Deer baiting a double-edged sword for Michigan farmers
Deer baiting a double-edged sword for Michigan farmers
Whether you are for
or against regulation, deer baiting has consequences for Michigan agriculture.
Posted on November 12, 2014 by James DeDecker, Michigan State University
Extension
Culled apples for sale as deer feed. Photo credit: James DeDecker, Michigan
State University Extension Culled apples for sale as deer feed. Photo credit:
James DeDecker, Michigan State University Extension
The practice of baiting white-tailed deer with apples, corn, sugarbeets or
carrots continues to raise controversy in the Midwest. In 2014, the state of
Wisconsin has banned deer baiting in 35 counties impacted by Chronic Wasting
Disease (CWD). Minnesotans continue to debate current penalties for violation of
their statewide baiting ban, including revocation of deer hunting licenses for
one year and the seizing of firearms and bows used to hunt over bait. In April,
the Michigan Natural Resources Commission reaffirmed its policy allowing deer
baiting in all but four northeastern counties (Alcona, Alpena, Montmorency and
Oscoda), but continues to restrict bait to 2 gallons spread across a minimum
10-x-10-foot area. Michigan’s current policy represents a compromise not only
between those for and against deer baiting, but between differing agriculture
interests as well.
The central argument against deer baiting is its potential to congregate
animals in ways that increase the potential for disease transmission through
food, feces and urine. There is significant evidence that feeding deer can
perpetuate diseases like Bovine Tuberculosis (TB) and CWD. This lead Michigan
Farm Bureau to publically oppose the lifting of Michigan’s baiting ban in 2011.
Michigan livestock farmers have invested in herd testing and wildlife mitigation
measures, such as fencing woodlots and protecting feed, to control TB. This
September, the U.S. Department of Agriculture upgraded the status of seven
counties in northern Michigan to TB-free. Deer baiting works against these
investments and hard-won progress.
However, the foods used as bait are agricultural products, and the baiting
market offers advantages for some Michigan producers. Each season a significant
portion of fruit and vegetable crops are rendered unsuitable for their primary
markets by insect, disease or physiological issues. The deer bait market
provides an outlet for this lower quality produce. In the 1990s, prior to
restriction of deer baiting in Michigan, the farm gate value of cull carrots for
bait was estimated to total $2.2 million statewide.
In some cases, the deer bait market also offers price advantages over
traditional markets. For example, deer corn is currently selling at $5-$8 per
50-pound bag. This translates into $6-$9.60 per bushel, a range significantly
exceeding the current market price. Some of this price increase is associated
with bagging and marketing costs. Still, the bait market has the potential to
put more money into the farmer’s pocket per bushel sold, especially in the case
of direct on-farm sales.
This season, in the majority of Michigan counties, the decision to bait
deer or not will be left to hunters. Michigan State University Extension
recommends hunters review baiting regulations by watching the MDNR YouTube video
titled Michigan Baiting and Feeding Rules. As the public conversation on this
difficult issue continues, it is imperative that Michigan’s farming community
remains engaged to protect the diverse interests of all its members.
References
Baiting Ban Repealed: What Difference Will it Make?, Michigan Farm Bureau
Baiting and Feeding: The problem that Will Not Go Away, University of Wisconsin
Extension Deer Baiting Issues in Michigan, Michigan DNR Wildlife Division
Minnesota Bill Would Lessen Deer-baiting Penalties, TwinCities.com Regulating
Hunter Baiting for White-Tailed Deer in Michigan: Biological and Social
Considerations, Wildlife Society Bulletin Lifting of Michigan deer-baiting ban
reopens market for growers, Vegetable Growers News Deer hunters likely to see
bait prices rise, Michigan Outdoor News This article was published by Michigan
State University Extension. For more information, visit http://www.msue.msu.edu. To have a digest of
information delivered straight to your email inbox, visit http://bit.ly/MSUENews. To contact an expert
in your area, visit http://expert.msue.msu.edu, or call
888-MSUE4MI (888-678-3464).
Chronic Wasting Disease and the Science in support of the Ban on Baiting
and Feeding Deer.
