The Effects of Chronic Wasting Disease on the Pennsylvania Cervid Industry Following its Discovery
The Effects of Chronic Wasting Disease on the Pennsylvania Cervid Industry
Following its Discovery
By
Maria Romano, Master of Public Health Candidate
June 2012
A Community Based Master’s Project presented to the faculty of Drexel
School of Public Health in partial fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree
of Master of Public Health
ABSTRACT
The Effects of Chronic Wasting Disease on the Pennsylvania Following its
Discovery
Maria Romano MPH1,Jana Mossey PhD MPH MSN1, Tony Grubesic PhD2David Zellner
DVM DACVP3, Jennifer Miller PhD4 ,Gary Smith PhD5 and Sky Pellitier5
1Drexel University School of Public Health, 2Drexel University College of
Information Science and Technology, 3Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture
Bureau of Animal Health,4Department of Geography and the Environment,University
of Texas at Austin, 5New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine,
University of Pennsylvania
Background: Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) is a Transmissible Spongiform
Encephalopathy (TSE) affecting deer and Rocky Mountain elk. The disease affects
the central nervous system resulting in brain lesions, and once infected, the
disease has a 100% case fatality rate. CWD is a major concern for the state of
Pennsylvania. The Commonwealth has the second largest domestic cervid industry
in the country and is third in the country for the number of captive deer or
elk.
Objective: To predict, using captive cervid data, the probable spread and
effects of a CWD epidemic within the deer industry
Design: Computer simulated epidemic outbreaks of CWD using a deer movement
network analysis and traditional gravity model were developed
Setting: The Pennsylvania captive cervid industry, 1997-2011
Data Sources: United States Animal Health Emergency Reporting Diagnostic
System Database
Results: 10,000 CWD simulations were 1108 farms, 65% of epidemics were
relatively mild, (<14 121-259="" 14="" 159="" 48="" 571="" 620.5="" 666="" addition="" div="" epidemics="" farm.="" farm="" farms="" in="" included="" index="" infected="" length="" mean="" months="" of="" one="" only="" range="" severe="" the="" to="" was="">
Conclusion: Despite the inherent limitations of the model, this study is
the first of its kind to develop a potential spread of CWD using actual captive
deer data before the introduction of the disease into a state. As a result, the
findings of the study can be used as an instructional tool on the effects of CWD
in the event of an outbreak.
snip...
IX. Conclusion and Recommendations
The study predicted the probable spread of CWD in PA using actual cervid
movement data, GIS techniques and a simulation model derived from Foot and Mouth
Disease in the U.K. The results indicate that, at least, entrance of an infected
cervid will have a substantial, localized impact.
Otherwise, an infectious cervid entering the captive population could (over an extended number of years) devastate the commercial cervid industry in the Commonwealth.
Otherwise, an infectious cervid entering the captive population could (over an extended number of years) devastate the commercial cervid industry in the Commonwealth.
What are the affects to other states of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD Cervid
captive shooting pen, game farm, Industry Following its Discovery
MORE BAD NEWS FOR TEXAS. if it were not bad enough that CWD has been
waltzing across Texas from New Mexico since 2001 or earlier, and the shooting
pen industry gone wild in Texas, we now have Louisiana cervids, 6 of which are
does from the CWD index heard in Pennsylvania, right at our border in Lake
Charles. are these CWD suspect cervids now waltzing into Texas from CWD index
herd in Pennsylvania, via Louisiana, or via Missouri now ?
Tuesday, May 28, 2013
Chronic Wasting Disease CWD quarantine Louisiana via CWD index herd
Pennsylvania Update May 28, 2013
6 doe from Pennsylvania CWD index herd still on the loose in Louisiana,
quarantine began on October 18, 2012, still ongoing, Lake Charles premises.
Tuesday, June 11, 2013
CWD GONE WILD, More cervid escapees from more shooting pens on the loose in
Pennsylvania
Wednesday, June 12, 2013
CWD now waltzing into Texas from Pennsylvania CWD index herd, via
Louisiana, or Missouri now ?
Thursday, June 20, 2013
*** atypical, BSE, CWD, Scrapie, Captive Farmed shooting pens (livestock),
Wild Cervids, Rectal Mucosa Biopsy 2012 USAHA Proceedings, and CJD TSE prion
Update
Saturday, February 04, 2012
Wisconsin 16 MONTH age limit on testing dead deer Game Farm CWD Testing
Protocol Needs To Be Revised
Monday, June 11, 2012
OHIO Captive deer escapees and non-reporting
Friday, September 28, 2012
Stray elk renews concerns about deer farm security Minnesota
Thursday, June 13, 2013
WISCONSIN DEER FARMING Chronic Wasting Disease CWD DATCP
Tuesday, June 11, 2013
CWD GONE WILD, More cervid escapees from more shooting pens on the loose in
Pennsylvania
Sunday, June 09, 2013
Missouri House forms 13-member Interim Committee on the Cause and Spread of
Chronic Wasting Disease CWD
CWD mortality
CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE: IMPLICATIONS AND CHALLENGES FOR WILDLIFE
MANAGERS
Excerpted and modified from a paper presented at the 67th North American
Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference, April 2002. By Elizabeth S. Williams,
Michael W. Miller and E. Tom Thorne. Original paper may be accessed through the
Bibliography.
Chronic wasting disease can reach remarkably high prevalence in captive
cervid populations. In one infected research facility, more than 90% of mule
deer resident for >2 years died or were euthanized while suffering from CWD.
Recently, high CWD prevalence (about 50%) has been demonstrated via
immunohistochemistry in white-tailed deer confined in association with an
infected Nebraska elk farm. Among captive elk, CWD was the primary cause of
adult mortality (five of seven, 71%; four of 23, 23%) in two research herds
(Miller et al. 1998) and high prevalence (59%) was detected by
immunohistochemistry in a group of 17 elk slaughtered from an infected farm
herd.
