Aerosol Transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease in White-tailed Deer
Aerosol
Transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease in White-tailed Deer
Nathaniel D. Denkers1, Jeanette Hayes-Klug1, Kelly R. Anderson1, Davis M.
Seelig1, Nicholas J. Haley1, Sallie J. Dahmes2, David A. Osborn3, Karl V.
Miller3, Robert J. Warren3, Candace K. Mathiason1 and Edward A. Hoover1,*
+ Author Affiliations
1 Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1619
2WASCO Inc., Monroe, Georgia
3Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia,
Athens, Georgia
ABSTRACT
While the facile transmission of chronic wasting disease (CWD) remains
incompletely elucidated, studies in rodents suggest exposure of the respiratory
mucosa may be an efficient pathway. The present study was designed to address
this question in the native cervid host. Here we demonstrate aerosol
transmission of CWD to deer with a prion dose >20-fold lower than that used
in previous oral inoculations. Inhalation of prions may facilitate transmission
of CWD and perhaps other prions infections.
FOOTNOTES ↵*Correspondence: Edward A. Hoover, Department of Microbiology,
Immunology, and Pathology, Campus Delivery 1619, Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, CO 80523-1619, Phone: 970-491-7587, Fax: 970-491-0523,
edward.hoover@colostate.edu Copyright © 2012, American Society for Microbiology.
All Rights Reserved.
Thursday, May 31, 2012
CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD PRION2012 Aerosol, Inhalation transmission,
Scrapie, cats, species barrier, burial, and more
Thursday, December 29, 2011
Aerosols An underestimated vehicle for transmission of prion diseases?
please see more on Aerosols and TSE prion disease here ;
Elk and Deer Use of Mineral Licks: Implications for Disease
Transmission
Kurt C. VerCauteren1*, Michael J. Lavelle1, Gregory E. Phillips1, Justin W.
Fischer1, and Randal S. Stahl1 1United States Department of Agriculture, Animal
and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife
Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80521-2154, USA
*Cooresponding author e-mail: kurt.c.vercauteren@aphis.usda.gov
North American cervids require and actively seek out minerals to satisfy
physiological requirements. Minerals required by free-ranging cervids exist
within natural and artificial mineral licks that commonly serve as focal sites
for cervids. Ingestion of soils contaminated with the agent that causes chronic
wasting disease (CWD) may result in risk of contracting CWD. Our objective was
to evaluate the extent and nature of use of mineral licks by CWD-susceptible
cervid species. We used animal-activated cameras to monitor use of 18 mineral
licks between 1 June and 16 October 2006 in Rocky Mountain National Park,
north-central Colorado. We also assessed mineral concentrations at mineral licks
to evaluate correlations between visitation rates and site-specific
characteristics. We collected > 400,000 images of which 991 included elk, 293
included deer, and 6 included moose. We documented elk and deer participating in
a variety of potentially risky behaviors (e.g., ingesting soil, ingesting water,
defecating, urinating) while at mineral licks. Results from the mineral analyses
combined with camera data revealed that visitation was highest at sodium-rich
mineral licks. Mineral licks may play a role in disease transmission by acting
as sites of increased interaction as well as reservoirs for deposition,
accumulation, and ingestion of disease agents.
In conclusion, aerosols can infect mice with a surprisingly high
efficiency. Just how important a role is played by this newly recognized pathway
of spread in natural transmission is, as of now, unclear and in need of further
studies. Although it was not identified as a route of infection in
epidemiological studies thus far, the worryingly high attack rate suggests that
we would be well-advised to carefully avoid the inhalation of aerosols from
prion-containing materials. Key words: prion, prion transmission, scrapie,
chronic wasting diseases, CWD, Creutzfeldt-Jacob-disease, CJD, TSE, aerosol,
pathogens, allergens Submitted: 05/19/11 Accepted: 06/09/11 DOI:
10.4161/pri.5.3.16851 *Correspondence to: Lothar Stitz or Adriano Aguzzi; Email:
lothar.stitz@fli.bund.de or adriano.aguzzi@usz.ch
snip...see full text ;
PLEASE SEE FULL TEXT, AND AGAIN, many thanks to PLOS for open access !!!
Monday, September 17, 2012
Rapid Transepithelial Transport of Prions Following Inhalation
Thursday, December 29, 2011
Aerosols An underestimated vehicle for transmission of prion diseases?
PRION www.landesbioscience.com
please see more on Aerosols and TSE prion disease here ;
CWD has been identified in free-ranging cervids in 15 US states and 2
Canadian provinces and in ≈ 100 captive herds in 15 states and provinces and in
South Korea (Figure 1, panel B). SNIP... Long-term effects of CWD on cervid
populations and ecosystems remain unclear as the disease continues to spread and
prevalence increases. In captive herds, CWD might persist at high levels and
lead to complete herd destruction in the absence of human culling. Epidemiologic
modeling suggests the disease could have severe effects on free-ranging deer
populations, depending on hunting policies and environmental persistence (8,9).
CWD has been associated with large decreases in free-ranging mule deer
populations in an area of high CWD prevalence (Boulder, Colorado, USA) (5).
PLEASE STUDY THIS MAP, COMPARE FARMED CWD TO WILD CWD...TSS
Saturday, February 18, 2012
Occurrence, Transmission, and Zoonotic Potential of Chronic Wasting Disease
CDC Volume 18, Number 3—March 2012
CWD has been identified in free-ranging cervids in 15 US states and 2
Canadian provinces and in ≈100 captive herds in 15 states and provinces and in
South Korea (Figure 1, panel B).
