MEMORANDUM
Tuesday, October 5, 2010
Interested Parties '
FROM: William E. Hamilton, Senior Fiscal Analyst
RE: The Treatment of Game Animals as Livestock in Michigan: Fiscal and
Regulatory Issues
State Regulatory Authority over the Livestock Industry
According to data reported by the United States Department of Agriculture
(USDA) Economic Research Service, the gross value of Michigan agricultural
sector outputs in 2008 was $7.654 billion. Of that amount, $2.548 billion,
approximately one-third, represented sales of livestock and animal
products.1
One of the biggest threats to livestock and commercial animal production is
disease? Livestock are susceptible to a number of diseases which can reduce
productivity or result in animal death. Some diseases of livestock, zoonotic
diseases such as rabies and influenza, can be transmitted to humans.
Michigan state government has supported agriculture almost from the
inception of Michigan as a state.' One of the most important elements in that
state support has been the control and eradication livestock disease. Public Act
182 of 1885 established a State Livestock Sanitary Commission and provided for
the appointment of a state veterinary surgeon. The act stated that "it shall be
the duty of the commission to protect the health of the domestic animals of the
state from all contagious or infectious diseases of a malignant character, and
for this purpose it is hereby authorized and empowered to establish, maintain
and enforce such quarantine, sanitary and other regulations as it may deem
necessary. "
Public Act 181 of 1919 abolished the State Live Stock Sanitary Commission,
established a state Department of Animal Industry, and provided for the
appointment of a Commissioner of Animal Industry and a State Veterinarian. The
1919 act was similar to the 1885 act in that it provided for the Commissioner of
Animal Industry to have "general charge and oversight of the protection of the
health of the domestic animals of the state and the guarding of the same from
all contagious or infectious diseases." The 1919 act also provided for the use
of "quarantine, sanitary and other regulations as may be deemed necessary."
The 1919 act was subsequently repealed and replaced with the Animal
Industry Act, Public Act 466 of 1988. The stated intent of the Animal Industry
Act is to ''protect the health, safety, and welfare of humans and animals. 11
The act provides for the appointment of a State Veterinarian within the
Department of Agriculture, I This data was obtained from a document on the USDA
Economic Research Service website, State Fact Sheets: Michigan updated July 30,
2010. In addition to the $2.548 billion related to animal industry, the $7.654
billion figure included crop output of $4.074 billion, as well as agriculture
services and forestry product sales of $1.032 billion. With minor exceptions,
the data in the State Fact Sheet document is the same as that presented in the
Farm Economics section of Michigan Agricultural Statistics 2008-2009, a
collaborative effort of the USDA's National Agricultural Statistics Service
(NASS), the Michigan Department of Agriculture, and Michigan State University.
2 Diseases of livestock can have a catastrophic impact on the agricultural
economy. One example of a high-impact disease is foot and mouth disease (FMD).
According to an analysis by the Congressional Research Service (CRS), there have
been nine outbreaks of FMD in the United States since 1870, "each time the
disease was eradicated with strict slaughter and quarantine control procedures."
The report also indicates that the most serious of those outbreaks, in 1914,
originated in Michigan. The disease then spread to 22 states after it gained
entry to the Chicago stockyards. Although the last outbreak of FMD in the United
State was in California in 1929, FMD has appeared more recently in other
counties, notably in Great Britain in 2001 and 2007, and currently in Japan.
Source: CRS Report for Congress "Foot and Mouth Disease: A Threat to U. S.
Agriculture." April, 16,2001, and "Disease Threatens Japan's Beef Trade," New
York Times, July 11,2010.
3 As one example, the Michigan Constitution of 1850 provided for the
establishment of a state college of agriculture. A state agricultural school,
which subsequently became Michigan State University, was established in 1855.
snip...
Summary
Beginning in the mid-1990s, Michigan law began to recognize the privately
owned cervid industry as an agricultural enterprise, and conveyed on the
industry benefits enjoyed by traditional agricultural enterprises - protection
from nuisance lawsuits and exemption from some local zoning restrictions under
the Right to F arm Act, indemnification for diseased animals killed under the
authority of the Animal Industry Act, and shelter from certain property taxes
under the General Property Tax Act and the MNREPA.