To estimate prevalence in infected free-ranging populations, tissues from
deer and elk harvested by hunters in CWD-endemic areas have been collected and
examined at random. Within endemic areas, prevalence of preclinical CWD, based
on immunohistochemistry for PrPCWD, has been estimated at <1-15 a="" achieve="" and="" cwd="" deer="" div="" elk.="" epidemics="" equilibrium="" extinctions="" failed="" if="" in="" infected="" lead="" left="" local="" may="" modeled="" mule="" of="" populations="" steady-state="" suggesting="" that="" to="" unmanaged.="">
In most locations reporting CWD cases in free-ranging animals, the disease
continues to emerge in wider geographic areas, and prevalence appears to be
increasing in many disease-endemic areas. Areas of Wyoming now have an apparent
CWD prevalence of near 50% in mule deer, and prevalence in areas of Colorado and
Wisconsin is <15 0="" 10="" 5="" according="" agencies.="" and="" areas="" between="" but="" data="" deer.="" deer="" div="" elk="" from="" however="" in="" is="" lower="" many="" obtained="" of="" parts="" prevalence="" provincial="" reaches="" remains="" reports="" state="" than="" to="" wildlife="" wyoming.="">
Long-term effects of CWD on cervid populations and ecosystems remain
unclear as the disease continues to spread and prevalence increases. In captive
herds, CWD might persist at high levels and lead to complete herd destruction in
the absence of human culling. Epidemiologic modeling suggests the disease could
have severe effects on free-ranging deer populations, depending on hunting
policies and environmental persistence (8,9). CWD has been associated with large
decreases in free-ranging mule deer populations in an area of high CWD
prevalence (Boulder, Colorado, USA) (5).
More than 1,060,000 free-ranging cervids have reportedly been tested for
CWD (Figure 2, panel B) and ≈6,000 cases have been identified (Figure 2, panel
C) according to data from state and provincial wildlife agencies.
In addition to locations of known CWD-positive individuals, other spatial
risk factors related to CWD exposure should be considered. For example, the risk
of free-ranging animals being exposed to CWD is likely greater in areas where
captive cervid facilities have or had CWD-positive animals. Current evidence
indicates that CWD infection rates are much higher in captive facilities than in
wild populations (Keane and others, 2008), and perhaps this is driven by
environmental contamination (Miller and others, 2006). This higher rate of
infection in captive animals can increase the risk of disease exposure to
surrounding wild populations. Furthermore, movement of infectious animals,
carcasses, or other materials across the landscape, naturally or with human
assistance, likely increases the risk to uninfected populations. The frequent
movement of farmed elk (Cervus elaphus) and deer between production facilities,
the concentration of infected animals on some facilities, and the possibility of
their escape into the wild increases the risk of spreading CWD to uninfected
populations of free-ranging animals. Because the infectious prions may persist
in the environment for long periods, the introduction of either captive or
free-ranging uninfected animals into a contaminated environment could increase
their risk of infection. For example, locations from which sheep have been
removed may remain contaminated with scrapie agent for more than 15 years
(Georgsson and others, 2006). In a similar manner, translocation of cervids from
areas that have not been documented to be CWD-free could pose a risk of disease
introduction. In this situation, the risk of introduction is likely related to
the probability of infected animals being moved and their ability to spread CWD
to other susceptible animals or into the environment. Thus, surveillance on and
around cervid farms or free-ranging populations that have received animals from
known CWD areas and bordering jurisdictions with CWD-positive animals can
increase the likelihood of disease spread. Additional risk factors, such as the
presence of scrapie in sheep populations that are sympatric with deer and elk
(Greenlee and others, 2011), feeding of animal protein to cervids (Johnson,
McKenzie, and others, 2011), baiting and feeding programs (Thompson and others,
2008), or other environmental factors also may be considered, although their
roles in CWD epidemiology has not been clearly established.
considering the high usage of animal protein in captive farms for
enhancement of growth of cervids, and considering, it’s still o.k. to feed
cervids from high risk CWD areas, back to cervids in the form of a by-product in
animal feed, I would say this is another vector of transmission of CWD and risk
factor due to shooting pens. now, I am sure there are a few wild cervid hunters
(not livestock shooters), that also bait cervids with the same type animal
protein, but the shooting pens are the ones that continue to use this in
mass...tss
DEFRA
What is the risk of chronic wasting disease being introduced into Great
Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012
Several different animal feed products are imported into GB from North
America.
These include processed pet foods and consignments of unfinished feed
ingredients for use in animal feed. The amount of imported feed, including pet
food, that contains cervid protein is unknown and identified as a significant
data gap.
As non-ruminant animal feed may be produced with cervid protein (but not
from positive CWD animals) in the United States (US), there is a greater than
negligible risk that feed with cervid protein is imported from North America
into GB. There is, however, uncertainty associated with this estimate.
snip...
For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA _recommends_
that these animals do not enter the animal feed system.
However, this recommendation is guidance and _not_ a requirement by law.
Animals considered at high risk for CWD include:
1) animals from areas declared to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD
eradication zones and
2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period prior to
slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal.
Therefore, in the USA, materials from cervids other than CWD positive
animals may be used in animal feed and feed ingredients for non-ruminants. The
amount of animal PAP that is of deer and/or elk origin imported from the USA to
GB can not be determined, however, as it is not specified in TRACES. It may
constitute a small percentage of the 8412 kilos of non-fish origin processed
animal proteins that were imported from US into GB in 2011.
Overall, therefore, it is considered there is a greater than negligible
risk that (nonruminant) animal feed and pet food containing deer and/or elk
protein is imported into GB. There is uncertainty associated with this estimate
given the lack of data on the amount of deer and/or elk protein possibly being
imported in these products.
snip...
This more widespread distribution may be due to enhanced surveillance but
also to natural migration of cervids and translocation of infected animals by
humans (EFSA, 2011). Within affected areas, the prevalence varies. In the
endemic area of Wyoming, for example, the prevalence of CWD in mule deer has
increased from approximately 11% in 1997 to 36% in 2007 (Almberg et al., 2011).
In such areas, population declines of deer of up to 30 to 50% have been observed
(Almberg et al., 2011). In areas of Colorado, the prevalence can be as high as
30% (EFSA, 2011).
snip...
The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and
can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008).
The efficiency of CWD transmission is unparalleled among TSE diseases (EFSA,
2011). Trifilo et al., (2007), using a murine tg mouse model, established that
CWD can be transmitted via the oral route.
