Texas Animal Health Commission (TAHC) Proposes Modifications to Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD), Brucellosis, and Other Rules
Texas Animal Health Commission (TAHC)
May 31, 2013 FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
May 31, 2013
TAHC Proposes Modifications to Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD), Brucellosis,
and Other Rules
AUSTIN - The Texas Animal Health Commission (TAHC) recently held a
regularly scheduled meeting on May 21, 2013 at its Austin office. The TAHC
proposed two amendments to the Brucellosis chapter (Section 35.4) concerning
entry, movement and change of ownership of cattle.
The first proposed amendment would establish an entry permit and post entry
test requirement for breeding cattle entering Texas from Idaho, Montana, and
Wyoming. The proposal would require all breeding bulls and sexually intact
female cattle from the above mentioned states to be tested for brucellosis 60 to
120 days after arrival unless they are entering for immediate slaughter or
feeding for slaughter in a feedlot. Heifers from those same states must be
tested negative for brucellosis 30 to 90 days after their first calving. While
Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming animal health officials have developed management
plans to address the risk of brucellosis spread within their states, this
amendment was proposed to further guard against the reintroduction of cattle
brucellosis into Texas. Brucellosis has been found in cattle and domestic bison
herds near Yellowstone National Park in the three states, and in wild elk and
bison populations both in and outside of the park. All post entry testing will
be conducted at the owner's expense.
The second amendment to Section 35.4 would remove the identification
requirements at change of ownership for beef cattle from the brucellosis
chapter. At the next Commission meeting, a new proposal will be made to place
animal identification requirements for adult beef cattle in a new Animal Disease
Traceability (Chapter 50). The existing dairy cattle ID requirements were not
proposed for change.
The Commission also proposed amendments to Chapter 40, titled "Chronic
Wasting Disease" (CWD). This chapter provides for a voluntary CWD Herd
Certification Program within Texas for species that are susceptible to the
disease. In December, 2012, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant
Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services (USDA-APHIS-VS) adopted an
interim final rule establishing a national CWD Herd Certification Program with
minimum requirements for interstate movement of deer, elk, and moose. As a
result the Commission is making amendments to the Texas program to fully meet
the federal program requirements. Passage of the proposal should allow the Texas
cervid industry continued access to interstate markets, as regulated by USDA
APHIS. Participation in the program remains voluntary.
Other rules proposed by the Commission during the meeting include:
Scabies Treatment (Chapter 39), to include new forms of acceptable
treatment Cervid Tuberculosis (Chapter 43), recognizing a new blood test
recently approved by USDA
Approved Tagging Facility (Chapter 50), establishing state standards for
facilities that may identify livestock moving interstate as per a new USDA
traceability rule The Texas Animal Health Commission (TAHC) will be accepting
comments on all rules proposed at the May 21, 2013 Commission meeting between
June 14 and July 15. The TAHC encourages and appreciates all comments. Comments
on the proposed regulations must be submitted in writing to Carol Pivonka, Texas
Animal Health Commission, 2105 Kramer Lane, Austin, Texas 78758, by fax at (512)
719-0721, or by e-mail to comments@tahc.state.tx.us. A detailed explanation of
each rule proposal, including can be found on the TAHC web site at http://www.tahc.state.tx.us/regs/proposals.html.
Rules that were adopted at the May 21 meeting included amendments to
Chapter 40, titled "Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD)", Chapter 41, titled "Fever
Ticks", and Chapter 55, titled "Swine".
The amendment to Chapter 40 "Chronic Wasting Disease" repealed and replaced
Section 40.5 "Elk Testing Requirements" with a new Section 40.5 "Movement
Requirements for CWD Susceptible Species". This amended rule changes the current
surveillance requirements for intrastate movement of elk, and adds surveillance
requirements for red deer and Sika deer. The rule will require individuals
wishing to move these CWD susceptible species to establish an inventory with the
TAHC, test 20% of eligible mortalities, and submit a movement record that
includes the official identification numbers of animals being moved. The test
age for this program is set at 16 months, similar to the Texas Parks and
Wildlife Department's white-tail deer breeder program.
The amendment to Chapter 41 "Fever Ticks" was in Section 41.9, "Vacation
and Inspection of a Premise". The amended rule will require that all cattle in
the Permanent Quarantine Zone be identified with permanent official
identification and be presented annually for inspection.
The amendment to Chapter 55 "Swine" was in Section 55.5, "Pseudorabies".
This amended rule updates the testing timeframe for releasing swine that have
been quarantined for exposure to Pseudorabies. This is in accordance with the
USDA-APHIS-VS National Pseudorabies Eradication Program. The change to Section
55.5 will now allow swine to be released from quarantine with one negative herd
test not less than 30 days from removal of the last reactor.
For more information, visit www.tahc.texas.gov or call 1-800-550-8242.
Founded in 1893, the Texas Animal Health Commission works to protect the
health of all Texas livestock, including: cattle, swine, poultry, sheep, goats,
equine animals, and exotic livestock.
###
Yvonne "Bonnie" Ramirez, Director of Communications & Public Relations
Texas Animal Health Commission (TAHC)
Chapter Chapter 40, Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) - Create new section
entitled Movement Requirements for CWD Susceptible Species
snip...
The commission proposes to modify the current CWD program to include red
deer and Sika deer, and their hybrids, because of recent actions which have
classified them as being a susceptible species for CWD. The purpose of the
program was to establish testing surveillance for elk and now includes these
added species. Based on the inclusion of red deer and Sika deer and other
members of the cervid family as susceptible species, the commission is proposing
this new section to be applicable to all cervid species known to be susceptible
to CWD, excluding all mule deer, white-tailed deer, and native species under the
jurisdiction of Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD).