The cervid industry differs from traditional agricultural activities in
that its economic benefit is not primarily food or fiber, but rather in the
hunting experience - in particular trophy deer and elk. While the commercial
cervid industry undoubtedly contributes to the Michigan economy, there are also
economic externalities associated with the industry - primarily the risk of
disease occurring in privately held cervid herds and subsequent transmission to
the free ranging deer population or to domestic cattle. Those risks have driven
the state regulatory program."
15 The 2005 Risk-based Audit of the Captive/Privately owned Cervid Industry
in Michigan included a discussion of some risks associated with the privately
owned cervid industry. An extended quotation from that Audit is included as
Appendix I of this analysis.
Treatment of Game Animals as Livestock in Michigan October 5, 2010
Page 9 of 10
As noted in the above analysis, regulatory fees established under the
Cervidae Act have not covered the costs of the state regulatory program; they
represent approximately 7% of on-going program costs for the seven- year period
ending September 30, 2009, exclusive of indemnification payments. In fact, over
that seven-year period, fee revenue was less than the amount of indemnification
payments to cervid owners for destruction of diseased deer.
Because regulatory fees established in the Cervidae Act to do not provide
sufficient revenue to maintain the regulatory and inspection programs mandated
by the act, the shortfall has been made up with state General Fund revenue. With
regard to the MDA, the use of General Fund revenue for the cervid regulatory
program has effectively reduced General Fund support for other MDA Animal Health
and Welfare activities. Those programs eliminated or significantly reduced
include MDA regulatory activities related to pet shops, dog pounds, animal
shelters, aquaculture, livestock dealers, and riding stables.
Given reductions in available state General Fund revenue, the Legislature
may reduce funding for privately- owned cervidae regulatory and inspection
programs. However, at reduced funding levels, it is unlikely that the MDA and
the DNR could effectively perform the regulatory activities currently mandated
by the Cervidae Act.
Sources
The following is a list of additional information on state recognition of
the captive cervid industry as an agricultural enterprise, and related issues:
Analysis on the Michigan Legislature website of the Cervidae Ac4 Public Act
190 of 2000 For the original legislative analysis of House Bill 4427 of the
1999-2000 Legislative Session
http://legislature.mi.gov/doc.aspx?1999-HB-4427
For analysis of the 2006 amendments in House Bill 6245 of the 2005-2006
Legislative Session
http://legislature.mi.gov/doc.aspx?2006-HB-6245
House Fiscal Agency Website House Fiscal Agency March 2005 Analysis of the
Cervidae Act
http://www.house.mi.gov/hfa/PDFs/cervidae%20memo.pdf
House Fiscal Agency June 2008 Analysis of the Fiscal Impact of Pseudorabies
and Feral Swine
http://www.house.mi.gov/hfa/PDFs/pseudorabies.pdf
Treatment of Game Animals as Livestock in Michigan October 5,2010
Page 10 of 10
APPENDIX I
Discussion of CWD from the 2005 Risk-Based Audit
Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) is a naturally occurring progressive nervous
system disorder disease of certain North American deer. It is apparently similar
to other diseases such as BSE (Mad Cow Disease) and Scrapie Disease of sheep.
On March 10, 2005, the DNR released an audit of cervid livestock
facilities. The audit, A Risk-based Audit of the Captive/Privately owned Cervid
Industry in Michigan, was one of the recommendations of the Governor's CWD Task
Force.
In discussing the risks associated with transmission of CWD in the captive
cervid industry, the report stated that, "Practices which concentrate animals
(such as baiting, and feeding, or maintenance in captivity) likely increase
transmission rates." Although the report acknowledged that risk of human
infection, if any, is low, it does note that "concern has arisen that the
disease might be capable of infecting humans." Subsection 1.2.3 of the report,
Relevance, further describes CWD risks as follows:
"CWD is contagious, and epidemics of the disease are self-sustaining in
both CIP-O [i.e. captive privately owned cervids} and free-ranging deer and elk
(Miller and Wild 2004; Miller et al. 1998, 2000). Currently the geographic
distribution of CWD in free-ranging cervids is relatively limited and the
natural rate of expansion has been slow (Williams et al. 2002). Nevertheless,
there are concerns, and in the opinion of some, evidence (Nebraska Game and
Parks Commission 2002; . Williams et al. 2002), that CWD can be spread much more
widely and rapidly with human assistance, through movement of live animals or
carcasses. Given CWD 's known persistence in the environment (Miller et al.