Tuesday, June 11, 2013
Weld County Bi-Products dba Fort Morgan Pet Foods 6/1/12 significant
deviations from requirements in FDA regulations that are intended to reduce the
risk of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) within the United States
Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALL AL AND FL VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125
TONS Products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006
Date: August 6, 2006 at 6:16 pm PST PRODUCT
a) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish, Recall # V-100-6;
b) Performance Sheep Pell W/Decox/A/N, medicated, net wt. 50 lbs, Recall #
V-101-6;
c) Pro 40% Swine Conc Meal -- 50 lb, Recall # V-102-6;
d) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish Food Medicated, Recall # V-103-6;
==========================================
e) "Big Jim's" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6;
=================================
SNIP...please see full text ;
Thursday, June 6, 2013
BSE TSE PRION USDA FDA MAD COW FEED COMPLIANCE REPORT and NAI, OAI, and VAI
ratings as at June 5, 2013
DOCKET-- 03D-0186 -- FDA Issues Draft Guidance on Use of Material From Deer
and Elk in Animal Feed; Availability Date: Fri, 16 May 2003 11:47:37 -0500 EMC 1
Terry S. Singeltary Sr. Vol #: 1
-------- Original Message --------
Subject: DOCKET-- 03D-0186 -- FDA Issues Draft Guidance on Use of Material
From Deer and Elk in Animal Feed; Availability
Date: Fri, 16 May 2003 11:47:37 –0500
From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr." To: fdadockets@oc.fda.gov
Greetings FDA,
i would kindly like to comment on;
Docket 03D-0186
FDA Issues Draft Guidance on Use of Material From Deer and Elk in Animal
Feed; Availability
Several factors on this apparent voluntary proposal disturbs me greatly,
please allow me to point them out;
1. MY first point is the failure of the partial ruminant-to-ruminant feed
ban of 8/4/97. this partial and voluntary feed ban of some ruminant materials
being fed back to cattle is terribly flawed. without the _total_ and _mandatory_
ban of all ruminant materials being fed back to ruminants including cattle,
sheep, goat, deer, elk and mink, chickens, fish (all farmed animals for
human/animal consumption), this half ass measure will fail terribly, as in the
past decades...
2. WHAT about sub-clinical TSE in deer and elk? with the recent findings of
deer fawns being infected with CWD, how many could possibly be sub-clinically
infected. until we have a rapid TSE test to assure us that all deer/elk are free
of disease (clinical and sub-clinical), we must ban not only documented CWD
infected deer/elk, but healthy ones as well. it this is not done, they system
will fail...
3. WE must ban not only CNS (SRMs specified risk materials), but ALL
tissues. recent new and old findings support infectivity in the rump or ass
muscle. wether it be low or high, accumulation will play a crucial role in TSEs.
4. THERE are and have been for some time many TSEs in the USA. TME in mink,
Scrapie in Sheep and Goats, and unidentified TSE in USA cattle. all this has
been proven, but the TSE in USA cattle has been totally ignored for decades. i
will document this data below in my references.
5. UNTIL we ban all ruminant by-products from being fed back to ALL
ruminants, until we rapid TSE test (not only deer/elk) but cattle in sufficient
numbers to find (1 million rapid TSE test in USA cattle annually for 5 years),
any partial measures such as the ones proposed while ignoring sub-clinical TSEs
and not rapid TSE testing cattle, not closing down feed mills that continue to
violate the FDA's BSE feed regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) and not making freely
available those violations, will only continue to spread these TSE mad cow
agents in the USA. I am curious what we will call a phenotype in a species that
is mixed with who knows how many strains of scrapie, who knows what strain or
how many strains of TSE in USA cattle, and the CWD in deer and elk (no telling
how many strains there), but all of this has been rendered for animal feeds in
the USA for decades. it will get interesting once someone starts looking in all
species, including humans here in the USA, but this has yet to happen...
6. IT is paramount that CJD be made reportable in every state (especially
''sporadic'' cjd), and that a CJD Questionnaire must be issued to every family
of a victim of TSE. only checking death certificates will not be sufficient.
this has been proven as well (see below HISTORY OF CJD -- CJD QUESTIONNAIRE)
7. WE must learn from our past mistakes, not continue to make the same
mistakes...
REFERENCES
>>> These findings support oral exposure as a natural route of
CWD infection in deer and support oral inoculation as a reasonable exposure
route for experimental studies of CWD.
snip...
PLEASE SEE FULL TEXT SUBMISSION ;
Subject: DOCKET-- 03D-0186 -- FDA Issues Draft Guidance on Use of Material
From Deer and Elk in Animal Feed; Availability
Date: Fri, 16 May 2003 11:47:37 -0500
From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."
To: fdadockets@oc.fda.gov
Dear Fellow Hunters, Sportsman, livestock producers and their clients,
politicians and their corporate lobbyist,
do these owners of these shooting pens then have insurance to cover the
cost to the state and taxpayers for each one of these game farms that come up
positive for CWD, and the cost there after for 5 or 10 years for one cwd
infected farm ?
if not, why not ?
how many states have $465,000., and can quarantine and purchase there from,
each cwd said infected farm, but how many states can afford this for all the cwd
infected cervid game ranch type farms ?
(how many?) game farms in a state X $465,000., do all these game farms have
insurance to pay for this risk of infected the wild cervid herds, in each state
?
Tuesday, December 20, 2011
CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD WISCONSIN Almond Deer (Buckhorn Flats) Farm
Update DECEMBER 2011
The CWD infection rate was nearly 80%, the highest ever in a North American
captive herd.
RECOMMENDATION: That the Board approve the purchase of 80 acres of land for
$465,000 for the Statewide Wildlife Habitat Program in Portage County and
approve the restrictions on public use of the site.
Form 1100-001
(R 2/11)
NATURAL RESOURCES BOARD AGENDA ITEM
SUBJECT: Information Item: Almond Deer Farm Update
FOR: DECEMBER 2011 BOARD MEETING
TUESDAY
TO BE PRESENTED BY TITLE: Tami Ryan, Wildlife Health Section Chief
SUMMARY:
NOW, what about the OTHER SIDE OF THE STORY ON SHOOTING PENS GAME FARMS,
livestock there from, AND CWD. ...
2012 CDC REPORT ON CWD
Volume 18, Number 3—March 2012 Synopsis Occurrence, Transmission, and
Zoonotic Potential of Chronic Wasting Disease
snip...
Prevalence and Surveillance
Originally recognized only in southeastern Wyoming and northeastern
Colorado, USA, CWD was reported in Canada in 1996 and Wisconsin in 2001 and
continues to be identified in new geographic locations (Figure 1, panel A). CWD
has been identified in free-ranging cervids in 15 US states and 2 Canadian
provinces and in ≈100 captive herds in 15 states and provinces and in South
Korea (Figure 1, panel B).
snip...
CWD surveillance programs are now in place in almost all US states and
Canadian provinces (Figure 2, panel A). More than 1,060,000 free-ranging cervids
have reportedly been tested for CWD (Figure 2, panel B) and ≈6,000 cases have
been identified (Figure 2, panel C) according to data from state and provincial
wildlife agencies.
snip...
Testing of captive cervids is routine in most states and provinces, but
varies considerably in scope from mandatory testing of all dead animals to
voluntary herd certification programs or mandatory testing of only animals
suspected of dying of CWD.
snip...
