Indiana 6 deer missing from farm pose health risk to state herds
INDIANA
1/22/2013 11:11:00 AM
6 deer missing from farm pose health risk to state herds
Aubrey Woods, Tribune
Indiana Department of Natural Resourcescontinues to search for six
ear-tagged deer in Jackson County and neighboring Bartholomew, Jennings and
Scott counties. Those deer are among the 20 that escaped from a captive cervid
facility — or deer farm — in 2012, a spokesman with the state Department of
Natural Resources said Friday.
“Of the six, one is a buck, which had a yellow ear tag with the No. 47,”
Phil Bloom said.
Bloom said the buck is the only one of the six missing deer imported from a
site in Pennsylvania where deer have tested positive for chronic wasting
disease.
“He has been exposed to it, but that doesn’t mean he has chronic wasting
disease,” Bloom said. “There is no live test for chronic wasting disease. That
can’t be determined until the deer is dead and tissue has been tested.”
Bloom said the other five deer that remain free are classified as exposed
to chronic wasting disease through their association with the buck.
Of particular interest are any deer with a yellow ear tag bearing the
prefix “IN 764” followed by another four numbers or any deer with a yellow ear
tag and two numbers on it.
Natural Resources staff will assist in taking the deer carcass to Purdue
University for testing at the Indiana Animal Disease Diagnostic
Laboratory.
Of the remaining 20 that escaped from the deer farm, the owner recaptured
11 shortly after the escape.
The location and ownership of the deer farm have not been released, based
on guidelines of the Indiana Board of Animal Health, but the owner is
cooperating, Bloom said.
The escape occurred after a tree fell on a fence at the deer farm, Bloom
said.
Of the remaining nine deer that escaped, one was struck and killed by a
vehicle, a second was shot and killed by a bow hunter during archery season and
a third was killed during a special deer hunting session the first weekend of
January, Bloom said.
The owner of the farm continues to help search for the remaining six and
has been cooperative with the state, Bloom said.
State officials believe the buck is still alive because people have
reported seeing it, Bloom said.
“Although it is conceivable it may have been killed,” he said.
Hunters also may have killed some of the five missing deer and just not
reported their deaths to the state as required, Bloom said.
Bloom said there are no special hunting seasons planned to find the
remaining deer.
“We’re making an all-out effort to find the deer,” Bloom said.
Local hunter Chuck Brenner of Freetown said the state is being too
complacent about an issue that could have long-range effects on the deer
population, however.
“I’m not just a hunter,” Brenner said. “I’m a conservationist. We need to
manage our herds.”
Brenner said chronic wasting disease could wipe out herds and cost the
state millions of dollars down the road.
“We should hunt them down and find them whether it’s deer season or not,”
Brenner said.
He said there hasn’t been much publicity about the missing deer and that
local hunters could help with the search.
“They need to ask the local hunters for help,” Brenner said. “They could
put out trail cameras. If nothing else, the state could put a bounty on
them.”
Brenner said the deer are clearly marked and there could be a special hunt
just for the six deer that are ear-tagged.
Bloom said the state wants to make sure that the deer are tracked down,
tested and determined if they’ve been exposed to chronic wasting disease.
“It could have some far-reaching ramifications,” he said.
So far the disease has never been found in Indiana, which has been testing
for the disease since 2002. More than 10,000 deer killed during hunts or by
vehicles have been tested and the disease has not been detected, Bloom
said.
The tags on those missing deer are expected to tell officials whether the
animals have any possible connection with a captive facility in Pennsylvania
where chronic wasting disease was confirmed this winter, Bloom said. That report
made Pennsylvania the 23rd state in which it has been found.
Cervid or wild game farms in Indiana can raise deer, elk and moose for
several reasons, Bloom said. The animals can be processed at a slaughterhouse
and sold as meat, sold for pets or sold to high-fenced hunting reserves.
Copyright © 2013 The Tribune
Editor, John C. DePrez Jr.; Executive Editor, Carol Rogers; Publishers:
IBRC and IAR
Long kills controversial fenced hunting bill
February 1, 2012 | Filed under: Issues,Top stories | Posted by: Lesley
Weidenbener
By Lesley Weidenbener
The Statehouse File
INDIANAPOLIS – An effort to legalize fenced deer hunting is dead for this
session.
Senate President Pro Tem David Long, R-Fort Wayne, said he will use a
procedural move to kill House Bill 1265 and won’t allow it to be considered in
the Senate in the 2012 session. “I think it is a terrible bill,” Long said.
“It’s something that first of all it’s not real hunting. It fences in these
animals.”
Fenced deer preserves allow hunters to pay money – sometimes thousands of
dollars – to shoot deer that are sometimes bred to have larger antlers.
