Procedures for identifying infectious prions after passage through the digestive system of an avian species
J Vis Exp. 2013 Nov 6;(81). doi: 10.3791/50853.
Procedures for identifying infectious prions after passage through the
digestive system of an avian species.
Fischer JW, Nichols TA, Phillips GE, Vercauteren KC. Source Animal and
Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research
Center, USDA.
Abstract
Infectious prion (PrP(Res)) material is likely the cause of fatal,
neurodegenerative transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) diseases(1).
Transmission of TSE diseases, such as chronic wasting disease (CWD), is presumed
to be from animal to animal(2,3) as well as from environmental sources(4-6).
Scavengers and carnivores have potential to translocate PrP(Res) material
through consumption and excretion of CWD-contaminated carrion. Recent work has
documented passage of PrP(Res) material through the digestive system of American
crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos), a common North American scavenger(7). We describe
procedures used to document passage of PrP(Res) material through American crows.
Crows were gavaged with RML-strain mouse-adapted scrapie and their feces were
collected 4 hr post gavage. Crow feces were then pooled and injected
intraperitoneally into C57BL/6 mice. Mice were monitored daily until they
expressed clinical signs of mouse scrapie and were thereafter euthanized.
Asymptomatic mice were monitored until 365 days post inoculation. Western blot
analysis was conducted to confirm disease status. Results revealed that prions
remain infectious after traveling through the digestive system of crows and are
present in the feces, causing disease in test mice.
as the crow flies, Jimmy crack corn, and they don't care CWD
Prion. 2013 Jul 3;7(4). [Epub ahead of print]
Could avian scavengers translocate infectious prions to disease-free areas
initiating new foci of chronic wasting disease?
Fischer JW, Phillips GE, Nichols TA, Vercauteren KC. Source United States
Department of Agriculture; Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service; Wildlife
Services; National Wildlife Research Center; Fort Collins, CO USA.
Abstract Mechanisms for the spread of transmissible spongiform
encephalopathy diseases, including chronic wasting disease (CWD) in North
American cervids, are incompletely understood, but primary routes include
horizontal and environmental transmission. Birds have been identified as
potential vectors for a number of diseases, where they ingest or are exposed to
infected material and later shed the disease agent in new areas after flying
substantial distances. We recently identified American crows (Corvus
brachyrhynchos) as having the potential to translocate infectious prions in
their feces. Our results suggest that this common, migratory North American
scavenger is capable of translocating infectious prions to disease-free areas,
potentially seeding CWD infection where no other initial source of pathogen
establishment is forthcoming. Here we speculate on the role avian scavengers,
like American crows, might play in the spatial dissemination of CWD. We also
consider the role mammalian scavengers may play in dispersing prions.
KEYWORDS: American crows, CWD, Corvus brachyrhynchos, TSE, disease
transmission, transmissible spongiform encephalopathy
PMID: 23822910 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Greetings,
this is another example of why it is so important to properly dispose of
carcasses, due to CWD risk factor, and if you bury it (incineration is much
better), if you bury it, you better bury it deep, deep, deep, so scavengers
cannot smell it and dig it up later, however, you risk tainting your water table
with the CWD TSE prion in doing so.
I have also witnessed birds eating pet food. I have witnessed in a domestic
aspect, and in the wild while hunting at livestock feeding stations.
so really, since in the USA, it is still legal to feed cervids back to
cervids (as in ruminant/cervid protein), even if it is from a HIGH RISK CWD
AREA, it would be futile to try and stop scavengers from eating CWD infected
cervids, when humans are doing this through legal feed for cervids, that contain
cervids from high risk CWD areas. ...
just my take...
kind regards, terry
Wednesday, October 17, 2012
Prion Remains Infectious after Passage through Digestive System of American
Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos)
Sunday, November 01, 2009
AS THE CROW FLIES, SO DOES CWD
American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) and potential spreading of CWD
through feces of digested infectious carcases
Monday, July 13, 2009
Deer Carcass Decomposition and Potential Scavenger Exposure to Chronic
Wasting Disease
Sunday, July 07, 2013
Could avian scavengers translocate infectious prions to disease-free areas
initiating new foci of chronic wasting disease?
Prion. 2013 Jul 3;7(4). [Epub ahead of print]
another fine example letter. this one will floor you. 'Jimmy crack corn,
and they don't care' no big deal, just flush those mixers with corn, then feed
the corn to the deer. NOooooo problem.