Long-term effects of CWD on cervid populations and ecosystems remain
unclear as the disease continues to spread and prevalence increases. In captive
herds, CWD might persist at high levels and lead to complete herd destruction in
the absence of human culling. Epidemiologic modeling suggests the disease could
have severe effects on free-ranging deer populations, depending on hunting
policies and environmental persistence (8,9). CWD has been associated with large
decreases in free-ranging mule deer populations in an area of high CWD
prevalence (Boulder, Colorado, USA) (5). In addition, CWD-infected deer are
selectively preyed upon by mountain lions (5), and may also be more vulnerable
to vehicle collisions (10). Long-term effects of the disease may vary
considerably geographically, not only because of local hunting policies,
predator populations, and human density (e.g., vehicular collisions) but also
because of local environmental factors such as soil type (11) and local cervid
population factors, such as genetics and movement patterns (S.E. Saunders,
unpub. data).
snip...
Controlling the spread of CWD, especially by human action, is a more
attainable goal than eradication. Human movement of cervids has likely led to
spread of CWD in facilities for captive animals, which has most likely
contributed to establishment of new disease foci in free-ranging populations
(Figure 1, panel A). Thus, restrictions on human movement of cervids from
disease-endemic areas or herds continue to be warranted. Anthropogenic factors
that increase cervid congregation such as baiting and feeding should also be
restricted to reduce CWD transmission. Appropriate disposal of carcasses of
animals with suspected CWD is necessary to limit environmental contamination
(20), and attractive onsite disposal options such as composting and burial
require further investigation to determine contamination risks. The best options
for lowering the risk for recurrence in facilities for captive animals with
outbreaks are complete depopulation, stringent exclusion of free-ranging
cervids, and disinfection of all exposed surfaces. However, even the most
extensive decontamination measures may not be sufficient to eliminate the risk
for disease recurrence (20; S.E. Saunders et al. unpub. data)
Wednesday, January 02, 2013
Iowa Third Deer Positive CWD at Davis County Hunting Preserve Captive
Shooting Pen
Tuesday, March 26, 2013
CWD Missouri remains confined to Linn-Macon-County Core Area with four new
cases
Tuesday, November 13, 2012
ILLINOIS CWD UPDATE NOVEMBER 2012
Wednesday, January 16, 2013
Illinois DuPage county deer found with Chronic Wasting Disease CWD
Tuesday, April 16, 2013
Cervid Industry Unites To Set Direction for CWD Reform and seem to ignore
their ignorance and denial in their role in spreading Chronic Wasting
Disease
Saturday, April 13, 2013
Tennessee Launches CWD Herd Certification Program in the wake of
legislation for game farms
Tuesday, April 02, 2013
IMPORTANT: Cervid Industry and State Veterinarians on Rewriting Chronic
Wasting Disease Rule
Wednesday, November 14, 2012
PENNSYLVANIA 2012 THE GREAT ESCAPE OF CWD INVESTIGATION MOVES INTO
LOUISIANA and INDIANA
Pennsylvania CWD number of deer exposed and farms there from much greater
than first thought
Published: Wednesday, October 17, 2012, 10:44 PM Updated: Wednesday,
October 17, 2012, 11:33 PM
Tuesday, October 23, 2012
PA Captive deer from CWD-positive farm roaming free
HERE, we see why these shooting pen owners some much like the USDA
oversight of these game farms ;
USDA TO PGC ONCE CAPTIVES ESCAPE "it‘s no longer its business.”
problem solved $$$...TSS
Sunday, January 06, 2013
USDA TO PGC ONCE CAPTIVES ESCAPE "it‘s no longer its business.”
what happened to the PA deer from the CWD index heard that went to
Louisiana ???
or Indiana ???
Monday, April 15, 2013
Deer farmers in the state of Louisiana are under a quarantine due to
Chronic Wasting Disease CWD
Monday, June 11, 2012
OHIO Captive deer escapees and non-reporting
pens, PENS, PENS ???
*** Spraker suggested an interesting explanation for the occurrence of
CWD. The deer pens at the Foot Hills Campus were built some 30-40 years ago by a
Dr. Bob Davis. At or abut that time, allegedly, some scrapie work was conducted
at this site. When deer were introduced to the pens they occupied ground that
had previously been occupied by sheep.
now, decades later ;
2012
PO-039: A comparison of scrapie and chronic wasting disease in white-tailed
deer
Justin Greenlee, Jodi Smith, Eric Nicholson US Dept. Agriculture;
Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center; Ames, IA USA
Interspecies transmission studies afford the opportunity to better
understand the potential host range and origins of prion diseases. The purpose
of these experiments was to determine susceptibility of white-tailed deer (WTD)
to scrapie and to compare the resultant clinical signs, lesions, and molecular
profiles of PrPSc to those of chronic wasting disease (CWD). We inoculated WTD
intracranially (IC; n = 5) and by a natural route of exposure (concurrent oral
and intranasal (IN); n = 5) with a US scrapie isolate. All deer were inoculated
with a 10% (wt/vol) brain homogenate from sheep with scrapie (1ml IC, 1 ml IN,
30 ml oral). All deer inoculated by the intracranial route had evidence of PrPSc
accumulation. PrPSc was detected in lymphoid tissues as early as 7
months-post-inoculation (PI) and a single deer that was necropsied at 15.6
months had widespread distribution of PrPSc highlighting that PrPSc is widely
distributed in the CNS and lymphoid tissues prior to the onset of clinical
signs. IC inoculated deer necropsied after 20 months PI (3/5) had clinical
signs, spongiform encephalopathy, and widespread distribution of PrPSc in neural
and lymphoid tissues. The results of this study suggest that there are many
similarities in the manifestation of CWD and scrapie in WTD after IC inoculation
including early and widespread presence of PrPSc in lymphoid tissues, clinical
signs of depression and weight loss progressing to wasting, and an incubation
time of 21-23 months. Moreover, western blots (WB) done on brain material from
the obex region have a molecular profile similar to CWD and distinct from
tissues of the cerebrum or the scrapie inoculum. However, results of microscopic
and IHC examination indicate that there are differences between the lesions
expected in CWD and those that occur in deer with scrapie: amyloid plaques were
not noted in any sections of brain examined from these deer and the pattern of
immunoreactivity by IHC was diffuse rather than plaque-like. After a natural
route of exposure, 100% of WTD were susceptible to scrapie. Deer developed
clinical signs of wasting and mental depression and were necropsied from 28 to
33 months PI. Tissues from these deer were positive for PrPSc by IHC and WB.
Similar to IC inoculated deer, samples from these deer exhibited two different
molecular profiles: samples from obex resembled CWD whereas those from cerebrum
were similar to the original scrapie inoculum. On further examination by WB
using a panel of antibodies, the tissues from deer with scrapie exhibit
properties differing from tissues either from sheep with scrapie or WTD with
CWD. Samples from WTD with CWD or sheep with scrapie are strongly immunoreactive
when probed with mAb P4, however, samples from WTD with scrapie are only weakly
immunoreactive. In contrast, when probed with mAb’s 6H4 or SAF 84, samples from
sheep with scrapie and WTD with CWD are weakly immunoreactive and samples from
WTD with scrapie are strongly positive. This work demonstrates that WTD are
highly susceptible to sheep scrapie, but on first passage, scrapie in WTD is
differentiable from CWD.