Proponents say the preserves are large enough to give the deer plenty of
opportunity to escape but critics say they violate the fair chase doctrine that
dictates ethical hunting.
In 2006, the Department of Natural Resources passed rules – signed by Gov.
Mitch Daniels – that made the preserves illegal. But a lawsuit essentially
stopped the enforcement. The suit is still pending and four preserves are
operating. HB 1265 – approved 56-40 by the House this week – would have
legalized the preserves and created a licensing process for new businesses.
The bill’s author, Rep. Matt Ubelhor, R-Linton, said the preserves and the
farms that provide them with deer already have a $50 million annual economic
impact on the state. Ubelhor says that could increase if more preserves are
permitted to operate.
But Long said Wednesday he prefers to maintain the status quo.
“The bill as it currently exists would open it wide open,” Long said. “I
thought we had an understanding (in the General Assembly) that we weren’t going
down that path again.”
Lesley Weidenbener is managing editor of TheStatehouseFile.com, a news
website powered by Franklin College journalism students.
Move to expand Ind. fenced deer hunting shelved
1:38 PM, Feb. 2, 2012
INDIANAPOLIS (WTW) — An attempt to legalize hunting deer and elk that are
kept inside high fences has been shelved by the state Senate's leader.
The House voted 56-40 this week to approve a bill allowing the fenced
hunting, but Senate President Pro Tem David Long said he thought it was a
"terrible idea" and will use a procedural move to kill the proposal for this
year's legislative session.
The bill would have legalized four existing shooting preserves that are now
operating under an injunction issued in a lawsuit against state Department of
Natural Resources rules adopted in 2006 to ban captive hunting. The bill also
would have allowed more similar preserves to operate.
Long, R-Fort Wayne, said Wednesday that he believed legislators reached a
tacit agreement several years ago not to intercede.
"It's not real hunting," he said. "It fences in these animals. Almost every
real hunter that I talk to says it's a terrible idea and they don't support it."
Supporters say legalizing the fenced hunting preserves would be an economic
boon and would provide Indiana's 400 deer farms with a place to sell their
animals.
Rick Miller, president of the Indiana Deer and Elk Farmers Association,
told The Journal Gazette in Fort Wayne (http://bit.ly/z2oSiH) that deer farmers are now
selling their deer out of state, but he expects that chronic wasting disease,
which is fatal to deer and elk, will eventually hit Indiana and force an end to
such sales. He said Indiana's existing preserves wouldn't be enough to keep the
farms in business.
"They're killing us," Miller said of the Senate action. "We are begging
lawmakers to help us put it to bed one way or another."
Eleven states have full bans on captive hunting and 15 states have partial
prohibitions. States surrounding Indiana do not have a ban, and shooting
preserves and deer farming have boomed there.
Bill sponsor Rep. Matt Ubelhor, R-Bloomfield, said Indiana's existing
preserves are large — akin to 80 city blocks — and allow deer the opportunity to
elude hunters.
"It's certainly fair chase," Ubelhor said.
___
Tuesday, December 18, 2012
A Growing Threat How deer breeding could put public trust wildlife at risk
Wednesday, November 14, 2012
PENNSYLVANIA 2012 THE GREAT ESCAPE OF CWD INVESTIGATION MOVES INTO
LOUISIANA and INDIANA
INDIANA 20 DEER ESCAPE TROPHY BUCK GAME FARM STATE OFFICIALS FEAR CWD RISK
TO WILD
Sunday, January 06, 2013
USDA TO PGC ONCE CAPTIVES ESCAPE "it‘s no longer its business.”
Sunday, January 06, 2013
USDA TO PGC ONCE CAPTIVES ESCAPE "it‘s no longer its business.”
Friday, August 31, 2012
COMMITTEE ON CAPTIVE WILDLIFE AND ALTERNATIVE LIVESTOCK and CWD 2009-2012 a
review
Tuesday, June 05, 2012
Captive Deer Breeding Legislation Overwhelmingly Defeated During 2012
Legislative Session
Tuesday, December 18, 2012
*** A Growing Threat How deer breeding could put public trust wildlife at
risk
Tuesday, February 14, 2012
Oppose Indiana House Bill 1265 game farming cervidsOppose Indiana House
Bill 1265 game farming cervids
Friday, December 14, 2012
Susceptibility Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in wild cervids to Humans 2005
- December 14, 2012
2004
Environmental Sources of Prion Transmission in Mule Deer
Michael W. Miller,* Elizabeth S. Williams,† N. Thompson Hobbs,‡ and Lisa L.
