VRQ sheep model may be more sensitive than sPMCA for the detection of environmentally associated scrapie, and suggest that extremely low levels of scrapie contamination are able to cause infection in susceptible sheep genotypes.
Keywords: classical scrapie, prion, transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, sheep, field furniture, reservoir, serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification
Wednesday, December 16, 2015
*** Objects in contact with classical scrapie sheep act as a reservoir for scrapie transmission ***
*** Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years ***
Gudmundur Georgsson1, Sigurdur Sigurdarson2 and Paul Brown3
FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 24, 2017
Todd Robbins-Miller President of Minnesota Deer Farmers Association is oblivious to Chronic Wasting CWD TSE PRION DISEASE risk factors
MONDAY, AUGUST 14, 2017
NORWAY CWD, SHEEP GRAZING, and Scrapie, What If?
THURSDAY, AUGUST 10, 2017
NORWAY MAKES CHANGES TO NATIONAL CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION RULES
EUROPE CWD TSE PRION
What is the risk of chronic wasting disease being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012
Summary
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a highly infectious transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) that is circulating in the wild and farmed cervid populations in North America. It is the only TSE to be prevalent in free-ranging wild animal populations. A feature of CWD is its ability to spread both directly and indirectly via the contaminated environment where it is able to survive in a bio-available form for many years without any significant decrease in infectivity. Eradication of the disease from wild and farmed or managed cervid populations and the environment is extremely challenging and has not yet been successful.
Currently, there have been no reported cases of CWD or other TSE in deer in Great Britain (GB) or Europe. Given the consequences of CWD observed in North America, it is imperative that GB remains free of the disease. This risk assessment aims to assess the risk of CWD being imported into GB from North America and consequently, consider the risk of exposure and infection within the GB deer population. The assessment focuses on two main routes of entry including importation of animal feed and movement of contaminated clothing, footwear and equipment of tourists, deer hunters and British servicemen between affected areas of North America and GB. It is important to highlight that there are significant data gaps in this assessment. The main conclusions from this assessment are:
Several different animal feed products are imported into GB from North America. These include processed pet foods and consignments of unfinished feed ingredients for use in animal feed. The amount of imported feed, including pet food, that contains cervid protein is unknown and identified as a significant data gap. As non-ruminant animal feed may be produced with cervid protein (but not from positive CWD animals) in the United States (US), there is a greater than negligible risk that feed with cervid protein is imported from North America into GB. There is, however, uncertainty associated with this estimate.
In areas of North America where CWD has been reported, given that CWD is excreted in faeces, saliva, urine and blood, and survives in the environment for several years where it is able to bind to the soil, there is a medium probability that the environment (including soil) contains CWD.
Given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible. For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant uncertainty associated with these estimates.
Once in GB, the use of animal feed is subject to the TSE Feed Ban and ABP Regulations. In accordance with the current ban, farmed deer should not be directly exposed to (i.e. feed) imported animal feed containing any PAP. Therefore, assuming this ban is strictly adhered to, the risk of farmed and wild deer being exposed to ruminant animal feed containing deer protein from North America is considered negligible but with associated uncertainty. The probability of a (wild) deer being exposed to CWD infected deer protein in non-ruminant feed is considered to be greater than negligible but uncertain.
The pathways by which naïve deer in GB may be exposed to CWD contaminated soil and prions on equipment and clothing from people arriving in GB from North America are variable and highly uncertain. Given associated uncertainty, there is a greater than negligible probability that a person could transfer CWD prions from their contaminated equipment and/or clothing into deer habitat/environment, particularly with respect to Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) habitat but less so for Chinese Water deer (Hydropotes inermis) habitat. Further, given the volume of tourists and other travellers moving between North America and GB, there are potentially multiple opportunities for CWD prions to be transferred from equipment to the environment.
None of the species affected by CWD in North America are present in GB. For a British species to become infected with CWD given exposure will depend on the dose and inherent susceptibility. Based on current scientific evidence Red deer (Cervus elaphus elaphus) are susceptible to CWD, Fallow deer (Dama dama) are likely to be less susceptible and Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) have a gene conferring susceptibility. Therefore, it is likely that given exposure to an infectious dose of CWD, deer in GB could become infected with CWD.