2011
*** After a natural route of exposure, 100% of white-tailed deer were
susceptible to scrapie.
Scrapie in Deer: Comparisons and Contrasts to Chronic Wasting Disease
(CWD)
Justin J. Greenlee of the Virus and Prion Diseases Research Unit, National
Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Ames, IA provided a presentation on scrapie
and CWD in inoculated deer. Interspecies transmission studies afford the
opportunity to better understand the potential host range and origins of prion
diseases. We inoculated white-tailed deer intracranially (IC) and by a natural
route of exposure (concurrent oral and intranasal inoculation) with a US scrapie
isolate. All deer inoculated by the intracranial route had evidence of PrPSc
accumulation and those necropsied after 20 months post-inoculation (PI) (3/5)
had clinical signs, spongiform encephalopathy, and widespread distribution of
PrPSc in neural and lymphoid tissues. A single deer that was necropsied at 15.6
months PI did not have clinical signs, but had widespread distribution of PrPSc.
This highlights the facts that 1) prior to the onset of clinical signs PrPSc is
widely distributed in the CNS and lymphoid tissues and 2) currently used
diagnostic methods are sufficient to detect PrPSc prior to the onset of clinical
signs. The results of this study suggest that there are many similarities in the
manifestation of CWD and scrapie in white-tailed deer after IC inoculation
including early and widespread presence of PrPSc in lymphoid tissues, clinical
signs of depression and weight loss progressing to wasting, and an incubation
time of 21-23 months. Moreover, western blots (WB) done on brain material from
the obex region have a molecular profile consistent with CWD and distinct from
tissues of the cerebrum or the scrapie inoculum. However, results of microscopic
and IHC examination indicate that there are differences between the lesions
expected in CWD and those that occur in deer with scrapie: amyloid plaques were
not noted in any sections of brain examined from these deer and the pattern of
immunoreactivity by IHC was diffuse rather than plaque-like. After a natural
route of exposure, 100% of white-tailed deer were susceptible to scrapie. Deer
developed clinical signs of wasting and mental depression and were necropsied
from 28 to 33 months PI. Tissues from these deer were positive for scrapie by
IHC and WB. Tissues with PrPSc immunoreactivity included brain, tonsil,
retropharyngeal and mesenteric lymph nodes, hemal node, Peyer’s patches, and
spleen. While two WB patterns have been detected in brain regions of deer
inoculated by the natural route, unlike the IC inoculated deer, the pattern
similar to the scrapie inoculum predominates.
Committee Business:
The Committee discussed and approved three resolutions regarding CWD. They
can be found in the report of the Reswolutions Committee. Essentially the
resolutions urged USDA-APHIS-VS to:
Continue to provide funding for CWD testing of captive cervids
Finalize and publish the national CWD rule for Herd Certification and
Interstate Movement
Evaluate live animal test, including rectal mucosal biopsy, for CWD in
cervids
2011 Annual Report
Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF
TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES Location: Virus and Prion Research
Unit
2011 Annual Report
In Objective 1, Assess cross-species transmissibility of transmissible
spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) in livestock and wildlife, numerous
experiments assessing the susceptibility of various TSEs in different host
species were conducted. Most notable is deer inoculated with scrapie, which
exhibits similarities to chronic wasting disease (CWD) in deer suggestive of
sheep scrapie as an origin of CWD.
snip...
4.Accomplishments 1. Deer inoculated with domestic isolates of sheep
scrapie. Scrapie-affected deer exhibit 2 different patterns of disease
associated prion protein. In some regions of the brain the pattern is much like
that observed for scrapie, while in others it is more like chronic wasting
disease (CWD), the transmissible spongiform encephalopathy typically associated
with deer. This work conducted by ARS scientists at the National Animal Disease
Center, Ames, IA suggests that an interspecies transmission of sheep scrapie to
deer may have been the origin of CWD. This is important for husbandry practices
with both captive deer, elk and sheep for farmers and ranchers attempting to
keep their herds and flocks free of CWD and scrapie.
White-tailed Deer are Susceptible to Scrapie by Natural Route of Infection
Jodi D. Smith, Justin J. Greenlee, and Robert A. Kunkle; Virus and Prion
Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS
Interspecies transmission studies afford the opportunity to better
understand the potential host range and origins of prion diseases. Previous
experiments demonstrated that white-tailed deer are susceptible to sheep-derived
scrapie by intracranial inoculation. The purpose of this study was to determine
susceptibility of white-tailed deer to scrapie after a natural route of
exposure. Deer (n=5) were inoculated by concurrent oral (30 ml) and intranasal
(1 ml) instillation of a 10% (wt/vol) brain homogenate derived from a sheep
clinically affected with scrapie. Non-inoculated deer were maintained as
negative controls. All deer were observed daily for clinical signs. Deer were
euthanized and necropsied when neurologic disease was evident, and tissues were
examined for abnormal prion protein (PrPSc) by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and
western blot (WB). One animal was euthanized 15 months post-inoculation (MPI)
due to an injury. At that time, examination of obex and lymphoid tissues by IHC
was positive, but WB of obex and colliculus were negative. Remaining deer
developed clinical signs of wasting and mental depression and were necropsied
from 28 to 33 MPI. Tissues from these deer were positive for scrapie by IHC and
WB. Tissues with PrPSc immunoreactivity included brain, tonsil, retropharyngeal
and mesenteric lymph nodes, hemal node, Peyer’s patches, and spleen. This work
demonstrates for the first time that white-tailed deer are susceptible to sheep
scrapie by potential natural routes of inoculation. In-depth analysis of tissues
will be done to determine similarities between scrapie in deer after
intracranial and oral/intranasal inoculation and chronic wasting disease
resulting from similar routes of inoculation.
see full text ;
*** NEED TO KNOW ***
i have included in this report, SOME HISTORY ON CAPTIVE SHOOTING PENS IN
NORTH AMERICA, AND CWD THERE FROM...