Wolfe*
Whether transmission of the chronic wasting disease (CWD) prion among
cervids requires direct interaction with infected animals has been unclear. We
report that CWD can be transmitted to susceptible animals indirectly, from
environments contaminated by excreta or decomposed carcasses. Under experimental
conditions, mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) became infected in two of three
paddocks containing naturally infected deer, in two of three paddocks where
infected deer carcasses had decomposed in situ ≈1.8 years earlier, and in one of
three paddocks where infected deer had last resided 2.2 years earlier. Indirect
transmission and environmental persistence of infectious prions will complicate
efforts to control CWD and perhaps other animal prion diseases.
2009
Research Article
Infectious Prions in Pre-Clinical Deer and Transmission of Chronic Wasting
Disease Solely by Environmental Exposure
Abstract
Key to understanding the epidemiology and pathogenesis of prion diseases,
including chronic wasting disease (CWD) of cervids, is determining the mode of
transmission from one individual to another. We have previously reported that
saliva and blood from CWD-infected deer contain sufficient infectious prions to
transmit disease upon passage into naïve deer.
Here we again use bioassays in deer to show that blood and saliva of
pre-symptomatic deer contain infectious prions capable of infecting naïve deer
and that naïve deer exposed only to environmental fomites from the suites of
CWD-infected deer acquired CWD infection after a period of 15 months post
initial exposure.
These results help to further explain the basis for the facile transmission
of CWD, highlight the complexities associated with CWD transmission among
cervids in their natural environment, emphasize the potential utility of
blood-based testing to detect pre-clinical CWD infection, and could augur
similar transmission dynamics in other prion infections.
SNIP...
In summary, the results reported here reconfirm that blood and saliva are
sources of infectious CWD prions, consistent with previous findings [27], and
further support a mechanism for efficient CWD transmission in nature. We also
show that infectious prions shed into the environment by CWD+ deer are
sufficient to transmit the disease to naïve deer in the absence of direct
animal-to-animal contact. These observations reinforce the exposure risk
associated with body fluids, excreta, and all tissues from CWD+ cervids and
suggest that similar dynamics may exist in other prion infections.
March 2012
Indirect Environmental Transmission Environmental transmission of the CWD
agent was reported in studies demonstrating that an infected deer carcass left
in a pasture for 2 years could transmit the agent to immunologically naive deer
(17). Exposure of naive deer to pasture previously inhabited by an infected deer
also led to CWD transmission, as did cohabitation of naive and infected deer
(17). Naive deer exposed to water, feed buckets, and bedding used by
CWD-infected deer contracted the disease (18).
Epidemiologic modeling suggests that indirect environmental routes of CWD
transmission also play a major role in transmission (8). Environmental
transmission of scrapie is well documented, and scrapie prions may remain
infectious after years in the environment (19,20; S.E. Saunders, unpub. data).
Nevertheless, environmental transmission of scrapie may be less efficient than
transmission by direct contact (19). Conversely, the relative efficiency of CWD
transmission by direct contact versus indirect, environmental routes remains
unclear, but evidence suggests environmental transmission may be a major
mechanism (8). The proportion of transmission by direct versus indirect routes
may vary not only between captive and free-ranging cervid populations, but also
among cervid species and free-ranging habitats and ecosystems. Transmission
dynamics may also vary over time as CWD prevalence and ecosystem residence times
continue to increase (8).
SEE ;
Salivary prions in sheep and deer
Gültekin Tamgüney,1,2,† Jürgen A. Richt,3,8 Amir N. Hamir,3,9 Justin J.
Greenlee,3 Michael W. Miller,4 Lisa L. Wolfe,4 Tracey M. Sirochman,4 Alan J.
Young,5 David V. Glidden,6 Natrina L. Johnson,1 Kurt Giles,1,2 Stephen J.
DeArmond1,7 and Stanley B. Prusiner1,2,*
1Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases; San Francisco, CA USA;
2Department of Neurology; University of California, San Francisco, CA USA;
3National Animal Disease Center; ARS-USDA; Ames, IA USA; 4Colorado Division of
Wildlife; Wildlife Research Center; Fort Collins, CO USA; 5Department of
Veterinary Science; South Dakota State University; Brookings, SD USA;
6Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; University of California, San
Francisco, CA USA; 7Department of Pathology; University of California; San
Francisco, CA USA; 8College of Veterinary Medicine; Kansas State University,
Manhattan, KS USA; 9MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX USA †Current address:
German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases; Bonn, Germany
Key words: scrapie, chronic wasting disease, saliva, horizontal
transmission, titers
Scrapie of sheep and chronic wasting disease (CWD) of cervids are
transmissible prion diseases. Milk and placenta have been identified as sources
of scrapie prions but do not explain horizontal transmission. In contrast, CWD
prions have been reported in saliva, urine and feces, which are thought to be
responsible for horizontal transmission. While the titers of CWD prions have
been measured in feces, levels in saliva or urine are unknown. Because sheep
produce ~17 L/day of saliva and scrapie prions are present in tongue and
salivary glands of infected sheep, we asked if scrapie prions are shed in
saliva. We inoculated transgenic (Tg) mice expressing ovine prion protein,
Tg(OvPrP) mice, with saliva from seven Cheviot sheep with scrapie. Six of seven
samples transmitted prions to Tg(OvPrP) mice with titers of -0.5 to 1.7 log ID50
U/ml. Similarly, inoculation of saliva samples from two mule deer with CWD
transmitted prions to Tg(ElkPrP) mice with titers of -1.1 to -0.4 log ID50 U/ml.