Timothy R. Van Deelen Ph.D. Wisconsin DNR Research
Summary
Reliable science provides support for a ban of baiting and feeding of
white-tailed deer to reduce disease risks for Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD).
Peer-reviewed research papers published in reputable scientific journals
indicate the following:
Deer can get CWD by ingesting something contaminated with the disease
prion CWD prions may be shed in feces and saliva
Disease course and symptoms indicate high potential for transmission
where deer are concentrated
Evidence from captive situations indicates that deer can get CWD from
highly contaminated environments.
Baiting and Feeding causes unnatural concentration of deer
Reduction of contact through a ban on baiting and feeding is likely very
important to eradicating or containing a CWD outbreak.
Baiting and feeding continues to put Wisconsin's deer herd at risk to
other serious diseases
In addition, experts in CWD, wildlife disease and deer nutrition support
bans on baiting and feeding as part of a comprehensive strategy to prevent
and/or manage CWD.
Under a baiting and feeding ban, disease outbreaks are more likely to be
smaller in scale and more apt to be contained or eliminated. With the long CWD
incubation period and other factors that make discovery of a new outbreak
difficult, an outbreak that is already widespread when detected because of
baiting and feeding may not be able to be contained or eliminated.
SNIP...SEE FULL TEXT ;
Review in Advance first posted online on October 2, 2014. (Changes may
still occur before final publication online and in print.)
Chronic Wasting Disease of Cervids: Current Knowledge and Future
Perspectives
Nicholas J. Haley1 and Edward A. Hoover2
1Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University
College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, Kansas 66506; email:
nhaley@vet.k-state.edu 2Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology,
Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical
Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523; email:
edward.hoover@colostate.edu
SNIP...
The aggregation of wildlife via feeding and baiting practices is sure to
increase animal-animal contact and in many areas has been prohibited to lessen
the opportunity for CWD spread (137). Control
SNIP...
ABSTRACT
Chronic Wasting Disease of Cervids: Current Knowledge and Future
Perspectives
Annual Review of Animal Biosciences Review in Advance first posted online
on October 2, 2014. (Changes may still occur before final publication print.)
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-022114-111001 Nicholas J. Haley Department of
Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary
Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506; email: nhaley@vet.k-state.edu Edward A. Hoover
Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology,
College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, CO 80523; email: edward.hoover@colostate.edu
FULL-TEXT| PDFPDF (1503 KB)| Permissions | Reprints Citation: PubMed| Download|
Email notification| ABSTRACT A naturally occurring transmissible spongiform
encephalopathy (TSE) of mule deer was first reported in Colorado and Wyoming in
1967 and has since spread to other members of the cervid family in 22 states, 2
Canadian provinces, and the Republic of Korea. Chronic wasting disease (CWD),
caused by exposure to an abnormally folded isoform of the cellular prion
protein, is characterized by progressive neurological disease in susceptible
natural and experimental hosts and is ultimately fatal.CWDis thought to be
transmitted horizontally in excreta and through contaminated environments,
features common to scrapie of sheep, though rare among TSEs. Evolving detection
methods have revealed multiple strains of CWD and with continued development may
lead to an effective antemortem test. Managing the spread of CWD, through the
development of a vaccine or environmental cleanup strategies, is an active area
of interest. As such, CWD represents a unique challenge in the study of prion
diseases.
Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Animal
Biosciences Volume 3 is February 15, 2015. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/catalog/pubdates.aspx
for revised estimates.
Paper
Persistence of ovine scrapie infectivity in a farm environment following
cleaning and decontamination
Steve A. C. Hawkins, MIBiol, Pathology Department1, Hugh A. Simmons, BVSc
MRCVS, MBA, MA Animal Services Unit1, Kevin C. Gough, BSc, PhD2 and Ben C.
Maddison, BSc, PhD3 + Author Affiliations
1Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey
KT15 3NB, UK 2School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, The University of
Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK 3ADAS
UK, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, The University of Nottingham,
Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK E-mail for
correspondence: ben.maddison@adas.co.uk Abstract Scrapie of sheep/goats and
chronic wasting disease of deer/elk are contagious prion diseases where
environmental reservoirs are directly implicated in the transmission of disease.