As background, all breeders of white-tailed deer, through the direction of
TPWD, participate in a CWD Monitoring program through either TPWD or the
Commission. Because of this participation the state of Texas has done a
significant amount of CWD surveillance testing of white-tailed deer without
disclosing any positive deer. Surveillance testing is a key, critical competent
to determine that if there is any disease present as well as helping to
establish a prevalence number for how many animal maybe affected. This also
helps to support our animal industries in having confidence in the health of
their animals and makes them more marketable. Failure to perform adequate
surveillance allows any disease to circulate unnoticed among animal host and
spread the disease creating a greater disease problem and a far more difficult
response task. In today’s current environment the mobility and transportation of
agricultural animals throughout the state and country has greatly increased
exposure to diseases and for the commission to not perform adequate disease
surveillance for a disease that has national concerns would be inappropriate.
snip...
Chapter 40, Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) - Proposed changes to current CWD
requirements and add new ED Declaration of CWD Movement Restriction Zone section
snip...
The Commission currently provides a voluntary herd monitored status program
for species that are susceptible to CWD. Currently, all breeders of white-tailed
deer, through the direction of the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD),
participate in a CWD monitoring program through either TPWD or the Commission.
The Commission is proposing to require additional cervid species to participate
in surveillance for CWD. There have recently been two different CWD actions
which greatly affected Texas. The TPWD recently harvested mule deer for CWD
surveillance testing with the disclosure of two positive animals in Texas. The
Commission acted on recommendations on a strategy to address the risk of
exposure of CWD to susceptible species in Texas. The recommendations led to the
creation of CWD Movement Restriction Zone(s) with restrictions put in place to
protect against the exposure and spread of CWD into additional regions of Texas.
These actions are being taken in a coordinated effort by both TPWD and the
Commission.
Also, the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Animal and Plant Health
Inspection Service (APHIS) recently announced an interim final rule to establish
a national CWD Herd Certification Program and minimum requirements for
interstate movement of deer, elk and moose, or cervids, in the United States.
Participation in the program will be voluntary. The interim final rule amends
the USDA’s 2006 final rule which was never put into effect. The amendments to
their CWD rule are intended to help control the spread of this disease by
establishing acceptable program standards for interstate movement. The federal
CWD Herd Certification Program is found in 9 CFR Subchapter B, Part 55. Also,
the Commission announced in June that red deer (Cervus elaphus) and Sika deer
(Cervus Nippon) must meet the same entry requirements as other cervid species
regulated by the agency such as elk and moose because they were “susceptible
species” for CWD. The new entry rules for red deer and Sika deer require they
originate from herds with at least five years of participation in an approved
CWD monitoring program.
The agency decision was based in part on the disclosure that a farmed red
deer herd in Minnesota was confirmed positive for CWD in May of this year.
Furthermore, the USDA released an interim final CWD rule on June 8, 2012, which
designates Sika deer and red deer as susceptible species. The USDA rule is
intended to establish minimum requirements for interstate movement of deer, elk,
moose, and other susceptible cervids, and to also establish a national CWD
certification program. Based on the inclusion of red deer and Sika deer as
susceptible species, the Commission is also changing §40.5 entitled “Testing
Requirements for Elk”. This section is being renamed “Requirements for CWD
Susceptible Species” in order to be applicable to all cervid species known to be
susceptible to CWD.
snip...
Greetings TAHC,
please note, anything voluntary in the surveillance, testing, and reporting
of the CWD, TSE, prion disease, will not work. again, I ask you to only look at
the USDA mad cow follies of the past 15 years, and or since the voluntary feed
ban, that went mandatory sometimes after 1997, thus in 2007, we still had
10,000,000 pounds of banned blood laced meat and bone meal going out into
commerce, only to be fed out. 2006 was a banner year as well for 100s of tons of
banned mad cow feed. my point again, we know from past practice this _voluntary_
stuff simply does not work with the TSE prion disease.
*** 10,000,000 lbs banned blood laced meat and bone meal mbm 2007 one
decade post partial and voluntary mad cow feed ban was put in place ;
snip...see more here ;
Saturday, August 4, 2012
Final Feed Investigation Summary - California BSE Case - July 2012
ALSO, under "Movement Requirements for CWD Susceptible Species", you seem
to have missed some species that are susceptible to the CWD TSE prion. there are
other species susceptible to the CWD TSE prion, and please be aware that
scientists are not so sure that humans are not susceptible as well to the CWD
TSE prion.
please see ;
Friday, November 09, 2012
*** Chronic Wasting Disease CWD in cervidae and transmission to other
species
Sunday, November 11, 2012
*** Susceptibilities of Nonhuman Primates to Chronic Wasting Disease
November 2012
Friday, December 14, 2012
Susceptibility Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in wild cervids to Humans 2005
- December 14, 2012
Saturday, March 09, 2013
Chronic Wasting Disease in Bank Voles: Characterisation of the Shortest
Incubation Time Model for Prion Diseases
pens, pens, PENS ???
*** Spraker suggested an interesting explanation for the occurrence of CWD.
The deer pens at the Foot Hills Campus were built some 30-40 years ago by a Dr.
Bob Davis. At or abut that time, allegedly, some scrapie work was conducted at
this site. When deer were introduced to the pens they occupied ground that had
previously been occupied by sheep.
