Impacts of wildlife baiting and supplemental feeding on infectious disease transmission risk: A synthesis of knowledge
Preventive Veterinary Medicine Available online 26 November 2013
Impacts of wildlife baiting and supplemental feeding on infectious disease transmission risk: A synthesis of knowledge
Anja Sorensena, Floris M. van Beesta, b, Ryan K. Brooka, Corresponding author contact information, E-mail the corresponding author
b Department of Bioscience, Arctic Environment, Aarhus University,
Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark Abstract
Baiting and supplemental feeding of wildlife are widespread, yet highly
controversial management practices, with important implications for ecosystems,
livestock production, and potentially human health. An often underappreciated
threat of such feeding practices is the potential to facilitate intra- and
inter-specific disease transmission. We provide a comprehensive review of the
scientific evidence of baiting and supplemental feeding on disease transmission
risk in wildlife, with an emphasis on large herbivores in North America. While
the objectives of supplemental feeding and baiting typically differ, the effects
on disease transmission of these practices are largely the same. Both feeding
and baiting provide wildlife with natural or non-natural food at specific
locations in the environment, which can result in large congregations of
individuals and species in a small area and increased local densities. Feeding
can lead to increased potential for disease transmission either directly (via
direct animal contact) or indirectly (via feed functioning as a fomite,
spreading disease into the adjacent environment and to other animals). We
identified numerous diseases that currently pose a significant concern to the
health of individuals and species of large wild mammals across North America,
the spread of which are either clearly facilitated or most likely facilitated by
the application of supplemental feeding or baiting. Wildlife diseases also have
important threats to human and livestock health. Although the risk of intra- and
inter-species disease transmission likely increases when animals concentrate at
feeding stations, only in a few cases was disease prevalence and transmission
measured and compared between populations. Mostly these were experimental
situations under controlled conditions, limiting direct scientific evidence that
feeding practices exacerbates disease occurrence, exposure, transmission, and
spread in the environment.
Vaccination programs utilizing baits have received variable levels of
success. Although important gaps in the scientific literature exist, current
information is sufficient to conclude that providing food to wildlife through
supplemental feeding or baiting has great potential to negatively impact species
health and represents a non-natural arena for disease transmission and
preservation. Ultimately, this undermines the initial purpose of feeding
practices and represents a serious risk to the maintenance of biodiversity,
ecosystem functioning, human health, and livestock production. Managers should
consider disease transmission as a real and serious concern in their decision to
implement or eliminate feeding programs. Disease surveillance should be a
crucial element within the long-term monitoring of any feeding program in
combination with other available preventive measures to limit disease
transmission and spread.
Keywords Artificial feeding; Baiting; Bovine tuberculosis; Chronic wasting
disease; Elk; Vaccination; White-tailed deer
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167587713003607
Friday, October 26, 2012
CWD, GAME FARMS, BAITING, AND POLITICS
http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/01/cwd-game-farms-baiting-and-politics.html
MAD COW FEED BAN FOR CERVIDS, even though science has shown that the oral route of the TSE prion to cervids is very sufficient ??? NOT !!!
>>>FDA’s guidance documents, including this guidance, do not establish legally enforceable responsibilities. Instead, guidances describe the Agency’s current thinking on a topic and should be viewed only as recommendations, unless specific regulatory or statutory requirements are cited. The use of the word “should” in Agency guidances means that something is suggested or recommended, but not required. <<<
Draft Guidance on Use of Material From Deer and Elk in Animal Feed; CVM Updates on Deer and Elk Withdrawn FDA Veterinarian Newsletter July/August 2003 Volume XVIII, No 4
FDA has announced the availability of a draft guidance for industry
entitled “Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed.” This draft guidance
document (GFI #158), when finalized, will describe FDA’s current thinking
regarding the use in animal feed of material from deer and elk that are positive
for Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) or that are at high risk for CWD. CWD is a
neurological (brain) disease of farmed and wild deer and elk that belong in the
cervidae animal family (cervids). Only deer and elk are known to be susceptible
to CWD by natural transmission. The disease has been found in farmed and wild
mule deer, white-tailed deer, North American elk, and farmed black-tailed deer.
CWD belongs to a family of animal and human diseases called transmissible
spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). TSEs are very rare, but are always fatal.