2004), its ability to infect over 80% of the animals in a WTD [white tail deer}
herd within four years of initial exposure (Miller and Wild 2004), its high
probability of becoming established once it has been introduced into a
population (Miller and Williams 2003), and disease models which project high
rates of death in affected populations (Gross and Miller 2001), concern for
risks to the health of both C/P-O and free-ranging Michigan cervids is clearly
warranted. Introduction into Michigan's C/P-OC population would result in
substantial costs to producers due to quarantines and loss of sales, and
indemnity costs for government. The importance of free-ranging deer and elk to
both the culture and economy (Joly et al. 2003) and the threat of
unsubstantiated human health concerns about CWD eroding public participation in
hunter harvest (Williams et al. 2002) make the potential consequences of CWD
introduction even more grave. In short, CWD clearly has the potential to impair
the long-term viability of both cervid farming and wildlife management in
Michigan. "
Although the audit, in accordance with the CWD Task Force mandate, was
specific to CWD risk, the problems noted in the audit could also increase the
risk of transmission of other diseases. The entire 2005 report, A Risk-based
Audit of the Captive/Privately owned Cervid Industry in Michigan is available
from the Michigan.gov website at
http://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,1607,7-153-10370_12150---,00.html
http://www.house.mi.gov/hfa/Archives/PDF/animal_industry(pub_v2).pdf
Thursday, August 06, 2015
Michigan DNR confirms third deer positive for CWD; hunter participation is
critical this fall
http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/08/michigan-dnr-confirms-third-deer.html
Friday, July 17, 2015
Michigan confirms CWD in second free-ranging white-tailed deer
http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/07/michigan-confirms-cwd-in-second-free.html
Tuesday, May 26, 2015
Michigan confirms state's first case of chronic wasting disease in
free-ranging white-tailed deer
http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/05/michigan-confirms-states-first-case-of.html
CWD Update Chronic Wasting Disease Eradication Program Provided by the
Animal Industry Division Michigan Department of Agriculture September 5,
2008
Background: The Michigan departments of Agriculture (MDA) and Natural
Resources (DNR) confirmed the states first case of Chronic Wasting Disease
(CWD) in a three-year old white-tailed deer from a privately owned cervid (POC)
facility in Kent County on Monday, August 25, 2008. The state quarantined all
POC facilities, prohibiting the movement of all dead or alive
privately-owned deer, elk, or moose. Officials do not yet know how the deer may
have contracted the disease. To date, there is no evidence that CWD presents a
risk to humans or to animals other than cervids. MDA Actions: The state-wide
quarantine on all privately owned cervid facilities is still in place.
Facilities may continue to hold shooting events, but all carcasses* must be held
until testing clears the animal/or the quarantine is released. A clarification
to the quarantines was published and distributed to law enforcement officials,
stakeholders and other interested parties. A questions and answers sheet is
available under the livestock link on the www.michigan.gov/chronicwastingdisease
website.
The test results from the Kent County cervid breeding facility, where the
index case was confirmed, found no additional diseased deer. Epidemiologists are
reviewing taxidermy records on a facility related to the index case. Taxidermy
operations must be licensed and operators must follow Michigan requirements when
conducting business with hunters who have harvested animals from other states.
Current Michigan law prohibits the import of free-ranging deer or elk carcasses
from states or provinces with CWD. Only de-boned meat, antlers, antlers attached
to a scull cap cleaned of all brain and muscle tissue, hides and upper canine
teeth may be brought into Michigan. A person that is notified by mail or other
means, that a carcass imported into Michigan tested positive for CWD must notify
the Michigan DNR.
The first tier of traces from the index facility led to five facilities:
three in Kent County, one in Montcalm County, and one in Osceola County. These
facilities were quarantined by MDA. Records of sales and purchases have been
reviewed and have revealed that two facilities received deer from the index
case. Four deer from these two facilities were 2 euthanized, samples were tested
at MSUs DCPAH and were found to be negative on Thursday, September 04, 2008.
