Friday, May 22, 2015

Chronic Wasting Disease and Program Updates - 2014 NEUSAHA Annual Meeting 12-14 May 2014

Chronic Wasting Disease and Program Updates – 2014

 

Patrice Klein, Dallas Meek, Randy Pritchard, Owen Henderson, Sandra Wallace, Samantha Ziegler SGEC Commodity Health Unit – CWD Program U.S. Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Veterinary Services

 

2014 NEUSAHA Annual Meeting 12-14 May 2014

 

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CWD Distribution – 2014

 

•Wild cervids: CWD detected in 19 states

 

CO, IA, IL, KS, MD, MN, MO, ND, NE, NY, NM, PA, SD, TX, UT, VA, WI, WV, WY

 

•Farmed cervid herds: CWD detected in 62 farmed cervid herds (40 elk herds, 21 WTD herds,1 red deer herd) in 13 states

 

CO, IA, KS, MI, MN, MO, MT, NE, NY, OK, PA, SD, WI

 

•2 new CWD positive farmed cervid herds in FY 2014

 

•14 CWD positive farmed herds remain in quarantine

 

7 Elk herds (CO); 3 Elk herds (NE)

 

1 WTD herd (IA)

 

1 Red deer herd – partial depopulation (MN)

 

1 WTD herd (PA)

 

1 WTD herd (WI)

 

Research Updates – Transmission

 

•Horizontal transmission of CWD in cervids

 

•Transmission believed to occur via exposure to saliva, urine and feces from infected animals

 

–Infectivity demonstrated in saliva, urine and feces from CWD infected animals using bioassay

 

–Infectivity in salivary, urinary, and intestinal tissues

 

•Infectivity detected using sPMCS, but at relatively low levels

 

–Experimental transmission of CWD using oral exposure to urine and feces from infected animals

 

–Study suggested transmission and infection occurred,

 

–But, with single exposure, infection existed at a subclinical level for at least 19 months post infection.

 

Research Updates – Transmission

 

•Concerns exist regarding transmission of CWD via urine lures/ attractants

 

–Infectivity of urine from CWD infected animals has been documented experimentally. (Haley, et al; 2009)

 

–Actual contribution of urine to natural spread of the disease is not known

 

•The CWD Final Rule does not address this issue.

 

–Some states have regulations that require cervid urine producers to participate in State’s CWD HCP

 

–Screening tests for urine possible but not available commercially at this time.

 

Research Updates – Transmission

 

•Uptake of pathogens by plants previously demonstrated.

 

•2013 study suggested that infectious prions were taken up into aerial tissues of A. thaliana, alfalfa, and corn.

 

–A. thaliana propagated in culture media

 

–Infectivity was determined to be present using bioassay (injection into mice)

 

•A second recent study (2014) looked at the ability of wheat to take up PrPTSE.

 

–Although the PrPTSE interacted with the roots, uptake by the plant was not demonstrated.

 

•Neither study has been published yet. Further research needed to assess potential for transmission of CWD

 

Research Updates – Transmission

 

•Numerous routes for transmission of CWD have been postulated and/or demonstrated experimentally

 

•Additional research is needed to determine:

 

–True risk of transmission by these routes

 

–Infectious dose

 

–Effect of exposure levels on infection rate/ incubation time

 

USGS N.A. CWD Distribution Map

 

 

 

image

 


 

Impacts of CWD on Captive and Free-ranging Cervids

 

Brant A. Schumaker

 

Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming

 

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a devastating disease to captive and free-ranging cervid populations. Captive cervids typically are found in much higher densities than free-ranging populations and can incur much higher CWD prevalences. Recently, 80% of the deer in a captive cervid farm in Iowa tested positive for the disease. As the area where CWD has been found continues to expand, there is concern over the impact it may have on elk (Cervus elaphus) populations that congregate on winter feedgrounds in Wyoming. A stochastic simulation model was created to determine the effect that genotype-specific CWD mortality rates had on a hypothetical free-ranging elk population. Life table data gathered from captive elk held in a CWD-contaminated facility was used to parameterize the model. This “worst-case scenario” modeling framework predicted severe reductions in elk population numbers, primarily due to CWD. However, adaptive management of hunting in free-ranging populations may allow elk to adapt to CWD through changes in the frequency of genotypes associated with the incubation time for the disease.

 

INTERIM REPORT

 

Chronic Wasting Disease Ante Mortem Testing: Where we are and where we are going

 

Tracy Nichols, Ph.D.

 

U.S. Department of Agriculture; Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center

 

Development and testing of a CWD ante mortem test would allow for more targeted herd management, and be a step toward a herd certification program.