now, decades later ;
2012
PO-039: A comparison of scrapie and chronic wasting disease in white-tailed
deer
Justin Greenlee, Jodi Smith, Eric Nicholson US Dept. Agriculture;
Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center; Ames, IA USA
Interspecies transmission studies afford the opportunity to better
understand the potential host range and origins of prion diseases. The purpose
of these experiments was to determine susceptibility of white-tailed deer (WTD)
to scrapie and to compare the resultant clinical signs, lesions, and molecular
profiles of PrPSc to those of chronic wasting disease (CWD). We inoculated WTD
intracranially (IC; n = 5) and by a natural route of exposure (concurrent oral
and intranasal (IN); n = 5) with a US scrapie isolate. All deer were inoculated
with a 10% (wt/vol) brain homogenate from sheep with scrapie (1ml IC, 1 ml IN,
30 ml oral). All deer inoculated by the intracranial route had evidence of PrPSc
accumulation. PrPSc was detected in lymphoid tissues as early as 7
months-post-inoculation (PI) and a single deer that was necropsied at 15.6
months had widespread distribution of PrPSc highlighting that PrPSc is widely
distributed in the CNS and lymphoid tissues prior to the onset of clinical
signs. IC inoculated deer necropsied after 20 months PI (3/5) had clinical
signs, spongiform encephalopathy, and widespread distribution of PrPSc in neural
and lymphoid tissues. The results of this study suggest that there are many
similarities in the manifestation of CWD and scrapie in WTD after IC inoculation
including early and widespread presence of PrPSc in lymphoid tissues, clinical
signs of depression and weight loss progressing to wasting, and an incubation
time of 21-23 months. Moreover, western blots (WB) done on brain material from
the obex region have a molecular profile similar to CWD and distinct from
tissues of the cerebrum or the scrapie inoculum. However, results of microscopic
and IHC examination indicate that there are differences between the lesions
expected in CWD and those that occur in deer with scrapie: amyloid plaques were
not noted in any sections of brain examined from these deer and the pattern of
immunoreactivity by IHC was diffuse rather than plaque-like. After a natural
route of exposure, 100% of WTD were susceptible to scrapie. Deer developed
clinical signs of wasting and mental depression and were necropsied from 28 to
33 months PI. Tissues from these deer were positive for PrPSc by IHC and WB.
Similar to IC inoculated deer, samples from these deer exhibited two different
molecular profiles: samples from obex resembled CWD whereas those from cerebrum
were similar to the original scrapie inoculum. On further examination by WB
using a panel of antibodies, the tissues from deer with scrapie exhibit
properties differing from tissues either from sheep with scrapie or WTD with
CWD. Samples from WTD with CWD or sheep with scrapie are strongly immunoreactive
when probed with mAb P4, however, samples from WTD with scrapie are only weakly
immunoreactive. In contrast, when probed with mAb’s 6H4 or SAF 84, samples from
sheep with scrapie and WTD with CWD are weakly immunoreactive and samples from
WTD with scrapie are strongly positive. This work demonstrates that WTD are
highly susceptible to sheep scrapie, but on first passage, scrapie in WTD is
differentiable from CWD.
2011
*** After a natural route of exposure, 100% of white-tailed deer were
susceptible to scrapie.
Scrapie in Deer: Comparisons and Contrasts to Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD)
Justin J. Greenlee of the Virus and Prion Diseases Research Unit, National
Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Ames, IA provided a presentation on scrapie
and CWD in inoculated deer. Interspecies transmission studies afford the
opportunity to better understand the potential host range and origins of prion
diseases. We inoculated white-tailed deer intracranially (IC) and by a natural
route of exposure (concurrent oral and intranasal inoculation) with a US scrapie
isolate. All deer inoculated by the intracranial route had evidence of PrPSc
accumulation and those necropsied after 20 months post-inoculation (PI) (3/5)
had clinical signs, spongiform encephalopathy, and widespread distribution of
PrPSc in neural and lymphoid tissues. A single deer that was necropsied at 15.6
months PI did not have clinical signs, but had widespread distribution of PrPSc.
This highlights the facts that 1) prior to the onset of clinical signs PrPSc is
widely distributed in the CNS and lymphoid tissues and 2) currently used
diagnostic methods are sufficient to detect PrPSc prior to the onset of clinical
signs. The results of this study suggest that there are many similarities in the
manifestation of CWD and scrapie in white-tailed deer after IC inoculation
including early and widespread presence of PrPSc in lymphoid tissues, clinical
signs of depression and weight loss progressing to wasting, and an incubation
time of 21-23 months. Moreover, western blots (WB) done on brain material from
the obex region have a molecular profile consistent with CWD and distinct from
tissues of the cerebrum or the scrapie inoculum. However, results of microscopic
and IHC examination indicate that there are differences between the lesions
expected in CWD and those that occur in deer with scrapie: amyloid plaques were
not noted in any sections of brain examined from these deer and the pattern of
immunoreactivity by IHC was diffuse rather than plaque-like. After a natural
route of exposure, 100% of white-tailed deer were susceptible to scrapie. Deer
developed clinical signs of wasting and mental depression and were necropsied
from 28 to 33 months PI. Tissues from these deer were positive for scrapie by
IHC and WB. Tissues with PrPSc immunoreactivity included brain, tonsil,
retropharyngeal and mesenteric lymph nodes, hemal node, Peyer’s patches, and
spleen. While two WB patterns have been detected in brain regions of deer
inoculated by the natural route, unlike the IC inoculated deer, the pattern
similar to the scrapie inoculum predominates.
Committee Business:
The Committee discussed and approved three resolutions regarding CWD. They
can be found in the report of the Reswolutions Committee. Essentially the
resolutions urged USDA-APHIS-VS to:
Continue to provide funding for CWD testing of captive cervids
Finalize and publish the national CWD rule for Herd Certification and
Interstate Movement
Evaluate live animal test, including rectal mucosal biopsy, for CWD in
cervids
2011 Annual Report
Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF
TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES Location: Virus and Prion Research
Unit
2011 Annual Report
In Objective 1, Assess cross-species transmissibility of transmissible
spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) in livestock and wildlife, numerous
experiments assessing the susceptibility of various TSEs in different host
species were conducted. Most notable is deer inoculated with scrapie, which
exhibits similarities to chronic wasting disease (CWD) in deer suggestive of
sheep scrapie as an origin of CWD.
snip...