Subject: CWD TSE PRION, AND SCRAPIE ?
*** Spraker suggested an interesting explanation for the occurrence of CWD.
The deer pens at the Foot Hills Campus were built some 30-40 years ago by a Dr.
Bob Davis. At or abut that time, allegedly, some scrapie work was conducted at
this site. When deer were introduced to the pens they occupied ground that had
previously been occupied by sheep.
White-tailed Deer are Susceptible to Scrapie by Natural Route of Infection
Jodi D. Smith, Justin J. Greenlee, and Robert A. Kunkle; Virus and Prion
Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS Interspecies
transmission studies afford the opportunity to better understand the potential
host range and origins of prion diseases. Previous experiments demonstrated that
white-tailed deer are susceptible to sheep-derived scrapie by intracranial
inoculation. The purpose of this study was to determine susceptibility of
white-tailed deer to scrapie after a natural route of exposure. Deer (n=5) were
inoculated by concurrent oral (30 ml) and intranasal (1 ml) instillation of a
10% (wt/vol) brain homogenate derived from a sheep clinically affected with
scrapie. Non-inoculated deer were maintained as negative controls. All deer were
observed daily for clinical signs. Deer were euthanized and necropsied when
neurologic disease was evident, and tissues were examined for abnormal prion
protein (PrPSc) by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and western blot (WB). One animal
was euthanized 15 months post-inoculation (MPI) due to an injury. At that time,
examination of obex and lymphoid tissues by IHC was positive, but WB of obex and
colliculus were negative. Remaining deer developed clinical signs of wasting and
mental depression and were necropsied from 28 to 33 MPI. Tissues from these deer
were positive for scrapie by IHC and WB. Tissues with PrPSc immunoreactivity
included brain, tonsil, retropharyngeal and mesenteric lymph nodes, hemal node,
Peyer’s patches, and spleen. This work demonstrates for the first time that
white-tailed deer are susceptible to sheep scrapie by potential natural routes
of inoculation. In-depth analysis of tissues will be done to determine
similarities between scrapie in deer after intracranial and oral/intranasal
inoculation and chronic wasting disease resulting from similar routes of
inoculation.
see full text ;
PO-039: A comparison of scrapie and chronic wasting disease in white-tailed
deer
Justin Greenlee, Jodi Smith, Eric Nicholson US Dept. Agriculture;
Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center; Ames, IA USA
White-tailed deer are susceptible to the agent of sheep scrapie by
intracerebral inoculation
snip...
It is unlikely that CWD will be eradicated from free-ranging cervids, and
the disease is likely to continue to spread geographically [10]. However, the
potential that white-tailed deer may be susceptible to sheep scrapie by a
natural route presents an additional confounding factor to halting the spread of
CWD. This leads to the additional speculations that
1) infected deer could serve as a reservoir to infect sheep with scrapie
offering challenges to scrapie eradication efforts and
2) CWD spread need not remain geographically confined to current endemic
areas, but could occur anywhere that sheep with scrapie and susceptible cervids
cohabitate.
This work demonstrates for the first time that white-tailed deer are
susceptible to sheep scrapie by intracerebral inoculation with a high attack
rate and that the disease that results has similarities to CWD. These
experiments will be repeated with a more natural route of inoculation to
determine the likelihood of the potential transmission of sheep scrapie to
white-tailed deer. If scrapie were to occur in white-tailed deer, results of
this study indicate that it would be detected as a TSE, but may be difficult to
differentiate from CWD without in-depth biochemical analysis.
Wednesday, February 16, 2011
IN CONFIDENCE
SCRAPIE TRANSMISSION TO CHIMPANZEES
IN CONFIDENCE
THE states are going to have to regulate how many farms that are allowed, or every state in the USA will wind up being just one big private fenced in game farm.
kind of like they did with the shrimping industry in the bays, when there got to be too many shrimp boats, you stop issuing permits, and then lower the exist number of permits, by not renewing them, due to reduced permits issued.
how many states have $465,000., and can quarantine and purchase there from, each cwd said infected farm, but how many states can afford this for all the cwd infected cervid game ranch type farms ???
11,000 game farms X $465,000., do all these game farms have insurance to pay for this risk of infected the wild cervid herds, in each state ???
Tuesday, December 20, 2011
CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD WISCONSIN Almond Deer (Buckhorn Flats) Farm Update DECEMBER 2011
The CWD infection rate was nearly 80%, the highest ever in a North American captive herd.
RECOMMENDATION: That the Board approve the purchase of 80 acres of land for $465,000 for the Statewide Wildlife Habitat Program in Portage County and approve the restrictions on public use of the site.
Form 1100-001
(R 2/11)
NATURAL RESOURCES BOARD AGENDA ITEM
SUBJECT: Information Item: Almond Deer Farm Update
FOR: DECEMBER 2011 BOARD MEETING
TUESDAY
TO BE PRESENTED BY TITLE: Tami Ryan, Wildlife Health Section Chief
SUMMARY:
Wednesday, November 14, 2012
PENNSYLVANIA 2012 THE GREAT ESCAPE OF CWD INVESTIGATION MOVES INTO
LOUISIANA and INDIANA
TSS
posted by Terry S. Singeltary Sr. at
9:58 AM
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