 

APHIS has allocated funds to the CWD program in Veterinary Services to find an effective ante mortem test to be utilized at the National Veterinary Services Laboratory for regulatory testing purposes. For an ante mortem test to be useful must have a high degree of sensitivity and specificity, utilize easily accessible sample tissues, not require a large sample volume, be able to detect the disease early in progression prior to symptoms, be cost effective, have a reasonable turnaround time, must not be overly complex, and allow multiple diagnosticians. In addition there are some confounding factors that have an impact on test efficacy. A test that is effective in deer may not be effective in elk, and the genotype of the animals has a significant impact on disease trafficking within the body, which ultimately has an effect on the ability of an ante mortem test to detect disease.

 

Currently, the CWD laboratory at the USDA National Wildlife Research Center in Fort Collins, Colorado is evaluating the latest published ante mortem testing for applicability in “real world” situations. In addition, we are establishing a blood and fecal archive for use in method testing and ultimately validation, working on developing a novel volatile organic compound ante mortem test, and supporting new test development at other institutions via sample sharing.

 

Once an assay shows promise the sensitivity and specificity must be established. If more than one assay has potential they will be compared for cost effectiveness, ease of use, and sample availability. Successful test/s will be presented to the CWD program and NVSL for consideration. We will train the NVSL laboratories to conduct the assays, and assist with test validation.

 

Cervid Health Program Update

 

Dr. Patricia Klein

 

Cervid Health Program, Surveillance, Preparedness, and Response Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture; Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services

 

Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification Program

 

The national CWD HCP and requirements for interstate movement were established when APHIS published the CWD interim final rule (9 CFR Parts 55 and 81) in June 2012. The rule became effective in August 2012. APHIS accepted public comments on preemption of State regulations, as that aspect of the rule had changed significantly since the rule was proposed. APHIS considered the preemption comments and revised the rule by amending the definition of herd plan to replace ‘eradication’ with ‘control’ of CWD and adding the definition of ‘established slaughter facility’. A final rule was published in April, 2014. Comments received on other topics are held for future rulemaking. The CWD program standards accompany the rule to provide clarification and guidance on how to meet CWD herd certification program and interstate movement requirements. The standards were first published in July 2012. In response to stakeholder requests, APHIS set up a discussion group in November 2012 to provide input on revisions to these program standards. The group included representatives from the cervid industry, State animal health officials, State wildlife officials, diagnostic laboratories, and Veterinary Services. APHIS published the revised Program Standards in the Federal Register in December 2013 and accepted comments until March 31, 2014. APHIS received 328 comments reflecting the diverse stakeholder positions noted in the discussion group and made four changes as a result of these comments. APHIS considered several factors to determine whether changes to the standards were warranted at this time. Specifically, APHIS could not make changes in the program standards that would contradict existing CWD rule language. Further, several comments supported opposite sides of a single issue where some advocated for APHIS to allow States to implement

 

INTERIM REPORT

 

more stringent CWD requirements, while others asked APHIS to encourage States to implement less stringent standards. No changes were made in this area, as APHIS believes States are better able to determine their own additional risk mitigations for CWD, and the rule does not preempt State regulations related to CWD to be stricter than the federal rule, with the exception for transiting of animals. The revised standards became effective on May 9, 2014. A provision exists for the annual review of the Program Standards by representatives of the cervid industry and appropriate State and Federal agencies, and further revision as necessary.

 

In September 2014, APHIS met with representatives of the Cervid Industry to discuss their issues and concerns. Topics discussed included sustained indemnity funds in the Cervid Health Program budget, trade and marketing opportunities, outreach/education on CWD, and research needs (vaccines, live animal test methods, and genotyping) to support control of CWD and decrease risk of disease transmission.

 

A total of 29 States are participating in the national voluntary CWD Herd Certification Program (HCP) through FY2014 and this year also marks the first year that Approved States have submitted their CWD HCP annual reports to APHIS.

 

As of October 2014, CWD has been confirmed in wild deer and elk in 19 U.S. States, and in farmed cervids in 13 States. In total, 22 States have identified CWD in wild and/or farmed cervids. Confirmation of the disease in a free-ranging, wild white tailed deer in northeastern Iowa in April 2014 marked the first report in the wild cervid population in this State.

 

To date, CWD has been reported in 65 farmed cervid herds in the United States. In the last 2 years, CWD has been identified in a red deer herd in Minnesota (May 2012), and a white tailed deer (WTD) herd each in Iowa (July 2012), Wisconsin (November 2013), and Pennsylvania (April 2014). The herds in Minnesota, Iowa, and Pennsylvania were depopulated in 2014 and provided federal indemnity. All animals from these depopulated herds are tested for CWD. No additional CWD positives were reported in the red deer; a total of 7 of 15 WTD in the PA herd were reported CWD positive; and approximately 80% of the deer in the IA herd tested CWD positive. The Wisconsin herd and the owner’s hunt facility, as well as the 5 herds in Colorado and 3 herds in Nebraska remain under State’s quarantine. All mortalities from these quarantined herds are tested for CWD.