Elk & game farming in other states Utah Fish and Game Dept
The state of Utah has little experience with big game farming. In an effort
to understand elk and game farming, the Division has contacted other states that
allow elk farming. The following are some of the problems other states associate
with elk farming reported to the Division:
MONTANA Karen Zachiem with Montana Parks and Wildlife reported that Montana
allows game farming. Initial regulations were inadequate to protect the state's
wildlife resources. The state has tried to tighten up regulations related to
game farming, resulting in a series of lawsuits against the state from elk
ranchers. Zachiem reported that the tightening of regulations was in response to
the discovery of TB in wildlife (elk, deer, and coyotes) surrounding a TB
infected game farm. TB has been found on several game farms in Montana. Also,
they have had problems with wildlife entering game farms as well as game farm
animals escaping the farms. Finally, there has been a growth in shooting ranches
in Montana. Game farmers allow hunters to come into enclosures to kill trophy
game farm animals, raising the issues of fair chase and hunting ethics.
WASHINGTON Rolph Johnson with the Washington Department of Fish and
Wildlife, reported that Washington allows game farming, but it is strictly
regulated to safeguard wildlife. Washington opposed the law when first proposed
for the following reasons: introduction of disease and parasites; hybridization
of wildlife species; habitat loss; health risks to humans, wildlife, and
livestock; and state responsibility to recover or destroy escaped elk. Game
farming is not cost effective due to the restrictions needed to prevent these
problems.
NEW MEXICO Jerry Macacchini, with New Mexico Game and Fish, reported that
New Mexico has problems with game farming and a moratorium on elk and game
farming has been imposed by the state at the request of its citizens. Problems
identified in the moratorium were: escaped game farm animals; theft of native
elk herds; and disease.
OREGON Dan Edwards, with Oregon Fish and Wildlife, reported that Oregon has
very little elk farming and is now prohibited by regulation. The elk farms that
are in operation existed prior to the adoption of game farm regulations.
Individuals who want to elk farm, must buy out an existing elk farm owner. Elk
farms are no longer permitted due to, "...current and imminent threats to
Oregon's native deer and elk herds and social and economic values.'' Oregon has
documented numerous game farm animals that have escapeed from private game
farms. Concerns about elk farming arose during public elk management meetings.
The impacts of privately held cervids on publicly owned wildlife were a
recurring issue throughout the elk management process. Key issues included:
disease and parasites; escape and interbreeding of domestic animals with native
wildlife; illegal kills for meat; and theft of public wildlife.
WYOMING Harry Harju, assistant wildlife chief with Wyoming Fish and Game,
reported that elk or game farming is now prohibited in Wyoming. Only one game
ranch exists in Wyoming, which was operating before the passage of the law. The
state of Wyoming was sued by several game breeders associations for not allowing
elk farming. The game breeders lost their suit in the United States Court of
Appeals, Tenth Circuit. The court maintained that the state had authority to
regulate commerce and protect wildlife. Wyoming has had problems with big game
farming originating in surrounding states. Wyoming has documented the harvest of
red deer and their hybrids during elk hunts on the Snowy Mountain range that
borders Colorado. Wyoming speculates that the red deer were escapees from
Colorado game farms. Hybridization is viewed as threat to the genetic integrity
of Wyoming's wild elk population. In a public hearing, the public voted against
game farms in the state of Wyoming. Wyoming's Cattlemen's Association and
Department of Agriculture opposed elk and big game farms, as well, particularly
due to disease risks. Brucellosis is a major problem for wildlife and livestock
in the Yellowstone Basin.
NEVADA Nevada reports that big game farms are allowed in Nevada. Nevada has
not had any problems as a result of big game farms. However, Nevada has only one
big game farm in the entire state and it is a reindeer farm. IDAHO Wildlife
Chief Tom Rienecker reported that Idaho Fish and Game once regulated elk farming
in their state, but lost jurisdiction of elk farming to the Department of
Agriculture as a result of pressure from elk farmers. Idaho has 20-30 big game
ranches. Idaho has had problems with escapes and several law enforcement cases
have been filed against suspects who have taken calves out of the wild for elk
farming purposes. Disease has not been a problem for Idaho.
COLORADO John Seidel, with Colorado Division of Wildlife, reported that the
Division used to regulate big game farming until the big game breeders
association petitioned for the Department of Agriculture to assume authority
over big game farming because too many citations were issued to elk farms for
violations. Colorado experienced numerous poaching incidents with elk calves
from the wild and theft of whole herds of wild elk captured in private farms.
Seidel reported that some of the larger "elk shooting ranches" have been
investigated and charged with capturing wild herds of elk within the shooting
preserve fences. Seidel reported that there have been documented problems with
disease (TB); escaped hybrids and exotics; intrusion of rutting wild elk into
game farms; massive recapture efforts for escapees and intruders; and loss of
huge tracts of land fenced for shooting preserves/ranches. Based on their
experiences, the Colorado Division of Wildlife wishes they did not have big game
farms in Colorado. Seidel believes that CEBA would fight hard to open Utah to
elk farming to provide a market for breeding stock in Utah ($3,000 & up for
a bull and $8,000 & up for a breeding cow).
ARIZONA The Arizona Game and Fish Department reports that elk farming is
legal in Arizona but the agency would not allow it if they had to do it all over
again. Arizona reported the loss of huge blocks of land to fencing and some
disease problems. ALBERTA, CANADA Alberta has allowed elk farming for a number
of years. To date, Alberta has spent $10,000,000 and destroyed 2,000 elk in an
unsuccessful attempt to control the spread of tuberculosis. Based upon the game
farming experiences of these states, their recommendation to Utah was not to
allow elk farming.
OTHER The Division has contacted several state and federal veterinarians.
The opinions of some agricultural veterinarians differed from wildlife
veterinarians. Some veterinarians endorsed elk farming with the right regulatory
safeguards. Other veterinarians opposed elk farming due to the risks to wildlife
and livestock. This issue needs a more comprehensive review. The Division also
contacted a Special Agent with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service who conducted
a covert investigation in Colorado to gather intelligence on elk farming and
detect poaching activity of wild elk. Although poaching was not detected, the
agent described his experience with pyramid schemes in elk sales; lack of a meat
market; falsification of veterinarian records for farmed elk; escapes and
intrusions between wild and captive elk; inadequate inspections by brand
inspectors; transportation of TB infected elk; and the temperament of the elk
themselves. The Colorado Elk Breeders Association (CEBA) told the Division that
CEBA did not approve of elk poaching and has turned in fellow elk farmers for
poaching live elk calves from the wild.
CEBA told Utah legislators that the Colorado Division of Wildlife did not
like elk ranching at first, but has come to see that elk farming is not as bad
as they originally thought it would be. The Colorado Division of Wildlife
disagreed with CEBA's perception of their relationship.
Keep 'em wild: Montana should ban canned hunts. Whitefish elk farm draws
fire from hunters, biologists By STEVE THOMPSON Missoula Independent, also the
Whitefish Pilot 13 Sep 1998 Ph: 406/862-3795 Fax: 406/862-5344
snip...
snip...
see more here;
CWD policies in various states SCWDS BRIEFS April 1998 Issue State Fish
& Game Departments: all 50 states
Nebraska Dept of Agriculture and Game and Parks
On April 9, 1998, chronic wasting disease (CWD) was diagnosed in a captive
elk in Nebraska.