Assuming similar shedding kinetics for salivary prions as those for fecal prions
of deer, we estimated the secreted salivary prion dose over a 10-mo period to be
as high as 8.4 log ID50 units for sheep and 7.0 log ID50 units for deer. These
estimates are similar to 7.9 log ID50 units of fecal CWD prions for deer.
Because saliva is mostly swallowed, salivary prions may reinfect tissues of the
gastrointestinal tract and contribute to fecal prion shedding. Salivary prions
shed into the environment provide an additional mechanism for horizontal prion
transmission.
Conclusions. This study documents the first aerosol transmission of CWD in
deer. These results further infer that aerosolized prions facilitate CWD
transmission with greater efficiency than does oral exposure to a larger prion
dose. Thus exposure via the respiratory mucosa may be significant in the facile
spread of CWD in deer and perhaps in prion transmission overall.
Conclusion.
Transepithelial transport of prions across nasal cavity mucosa begins
within minutes of inhalation and can continue for up to 3 h. While M cells
appear to transport prions across the follicular associated epithelium, larger
amounts of prions are transported between the cells of the respiratory and
olfactory epithelia, where they immediately enter the lymphatic vessels in the
lamina propria. Thus, inhaled prions can be spread via lymph draining the nasal
cavity and have access to somatic and autonomic nerves in the lamina propria of
the nasal cavity. The increased efficiency of the nasal cavity route of
infection compared with the oral route may be due to the rapid and prolonged
transport of prions between cells of the respiratory and olfactory epithelia.
Now that these experiments are completed we conclude that TSE infectivity
is likely to survive burial for long periods of time with minimal loss of
infectivity and restricted movement from the site of burial. These experiments
emphasize that the environment is a viable reservoir for retaining large
quantities of TSE infectivity, and reinforce the importance of risk assessment
when disposing of this type of infectious material.
Friday, October 26, 2012
***CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD PENNSYLVANIA GAME FARMS, URINE ATTRACTANT
PRODUCTS, BAITING, AND MINERAL LICKS
Friday, December 14, 2012
*** DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being
introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012
Monday, November 26, 2012
Rapid Transepithelial Transport of Prions following Inhalation
Thursday, May 31, 2012
CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD PRION2012 Aerosol, Inhalation transmission,
Scrapie, cats, species barrier, burial, and more
INDIANA 2003 CHIEF DNR OFFICIAL CWD COMMENT 03D-0186
From: Glenn Lange [lange@fw.dnr.state.in.us]
Sent: Friday, May 23, 2003 4:17 PM
Subject: Docket 03D-0186; Draft Guidance for Industry (#158): Use of
Material From Deer and Elk in Animal Feed
To Whom It May Concern:
May 23, 2003
As Chief of Wildlife for the Division of Fish & Wildlife of the Indiana
Department of Natural Resources, I would like to comment on the FDA Docket No.
03D-0186; Draft Guidance for Industry (#158): Use of Material From Deer and Elk
in Animal Feed.
During 2002 the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of Fish
& Wildlife and the Indiana Board of Animal Health jointly collected
approximately 3,300 White-tailed deer heads in Indiana for Chronic Wasting
Disease surveillance. Approximately 1/2 of these samples were collected at deer
processing plants while the bulk of the remaining samples were collected at
mandatory deer checking stations. The FDA guidelines for 2002, which are very
similar to the proposed guidance for 2003, prevented some processors and some
deer hunters from giving us access to deer heads due to concerns about a
renderer product recall if a tested head was found to be positive. The past and
future guidances do not recommend a recall if the same CWD infected deer is
rendered without being tested. Thus the guidance for 2003 (which would trigger a
recall of rendered product if a tested animal is found to be CWD positive,
section III.) does not prevent an infected deer in Indiana from going into the
animal food stream, it merely interferes with our ability to collect samples to
detect CWD early in an outbreak.