In this study, the effectiveness of recommended scrapie farm decontamination
regimens was evaluated by a sheep bioassay using buildings naturally
contaminated with scrapie. Pens within a farm building were treated with either
20,000 parts per million free chorine solution for one hour or were treated with
the same but were followed by painting and full re-galvanisation or replacement
of metalwork within the pen. Scrapie susceptible lambs of the PRNP genotype
VRQ/VRQ were reared within these pens and their scrapie status was monitored by
recto-anal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. All animals became infected over
an 18-month period, even in the pen that had been subject to the most stringent
decontamination process. These data suggest that recommended current guidelines
for the decontamination of farm buildings following outbreaks of scrapie do
little to reduce the titre of infectious scrapie material and that environmental
recontamination could also be an issue associated with these premises.
SNIP...
Discussion
Thorough pressure washing of a pen had no effect on the amount of
bioavailable scrapie infectivity (pen B). The routine removal of prions from
surfaces within a laboratory setting is treatment for a minimum of one hour with
20,000 ppm free chlorine, a method originally based on the use of brain
macerates from infected rodents to evaluate the effectiveness of decontamination
(Kimberlin and others 1983). Further studies have also investigated the
effectiveness of hypochlorite disinfection of metal surfaces to simulate the
decontamination of surgical devices within a hospital setting. Such treatments
with hypochlorite solution were able to reduce infectivity by 5.5 logs to lower
than the sensitivity of the bioassay used (Lemmer and others 2004). Analogous
treatment of the pen surfaces did not effectively remove the levels of scrapie
infectivity over that of the control pens, indicating that this method of
decontamination is not effective within a farm setting. This may be due to the
high level of biological matrix that is present upon surfaces within the farm
environment, which may reduce the amount of free chlorine available to
inactivate any infectious prion. Remarkably 1/5 sheep introduced into pen D had
also became scrapie positive within nine months, with all animals in this pen
being RAMALT positive by 18 months of age. Pen D was no further away from the
control pen (pen A) than any of the other pens within this barn. Localised hot
spots of infectivity may be present within scrapie-contaminated environments,
but it is unlikely that pen D area had an amount of scrapie contamination that
was significantly different than the other areas within this building.
Similarly, there were no differences in how the biosecurity of pen D was
maintained, or how this pen was ventilated compared with the other pens. This
observation, perhaps, indicates the slower kinetics of disease uptake within
this pen and is consistent with a more thorough prion removal and
recontamination. These observations may also account for the presence of
inadvertent scrapie cases within other studies, where despite stringent
biosecurity, control animals have become scrapie positive during challenge
studies using barns that also housed scrapie-affected animals (Ryder and others
2009). The bioassay data indicate that the exposure of the sheep to a farm
environment after decontamination efforts thought to be effective in removing
scrapie is sufficient for the animals to become infected with scrapie. The main
exposure routes within this scenario are likely to be via the oral route, during
feeding and drinking, and respiratory and conjunctival routes. It has been
demonstrated that scrapie infectivity can be efficiently transmitted via the
nasal route in sheep (Hamir and others 2008), as is the case for CWD in both
murine models and in white-tailed deer (Denkers and others 2010, 2013).
Recently, it has also been demonstrated that CWD prions presented as dust when
bound to the soil mineral montmorillonite can be infectious via the nasal route
(Nichols and others 2013). When considering pens C and D, the actual source of
the infectious agent in the pens is not known, it is possible that biologically
relevant levels of prion survive on surfaces during the decontamination regimen
(pen C). With the use of galvanising and painting (pen D) covering and sealing
the surface of the pen, it is possible that scrapie material recontaminated the
pens by the movement of infectious prions contained within dusts originating
from other parts of the barn that were not decontaminated or from other areas of
the farm.
Given that scrapie prions are widespread on the surfaces of affected farms
(Maddison and others 2010a), irrespective of the source of the infectious prions
in the pens, this study clearly highlights the difficulties that are faced with
the effective removal of environmentally associated scrapie infectivity. This is
likely to be paralleled in CWD which shows strong similarities to scrapie in
terms of both the dissemination of prions into the environment and the facile
mode of disease transmission. These data further contribute to the understanding
that prion diseases can be highly transmissible between susceptible individuals
not just by direct contact but through highly stable environmental reservoirs
that are refractory to decontamination.