Subject: ''MORE'' 'VIOLATORS' of Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant
Feed--U.S.A. (more and more MAD COW FEED RULES BROKEN IN U.S.A.]
Date: Tue, 24 Apr 2001 09:45:15 –0700
From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."
Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
To: BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de References: 1 , 2
######### Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy #########
Greetings again List Members,
''MORE'' violations and warning letters over FDA MAD COW feed ban
regulations that have not been complied with since the Aug. 4, 1997 'partial'
feed ban was implemented...
they implemented something, then forgot to enforce it $$$$$
another fine example letter. this one will floor you. 'Jimmy crack corn,
and they don't care' no big deal, just flush those mixers with corn, then feed
the corn to the deer. NOooooo problem.
these people must be brain dead???
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE FOOD AND
DRUG ADMINISTRATION
April 9, 2001 WARNING LETTER
01-PHI-12 CERTIFIED MAIL RETURN RECEIPT REQUESTED
Brian J. Raymond, Owner Sandy Lake Mills 26 Mill Street P.O. Box 117 Sandy
Lake, PA 16145 PHILADELPHIA DISTRICT
Tel: 215-597-4390
Dear Mr. Raymond:
Food and Drug Administration Investigator Gregory E. Beichner conducted an
inspection of your animal feed manufacturing operation, located in Sandy Lake,
Pennsylvania, on March 23, 2001, and determined that your firm manufactures
animal feeds including feeds containing prohibited materials. The inspection
found significant deviations from the requirements set forth in Title 21, code
of Federal Regulations, part 589.2000 - Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant
Feed. The regulation is intended to prevent the establishment and amplification
of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) . Such deviations cause products being
manufactured at this facility to be misbranded within the meaning of Section
403(f), of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the Act).
Our investigation found failure to label your swine feed with the required
cautionary statement "Do Not Feed to cattle or other Ruminants" The FDA suggests
that the statement be distinguished by different type-size or color or other
means of highlighting the statement so that it is easily noticed by a purchaser.
In addition, we note that you are using approximately 140 pounds of cracked
corn to flush your mixer used in the manufacture of animal feeds containing
prohibited material. This flushed material is fed to wild game including deer, a
ruminant animal. Feed material which may potentially contain prohibited material
should not be fed to ruminant animals which may become part of the food chain.
The above is not intended to be an all-inclusive list of deviations from
the regulations. As a manufacturer of materials intended for animal feed use,
you are responsible for assuring that your overall operation and the products
you manufacture and distribute are in compliance with the law. We have enclosed
a copy of FDA's Small Entity Compliance Guide to assist you with complying with
the regulation... blah, blah, blah...
-------- Original Message --------
Subject: MAD DEER FEED BAN WARNING LETTER RECALL 6 TONS DISTRIBUTED
USA
Date: Wed, 20 Oct 2004 14:53:56 –0500
From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr." flounder@WT.NET
Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE-L@UNI-KARLSRUHE.DE
To: BSE-L@UNI-KARLSRUHE.DE
##################### Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
#####################
PRODUCT
Product is __custom made deer feed__ packaged in 100 lb. poly bags. The
product has no labeling. Recall # V-003-5.
CODE
The product has no lot code. All custom made feed purchased between June
24, 2004 and September 8, 2004.
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER
Farmers Elevator Co, Houston, OH, by telephone and letter dated September
27, 2004. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.
REASON
Feed may contain protein derived from mammalian tissues which is prohibited
in ruminant feed.
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE
Approximately 6 tons.
DISTRIBUTION OH.
END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR October 20, 2004
################# BSE-L-subscribe-request@uni-karlsruhe.de
#################
now, just what is in that deer feed? _ANIMAL PROTEIN_
Subject: MAD DEER/ELK DISEASE AND POTENTIAL SOURCES
Date: Sat, 25 May 2002 18:41:46 –0700
From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."
Reply-To: BSE-L
To: BSE-L
8420-20.5% Antler Developer For Deer and Game in the wild Guaranteed
Analysis Ingredients / Products Feeding Directions
snip...