To further explain, our actual experience in 2002 showed that my personnel
that were engaged in CWD sampling of deer at meat lockers were sometimes turned
away by the plant owner, because the meat processors knew that their renderer
would not accept any animal from them if some of their animals were being
tested. My personnel then had to collect heads at a location where fewer heads
were available than would have been the case at the initial processor. The net
result was that my personnel collected fewer heads for analysis than would have
been collected without the new regulation. Additionally, last fall we had cases
where hunters who donated their deer heads at deer checking stations were
subsequently turned away from meat processors for the same reasons. As our
sample size in 2003 is reduced due to a reluctance to donate deer heads, we will
not detect the disease until it has increased in the population to balance the
effect of the reduction in sample size. Thus, under the guidance proposed for
2003, we will be less likely to detect the disease at an early stage than would
be the case if more heads were available for testing. The reduction in our
ability to detect the disease will actually increase the probability that more
infected deer are rendered for a longer period of time than would be the case if
we could efficiently collect a large sample of heads for analysis.
I believe that the FDA should not recall feed products that contain
deer/elk from NON-ENDEMIC areas in the event that a positive is found through
routine surveillance, as the proposed approach only serves to inhibit States'
CWD monitoring programs. I urge the FDA to reconsider their position on this
issue as stated in section III. of the proposed guidance, and not recall animal
feed in the event that routine CWD surveillance on free?ranging deer/elk in
non?endemic areas turns up a positive animal that has been rendered.
Sincerely,
Glenn Lange Chief, Wildlife Section Division of Fish and Wildlife Indiana
Department of Natural Resources 402 West Washington Street Room W273
Indianapolis, IN 46204
glange@dnr.state.in.us PH: 317 / 232-4080 Fax: 317 / 232 -8150
2003D-0186 Guidance for Industry: Use of Material From Deer and Elk In
Animal Feed
EMC 1 Terry S. Singeltary Sr. Vol #: 1
EMC 2 Indiana Department of Natural Resources Vol #: 1
-------- Original Message --------
Subject: MAD DEER FEED BAN WARNING LETTER RECALL 6 TONS DISTRIBUTED USA
Date: Wed, 20 Oct 2004 14:53:56 -0500
From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."
Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
To: BSE-L@UNI-KARLSRUHE.DE
##################### Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
#####################
PRODUCT
Product is custom made deer feed packaged in 100 lb. poly bags. The product
has no labeling. Recall # V-003-5.
CODE
The product has no lot code. All custom made feed purchased between June
24, 2004 and September 8, 2004.
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER
Farmers Elevator Co, Houston, OH, by telephone and letter dated September
27, 2004. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.
REASON
Feed may contain protein derived from mammalian tissues which is prohibited
in ruminant feed.
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE
Approximately 6 tons.
DISTRIBUTION OH.
END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR October 20, 2004
################# BSE-L-subscribe-request@uni-karlsruhe.de
#################
-------- Original Message --------
Subject: DOCKET-- 03D-0186 -- FDA Issues Draft Guidance on Use of Material
From Deer and Elk in Animal Feed; Availability
Date: Fri, 16 May 2003 11:47:37 -0500
From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."
To: fdadockets@oc.fda.gov
Greetings FDA,
i would kindly like to comment on;
Docket 03D-0186
FDA Issues Draft Guidance on Use of Material From Deer and Elk in Animal
Feed; Availability
Several factors on this apparent voluntary proposal disturbs me greatly,
please allow me to point them out;
1. MY first point is the failure of the partial ruminant-to-ruminant feed
ban of 8/4/97. this partial and voluntary feed ban of some ruminant materials
being fed back to cattle is terribly flawed. without the _total_ and _mandatory_
ban of all ruminant materials being fed back to ruminants including cattle,
sheep, goat, deer, elk and mink, chickens, fish (all farmed animals for
human/animal consumption), this half *beep* measure will fail terribly, as in
the past decades...
2. WHAT about sub-clinical TSE in deer and elk? with the recent findings of
deer fawns being infected with CWD, how many could possibly be sub-clinically
infected. until we have a rapid TSE test to assure us that all deer/elk are free
of disease (clinical and sub-clinical), we must ban not only documented CWD
infected deer/elk, but healthy ones as well. it this is not done, they system
will fail...
3. WE must ban not only CNS (SRMs specified risk materials), but ALL
tissues. recent new and old findings support infectivity in the rump or *beep*
muscle. wether it be low or high, accumulation will play a crucial role in TSEs.
4. THERE are and have been for some time many TSEs in the USA. TME in mink,
Scrapie in Sheep and Goats, and unidentified TSE in USA cattle. all this has
been proven, but the TSE in USA cattle has been totally ignored for decades. i
will document this data below in my references.