The presence of these environmentally associated prions in farm buildings
make the control of these diseases a considerable challenge, especially in
animal species such as goats where there is lack of genetic resistance to
scrapie and, therefore, no scope to re-stock farms with animals that are
resistant to scrapie.
Scrapie Sheep Goats Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE)
Accepted October 12, 2014. Published Online First 31 October 2014
2012
PO-039: A comparison of scrapie and chronic wasting disease in white-tailed
deer
Justin Greenlee, Jodi Smith, Eric Nicholson US Dept. Agriculture;
Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center; Ames, IA USA
snip...
The results of this study suggest that there are many similarities in the
manifestation of CWD and scrapie in WTD after IC inoculation including early and
widespread presence of PrPSc in lymphoid tissues, clinical signs of depression
and weight loss progressing to wasting, and an incubation time of 21-23 months.
Moreover, western blots (WB) done on brain material from the obex region have a
molecular profile similar to CWD and distinct from tissues of the cerebrum or
the scrapie inoculum. However, results of microscopic and IHC examination
indicate that there are differences between the lesions expected in CWD and
those that occur in deer with scrapie: amyloid plaques were not noted in any
sections of brain examined from these deer and the pattern of immunoreactivity
by IHC was diffuse rather than plaque-like.
*** After a natural route of exposure, 100% of WTD were susceptible to
scrapie.
Deer developed clinical signs of wasting and mental depression and were
necropsied from 28 to 33 months PI. Tissues from these deer were positive for
PrPSc by IHC and WB. Similar to IC inoculated deer, samples from these deer
exhibited two different molecular profiles: samples from obex resembled CWD
whereas those from cerebrum were similar to the original scrapie inoculum. On
further examination by WB using a panel of antibodies, the tissues from deer
with scrapie exhibit properties differing from tissues either from sheep with
scrapie or WTD with CWD. Samples from WTD with CWD or sheep with scrapie are
strongly immunoreactive when probed with mAb P4, however, samples from WTD with
scrapie are only weakly immunoreactive. In contrast, when probed with mAb’s 6H4
or SAF 84, samples from sheep with scrapie and WTD with CWD are weakly
immunoreactive and samples from WTD with scrapie are strongly positive. This
work demonstrates that WTD are highly susceptible to sheep scrapie, but on first
passage, scrapie in WTD is differentiable from CWD.
2011
*** After a natural route of exposure, 100% of white-tailed deer were
susceptible to scrapie.
Scrapie in Deer: Comparisons and Contrasts to Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD)
Justin J. Greenlee of the Virus and Prion Diseases Research Unit, National
Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Ames, IA
snip...
This highlights the facts that
1) prior to the onset of clinical signs PrPSc is widely distributed in the
CNS and lymphoid tissues and
2) currently used diagnostic methods are sufficient to detect PrPSc prior
to the onset of clinical signs.
The results of this study suggest that there are many similarities in the
manifestation of CWD and scrapie in white-tailed deer after IC inoculation
including early and widespread presence of PrPSc in lymphoid tissues, clinical
signs of depression and weight loss progressing to wasting, and an incubation
time of 21-23 months. Moreover, western blots (WB) done on brain material from
the obex region have a molecular profile consistent with CWD and distinct from
tissues of the cerebrum or the scrapie inoculum. However, results of microscopic
and IHC examination indicate that there are differences between the lesions
expected in CWD and those that occur in deer with scrapie: amyloid plaques were
not noted in any sections of brain examined from these deer and the pattern of
immunoreactivity by IHC was diffuse rather than plaque-like. After a natural
route of exposure, 100% of white-tailed deer were susceptible to scrapie. Deer
developed clinical signs of wasting and mental depression and were necropsied
from 28 to 33 months PI. Tissues from these deer were positive for scrapie by
IHC and WB. Tissues with PrPSc immunoreactivity included brain, tonsil,
retropharyngeal and mesenteric lymph nodes, hemal node, Peyer’s patches, and
spleen. While two WB patterns have been detected in brain regions of deer
inoculated by the natural route, unlike the IC inoculated deer, the pattern
similar to the scrapie inoculum predominates.