 

In September 2014, 2 new CWD positive WTD herds were reported, one in Wisconsin and the other in Pennsylvania (same county as previous herd). APHIS is in discussion with the state officials to consider indemnity for these herds. In FY 2014, routine surveillance testing was conducted on approximately 20,000 farmed /captive cervids. Currently, APHIS has approved 18 NAHLN laboratories for immunohistochemistry testing and 10 NAHLN labs for the use of the Bio-RAD ELISA test as official screening tests for the CWD program. Any suspect positive ELISA results will be confirmed by NVSL using immunohistochemistry.

 

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National Animal Health Monitoring System Cervid Industry Study

 

Beginning in September 2014, VS, in cooperation with the National Agricultural Statistics Service, initiated the first national study of the U.S. farmed-cervid industry. The study includes a survey of 3,000 producers from all States that have farmed cervids and will provide baseline industry statistics, a description of current production practices and challenges, producer-reported disease occurrences, and an overview of health management and biosecurity practices. Reports from the study should be available in the Spring 2015.

 

Cervid Health Program Budget

 

The Cervid Health Program includes the CWD herd certification program and the cervid TB program within the Equine, Cervid, and Small Ruminant Health Center. In FY2014, the Cervid Health Program was appropriated $3.0 million by Congress for cervid health activities.

 

Funding was allocated to provide $1.1 million for indemnity, $200,000 in CWD research towards development of live animal diagnostic test methods, and $1.2 million for general program support. APHIS anticipates the FY2015 Cervid Health Program budget to remain at FY2014 levels and will propose similar funding allocations.

 

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SUBJECT: Epidemiology of Chronic Wasting Disease in Farmed Cervids

 

INTERIM REPORT

 

The United States Animal Health Association requests USDA-APHIS-Veterinary Services to work cooperatively with the states to assemble, analyze, summarize, and make available to the Committee on Captive Wildlife and Alternative Livestock at the USAHA meeting in 2015 all pertinent information from epidemiological investigations of CWD in farmed and free-ranging cervid herds. Specific information requested includes but is not limited to: prevalence of CWD in positive herds; demography of positive and negative animals in infected herds; results from all tissues that were tested; proximity of affected herd to wild and/or farmed cervid herds with CWD; ; duration of monitoring prior to detection of the first case, including numbers of animals in the herd, numbers tested and numbers not tested; results of trace-forward and trace-back investigations; and all other pertinent data that will enhance risk assessment of CWD in farmed cervids and identification of effective mitigation measures.

 

INTERIM REPORT

 

USAHA Committee on Captive Wildlife and Alternative Livestock

 

Subcommittee on Farmed Cervidae

 

October 20, 2014

 

The first meeting of the Subcommittee on Farmed Cervidae was held on October 20, 2014.

 

The following committee members were present: Co-chair Charly Seale TX; Co-chair Bret Marsh, IN; Co-chair: Paul Anderson, MN; Shawn Schafer, ND; Eric Mohlman, NE; Warren Bluntzer, TX; John Fischer, GA; David Hunter, MT; Collin Gillin, OR; and Robert Meyer, WY. Glen Zebarth, MN was unable to attend. There were a total of 41 people in attendance the meeting.

 

Introductions were made and the purpose of the committee was reviewed and discussed.

 

The purpose of the Subcommittee on Farmed Cervidae is:

 

(1) To review and make science-based recommendations on federal Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) regulations and any other animal health and disease-related concerns of interest to the farmed cervidae industry including necessary research;

 

(2) To represent the interests of the farmed cervidae industry as it relates to the health of the livestock industry ;

 

(3) To provide the information and expertise to USAHA which can be used to make appropriate decisions regarding the health of domestic livestock that also consider the needs of the farmed cervidae industry;

 

(4) To assist in the development of sound policies governing the dispersal and movement intra and interstate of farmed cervidae;

 

(5) To present appropriate information to assist in the development of sound governmental policies concerning farmed cervidae by providing recommendations based on scientifically valid principles and methods;

 

(6) To provide information and assist in the development of sound policies governing the importation and exportation of farmed cervidae, their germ plasm and other biomaterials; and

 

(7) To assist in the identification and management of disease and welfare problems affecting farmed cervidae.