One of the five facilities in tier one, also a Kent County facility conducts a
taxidermy operation on the premises. Taxidermy is of great concern because
infectious prions in the bones and spinal tissue of the carcass from CWD
positive states can infect deer on the facility. MDA, DNR and USDA staff are
investigating the records of the taxidermy operation. The second tier
investigation to this point, has quarantined four facilities in Bay, Kent,
Mecosta, and Saginaw counties. These facilities only sold to the tier one
facilities and did not receive anything. They are quarantined as terminal
operations and any deer that die, are culled, or shot for sport must be
submitted for CWD testing. POC Facilities Quarantined: All POC facilities,
except those that only have reindeer, are under quarantine in Michigan until the
disease investigation is complete. Epidemiologists are developing a policy for
records review and release of quarantines based on management practices and
risk.
Disease Surveillance Table: Index facility Depopulated Tier 1 Tier 2 1
Entire index herd tested negative 5 herds 2 trace outs (four test-negative
animals) 3 trace ins 4 none of these 4 facilities trace directly to the index
facility DNR Actions: The ban on all baiting and feeding of deer and elk in the
Lower Peninsula is in effect. MSUs Product Center for Agriculture Development
is taking calls from bait growers/sellers. The Center is using Michigan Market
Maker, an interactive mapping system that connects Agriculture processors and
businesses with Michigan growers and marketers.
http://mi.marketmaker.uiuc.edu/
Information on the baiting and feeding ban is available on the CWD page of the
Emerging Diseases website. A mandatory deer check for hunters who take a deer
within the Kent County townships of Tyrone, Solon, Nelson, Sparta, Algoma,
Courtland, Alpine, Plainfield, and Cannon, is in effect for the 2008 hunting
season. The deer heads will be collected and tested for CWD. All transport of
live wild deer, elk, and moose is prohibited statewide, including transport for
rehabilitation purposes. Education and Outreach: A town hall meeting is
scheduled to take place in Kent County on September 9, 2008 at 6:30 p.m. near
Grand Rapids. Representatives from MDA, USDA, DNR and MSU will be there to
answer questions about CWD, quarantines and the baiting ban. An update on the
disease investigation will be presented to the House of Representatives
Committee on Outdoor Recreation and Natural Resources on September 9, 2008 and
the Senate Natural Resources, Agriculture, and Hunting and Fishing committees on
September 10, 2008. 3 Questions and Answers regarding POC facility quarantines
were sent via email to legislative offices, POC facility executive directors,
and DNR law enforcement. They are also posted to the MDA, and Emerging Diseases
websites. A coordinated communications action plan is in place. MSU Extension,
Michigan Deer and Elk Breeders, MUCC, and many other special interest groups
have volunteered to assist with information distribution. Information on CWD may
be found on the Michigan Emerging Diseases website at
www.michigan.gov/emergingdiseases. Corrected on September 8, 2008 changed from
meat to carcasses.
http://www.michigan.gov/documents/e...WD_Update_September_5_2008_final_248172_7.pdf
http://www.michigan.gov/emergingdiseases/0,1607,7-186-25806_26356---,00.html
Summary of Michigan Wildlife Chronic Wasting Disease Surveillance Updated
May 1, 2008 by Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Wildlife Disease
Laboratory
http://www.michigan.gov/documents/emergingdiseases/CWDTable082508_246523_7.pdf
http://www.michigan.gov/images/emergingdiseases/cwdcum1998_2002-050108_246525_7.jpg
Consumer Warning September December 2008
The state's first case of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) was confirmed in a
three-year old white-tailed deer from a privately owned cervid (POC) facility in
Kent County on August 25, 2008. As a result, all POC facilities in Michigan were
quarantined. Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) is a fatal neurological disease that
affects deer, elk and moose. Infected animals display abnormal behavior,
progressive weight loss and physical debilitation. CWD is believed to be caused
by infectious, self-multiplying proteins (prions). Prions are normal cell
proteins whose shape has been transformed, causing CWD. To date, CWD is not
known to cause or be associated with disease in humans. No increase in human
prion disease has been observed in areas of the western United States where CWD
has been endemic in cervid populations for decades.