4.Accomplishments 1. Deer inoculated with domestic isolates of sheep
scrapie. Scrapie-affected deer exhibit 2 different patterns of disease
associated prion protein. In some regions of the brain the pattern is much like
that observed for scrapie, while in others it is more like chronic wasting
disease (CWD), the transmissible spongiform encephalopathy typically associated
with deer. This work conducted by ARS scientists at the National Animal Disease
Center, Ames, IA suggests that an interspecies transmission of sheep scrapie to
deer may have been the origin of CWD. This is important for husbandry practices
with both captive deer, elk and sheep for farmers and ranchers attempting to
keep their herds and flocks free of CWD and scrapie.
White-tailed Deer are Susceptible to Scrapie by Natural Route of Infection
Jodi D. Smith, Justin J. Greenlee, and Robert A. Kunkle; Virus and Prion
Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS
Interspecies transmission studies afford the opportunity to better
understand the potential host range and origins of prion diseases. Previous
experiments demonstrated that white-tailed deer are susceptible to sheep-derived
scrapie by intracranial inoculation. The purpose of this study was to determine
susceptibility of white-tailed deer to scrapie after a natural route of
exposure. Deer (n=5) were inoculated by concurrent oral (30 ml) and intranasal
(1 ml) instillation of a 10% (wt/vol) brain homogenate derived from a sheep
clinically affected with scrapie. Non-inoculated deer were maintained as
negative controls. All deer were observed daily for clinical signs. Deer were
euthanized and necropsied when neurologic disease was evident, and tissues were
examined for abnormal prion protein (PrPSc) by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and
western blot (WB). One animal was euthanized 15 months post-inoculation (MPI)
due to an injury. At that time, examination of obex and lymphoid tissues by IHC
was positive, but WB of obex and colliculus were negative. Remaining deer
developed clinical signs of wasting and mental depression and were necropsied
from 28 to 33 MPI. Tissues from these deer were positive for scrapie by IHC and
WB. Tissues with PrPSc immunoreactivity included brain, tonsil, retropharyngeal
and mesenteric lymph nodes, hemal node, Peyer’s patches, and spleen. This work
demonstrates for the first time that white-tailed deer are susceptible to sheep
scrapie by potential natural routes of inoculation. In-depth analysis of tissues
will be done to determine similarities between scrapie in deer after
intracranial and oral/intranasal inoculation and chronic wasting disease
resulting from similar routes of inoculation.
see full text ;
how many states have $465,000., and can quarantine and purchase there from,
each cwd said infected farm, but how many states can afford this for all the cwd
infected cervid game ranch type farms ???
? game farms in a state X $465,000., do all these game farms have insurance
to pay for this risk of infected the wild cervid herds, in each state ???
how many game farms, are too many game farms ?
when you have states handing out shooting pen permits like candy on
halloween, just to advance their coffers, then other states wanting to do the
same thing, with most all of them ignoring the science on shooting pens and cwd,
what do you expect is going to happen.
when is enough, enough ?
Tuesday, December 20, 2011
CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD WISCONSIN Almond Deer (Buckhorn Flats) Farm
Update DECEMBER 2011
The CWD infection rate was nearly 80%, the highest ever in a North American
captive herd.
RECOMMENDATION: That the Board approve the purchase of 80 acres of land for
$465,000 for the Statewide Wildlife Habitat Program in Portage County and
approve the restrictions on public use of the site.
Form 1100-001
(R 2/11)
NATURAL RESOURCES BOARD AGENDA ITEM
SUBJECT: Information Item: Almond Deer Farm Update
FOR: DECEMBER 2011 BOARD MEETING
TUESDAY
TO BE PRESENTED BY TITLE: Tami Ryan, Wildlife Health Section Chief
SUMMARY:
SEE MORE USAHA REPORTS HERE, 2012 NOT PUBLISHED YET...TSS
Wednesday, November 14, 2012
PENNSYLVANIA 2012 THE GREAT ESCAPE OF CWD INVESTIGATION MOVES INTO
LOUISIANA and INDIANA
***SEE UPDATE !
Tuesday, May 28, 2013
Chronic Wasting Disease CWD quarantine Louisiana via CWD index herd
Pennsylvania Update May 28, 2013
6 doe from Pennsylvania CWD index herd still on the loose in Louisiana,
quarantine began on October 18, 2012, still ongoing, Lake Charles premises.
Thursday, March 14, 2013
TEXAS DEER BREEDERS CHEER TWO NEW BILLS SB 1444 AND HB 2092 THAT COULD HELP
POTENTIALLY ENHANCE CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD
Thursday, May 02, 2013
Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) Texas Important Update on OBEX ONLY TEXTING
Friday, October 12, 2012
Texas Animal Health Commission (TAHC) is Now Accepting Comments on Rule
Proposals for “Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD)”
TO: comments@tahc.state.tx.us;
Texas Animal Health Commission (TAHC)
Wednesday, June 13, 2012
TAHC Modifies Entry Requirements Effective Immediately for Cervids DUE TO
CWD
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
Monday, March 26, 2012
Texas Prepares for Chronic Wasting Disease CWD Possibility in Far West
Texas
Monday, March 26, 2012
3 CASES OF CWD FOUND NEW MEXICO MULE DEER SEVERAL MILS FROM TEXAS BORDER
Thursday, March 29, 2012
TEXAS DEER CZAR SAYS WISCONSIN DNR NOT DOING ENOUGH ABOUT CWD LIKE POT
CALLING KETTLE BLACK
Friday, June 01, 2012
TEXAS DEER CZAR TO WISCONSIN ASK TO EXPLAIN COMMENTS
Saturday, June 09, 2012
USDA Establishes a Herd Certification Program for Chronic Wasting Disease
in the United States
Thursday, July 12, 2012
CWD aka MAD DEER, ELK DISEASE TEXAS HOUSTON CHRONICLE
Wednesday, July 11, 2012 Brain-eating disease found in Texas deer
Wednesday, October 03, 2012
TAHC Chronic Wasting Disease Rule What you need to know
Wednesday, September 26, 2012
TPWD Gearing Up for CWD Response during Deer Season
Monday, September 17, 2012
New Mexico DGF EXPANDS CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CONTROL AREAS, while Texas
flounders
Friday, September 07, 2012
Texas Wildlife Officials Considering New Deer Movement Rules in Response to
CWD
please see what the U.K. DEFRA recently said ABOUT CWD RISK FACTORS ;
Friday, December 14, 2012
DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced
into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012
snip...