This draft Level 1 guidance, when finalized, will represent the Agency’s current
thinking on the topic. It does not create or confer any rights for or on any
person and does not operate to bind FDA or the public. An alternate method may
be used as long as it satisfies the requirements of applicable statutes and
regulations. Draft guidance #158 is posted on the FDA/Center for Veterinary
Medicine Home Page. Single copies of the draft guidance may be obtained from the
FDA Veterinarian. - - Page Last Updated: 04/16/2013
CONTAINS NON-BINDING RECOMMENDATIONS 158 Guidance for Industry Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed
Comments and suggestions regarding the document should be submitted to
Division of Dockets Management (HFA-305), Food and Drug Administration, 5630
Fishers Lane, Rm. 1061, Rockville, MD 20852. Submit electronic comments to http://www.regulations.gov. All comments
should be identified with the Docket No. 03D-0186. For questions regarding this
guidance, contact Burt Pritchett, Center for Veterinary Medicine (HFV- 222),
Food and Drug Administration, 7519 Standish Place, Rockville, MD 20855,
240-453-6860, E-mail: burt.pritchett@fda.hhs.gov. Additional copies of this
guidance document may be requested from the Communications Staff (HFV-12),
Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration, 7519 Standish
Place, Rockville, MD 20855, and may be viewed on the Internet at
http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/default.htm.
http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/default.htm.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration
Center for Veterinary Medicine September 15, 2003 CONTAINS NON-BINDING
RECOMMENDATIONS 158 Guidance for Industry1 Use of Material from Deer and Elk in
Animal Feed
This guidance represents the Food and Drug Administration’s current
thinking on the use of material from deer and elk in animal feed. It does not
create or confer any rights for or on any person and does not operate to bind
FDA or the public. You can use an alternative approach if the approach satisfies
the requirements of applicable statutes or regulations. If you want to discuss
an alternative approach, contact the FDA staff responsible for implementing this
guidance. If you cannot identify the appropriate FDA staff, call the appropriate
number listed on the title page of this guidance.
I. Introduction FDA’s guidance documents, including this guidance, do not
establish legally enforceable responsibilities. Instead, guidances describe the
Agency’s current thinking on a topic and should be viewed only as
recommendations, unless specific regulatory or statutory requirements are cited.
The use of the word “should” in Agency guidances means that something is
suggested or recommended, but not required.
Under FDA’s BSE feed regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material from deer
and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals.
This guidance document describes FDA’s recommendations regarding the use in
all animal feed of all material from deer and elk that are positive for Chronic
Wasting Disease (CWD) or are considered at high risk for CWD. The potential
risks from CWD to humans or non-cervid animals such as poultry and swine are not
well understood. However, because of recent recognition that CWD is spreading
rapidly in white-tailed deer, and because CWD’s route of transmission is poorly
understood, FDA is making recommendations regarding the use in animal feed of
rendered materials from deer and elk that are CWD-positive or that are at high
risk for CWD.
II. Background CWD is a neurological (brain) disease of farmed and wild
deer and elk that belong in the animal family cervidae (cervids). Only deer and
elk are known to be susceptible to CWD by natural transmission. The disease has
been found in farmed and wild mule deer, 1 This guidance has been prepared by
the Division of Animal Feeds in the Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) at the
Food and Drug Administration.
1 CONTAINS NON-BINDING RECOMMENDATIONS
2 white-tailed deer, North American elk, and in farmed black-tailed deer.
CWD belongs to a family of animal and human diseases called transmissible
spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). These include bovine spongiform
encephalopathy (BSE or “mad cow” disease) in cattle; scrapie in sheep and goats;
and classical and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases (CJD and vCJD) in humans.
There is no known treatment for these diseases, and there is no vaccine to
prevent them. In addition, although validated postmortem diagnostic tests are
available, there are no validated diagnostic tests for CWD that can be used to
test for the disease in live animals.
III. Use in animal feed of material from CWD-positive deer and elk Material
from CWD-positive animals may not be used in any animal feed or feed
ingredients. Pursuant to Sec. 402(a)(5) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic
Act, animal feed and feed ingredients containing material from a CWD-positive
animal would be considered adulterated. FDA recommends that any such adulterated
feed or feed ingredients be recalled or otherwise removed from the marketplace.
IV. Use in animal feed of material from deer and elk considered at high
risk for CWD Deer and elk considered at high risk for CWD include:
(1) animals from areas declared by State officials to be endemic for CWD
and/or to be CWD eradication zones; and
(2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period immediately
before the time of slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a
CWD-positive animal.
FDA recommends that materials from deer and elk considered at high risk for
CWD no longer be entered into the animal feed system. Under present
circumstances, FDA is not recommending that feed made from deer and elk from a
non-endemic area be recalled if a State later declares the area endemic for CWD
or a CWD eradication zone. In addition, at this time, FDA is not recommending
that feed made from deer and elk believed to be from a captive herd that
contained no CWD-positive animals be recalled if that herd is subsequently found
to contain a CWD-positive animal.