However, given that the amount of soil ingested is likely to be very small, the probability of ingesting an infectious dose via this route is considered negligible to very low. The probability of ingesting an infectious dose via consumption of nonruminant feed is likely to be higher and may be very low, with associated uncertainty.
Overall, the probability of importing CWD into GB from North America and causing infection in British deer is uncertain but likely to be negligible to very low via movement of deer hunters, other tourists and British servicemen and very low via imported (nonruminant) animal feed. However, if it was imported and (a) deer did become infected with CWD, the consequences would be severe as eradication of the disease is impossible, it is clinically indistinguishable from BSE infection in deer (Dagleish et al., 2008) and populations of wild and farmed deer would be under threat.
What is the risk of chronic wasting disease being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012
Thursday, April 07, 2016
What is the risk of chronic wasting disease being introduced into Great Britain? An updated Qualitative Risk Assessment March 2016
Subject: DEFRA What is the risk of a cervid TSE being introduced from Norway into Great Britain? Qualitative Risk Assessment September 2016
Friday, September 30, 2016
DEFRA What is the risk of a cervid TSE being introduced from Norway into Great Britain? Qualitative Risk Assessment September 2016
Chronic wasting disease AND TISSUES THAT MIGHT CARRY A RISK FOR HUMAN FOOD AND ANIMAL FEED CHAINS REPORT
3.5.3 Conclusions
In deer and elk, PrPCWD has a very wide and early tissue distribution, which
resembles the distribution of scrapie and BSE agents in tissues in TSE-susceptible sheep and is different to that seen in BSE in cattle. However, tissue distribution is not identical for deer4 and elk. In the latter species it accumulates later in the incubation period into detectable levels. This widespread distribution of PrPCWD early in the incubation periodpresents significant, if not insurmountable, difficulty with respect to the potential for decisions on the removal of specified risk materials (SRM) in CWD.
FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 3, 2017
BSE MAD COW TSE PRION DISEASE PET FOOD FEED IN COMMERCE INDUSTRY VS TERRY S. SINGELTARY Sr. A REVIEW
''I have a neighbor who is a dairy farmer. He tells me that he knows of several farmers who feed their cattle expired dog food. These farmers are unaware of any dangers posed to their cattle from the pet food contents. For these farmers, the pet food is just another source of protein.''
IN CONFIDENCE
SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 4, 2017
FDA 589.2000, Section 21 C.F.R. Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed WARNING Letters and FEED MILL VIOLATIONS OBSERVATIONS 2017 to 2006
*** PLEASE SEE THIS URGENT UPDATE ON CWD AND FEED ANIMAL PROTEIN ***
cwd to pig, orally ;
Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES
Location: Virus and Prion Research
Title: Disease-associated prion protein detected in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the agent of chronic wasting disease
Author item Moore, Sarah item Kunkle, Robert item Kondru, Naveen item Manne, Sireesha item Smith, Jodi item Kanthasamy, Anumantha item West Greenlee, M item Greenlee, Justin
Submitted to: Prion Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 3/15/2017 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A Interpretive Summary:
Technical Abstract: Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a naturally-occurring, fatal neurodegenerative disease of cervids. We previously demonstrated that disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) can be detected in the brain and retina from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent. In that study, neurological signs consistent with prion disease were observed only in one pig: an intracranially challenged pig that was euthanized at 64 months post-challenge. The purpose of this study was to use an antigen-capture immunoassay (EIA) and real-time quaking-induced conversion (QuIC) to determine whether PrPSc is present in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the CWD agent.
Methods: At two months of age, crossbred pigs were challenged by the intracranial route (n=20), oral route (n=19), or were left unchallenged (n=9). At approximately 6 months of age, the time at which commercial pigs reach market weight, half of the pigs in each group were culled (<6 challenge="" groups="" month="" pigs="" remaining="" the="">6 month challenge groups) were allowed to incubate for up to 73 months post challenge (mpc). The retropharyngeal lymph node (RPLN) was screened for the presence of PrPSc by EIA and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The RPLN, palatine tonsil, and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) from 6-7 pigs per challenge group were also tested using EIA and QuIC.
Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 5="" 6="" at="" by="" detected="" eia.="" examined="" group="" in="" intracranial="" least="" lymphoid="" month="" months="" of="" one="" pigs="" positive="" prpsc="" quic="" the="" tissues="" was="">6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 4="" and="" group="" months="" oral="">6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%). Conclusions:
This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge.
CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease.
Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.
CONFIDENTIAL
EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY
While this clearly is a cause for concern we should not jump to the conclusion that this means that pigs will necessarily be infected by bone and meat meal fed by the oral route as is the case with cattle. ...
we cannot rule out the possibility that unrecognised subclinical spongiform encephalopathy could be present in British pigs though there is no evidence for this: only with parenteral/implantable pharmaceuticals/devices is the theoretical risk to humans of sufficient concern to consider any action.
Our records show that while some use is made of porcine materials in medicinal products, the only products which would appear to be in a hypothetically ''higher risk'' area are the adrenocorticotrophic hormone for which the source material comes from outside the United Kingdom, namely America China Sweden France and Germany. The products are manufactured by Ferring and Armour. A further product, ''Zenoderm Corium implant'' manufactured by Ethicon, makes use of porcine skin - which is not considered to be a ''high risk'' tissue, but one of its uses is described in the data sheet as ''in dural replacement''. This product is sourced from the United Kingdom.....
snip...see much more here ;
WEDNESDAY, APRIL 05, 2017
Disease-associated prion protein detected in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the agent of chronic wasting disease
MONDAY, AUGUST 14, 2017
Experimental transmission of the chronic wasting disease agent to swine after oral or intracranial inoculation
TUESDAY, APRIL 18, 2017
EXTREME USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED LOOP HOLE STILL EXIST, AND PRICE OF POKER GOES UP
Thursday, November 16, 2017
Texas Natural Meats Recalls Beef Products Due To Possible Specified Risk Materials Contamination
Scientific Opinion
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cervids
Authors
EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ),
First published: 18 January 2017Full publication history DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4667View/save citation
TUESDAY, JUNE 20, 2017
Norway Confirms 6th Case of Skrantesjuke CWD TSE Prion Disease
Tuesday, December 13, 2016
Norway Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion disease Skrantesjuke December 2016 Update
Thursday, September 22, 2016
NORWAY DETECTS 5TH CASE OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION Skrantesjuke
Saturday, September 03, 2016
NORWAY Regulation concerning temporary measures to reduce the spread of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) as 4th case of skrantesjuke confirmed in Sogn og Fjordane
Wednesday, August 31, 2016
*** NORWAY CONFIRMS 4TH CASE OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION IN SECOND CARIBOU
Wednesday, August 31, 2016
NORWAY CONFIRMS 4TH CASE OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION IN SECOND CARIBOU
Tuesday, August 02, 2016
Chronic wasting disease of deer – is the battle to keep Europe free already lost?
Tuesday, June 14, 2016
*** Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in a moose from Selbu in Sør-Trøndelag Norway ***
Thursday, July 07, 2016
Norway reports a third case Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion in 2nd Norwegian moose
14/06/2016 - Norway reports a third case
Tuesday, April 12, 2016
The first detection of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in Europe free-ranging reindeer from the Nordfjella population in South-Norway.
Saturday, April 9, 2016
The Norwegian Veterinary Institute (NVI, 2016) has reported a case of prion disease Cervid Spongiform Encephalopathy detected in free ranging wild reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus)
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
Saturday, July 16, 2016
Chronic wasting Disease in Deer (CWD or Spongiform Encephalopathy) The British Deer Society 07/04/2016
Red Deer Ataxia or Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE PRION?
could this have been cwd in the UK back in 1970’S ???
Clinical Communication Enzootic ataxia in Red deer P.R. Wilson , Marjorie B. Orr & E.L. Key Pages 252-254 | Published online: 23 Feb 2011
SEE FULL TEXT ;
Terry S. Singeltary Sr.
Bacliff, Texas USA 77518
flounder9@verizon.net
posted by Terry S. Singeltary Sr. at
11:56 AM
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