2011 Annual Report
Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF
TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES Location: Virus and Prion Research
Unit
2011 Annual Report
In Objective 1, Assess cross-species transmissibility of transmissible
spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) in livestock and wildlife, numerous
experiments assessing the susceptibility of various TSEs in different host
species were conducted. Most notable is deer inoculated with scrapie, which
exhibits similarities to chronic wasting disease (CWD) in deer suggestive of
sheep scrapie as an origin of CWD.
snip...
4. Accomplishments
1. Deer inoculated with domestic isolates of sheep scrapie.
Scrapie-affected deer exhibit 2 different patterns of disease associated prion
protein. In some regions of the brain the pattern is much like that observed for
scrapie, while in others it is more like chronic wasting disease (CWD), the
transmissible spongiform encephalopathy typically associated with deer.
his work conducted by ARS scientists at the National Animal Disease Center,
Ames, IA suggests that an interspecies transmission of sheep scrapie to deer may
have been the origin of CWD. This is important for husbandry practices with both
captive deer, elk and sheep for farmers and ranchers attempting to keep their
herds and flocks free of CWD and scrapie.
White-tailed Deer are Susceptible to Scrapie by Natural Route of Infection
Jodi D. Smith, Justin J. Greenlee, and Robert A. Kunkle; Virus and Prion
Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS
snip...
This work demonstrates for the first time that white-tailed deer are
susceptible to sheep scrapie by potential natural routes of inoculation.
In-depth analysis of tissues will be done to determine similarities between
scrapie in deer after intracranial and oral/intranasal inoculation and chronic
wasting disease resulting from similar routes of inoculation.
see full text ;
SEE MORE USAHA REPORTS HERE, 2012 NOT PUBLISHED YET...TSS
*** Spraker suggested an interesting explanation for the occurrence of CWD.
The deer pens at the Foot Hills Campus were built some 30-40 years ago by a Dr.
Bob Davis. At or abut that time, allegedly, some scrapie work was conducted at
this site. When deer were introduced to the pens they occupied ground that had
previously been occupied by sheep. ...
also, see where even decades back, the USDA had the same thought as they do
today with CWD, not their problem...see page 27 below as well, where USDA stated
back then, the same thing they stated in the state of Pennsylvania, not their
damn business, once they escape, and they said the same thing about CWD in
general back then ;
”The occurrence of CWD must be viewed against the contest of the locations
in which it occurred. It was an incidental and unwelcome complication of the
respective wildlife research programmes. Despite it’s subsequent recognition as
a new disease of cervids, therefore justifying direct investigation, no specific
research funding was forthcoming. The USDA veiwed it as a wildlife problem and
consequently not their province!” ...page 26.
*** Conclusion. CWD prions (as inferred by prion seeding activity by
RT-QuIC) are shed in urine of infected deer as early as 6 months post
inoculation and throughout the subsequent disease course. Further studies are in
progress refining the real-time urinary prion assay sensitivity and we are
examining more closely the excretion time frame, magnitude, and sample variables
in relationship to inoculation route and prionemia in naturally and
experimentally CWD-infected cervids.
*** Conclusions. During the pre-symptomatic stage of CWD infection and
throughout the course of disease deer may be shedding multiple LD50 doses per
day in their saliva. CWD prion shedding through saliva and excreta may account
for the unprecedented spread of this prion disease in nature. Acknowledgments.
Supported by NIH grant RO1-NS-061902 and grant D12ZO-045 from the Morris Animal
Foundation.
*** We conclude that TSE infectivity is likely to survive burial for long
time periods with minimal loss of infectivity and limited movement from the
original burial site. However PMCA results have shown that there is the
potential for rainwater to elute TSE related material from soil which could lead
to the contamination of a wider area. These experiments reinforce the importance
of risk assessment when disposing of TSE risk materials.