5. UNTIL we ban all ruminant by-products from being fed back to ALL
ruminants, until we rapid TSE test (not only deer/elk) but cattle in sufficient
numbers to find (1 million rapid TSE test in USA cattle annually for 5 years),
any partial measures such as the ones proposed while ignoring sub-clinical TSEs
and not rapid TSE testing cattle, not closing down feed mills that continue to
violate the FDA's BSE feed regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) and not making freely
available those violations, will only continue to spread these TSE mad cow
agents in the USA. I am curious what we will call a phenotype in a species that
is mixed with who knows how many strains of scrapie, who knows what strain or
how many strains of TSE in USA cattle, and the CWD in deer and elk (no telling
how many strains there), but all of this has been rendered for animal feeds in
the USA for decades. it will get interesting once someone starts looking in all
species, including humans here in the USA, but this has yet to happen...
6. IT is paramount that CJD be made reportable in every state (especially
''sporadic'' cjd), and that a CJD Questionnaire must be issued to every family
of a victim of TSE. only checking death certificates will not be sufficient.
this has been proven as well (see below HISTORY OF CJD -- CJD QUESTIONNAIRE)
7. WE must learn from our past mistakes, not continue to make the same
mistakes...
snip...
Oral transmission and early lymphoid tropism of chronic wasting disease
PrPres in mule deer fawns (Odocoileus hemionus )
Christina J. Sigurdson1, Elizabeth S. Williams2, Michael W. Miller3, Terry
R. Spraker1,4, Katherine I. O'Rourke5 and Edward A. Hoover1
Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical
Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523- 1671, USA1
Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, 1174 Snowy Range Road,
University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82070, USA 2 Colorado Division of Wildlife,
Wildlife Research Center, 317 West Prospect Road, Fort Collins, CO 80526-2097,
USA3 Colorado State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, 300 West Drake
Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1671, USA4 Animal Disease Research Unit,
Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 337 Bustad Hall,
Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7030, USA5
Author for correspondence: Edward Hoover.Fax +1 970 491 0523. e-mail
ehoover@lamar.colostate.edu
Mule deer fawns (Odocoileus hemionus) were inoculated orally with a brain
homogenate prepared from mule deer with naturally occurring chronic wasting
disease (CWD), a prion-induced transmissible spongiform encephalopathy. Fawns
were necropsied and examined for PrP res, the abnormal prion protein isoform, at
10, 42, 53, 77, 78 and 80 days post-inoculation (p.i.) using an
immunohistochemistry assay modified to enhance sensitivity. PrPres was detected
in alimentary-tract-associated lymphoid tissues (one or more of the following:
retropharyngeal lymph node, tonsil, Peyer's patch and ileocaecal lymph node) as
early as 42 days p.i. and in all fawns examined thereafter (53 to 80 days p.i.).
No PrPres staining was detected in lymphoid tissue of three control fawns
receiving a control brain inoculum, nor was PrPres detectable in neural tissue
of any fawn. PrPres-specific staining was markedly enhanced by sequential tissue
treatment with formic acid, proteinase K and hydrated autoclaving prior to
immunohistochemical staining with monoclonal antibody F89/160.1.5. These results
indicate that CWD PrP res can be detected in lymphoid tissues draining the
alimentary tract within a few weeks after oral exposure to infectious prions and
may reflect the initial pathway of CWD infection in deer. The rapid infection of
deer fawns following exposure by the most plausible natural route is consistent
with the efficient horizontal transmission of CWD in nature and enables
accelerated studies of transmission and pathogenesis in the native species.
snip...
These results indicate that mule deer fawns develop detectable PrP res
after oral exposure to an inoculum containing CWD prions. In the earliest
post-exposure period, CWD PrPres was traced to the lymphoid tissues draining the
oral and intestinal mucosa (i.e. the retropharyngeal lymph nodes, tonsil, ileal
Peyer's patches and ileocaecal lymph nodes), which probably received the highest
initial exposure to the inoculum. Hadlow et al. (1982) demonstrated scrapie
agent in the tonsil, retropharyngeal and mesenteric lymph nodes, ileum and
spleen in a 10-month-old naturally infected lamb by mouse bioassay. Eight of
nine sheep had infectivity in the retropharyngeal lymph node. He concluded that
the tissue distribution suggested primary infection via the gastrointestinal
tract. The tissue distribution of PrPres in the early stages of infection in the
fawns is strikingly similar to that seen in naturally infected sheep with
scrapie. These findings support oral exposure as a natural route of CWD
infection in deer and support oral inoculation as a reasonable exposure route
for experimental studies of CWD.
snip...