_animal protein_
REFERENCES
snip...see full text ;
-------- Original Message --------
Subject: DOCKET-- 03D-0186 -- FDA Issues Draft Guidance on Use of Material
From Deer and Elk in Animal Feed; Availability
Date: Fri, 16 May 2003 11:47:37 –0500
From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr." To: fdadockets@oc.fda.gov
Greetings FDA,
i would kindly like to comment on;
Docket 03D-0186
FDA Issues Draft Guidance on Use of Material From Deer and Elk in Animal
Feed; Availability
Friday, December 14, 2012
DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced
into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012
snip...
In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration’s BSE Feed Regulation
(21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin)
from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With
regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may
not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered
at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the
animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a
requirement by law.
Animals considered at high risk for CWD include:
1) animals from areas declared to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD
eradication zones and
2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period prior to
slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal.
Therefore, in the USA, materials from cervids other than CWD positive
animals may be used in animal feed and feed ingredients for non-ruminants.
The amount of animal PAP that is of deer and/or elk origin imported from
the USA to GB can not be determined, however, as it is not specified in TRACES.
It may constitute a small percentage of the 8412 kilos of non-fish origin
processed animal proteins that were imported from US into GB in 2011.
Overall, therefore, it is considered there is a __greater than negligible
risk___ that (nonruminant) animal feed and pet food containing deer and/or elk
protein is imported into GB.
There is uncertainty associated with this estimate given the lack of data
on the amount of deer and/or elk protein possibly being imported in these
products.
snip...
36% in 2007 (Almberg et al., 2011). In such areas, population declines of
deer of up to 30 to 50% have been observed (Almberg et al., 2011). In areas of
Colorado, the prevalence can be as high as 30% (EFSA, 2011). The clinical signs
of CWD in affected adults are weight loss and behavioural changes that can span
weeks or months (Williams, 2005). In addition, signs might include excessive
salivation, behavioural alterations including a fixed stare and changes in
interaction with other animals in the herd, and an altered stance (Williams,
2005). These signs are indistinguishable from cervids experimentally infected
with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Given this, if CWD was to be
introduced into countries with BSE such as GB, for example, infected deer
populations would need to be tested to differentiate if they were infected with
CWD or BSE to minimise the risk of BSE entering the human food-chain via
affected venison.
snip...
The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and
can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008).
snip...
In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil
and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a
bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are
present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with
CWD prion.
snip...
In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving
between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling
to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing,
footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible.
For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the
increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant
uncertainty associated with these estimates.
snip...
Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher
probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer
given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists
and returning GB residents.
snip...
SNIP...SEE ;
Friday, December 14, 2012
DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced
into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012
Wednesday, December 04, 2013
Chronic Wasting Disease CWD and Land Value concerns ?
PRION2013 CONGRESSIONAL ABSTRACTS CWD
Thursday, August 08, 2013
Characterization of the first case of naturally occurring chronic wasting
disease in a captive red deer (Cervus elaphus) in North America
Sunday, September 01, 2013
hunting over gut piles and CWD TSE prion disease
Wednesday, September 04, 2013
***cwd - cervid captive livestock escapes, loose and on the run in the
wild...
Monday, October 07, 2013
The importance of localized culling in stabilizing chronic wasting disease
prevalence in white-tailed deer populations
Friday, November 29, 2013
Identification of Misfolded Proteins in Body Fluids for the Diagnosis of
Prion Diseases
International Journal of Cell Biology
Thursday, December 05, 2013
National Scrapie Eradication Program October 2013 Monthly Report Fiscal
Year 2014 TSE PRION REPORT
Wednesday, December 4, 2013
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Importation of Bovines and Bovine
Products; Final Rule Federal Register / Vol. 78 , No. 233 / Wednesday, December
4, 2013
TO ALL IMPORTING COUNTRIES THAT IMPORTS FROM THE USA, BE WARNED, NEW MAD
COW BSE REGULATIONS USDA, AND OIE, not worth the paper the regulations were
wrote on, kind of like the mad cow feed ban of August 1997, nothing but ink on
paper $$$
full text ;
Monday, December 02, 2013
A parliamentary inquiry has been launched today into the safety of blood,
tissue and organ screening following fears that vCJD – the human form of ‘mad
cow’ disease – may be being spread by medical procedures
Friday, November 22, 2013
Wasting disease is threat to the entire UK deer population
TSS
posted by Terry S. Singeltary Sr. at
4:33 PM
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