*** The results show that even highly diluted PrPSc can bind efficiently to
polypropylene, stainless steel, glass, wood and stone and propagate the
conversion of normal prion protein. For in vivo experiments, hamsters were ic
injected with implants incubated in 1% 263K-infected brain homogenate. Hamsters,
inoculated with 263K-contaminated implants of all groups, developed typical
signs of prion disease, whereas control animals inoculated with non-contaminated
materials did not.
PRION 2014 CONFERENCE
CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD
A FEW FINDINGS ;
Conclusions. To our knowledge, this is the first established experimental
model of CWD in TgSB3985. We found evidence for co-existence or divergence of
two CWD strains adapted to Tga20 mice and their replication in TgSB3985 mice.
Finally, we observed phenotypic differences between cervid-derived CWD and
CWD/Tg20 strains upon propagation in TgSB3985 mice. Further studies are underway
to characterize these strains.
We conclude that TSE infectivity is likely to survive burial for long time
periods with minimal loss of infectivity and limited movement from the original
burial site. However PMCA results have shown that there is the potential for
rainwater to elute TSE related material from soil which could lead to the
contamination of a wider area. These experiments reinforce the importance of
risk assessment when disposing of TSE risk materials.
The results show that even highly diluted PrPSc can bind efficiently to
polypropylene, stainless steel, glass, wood and stone and propagate the
conversion of normal prion protein. For in vivo experiments, hamsters were ic
injected with implants incubated in 1% 263K-infected brain homogenate. Hamsters,
inoculated with 263K-contaminated implants of all groups, developed typical
signs of prion disease, whereas control animals inoculated with non-contaminated
materials did not.
Our data establish that meadow voles are permissive to CWD via peripheral
exposure route, suggesting they could serve as an environmental reservoir for
CWD. Additionally, our data are consistent with the hypothesis that at least two
strains of CWD circulate in naturally-infected cervid populations and provide
evidence that meadow voles are a useful tool for CWD strain typing.
Conclusion. CWD prions are shed in saliva and urine of infected deer as
early as 3 months post infection and throughout the subsequent >1.5 year
course of infection. In current work we are examining the relationship of
prionemia to excretion and the impact of excreted prion binding to surfaces and
particulates in the environment.
*** Conclusion. CWD prions (as inferred by prion seeding activity by
RT-QuIC) are shed in urine of infected deer as early as 6 months post
inoculation and throughout the subsequent disease course. Further studies are in
progress refining the real-time urinary prion assay sensitivity and we are
examining more closely the excretion time frame, magnitude, and sample variables
in relationship to inoculation route and prionemia in naturally and
experimentally CWD-infected cervids.
Conclusions. Our results suggested that the odds of infection for CWD is
likely controlled by areas that congregate deer thus increasing direct
transmission (deer-to-deer interactions) or indirect transmission
(deer-to-environment) by sharing or depositing infectious prion proteins in
these preferred habitats. Epidemiology of CWD in the eastern U.S. is likely
controlled by separate factors than found in the Midwestern and endemic areas
for CWD and can assist in performing more efficient surveillance efforts for the
region.
Conclusions. During the pre-symptomatic stage of CWD infection and
throughout the course of disease deer may be shedding multiple LD50 doses per
day in their saliva. CWD prion shedding through saliva and excreta may account
for the unprecedented spread of this prion disease in nature.
see full text and more ;
Monday, June 23, 2014
*** PRION 2014 CONFERENCE CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD
*** Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at
least 16 years***
Gudmundur Georgsson1, Sigurdur Sigurdarson2 and Paul Brown3
New studies on the heat resistance of hamster-adapted scrapie agent:
Threshold survival after ashing at 600°C suggests an inorganic template of
replication
Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel
Production
Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a
CWD-endemic area
A Quantitative Assessment of the Amount of Prion Diverted to Category 1
Materials and Wastewater During Processing
Rapid assessment of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion inactivation by
heat treatment in yellow grease produced in the industrial manufacturing process
of meat and bone meals
Friday, December 14, 2012
DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced
into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012
*** We conclude that TSE infectivity is likely to survive burial for long
time periods with minimal loss of infectivity and limited movement from the
original burial site. However PMCA results have shown that there is the
potential for rainwater to elute TSE related material from soil which could lead
to the contamination of a wider area. These experiments reinforce the importance
of risk assessment when disposing of TSE risk materials.