===================================
now, just what is in that deer feed? _ANIMAL PROTEIN_
Subject: MAD DEER/ELK DISEASE AND POTENTIAL SOURCES
Date: Sat, 25 May 2002 18:41:46 –0700
From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."
Reply-To: BSE-L To: BSE-L
8420-20.5% Antler Developer For Deer and Game in the wild Guaranteed
Analysis Ingredients / Products Feeding Directions
snip...
_animal protein_
BODE'S GAME FEED SUPPLEMENT #400 A RATION FOR DEER NET WEIGHT 50 POUNDS
22.6 KG.
snip...
_animal protein_
Ingredients
Grain Products, Plant Protein Products, Processed Grain By-Products, Forage
Products, Roughage Products 15%, Molasses Products, __Animal Protein Products__,
Monocalcium Phosphate, Dicalcium Pyosphate, Salt, Calcium Carbonate, Vitamin A
Acetate with D-activated Animal Sterol (source of Vitamin D3), Vitamin E
Supplement, Vitamin B12 Supplement, Riboflavin Supplement, Niacin Supplement,
Calcium Panothenate, Choline Chloride, Folic Acid, Menadione Soduim Bisulfite
Complex, Pyridoxine Hydorchloride, Thiamine Mononitrate, d-Biotin, Manganous
Oxide, Zinc Oxide, Ferrous Carbonate, Calcium Iodate, Cobalt Carbonate, Dried
Sacchoromyces Berevisiae Fermentation Solubles, Cellulose gum, Artificial
Flavors added.
===================================
MORE ANIMAL PROTEIN PRODUCTS FOR DEER
Bode's #1 Game Pellets A RATION FOR DEER F3153
GUARANTEED ANALYSIS Crude Protein (Min) 16% Crude Fat (Min) 2.0% Crude
Fiber (Max) 19% Calcium (Ca) (Min) 1.25% Calcium (Ca) (Max) 1.75% Phosphorus (P)
(Min) 1.0% Salt (Min) .30% Salt (Max) .70%
Ingredients
Grain Products, Plant Protein Products, Processed Grain By-Products, Forage
Products, Roughage Products, 15% Molasses Products, __Animal Protein Products__,
Monocalcium Phosphate, Dicalcium Phosphate, Salt, Calcium Carbonate, Vitamin A
Acetate with D-activated Animal Sterol (source of Vitamin D3) Vitamin E
Supplement, Vitamin B12 Supplement, Roboflavin Supplement, Niacin Supplement,
Calcium Pantothenate, Choline Chloride, Folic Acid, Menadione Sodium Bisulfite
Complex, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride, Thiamine Mononitrate, e - Biotin, Manganous
Oxide, Zinc Oxide, Ferrous Carbonate, Calcium Iodate, Cobalt Carbonate, Dried
Saccharyomyces Cerevisiae Fermentation Solubles, Cellulose gum, Artificial
Flavors added.
FEEDING DIRECTIONS Feed as Creep Feed with Normal Diet
INGREDIENTS
Grain Products, Roughage Products (not more than 35%), Processed Grain
By-Products, Plant Protein Products, Forage Products, __Animal Protein
Products__, L-Lysine, Calcium Carbonate, Salt, Monocalcium/Dicalcium Phosphate,
Yeast Culture, Magnesium Oxide, Cobalt Carbonate, Basic Copper Chloride,
Manganese Sulfate, Manganous Oxide, Sodium Selenite, Zinc Sulfate, Zinc Oxide,
Sodium Selenite, Potassium Iodide, Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide, Vitamin E
Supplement, Vitamin A Supplement, Vitamin D3 Supplement, Mineral Oil, Mold
Inhibitor, Calcium Lignin Sulfonate, Vitamin B12 Supplement, Menadione Sodium
Bisulfite Complex, Calcium Pantothenate, Riboflavin, Niacin, Biotin, Folic Acid,
Pyridoxine Hydrochloride, Mineral Oil, Chromium Tripicolinate
DIRECTIONS FOR USE
Deer Builder Pellets is designed to be fed to deer under range conditions
or deer that require higher levels of protein. Feed to deer during gestation,
fawning, lactation, antler growth and pre-rut, all phases which require a higher
level of nutrition. Provide adequate amounts of good quality roughage and fresh
water at all times.