� This discovery follows the confirmation of CWD in two captive elk herds
in South Dakota earlier this year.
� The Nebraska elk was a 4 1/2-year old male that was among a privately
owned herd of approximately 150 elk.
� The health of the animal had deteriorated for about 2 months before it
died.
� Confirmation of CWD was made by the USDA's National Veterinary Services
Laboratories in Ames, Iowa. The case history revealed that the affected elk was
born on a farm on the Western Slope of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado, but it
was on two additional Colorado farms before it arrived in Nebraska at 2 to 2 1/2
years of age.
� One of the Colorado premises was in the known CWD-endemic region along
the Eastern Slope of the Rocky Mountains in northcentral Colorado.
snip...
CWD News: Under-diagnosis in elk: 10/17 prove positive with better method
21 Jan 99 -- Utah hunter: CWD blood recall? 20 Dec 98 -- Bad news on game farm
elk CWD 12 Nov 98 --Colorado CJD tragedy and CWD concerns 11 Oct 98 -- Nevada
testing deer and elk for CWD 23 Jun 98 -- Elk CWD spreading on game farms 19 Mar
98 -- BSE Inquiry: Day 6 -- Mink and CWD misinformation 19 Mar 98 -- CWD:
spreading it around 19 Mar 98 -- CWD: failed eradication attempts 19 Mar 98 --
CWD in Estes Park: what goes on at Lexington Lane? 19 Mar 98 -- 14 facilities
where CWD has been found 19 Mar 98 -- How did CWD get started and spread? 19 Mar
98 -- Elk growers ask for surveillance in N. Dakota 19 Mar 98 -- Ban on elk
antlers in human food rejected 19 Mar 98 -- CWD in High Country News 19 Mar 98
-- CWD Web Resources 14 Feb 98 -- Colorado's dementia experiment in humans 24
Feb 98 -- Feds need to take control over Colorado CWD 14 Feb 98 -- Surveillance
for chronic wasting disease in Colorado 14 Feb 98 -- CWD by river drainage 14
Feb 98 -- Some early history of CWD 10 Jul 97 -- Chronic Wasting Disease in
Canada23 Jul 98 -- Saskatchewan elk disease waning? 14 Feb 98 -- More chronic
wasting disease news: 1, 2 14 Feb 98 -- Welcome to Stetsonville 07 Feb 98 --
Deer in three Wyoming counties infected with chronic wasting disease 07 Feb 98
-- Chronic wasting disease: deer-to-cattle shown 07 Feb 98 -- Worry over CWD
hazards 05 Feb 98 -- Canada reports CWD in mule deer on game farms 07 Feb 98 --
Dr. Steven Dealler on CWD risks 27 Jan 98 -- Concerned rancher writes in about
deer feeding habits 03 Feb 98 -- To eat or not to eat is the hunter's question
01 Mar 97 -- CWD and hunters square off in Colorado 01 Apr 97 -- CWD: lab
progress is slow 01 Mar 97 -- Mystery of CWD in US deer, elk explained? Chronic
wasting disease update
CWD Science:
snip...see ;
Thursday, February 09, 2012
50 GAME FARMS IN USA INFECTED WITH CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE
Friday, February 03, 2012
Wisconsin Farm-Raised Deer Farms and CWD there from 2012 report Singeltary
et al
These findings demonstrate that when CWD is directly inoculated into the
brain of cattle, 86% of inoculated cattle develop clinical signs of the disease.
UPDATED CORRESPONDENCE FROM AUTHORS OF THIS STUDY I.E. COLBY, PRUSINER ET
AL, ABOUT MY CONCERNS OF THE DISCREPANCY BETWEEN THEIR FIGURES AND MY FIGURES OF
THE STUDIES ON CWD TRANSMISSION TO CATTLE ;
----- Original Message -----
From: David Colby
To: flounder9@verizon.net
Cc: stanley@XXXXXXXX
Sent: Tuesday, March 01, 2011 8:25 AM
Subject: Re: FW: re-Prions David W. Colby1,* and Stanley B. Prusiner1,2 +
Author Affiliations
Dear Terry Singeltary,
Thank you for your correspondence regarding the review article Stanley
Prusiner and I recently wrote for Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives. Dr. Prusiner
asked that I reply to your message due to his busy schedule. We agree that the
transmission of CWD prions to beef livestock would be a troubling development
and assessing that risk is important. In our article, we cite a peer-reviewed
publication reporting confirmed cases of laboratory transmission based on
stringent criteria. The less stringent criteria for transmission described in
the abstract you refer to lead to the discrepancy between your numbers and ours
and thus the interpretation of the transmission rate. We stand by our assessment
of the literature--namely that the transmission rate of CWD to bovines appears
relatively low, but we recognize that even a low transmission rate could have
important implications for public health and we thank you for bringing attention
to this matter.
Warm Regards, David Colby
--
David Colby, PhDAssistant ProfessorDepartment of Chemical
EngineeringUniversity of Delaware
====================END...TSS==============
SNIP...SEE FULL TEXT ;
UPDATED DATA ON 2ND CWD STRAIN
Wednesday, September 08, 2010
CWD PRION CONGRESS SEPTEMBER 8-11 2010
Monday, February 14, 2011
THE ROLE OF PREDATION IN DISEASE CONTROL: A COMPARISON OF SELECTIVE AND
NONSELECTIVE REMOVAL ON PRION DISEASE DYNAMICS IN DEER
NO, NO, NOT NO, BUT HELL NO !
Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 47(1), 2011, pp. 78-93 © Wildlife Disease
Association 2011
Monday, January 05, 2009
CWD, GAME FARMS, BAITING, AND POLITICS
Saturday, March 10, 2012
*** CWD, GAME FARMS, urine, feces, soil, lichens, and banned mad cow
protein feed CUSTOM MADE for deer and elk
Wednesday, May 15, 2013
Intranasal Inoculation of White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) with
Lyophilized Chronic Wasting Disease Prion Particulate Complexed to
Montmorillonite Clay
Research Article
CJD9/10022
October 1994
Mr R.N. Elmhirst Chairman British Deer Farmers Association Holly Lodge
Spencers Lane BerksWell Coventry CV7 7BZ
Dear Mr Elmhirst,
CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE (CJD) SURVEILLANCE UNIT REPORT
Thank you for your recent letter concerning the publication of the third
annual report from the CJD Surveillance Unit. I am sorry that you are
dissatisfied with the way in which this report was published.