In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration’s BSE Feed Regulation
(21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin)
from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With
regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may
not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered
at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the
animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a
requirement by law.
Animals considered at high risk for CWD include:
1) animals from areas declared to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD
eradication zones and
2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period prior to
slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal.
Therefore, in the USA, materials from cervids other than CWD positive
animals may be used in animal feed and feed ingredients for non-ruminants.
The amount of animal PAP that is of deer and/or elk origin imported from
the USA to GB can not be determined, however, as it is not specified in TRACES.
It may constitute a small percentage of the 8412 kilos of non-fish origin
processed animal proteins that were imported from US into GB in 2011.
Overall, therefore, it is considered there is a __greater than negligible
risk___ that (nonruminant) animal feed and pet food containing deer and/or elk
protein is imported into GB.
There is uncertainty associated with this estimate given the lack of data
on the amount of deer and/or elk protein possibly being imported in these
products.
snip...
36% in 2007 (Almberg et al., 2011). In such areas, population declines of
deer of up to 30 to 50% have been observed (Almberg et al., 2011). In areas of
Colorado, the prevalence can be as high as 30% (EFSA, 2011).
The clinical signs of CWD in affected adults are weight loss and
behavioural changes that can span weeks or months (Williams, 2005). In addition,
signs might include excessive salivation, behavioural alterations including a
fixed stare and changes in interaction with other animals in the herd, and an
altered stance (Williams, 2005). These signs are indistinguishable from cervids
experimentally infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE).
Given this, if CWD was to be introduced into countries with BSE such as GB,
for example, infected deer populations would need to be tested to differentiate
if they were infected with CWD or BSE to minimise the risk of BSE entering the
human food-chain via affected venison.
snip...
The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and
can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008).
snip...
In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil
and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a
bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are
present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with
CWD prion.
snip...
In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving
between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling
to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing,
footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible.
For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the
increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant
uncertainty associated with these estimates.
snip...
Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher
probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer
given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists
and returning GB residents.
snip... see full text report here ;
Friday, December 14, 2012
DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced
into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012
Research Article
Intranasal Inoculation of White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) with
Lyophilized Chronic Wasting Disease Prion Particulate Complexed to
Montmorillonite Clay
Tracy A. Nichols mail, Terry R. Spraker, Tara D. Rigg, Crystal
Meyerett-Reid, Clare Hoover, Brady Michel, Jifeng Bian, Edward Hoover, Thomas
Gidlewski, Aru Balachandran, Katherine O'Rourke, Glenn C. Telling, Richard
Bowen, [ ... ], Kurt C. VerCauteren equal contributor
Abstract
Chronic wasting disease (CWD), the only known prion disease endemic in
wildlife, is a persistent problem in both wild and captive North American cervid
populations. This disease continues to spread and cases are found in new areas
each year. Indirect transmission can occur via the environment and is thought to
occur by the oral and/or intranasal route. Oral transmission has been
experimentally demonstrated and although intranasal transmission has been
postulated, it has not been tested in a natural host until recently. Prions have
been shown to adsorb strongly to clay particles and upon oral inoculation the
prion/clay combination exhibits increased infectivity in rodent models. Deer and
elk undoubtedly and chronically inhale dust particles routinely while living in
the landscape while foraging and rutting. We therefore hypothesized that dust
represents a viable vehicle for intranasal CWD prion exposure. To test this
hypothesis, CWD-positive brain homogenate was mixed with montmorillonite clay
(Mte), lyophilized, pulverized and inoculated intranasally into white-tailed
deer once a week for 6 weeks. Deer were euthanized at 95, 105, 120 and 175 days
post final inoculation and tissues examined for CWD-associated prion proteins by
immunohistochemistry. Our results demonstrate that CWD can be efficiently
transmitted utilizing Mte particles as a prion carrier and intranasal exposure.
snip...
The results of this study confirm that CWD can be successfully transmitted
IN as a lyophilized prion particulate adsorbed to Mte and that genotype at codon
96 affects the lymphoid distribution of CWD within the body. Additionally, two
novel intranasal tracking methods were employed that provided insight into CWD
translocation within the nasal cavity. The data collected in this study may also
shed light on why there is a higher prevalence of CWD in males, as males
participate in more behaviors that generate dust. We propose chronic, long-term
exposure to CWD prions adsorbed to dust particles to be a natural CWD infection
route in addition to chronic oral and nasal contact exposure.
Citation: Nichols TA, Spraker TR, Rigg TD, Meyerett-Reid C, Hoover C, et
al. (2013) Intranasal Inoculation of White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus)
with Lyophilized Chronic Wasting Disease Prion Particulate Complexed to
Montmorillonite Clay. PLoS ONE 8(5): e62455.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062455
Editor: Anthony E. Kincaid, Creighton University, United States of America
Received: November 30, 2012; Accepted: March 21, 2013; Published: May 9,
2013
This is an open-access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely
reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by
anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative
Commons CC0 public domain dedication.
Funding: Funding was provided by U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and
Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services (VS). The funders had no
role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or
preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests
exist.
see full text ;
Thanks again to PLOS et al for full text access to this scientific research
on the CWD TSE prion disease...tss
see more here ;
Wednesday, May 15, 2013
Intranasal Inoculation of White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) with
Lyophilized Chronic Wasting Disease Prion Particulate Complexed to
Montmorillonite Clay
Research Article
The potential impact of prion diseases on human health was greatly
magnified by the recognition that interspecies transfer of BSE to humans by beef
ingestion resulted in vCJD. While changes in animal feed constituents and
slaughter practices appear to have curtailed vCJD, there is concern that CWD of
free-ranging deer and elk in the U.S. might also cross the species barrier.