V. Use in animal feed of material from deer and elk NOT considered at high
risk for CWD FDA continues to consider materials from deer and elk NOT
considered at high risk for CWD to be acceptable for use in NON-RUMINANT animal
feeds in accordance with current agency regulations, 21 CFR 589.2000. Deer and
elk not considered at high risk include:
(1) deer and elk from areas not declared by State officials to be endemic
for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones; and
(2) deer and elk that were not at some time during the 60-month period
immediately before the time of slaughter in a captive herd that contained a
CWD-positive animal.
-------- Original Message --------
Subject: DOCKET-- 03D-0186 -- FDA Issues Draft Guidance on Use of Material
From Deer and Elk in Animal Feed; Availability
Date: Fri, 16 May 2003 11:47:37 –0500
From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr." mailto:flounder@wt.net
Greetings FDA, i would kindly like to comment on; Docket 03D-0186FDA Issues
Draft Guidance on Use of Material From Deer and Elk in Animal Feed; Availability
Several factors on this apparent voluntary proposal disturbs me greatly, please
allow me to point them out;
snip...
Oral transmission and early lymphoid tropism of chronic wasting
diseasePrPres in mule deer fawns (Odocoileus hemionus ) These results indicate
that CWD PrP res can be detected in lymphoid tissues draining the alimentary
tract within a few weeks after oral exposure to infectious prions and may
reflect the initial pathway of CWD infection in deer. The rapid infection of
deer fawns following exposure by the most plausible natural route is consistent
with the efficient horizontal transmission of CWD in nature and enables
accelerated studies of transmission and pathogenesis in the native species.
snip...
now, just what is in that mad deer feed?
_ANIMAL PROTEIN_
Subject: MAD DEER/ELK DISEASE AND POTENTIAL SOURCES
Date: Sat, 25 May 2002 18:41:46 –0700
From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."
Reply-To: BSE-L
To: BSE-L
8420-20.5% Antler DeveloperFor Deer and Game in the wildGuaranteed Analysis
Ingredients / Products Feeding Directions snip... _animal protein_
snip...
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICEFOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION
April 9, 2001
WARNING LETTER
01-PHI-12CERTIFIED MAILRETURN RECEIPT REQUESTED
Brian J. Raymond, Owner Sandy Lake Mills 26 Mill Street P.O. Box 117 Sandy
Lake, PA 16145 PHILADELPHIA DISTRICT Tel: 215-597-4390
Dear Mr. Raymond:
Food and Drug Administration Investigator Gregory E. Beichner conducted an
inspection of your animal feed manufacturing operation, located in Sandy Lake,
Pennsylvania, on March 23,2001, and determined that your firm manufactures
animal feeds including feeds containing prohibited materials.
The inspection found significant deviations from the requirements set forth
in Title 21, code of Federal Regulations, part 589.2000 - Animal Proteins
Prohibited in Ruminant Feed. The regulation is intended to prevent the
establishment and amplification of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) . Such
deviations cause products being manufactured at this facility to be misbranded
within the meaning of Section 403(f), of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic
Act (the Act).
Our investigation found failure to label your swine feed with the required
cautionary statement "Do Not Feed to cattle or other Ruminants" The FDA suggests
that the statement be distinguished by different type-size or color or other
means of highlighting the statement so that it is easily noticed by a purchaser.
In addition, we note that you are using approximately 140 pounds of cracked
corn to flush your mixer used in the manufacture of animal feeds containing
prohibited material. This flushed material is fed to wild game including deer, a
ruminant animal.
Feed material which may potentially contain prohibited material should not
be fed to ruminant animals which may become part of the food chain.
The above is not intended to be an all-inclusive list of deviations from
the regulations. As a manufacturer of materials intended for animal feed use,
you are responsible for assuring that your overall operation and the products
you manufacture and distribute are in compliance with the law.
We have enclosed a copy of FDA's Small Entity Compliance Guideto assist you
with complying with the regulation...
snip...end...full text ;
2003D-0186 Guidance for Industry: Use of Material From Deer and Elk In
Animal Feed EMC 1 Terry S. Singeltary Sr. Vol #: 1
see my full text submission here ;
Sunday, December 15, 2013
*** FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED
VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OIA UPDATE DECEMBER 2013 UPDATE ***
Wednesday, December 04, 2013
Chronic Wasting Disease CWD and Land Value concerns ?
Friday, November 22, 2013
*** Wasting disease is threat to the entire UK deer population CWD TSE
PRION DISEASE
TSS
Sunday, December 29, 2013
Impacts of wildlife baiting and supplemental feeding on infectious disease
transmission risk: A synthesis of knowledge
posted by Terry S. Singeltary Sr. at
10:27 AM
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