*** The results show that even highly diluted PrPSc can bind efficiently to
polypropylene, stainless steel, glass, wood and stone and propagate the
conversion of normal prion protein. For in vivo experiments, hamsters were ic
injected with implants incubated in 1% 263K-infected brain homogenate. Hamsters,
inoculated with 263K-contaminated implants of all groups, developed typical
signs of prion disease, whereas control animals inoculated with non-contaminated
materials did not.
Friday, December 14, 2012
DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced
into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012
snip...
In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration’s BSE Feed Regulation
(21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin)
from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With
regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may
not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients.
***For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends
that these animals do not enter the animal feed system.
***However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law.
***
Animals considered at high risk for CWD include:
1) animals from areas declared to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD
eradication zones and
2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period prior to
slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal.
***Therefore, in the USA, materials from cervids other than CWD positive
animals may be used in animal feed and feed ingredients for non-ruminants.
The amount of animal PAP that is of deer and/or elk origin imported from
the USA to GB can not be determined, however, as it is not specified in TRACES.
It may constitute a small percentage of the 8412 kilos of non-fish origin
processed animal proteins that were imported from US into GB in 2011.
Overall, therefore, it is considered there is a __greater than negligible
risk___ that (nonruminant) animal feed and pet food containing deer and/or elk
protein is imported into GB.
There is uncertainty associated with this estimate given the lack of data
on the amount of deer and/or elk protein possibly being imported in these
products.
snip...
36% in 2007 (Almberg et al., 2011). In such areas, population declines of
deer of up to 30 to 50% have been observed (Almberg et al., 2011). In areas of
Colorado, the prevalence can be as high as 30% (EFSA, 2011). The clinical signs
of CWD in affected adults are weight loss and behavioural changes that can span
weeks or months (Williams, 2005). In addition, signs might include excessive
salivation, behavioural alterations including a fixed stare and changes in
interaction with other animals in the herd, and an altered stance (Williams,
2005). These signs are indistinguishable from cervids experimentally infected
with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Given this, if CWD was to be
introduced into countries with BSE such as GB, for example, infected deer
populations would need to be tested to differentiate if they were infected with
CWD or BSE to minimise the risk of BSE entering the human food-chain via
affected venison.
snip...
The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and
can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008).
snip...
In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil
and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a
bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are
present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with
CWD prion.
snip...
In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving
between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling
to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing,
footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible.
For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the
increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant
uncertainty associated with these estimates.
snip...
Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher
probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer
given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists
and returning GB residents.
snip...
SNIP...SEE ;
Friday, December 14, 2012
DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced
into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012
Friday, December 14, 2012
DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced
into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012
Sunday, November 3, 2013
Environmental Impact Statements; Availability, etc.: Animal Carcass
Management [Docket No. APHIS-2013-0044]
Friday, October 17, 2014
Missouri Final action on Orders of Rule making Breeders and Big Game
Hunting Preserves
Saturday, October 18, 2014
Chronic wasting disease threatens Canadian agriculture, Alberta MLA
says
Thursday, October 23, 2014
FIRST CASE OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CONFIRMED IN OHIO ON PRIVATE PRESERVE
Tuesday, October 21, 2014
Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture Tenth Pennsylvania Captive Deer
Tests Positive for Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE PRION DISEASE
Tuesday, October 07, 2014
Wisconsin white-tailed deer tested positive for CWD on a Richland County
breeding farm, and a case of CWD has been discovered on a Marathon County
hunting preserve
Thursday, October 02, 2014
IOWA TEST RESULTS FROM CAPTIVE DEER HERD WITH CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE
RELEASED 79.8 percent of the deer tested positive for the disease
Thursday, July 03, 2014
*** How Chronic Wasting Disease is affecting deer population and what’s the
risk to humans and pets?