The Surveillance Unit is a completely independant outside body and the
Department of Health is committed to publishing their reports as soon as they
become available. In the circumstances it is not the practice to circulate the
report for comment since the findings of the report would not be amended. In
future we can ensure that the British Deer Farmers Association receives a copy
of the report in advance of publication.
The Chief Medical Officer has undertaken to keep the public fully informed
of the results of any research in respect of CJD. This report was entirely the
work of the unit and was produced completely independantly of the the
Department.
The statistical results reqarding the consumption of venison was put into
perspective in the body of the report and was not mentioned at all in the press
release. Media attention regarding this report was low key but gave a realistic
presentation of the statistical findings of the Unit. This approach to
publication was successful in that consumption of venison was highlighted only
once by the media ie. in the News at one television proqramme.
I believe that a further statement about the report, or indeed statistical
links between CJD and consumption of venison, would increase, and quite possibly
give damaging credence, to the whole issue. From the low key media reports of
which I am aware it seems unlikely that venison consumption will suffer
adversely, if at all.
http://web.archive.org/web/20030511010117/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf
now, let’s see what the authors said about this casual link, personal
communications years ago. see where it is stated NO STRONG evidence. so, does
this mean there IS casual evidence ????
“Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD
transmission to humans”
From: TSS (216-119-163-189.ipset45.wt.net)
Subject: CWD aka MAD DEER/ELK TO HUMANS ???
Date: September 30, 2002 at 7:06 am PST
From: "Belay, Ermias"
To:
Cc: "Race, Richard (NIH)" ; ; "Belay, Ermias"
Sent: Monday, September 30, 2002 9:22 AM
Subject: RE: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS
Dear Sir/Madam,
In the Archives of Neurology you quoted (the abstract of which was attached
to your email), we did not say CWD in humans will present like variant
CJD.
That assumption would be wrong. I encourage you to read the whole article
and call me if you have questions or need more clarification (phone:
404-639-3091). Also, we do not claim that "no-one has ever been infected with
prion disease from eating venison." Our conclusion stating that we found no
strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans in the article you quoted or in
any other forum is limited to the patients we investigated.
Ermias Belay, M.D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
-----Original Message-----
From:
Sent: Sunday, September 29, 2002 10:15 AM
To: rr26k@nih.gov; rrace@niaid.nih.gov; ebb8@CDC.GOV
Subject: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS
Sunday, November 10, 2002 6:26 PM ......snip........end..............TSS
Thursday, April 03, 2008
A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease
2008 1: Vet Res. 2008 Apr 3;39(4):41
A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease
Sigurdson CJ.
snip...
*** twenty-seven CJD patients who regularly consumed venison were reported
to the Surveillance Center***,
snip...
full text ;
Friday, November 09, 2012
*** Chronic Wasting Disease CWD in cervidae and transmission to other
species
Sunday, November 11, 2012
*** Susceptibilities of Nonhuman Primates to Chronic Wasting Disease
November 2012
Friday, December 14, 2012
Susceptibility Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in wild cervids to Humans 2005
- December 14, 2012
Saturday, March 09, 2013
Chronic Wasting Disease in Bank Voles: Characterisation of the Shortest
Incubation Time Model for Prion Diseases
*** NOR IS THE FDA recalling this CWD positive elk meat for the well being
of the dead elk ;
Wednesday, March 18, 2009 Noah’s Ark Holding, LLC, Dawson, MN RECALL Elk
products contain meat derived from an elk confirmed to have CWD NV, CA, TX, CO,
NY, UT, FL, OK RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: FOODS CLASS II
___________________________________
PRODUCT
a) Elk Meat, Elk Tenderloin, Frozen in plastic vacuum packaging. Each
package is approximately 2 lbs., and each case is approximately 16 lbs.; Item
number 755125, Recall # F-129-9;
b) Elk Meat, Elk Trim, Frozen; Item number 755155, Recall # F-130-9;
c) Elk Meat, French Rack, Chilled. Item number 755132, Recall #
F-131-9;
d) Elk Meat, Nude Denver Leg. Item number 755122, Recall # F-132-9;
e) Elk Meat, New York Strip Steak, Chilled. Item number 755128, Recall #
F-133-9;
f) Elk Meat, Flank Steak Frozen. Item number 755131, Recall #
F-134-9;
CODE
Elk Meats with production dates of December 29, 30, and 31
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER
Recalling Firm: Sierra Meats, Reno, NV, by telephone on January 29, 2009
and press release on February 9, 2009.
Manufacturer: Noah’s Ark Holding, LLC, Dawson, MN. Firm initiated recall is
ongoing.
REASON
Elk products contain meat derived from an elk confirmed to have Chronic
Wasting Disease (CWD).
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE
Unknown
DISTRIBUTION
NV, CA, TX, CO, NY, UT, FL, OK
___________________________________
Monday, February 09, 2009
Exotic Meats USA Announces Urgent Statewide Recall of Elk Tenderloin
Because It May Contain Meat Derived From An Elk Confirmed To Have CWD
snip...
Cross-sequence transmission of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease creates a
new prion strain
Date: August 25, 2007 at 12:42 pm PST
our results raise the possibility that CJD cases classified as VV1 may
include cases caused by iatrogenic transmission of sCJD-MM1 prions or food-borne
infection by type 1 prions from animals, e.g., chronic wasting disease prions in
cervid. In fact, two CJD-VV1 patients who hunted deer or consumed venison have
been reported (40, 41). The results of the present study emphasize the need for
traceback studies and careful re-examination of the biochemical properties of
sCJD-VV1 prions.
Wednesday, March 18, 2009
Noah's Ark Holding, LLC, Dawson, MN RECALL Elk products contain meat
derived from an elk confirmed to have CWD NV, CA, TX, CO, NY, UT, FL, OK RECALLS
AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: FOODS CLASS II
*** The potential impact of prion diseases on human health was greatly
magnified by the recognition that interspecies transfer of BSE to humans by beef
ingestion resulted in vCJD. While changes in animal feed constituents and
slaughter practices appear to have curtailed vCJD, there is concern that CWD of
free-ranging deer and elk in the U.S. might also cross the species barrier.
Thus, consuming venison could be a source of human prion disease. Whether BSE
and CWD represent interspecies scrapie transfer or are newly arisen prion
diseases is unknown. Therefore, the possibility of transmission of prion disease
through other food animals cannot be ruled out. There is evidence that vCJD can
be transmitted through blood transfusion. There is likely a pool of unknown size
of asymptomatic individuals infected with vCJD, and there may be asymptomatic
individuals infected with the CWD equivalent. These circumstances represent a
potential threat to blood, blood products, and plasma supplies.
TSS
posted by Terry S. Singeltary Sr. at
3:31 PM
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