Thus, consuming venison could be a source of human prion disease. Whether BSE
and CWD represent interspecies scrapie transfer or are newly arisen prion
diseases is unknown. Therefore, the possibility of transmission of prion disease
through other food animals cannot be ruled out. There is evidence that vCJD can
be transmitted through blood transfusion. There is likely a pool of unknown size
of asymptomatic individuals infected with vCJD, and there may be asymptomatic
individuals infected with the CWD equivalent. These circumstances represent a
potential threat to blood, blood products, and plasma supplies.
Wednesday, April 24, 2013
Dissociation between Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy (TSE)
Infectivity and Proteinase K-Resistant PrPSc Levels in Peripheral Tissue from a
Murine Transgenic Model of TSE Disease
shooting pens still in a state of cwd denial ;
Tuesday, April 16, 2013
Cervid Industry Unites To Set Direction for CWD Reform and seem to ignore
their ignorance and denial in their role in spreading Chronic Wasting
Disease
Monday, February 11, 2013
TEXAS CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD Four New Positives Found in Trans
Pecos
see history of CWD waltzing into Texas since 2001 – 2002
2001 - 2002
Subject: Texas Borders Reopened for Importing Black-Tailed Deer & Elk
New Entry Regulations in Effect $ CWD TESTING STATISTICS ?
Date: Fri, 6 Sep 2002 17:18:16 –0700
From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."
Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
To: BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de
######## Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy #########
NEWS RELEASE
Texas Animal Health Commission
Box l2966 * Austin, Texas 78711 * (800) 550-8242 * FAX (512) 719-0719
Linda Logan, DVM, PhD * Executive Director
For info, contact Carla Everett, information officer, at 1-800-550-8242,
ext. 710, or ceverett@tahc.state.tx.us
snip...
TEXAS OLD STATISTICS BELOW FOR PAST CWD TESTING;
Subject: CWD testing in Texas
Date: Sun, 25 Aug 2002 19:45:14 –0500
From: Kenneth Waldrup
To: flounder@wt.net
CC: mcoats@tahc.state.tx.us
Dear Dr. Singletary,
In Fiscal Year 2001, seven deer from Texas were tested by the National
Veterinary Services Laboratory (NVSL) for CWD (5 fallow deer and 2 white-tailed
deer). In Fiscal Year 2002, seven elk from Texas were tested at NVSL (no deer).
During these two years, an additional six elk and one white-tailed deer were
tested at the Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory (TVMDL). In Fiscal
Year 2002, four white-tailed deer (free-ranging clinical suspects) and at least
eight other white-tailed deer have been tested at TVMDL. One elk has been tested
at NVSL. All of these animals have been found negative for CWD. Dr. Jerry Cooke
of the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department also has records of 601 clinically
ill white-tailed deer which were necropsied at Texas A&M during the late
1960's and early 1970's, and no spongiform encepalopathies were noted.
Thank you for your consideration.
Ken Waldrup, DVM, PhD Texas Animal Health Commission
========================
TEXAS CWD STATUS
Captive Cervids
There have been no reported CWD infections of captive elk or deer in Texas.
There is currently no mandatory surveillance program for susceptible cervids
kept on game farms, although, there has been voluntary surveillance since 1999,
which requires owners of participating herds to maintain an annual herd
inventory and submit samples for all mortalities of animals over 16 months of
age.
snip...
SO, i thought i would just see where these Ecoregions were, and just how
the CWD testing was distributed. YOU would think that with the cluster of CWD
bordering TEXAS at the WPMR in NM, you would have thought this would be where
the major CWD testing samples were to have been taken? wrong! let's have a look
at the sample testing. here is map of CWD in NM WPMR bordering TEXAS;
NEW MEXICO 7 POSITIVE CWD WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE MAP
CWD TEXAS TAHC OLD FILE HISTORY
updated from some of my old files. ...
Subject: CWD SURVEILLANCE STATISTICS TEXAS (total testing figures less
than 50 in two years)
Date: Sun, 25 Aug 2002 21:06:49 –0700
From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."
Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
To: BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de
######## Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy #########
greetings list members,
here are some figures on CWD testing in TEXAS...TSS
Dear Dr. Singletary,
In Fiscal Year 2001, seven deer from Texas were tested by the National
Veterinary Services Laboratory (NVSL) for CWD (5 fallow deer and 2 white-tailed
deer). In Fiscal Year 2002, seven elk from Texas were tested at NVSL (no deer).
During these two years, an additional six elk and one white-tailed deer were
tested at the Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory (TVMDL). In Fiscal
Year 2002, four white-tailed deer (free-ranging clinical suspects) and at least
eight other white-tailed deer have been tested at TVMDL. One elk has been tested
at NVSL. All of these animals have been found negative for CWD. Dr. Jerry Cooke
of the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department also has records of 601 clinically
ill white-tailed deer which were necropsied at Texas A&M during the late
1960's and early 1970's, and no spongiform encepalopathies were noted. Thank you
for your consideration.
xxxxxxx
Texas Animal Health Commission
(personal communication...TSS)
Austin 8 news
snip...
"There's about 4 million deer in the state of Texas, and as a resource I
think we need to be doing as much as we can to look for these diseases," said
Doug Humphreys with Texas Parks and Wildlife. "Right now Texas is clear. We
haven't found any, but that doesn't mean we don't look."
With approximately 4 million animals, Texas has the largest population of
white-tailed deer in the nation. In addition, about 19,000 white-tailed deer and
17,000 elk are being held in private facilities. To know if CWD is present in
captive herds, TPWD and Texas Animal Health Commission are working with breeders
to monitor their herds.
How is it spread?