==================================================
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE FOOD AND
DRUG ADMINISTRATION
April 9, 2001 WARNING LETTER
01-PHI-12 CERTIFIED MAIL RETURN RECEIPT REQUESTED
Brian J. Raymond, Owner Sandy Lake Mills 26 Mill Street P.O. Box 117 Sandy
Lake, PA 16145 PHILADELPHIA DISTRICT
Tel: 215-597-4390
Dear Mr. Raymond:
Food and Drug Administration Investigator Gregory E. Beichner conducted an
inspection of your animal feed manufacturing operation, located in Sandy Lake,
Pennsylvania, on March 23, 2001, and determined that your firm manufactures
animal feeds including feeds containing prohibited materials. The inspection
found significant deviations from the requirements set forth in Title 21, code
of Federal Regulations, part 589.2000 - Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant
Feed. The regulation is intended to prevent the establishment and amplification
of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) . Such deviations cause products being
manufactured at this facility to be misbranded within the meaning of Section
403(f), of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the Act).
Our investigation found failure to label your swine feed with the required
cautionary statement "Do Not Feed to cattle or other Ruminants" The FDA suggests
that the statement be distinguished by different type-size or color or other
means of highlighting the statement so that it is easily noticed by a purchaser.
In addition, we note that you are using approximately 140 pounds of cracked
corn to flush your mixer used in the manufacture of animal feeds containing
prohibited material. This flushed material is fed to wild game including deer, a
ruminant animal. Feed material which may potentially contain prohibited material
should not be fed to ruminant animals which may become part of the food chain.
The above is not intended to be an all-inclusive list of deviations from
the regulations. As a manufacturer of materials intended for animal feed use,
you are responsible for assuring that your overall operation and the products
you manufacture and distribute are in compliance with the law. We have enclosed
a copy of FDA's Small Entity Compliance Guide to assist you with complying with
the regulation... blah, blah, blah...
==================================
Subject: MAD DEER/ELK DISEASE AND POTENTIAL SOURCES
Date: Sat, 25 May 2002 18:41:46 –0700
From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."
Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
To: BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de
now, what about those 'deer scents' of 100% urine', and the prion that is
found in urine, why not just pass the prion with the urine to other deer...
Mrs. Doe Pee Doe in Estrus Model FDE1 Mrs. Doe Pee's Doe in Estrus is made
from Estrus urine collected at the peak of the rut, blended with Fresh Doe Urine
for an extremely effective buck enticer. Use pre-rut before the does come into
heat. Use during full rut when bucks are most active. Use during post-rut when
bucks are still actively looking for does. 1 oz.
www.gamecalls.net/hunting...lures.html
ELK SCENT/SPRAY BOTTLE
Works anytime of the year *
100 % Cow Elk-in-Heat urine (2oz.) *
Economical - mix with water in spray mist bottle *
Use wind to your advantage
Product Code WP-ESB $9.95
www.elkinc.com/Scent.asp
prions in urine?
DEER & ELK URINE, LURES & SCENT CONTROL DEPARTMENT by MRS.DOE PEE'S
Main Index
The Turkey Pro Sez... "Premium, fresh, top-quality, pure 100% undiluted
deer lures from Mrs. Doe Pee really work. I won't trust anything else when I'm
after big bucks. Sam Collora, owner of the company, proved how well his products
work when he bagged this monster buck in
1996.............snip......end........CWD
snip...
REFERENCES
snip...see full text ;
-------- Original Message --------
Subject: DOCKET-- 03D-0186 -- FDA Issues Draft Guidance on Use of Material
From Deer and Elk in Animal Feed; Availability
Date: Fri, 16 May 2003 11:47:37 -0500
From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."
DOCKET-- 03D-0186 -- FDA Issues Draft Guidance on Use of Material From Deer
and Elk in Animal Feed; Availability
Date: Fri, 16 May 2003 11:47:37 –0500
EMC 1 Terry S. Singeltary Sr. Vol #: 1
PLEASE SEE FULL TEXT SUBMISSION ;
PLUS, THE CDC DID NOT PUT THIS WARNING OUT FOR THE WELL BEING OF THE DEER
AND ELK ;
Thursday, May 26, 2011
Travel History, Hunting, and Venison Consumption Related to Prion Disease
Exposure, 2006-2007 FoodNet Population Survey
Journal of the American Dietetic Association Volume 111, Issue 6 , Pages
858-863, June 2011.
NOR IS THE FDA recalling this CWD positive elk meat for the well being of
the dead elk ;
Wednesday, March 18, 2009
Noah's Ark Holding, LLC, Dawson, MN RECALL Elk products contain meat
derived from an elk confirmed to have CWD NV, CA, TX, CO, NY, UT, FL, OK RECALLS
AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: FOODS CLASS II
Saturday, December 15, 2012
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: the effect of oral exposure dose on
attack rate and incubation period in cattle -- an update 5 December 2012
Saturday, August 4, 2012
*** Final Feed Investigation Summary - California BSE Case - July 2012
TSS
posted by Terry S. Singeltary Sr. at
9:50 PM
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