Tuesday, July 01, 2014
*** CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION DISEASE, GAME FARMS, AND
POTENTIAL RISK FACTORS THERE FROM
Saturday, October 25, 2014
118th USAHA Annual Meeting CWD and Captive Cerivds
PA House Receives Update on CWD in PA
Deputy Mathew Meals and Dr. Craig Shultz and officials from the PA Game
Commission presented the latest information on Chronic Wasting Disease in PA to
the House Game & Fisheries Committee yesterday. PDA discussed its efforts to
manage CWD in the 1,100 captive deer herds. 32 deer herds are currently
quarantined to thwart the spread of the disease.
snip...see full text ;
Tuesday, November 04, 2014
Six-year follow-up of a point-source exposure to CWD contaminated venison
in an Upstate New York community: risk behaviours and health outcomes 2005–2011
UPDATED SCIENCE ON CWD TO HUMAN RISK FACTORS
Sunday, December 29, 2013
Impacts of wildlife baiting and supplemental feeding on infectious disease
transmission risk: A synthesis of knowledge
Sunday, September 01, 2013
hunting over gut piles and CWD TSE prion disease
Friday, October 26, 2012
CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD PENNSYLVANIA GAME FARMS, URINE ATTRACTANT
PRODUCTS, BAITING, AND MINERAL LICKS
Monday, January 05, 2009
CWD, GAME FARMS, BAITING, AND POLITICS
Thursday, August 28, 2008
cwd, feeding, and baiting piles
CWD MICHIGAN UPDATE
September 5, 2008
-------- Original Message --------
Subject: Experts warn against feeding deer !!!
Date: Wed, 23 Apr 2003 09:27:42 –0500
From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."
To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
CC: CJDvoice , bloodcjd
Experts warn against feeding deer 11:48 PM 4/22/03 Ron Seely Environment
reporter
Feeding and baiting deer, even with small amounts of feed, could hasten the
spread of chronic wasting disease through the state's deer herd, according to a
panel of national wildlife experts.
The six-member panel wrapped up a two-day evaluation of Wisconsin's fight
against CWD Tuesday by answering questions from members of the Natural Resources
Board, which will vote today on a package of rules designed to help control the
fatal deer disease.
The panel had high praise for the DNR's efforts to fight CWD.
"I think the DNR is doing a commendable job," said R. Larry Marchinton, a
professor emeritus of wildlife biology from the University of Georgia. "The rest
of the country is grateful."
Most of Tuesday's discussion dealt with baiting and feeding wild deer and
whether a controversial statewide ban should be partially lifted. Baiting
involves putting out grain to attract deer so they can be shot during hunting
season. Feeding is the popular practice, especially in northern Wisconsin, of
putting out grain to attract deer for viewing.
The state Legislature's Joint Committee on the Review of Administrative
Rules has threatened to let the feeding and baiting ban die when the rules
expire Friday if the board does not agree today to partially lift the ban.
That difficult decision was made even harder by Tuesday's discussion
between the board and the members of the CWD program review panel. Board member
Stephen Willett, who is from Phillips in northern Wisconsin, asked members about
the risk of allowing feeding and baiting, both of which have deep cultural roots
in the state.
Stephen Schmitt, a wildlife veterinarian who heads the Michigan Department
of Natural Resources' Wildlife Disease Laboratory, left little doubt about the
scientific view.
"I think scientifically there is little doubt that feeding and baiting
increase the risk of transmission of any communicable disease," Schmitt said.
"That's where the science is."
Schmitt said his recommendation would be a complete ban on baiting and
feeding wild deer. Other members of the panel agreed with him.
Beth Williams, a specialist on chronic wasting disease from the University
of Wyoming, said she is convinced that the disease is transmitted
animal-to-animal. She said tests are not sensitive enough to detect the
CWD-causing proteins, called prions, in urine, feces or saliva. But healthy
animals have contracted the disease in many instances when placed with infected
deer, Williams said.
"The disease is clearly transmissible," Williams said.
Also, Williams added, healthy deer who are orally inoculated with CWD
prions always get the disease.
"It's essentially very easy to infect an animals with CWD," Williams
said.
Members of the panel also said limiting the amount of feed does little to
reduce the dangers of feeding or baiting and can actually cause animals to come
in closer contact.
TSS
posted by Terry S. Singeltary Sr. at
11:57 AM
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