It is not known exactly how CWD is spread. It is believed that the agent
responsible for the disease may be spread both directly (animal to animal
contact) and indirectly (soil or other surface to animal). It is thought that
the most common mode of transmission from an infected animal is via saliva,
feces, and urine.
some surveillance?
beyond the _potential_ methods of transmissions above, why, not a single
word of SRM of various TSE species in feed as a source?
it's a known fact they have been feeding the deer/elk the same stuff as
cows here in USA.
and the oral route has been documented of CWD to mule deer fawns in lab
studies.
not to say that other _potential_ transmission mechanisms are possible, but
why over look the obvious?
TSS
########### http://mailhost.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/warc/bse-l.html
############
From: Ken Waldrup, DVM, PhD (host25-207.tahc.state.tx.us)
Subject: Re: CWD SAMPLING TEXAS (but NOT in the obvious place, the NM,
TEXAS border)
Date: December 15, 2003 at 3:43 pm PST
In Reply to: CWD SAMPLING TEXAS (but NOT in the obvious place, the NM,
TEXAS border) posted by TSS on December 12, 2003 at 2:15 pm:
Dear sirs:
With regard to your comment about Texas NOT looking for CWD along the New
Mexico border, it is painfully obvious that you do not know or understand the
natural distribution of mule deer out there or the rights of the land owners in
this state. As of 15 December 2003, a total of 42 deer had been sampled from
what we call "Trans-Pecos", beyond the Pecos River. Mule deer are very widely
dispersed through this area, sometimes at densities of one animal per 6 square
miles. The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department does not have the legal authority
to trepass on private property to collect deer. Some landowners are cooperative.
Some are not. Franklin State Park is at the very tip of Texas, and deer from the
park have been tested (all negative). One of the single largest land owners
along the border is the National Park Service. Deer and elk from the Guadalupe
Peak National Park cannot be collected with federal permission. The sampling
throughout the state is based on the deer populations by eco-region and is
dictated by the availability of funds. I am concerned about your insinuation
that CWD is a human health risk. We are at a stand-off - you have no proof that
it is and I have no definitive proof that it isn't. However I would say that the
inferred evidence from Colorado, Wyoming and Wisconsin suggests that CWD is not
a human health concern (i.e. no evidence of an increased incidence of human
brain disorders within the CWD "endemic" areas of these states). From my
professional interactions with the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, I can
definitely say that they want to do a thorough and sound survey throughout the
state, not willy-nilly "look here, look there". There are limitations of
manpower, finances and, in some places, deer populations. I would congratulate
TPWD for doing the best job with the limitations at hand rather than trying to
browbeat them when you obviously do not understand the ecology of West Texas.
Thank you for your consideration.
======================
From: TSS (216-119-139-126.ipset19.wt.net)
Subject: Re: CWD SAMPLING TEXAS (but NOT in the obvious place, the NM,
TEXAS border)
Date: December 16, 2003 at 11:03 am PST
In Reply to: Re: CWD SAMPLING TEXAS (but NOT in the obvious place, the NM,
TEXAS border) posted by Ken Waldrup, DVM, PhD on December 15, 2003 at 3:43
pm:
HEllo Dr. Waldrup,
thank you for your comments and time to come to this board.
Ken Waldrup, DVM, PhD states;
> it is painfully obvious that you do not know or understand the natural
distribution of mule deer out there or the rights of the land owners in this
state...
TSS states;
I am concerned about all deer/elk not just mule deer, and the rights of
land owners (in the case with human/animal TSEs) well i am not sure of the
correct terminology, but when the States deer/elk/cattle/sheep/humans are at
risk, there should be no rights for land owners in this case. the state should
have the right to test those animals. there are too many folks out there that
are just plain ignorant about this agent. with an agent such as this, you cannot
let landowners (and i am one) dictate human/animal health, especially when you
cannot regulate the movement of such animals...
Ken Waldrup, DVM, PhD states;
> Deer and elk from the Guadalupe Peak National Park cannot be collected
with federal permission.
TSS states;
I do not understand this? so there is no recourse of action even if every
deer/elk was contaminated with CWD in this area (hypothetical)?
Ken Waldrup, DVM, PhD states;
> I am concerned about your insinuation that CWD is a human health risk.
We are at a stand-off - you have no proof that it is and I have no definitive
proof that it isn't. However I would say that the inferred evidence from
Colorado, Wyoming and Wisconsin suggests that CWD is not a human health concern
(i.e. no evidence of an increased incidence of human brain disorders within the
CWD "endemic" areas of these states)...
TSS states;
NEXT, let's have a look at the overall distribution of CWD in Free-Ranging
Cervids and see where the CWD cluster in NM WSMR borders TEXAS;
Current Distribution of Chronic Wasting Disease in Free-Ranging Cervids
NOW, the MAP of the Exoregion where the samples were taken to test for CWD;
CWD SURVEILLANCE SAMPLE SUBMISSIONS TEXAS
Ecoregions of TEXAS
IF you look at the area around the NM WSMR where the CWD cluster was and
where it borders TEXAS, that ecoregion is called Trans Pecos region. Seems if my
Geography and my Ciphering is correct ;-) that region only tested 55% of it's
goal. THE most important area on the MAP and they only test some 96 samples,
this in an area that has found some 7 positive animals? NOW if we look at the
only other border where these deer from NM could cross the border into TEXAS,
this area is called the High Plains ecoregion, and again, we find that the
sampling for CWD was pathetic. HERE we find that only 9% of it's goal of CWD
sampling was met, only 16 samples were tested from some 175 that were suppose to
be sampled.
AS i said before;
> SADLY, they have not tested enough from the total population to
> know if CWD is in Texas or not.