However, because much is still unknown about prion diseases, the Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization advise that
humans do NOT consume animals that have been tested and are known to be infected
with CWD. In general, people should not handle or consume wild animals that
appear sick or act abnormally, regardless of the cause. CWD prions are primarily
found in central nervous system tissues (e.g. brain and spinal cord) and the
lymphatic system (e.g. tonsils, lymph nodes and spleen) of infected cervids.
Humans should avoid the handling or consumption of these tissues. Hunters should
wear disposable gloves while field dressing and de-boning meat from the carcass.
Recent research has shown that CWD prions may also be found in the saliva and
urine of the infected animal. Experiments conducted suggest that CWD prions can
persist in the environment and may indirectly infect other susceptible animals
that come into contact with the contaminated environment. The meat product you
are receiving has come from a quarantined facility under surveillance for CWD.
MDA recommends you take de-boned meat from the carcass, hold the meat product in
a freezer and consume it only after the facility of origin receives
clarification from MDA that the animal was negative for CWD.
http://www.michigan.gov/documents/emergingdiseases/Meat_-_CWD_Consumer_Warning_final_248038_7.pdf
http://www.michigan-sportsman.com/forum/threads/cwd-michigan-update-september-5-2008.250638/
PRION 2015 CONFERENCE FT. COLLINS CWD RISK FACTORS TO HUMANS
*** LATE-BREAKING ABSTRACTS PRION 2015 CONFERENCE ***
O18
Zoonotic Potential of CWD Prions
Liuting Qing1, Ignazio Cali1,2, Jue Yuan1, Shenghai Huang3, Diane Kofskey1,
Pierluigi Gambetti1, Wenquan Zou1, Qingzhong Kong1 1Case Western Reserve
University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA, 2Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy,
3Encore Health Resources, Houston, Texas, USA
***These results indicate that the CWD prion has the potential to infect
human CNS and peripheral lymphoid tissues and that there might be asymptomatic
human carriers of CWD infection.***
P.105: RT-QuIC models trans-species prion transmission
Kristen Davenport, Davin Henderson, Candace Mathiason, and Edward Hoover
Prion Research Center; Colorado State University; Fort Collins, CO USA
Additionally, human rPrP was competent for conversion by CWD and fCWD.
***This insinuates that, at the level of protein:protein interactions, the
barrier preventing transmission of CWD to humans is less robust than previously
estimated.***
https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/programguide1.pdf
Friday, August 28, 2015
Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Diagnostics and subclinical infection
http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/08/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html
Monday, August 24, 2015
Ohio wildlife officials ramp up fight against fatal deer brain disease
after 17 more positive tests CWD
http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/08/ohio-wildlife-officials-ramp-up-fight.html
Sunday, August 23, 2015
TAHC Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion and how to put lipstick on a pig
and take her to the dance in Texas
http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/08/tahc-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html
Thursday, August 20, 2015
TEXAS CAPTIVE Deer Industry, Pens, Breeding, Big Business, Invites Crooks
and CWD
http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/08/texas-captive-deer-industry-pens.html
Tuesday, August 11, 2015
Wisconsin doing what it does best, procrastinating about CWD yet again
thanks to Governor Walker
http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/08/wisconsin-doing-what-it-does-best.html
Thursday, July 23, 2015
*** Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) 101 Drs. Walter Cook & Donald S.
Davis
http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/07/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-101-drs.html
Monday, August 31, 2015
Illinois Loosing Ground to Chronic Wasting Disease CWD cases mounting with
71 confirmed in 2015 and 538 confirmed cases to date
http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/08/illinois-loosing-ground-to-chronic.html
Friday, August 14, 2015
Susceptibility of cattle to the agent of chronic wasting disease from elk
after intracranial inoculation
http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/08/susceptibility-of-cattle-to-agent-of.html
Friday, August 14, 2015
Carcass Management During a Mass Animal Health Emergency Draft Programmatic
Environmental Impact Statement—August 2015
http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2015/08/carcass-management-during-mass-animal.html
http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/
Terry S. Singeltary Sr.
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