BUT now, I will go one step further and state categorically that they are
not trying to find it. just the opposite it seems, they are waiting for CWD to
find them, as with BSE/TSE in cattle, and it will eventually...
snip...end...TSS
===============================
2005
SEE MAP OF CWD ON THE BORDER OF NEW MEXICO VERY CLOSE TO TEXAS ;
NO update on CWD testing in Texas, New Mexico that i could find. I have
inquired about it though, no reply yet...
-------- Original Message --------
Subject: CWD testing to date TEXAS ?
Date: Mon, 09 May 2005 12:26:20 –0500
From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."
To: kristen.everett@tpwd.state.tx.us
Hello Mrs. Everett,
I am most curious about the current status on CWD testing in Texas. could
you please tell me what the current and past testing figures are to date and
what geographical locations these tests have been in. good bust on the illegal
deer trapping case. keep up the good work there.........
thank you, with kindest regards,
Terry S. Singeltary Sr. P.O. Box 42 Bacliff, Texas USA 77518
-------- Original Message --------
Subject: CWD testing in New Mexico
Date: Mon, 09 May 2005 14:39:18 –0500
From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."
To: ispa@state.nm.us
Greetings,
I am most curious of the current and past CWD testing in New Mexico, and
there geographical locations...
thank you,
Terry S. Singeltary SR. CJD Watch
#################### https://lists.aegee.org/bse-l.html
####################
2006
----- Original Message -----
From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr." flounder9@VERIZON.NET
To: BSE-L@aegee.org
Sent: Saturday, December 23, 2006 1:47 PM
Subject: CWD in New Mexico 35 MILES FROM TEXAS BORDER and low testing
sampling figures -- what gives TAHC ???
Subject: CWD in New Mexico 35 MILES FROM TEXAS BORDER and low testing
sampling figures -- what gives TAHC ???
Date: December 23, 2006 at 11:25 am PST
Greetings BSE-L members,
i never know if i am going crazy or just more of the same BSe. several
years ago i brought up the fact to the TAHC that CWD was literally at the Texas
borders and that the sample size for cwd testing was no where near enough in the
location of that zone bordering NM. well, i just wrote them another letter
questioning this again on Dec. 14, 2006 (see below) and showed them two
different pdf maps, one referencing this url, which both worked just fine then.
since then, i have NOT received a letter from them answering my question, and
the url for the map i used as reference is no longer working? i had reference
this map several times from the hunter-kill cwd sampling as of 31 August 2005
pdf which NO longer works now??? but here are those figures for that zone
bordering NM, for those that were questioning the url. the testing samples
elsewhere across Texas where much much more than that figure in the zone
bordering NM where CWD has been documented bordering TEXAS, near the White Sands
Missile Range. SO, why was the Texas hunter-kill cwd sampling as of 31 August
2005 document removed from the internet??? you know, this reminds me of the
infamous TEXAS MAD COW that i documented some 7 or 8 months before USDA et al
documented it, when the TAHC accidentally started ramping up for the
announcement on there web site, then removed it (see history at bottom). i am
not screaming conspiracy here, but confusious is confused again on the ciphering
there using for geographical distribution of cwd tissue sample size survey, IF
they are serious about finding CWD in TEXAS. common sense would tell you if cwd
is 35 miles from the border, you would not run across state and have your larger
samples there, and least samples 35 miles from where is what
found..........daaa..........TSS
THEN NOTICE CWD sample along that border in TEXAS, Three Year Summary of
Hunter-Kill CWD sampling as of 31 August 2005 of only 191 samples, then compare
to the other sample locations ;
TPWD has been conducting surveys of hunter-kill animals since 2002 and has
collected more than 7300 samples (as of 31 August 2005). In total, there have
been over 9400 samples, both hunter-kill and private samples, tested in Texas to
date, and no positives have been found.
SO, out of a total of 9,400 samples taken for CWD surveillance in TEXAS
since 2002 of both hunter-kill and private kill, ONLY 191 samples have been
taken in the most likely place one would find CWD i.e. the border where CWD has
been documented at TEXAS and New Mexico
latest map NM cwd old data
CWD in New Mexico ;
What is the Department doing to prevent the spread of CWD?
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) was recently detected in a mule deer from
Unit 34. Until 2005, CWD had only been found in Unit 19. With this discovery,
the Department will increase its surveillance of deer and elk harvested in Units
29, 30 and 34.
Lymph nodes and/or brain stems from every harvested deer and brain stems
from all elk taken in Unit 34 will be sampled.
snip...
CWD SURVEILLANCE TEXAS
SNIP...SEE FULL TEXT ;
2011 – 2012
Friday, October 28, 2011
CWD Herd Monitoring Program to be Enforced Jan. 2012 TEXAS
Greetings TAHC et al,
A kind greetings from Bacliff, Texas.
In reply to ;
Texas Animal Health Commission (TAHC) Announcement October 27, 2011
I kindly submit the following ;
snip...see full text ;
2011 – 2012
Friday, October 28, 2011
CWD Herd Monitoring Program to be Enforced Jan. 2012 TEXAS
Greetings TAHC et al,
A kind greetings from Bacliff, Texas.
In reply to ;
Texas Animal Health Commission (TAHC) Announcement October 27, 2011
I kindly submit the following ;
CWD, Houston Chronicle, and CWD reporting, what happened ???
Thursday, December 27, 2012
CWD TSE PRION, dr. deer, shooting pen type game farms and ranchers, Texas,
TAHC, Houston Chronicle, all silent about disease ?
Thursday, December 13, 2012
HUNTERS FEELING THE HEAT Houston Chronicle December 13, 2012 OUTDOORS not
talking about CWD in Texas
Wednesday, November 07, 2012 Chronic Wasting Disease CWD, Texas, Houston
Chronicle Shannon Thomkins 1998 - 2012 what happened ???
Thursday, July 12, 2012
CWD aka MAD DEER, ELK DISEASE TEXAS HOUSTON CHRONICLE Wednesday, July 11,
2012
TSS
posted by Terry S. Singeltary Sr. at
11:02 AM
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