 

Motion (W. Bluntzer/B. Myer):

 

The Subcommittee on Farmed Cervidae recommends the following changes to the purpose statement of the Subcommittee on Farmed Cervidae

 

2) To represent the interests of the farmed cervidae industry as it relates to the health of the livestock industry and wildlife resources;

 

(3) To provide the information and expertise to USAHA which can be used to make appropriate decisions regarding the health of domestic livestock and wildlife that also consider the needs of the farmed cervidae industry;

 

(7) To assist in the identification and management of disease and welfare problems issues affecting farmed cervidae. The motion was passed unanimously.

 

A scientific presentation was made by Nicholas Haley, DVM PhD, KSU Dept. of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, entitled “CWD: progress on a live animal test”. He discussed the use of new prion amplification tests for CWD including PMCA and RT-QuIC and the importance of developing live animal tests for CWD. Test results were discussed for animals tested in depopulation of two CWD positive whit-tailed deer herds, one in Pennsylvania and one in Iowa. In the Pennsylvania herd, 5 of 14 deer were positive for CWD. The rectal biopsy using the RT-QuIC detected 3 of the positive animals for a sensitivity of 60%. In the Iowa herd, 283 of 355 deer were positive for CWD. The rectal biopsy using the RT-QuIC detected 198 of the positive animals for a sensitivity of 68%. The sensitivity of nasal brushes was about 24%. Blood samples were also collected from all the animals in these two herds and will be tested at a later date when improved testing procedures are developed.

 

INTERIM REPORT

 

The subcommittee had a lengthy discussion on two sections of the CWD Program Standards.

 

The first discussion was in regard to the requirements for CWD sample collection as specified in sections (5.6), (5.7) and Appendix III. Specifically, the subcommittee discussed the requirement for collection of both obex and medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes in order for a CWD test to be counted as valid. Some members felt that collection of both tissues should be required. Others felt that collection or one or the other of these tissues is adequate for herd certification purposes. No consensus was reached and the issue was tabled for further discussion.

 

The second discussion was in regard to tracing protocols for newly CWD infected herds as specified in Part B. (1.2). The question was asked about whether we should consider a herd a “trace-forward herd” and place it under quarantine if it contains animals that came from a “trace-back herd” and there is no evidence that the “trace-back herd” is infected with CWD. Several committee members voiced concern about placing herds under quarantine unnecessarily and discussed the effect such action has on the owners. There was general agreement that more work needs to be done on this section of the CWD Program Standards. Motion (P. Anderson/ D. hunter):

 

The Subcommittee on Farmed Cervidae moves to continue to work on Part B. of the CWD program Standards, Guidance on Responding to CWD Affected Herds, over the next year and develop a recommendation to be finalized when the Subcommittee on Farmed Cervidae meets at the 2015 USAHA meeting. The motion was passed unanimously.

 

Motion (J. Fischer / S. Schafer):

 

The Subcommittee on Farmed Cervidae supports a resolution to urge USDA-APHIS-VS in consultation with state animal health officials to compile the epidemiologic information surrounding all CWD infected herds in the United States and Canada and share the report with all stake holders. The resolution will be presented to the Committee on Captive Wildlife and Alternative Livestock for final approval. The motion passed unanimously.

 

The committee adjourned at 12:00 pm.

 

INTERIM REPORT

 


 


 

Saturday, October 25, 2014

 

118th USAHA Annual Meeting CWD and Captive Cerivds

 


 

Sunday, August 24, 2014

 

USAHA 117TH ANNUAL MEETING USDA-APHIS–VS CWD Herd Certification Program Goals TSE PRION October 17 – 23, 2013

 


 

Friday, March 07, 2014

 

37th Annual Southeast Deer Study Group Meeting in Athens, Georgia (CWD TSE Prion abstracts)

 


 

Sunday, November 24, 2013

 

ACA Council Convenes to Assess Federal CWD Reform Possibilities November 18, 2013

 


 

Tuesday, September 17, 2013

 

USAHA 116TH ANNUAL MEETING October 18 – 24, 2012 CWD, Scrapie, BSE, TSE prion (September 17, 2013)

 


 

This work demonstrates for the first time that white-tailed deer are susceptible to sheep scrapie by potential natural routes of inoculation. In-depth analysis of tissues will be done to determine similarities between scrapie in deer after intracranial and oral/intranasal inoculation and chronic wasting disease resulting from similar routes of inoculation.

 

see full text ;

 


 

SEE MORE USAHA REPORTS HERE, 2012 NOT PUBLISHED YET...TSS

 


 


 


 

Friday, August 31, 2012

 

COMMITTEE ON CAPTIVE WILDLIFE AND ALTERNATIVE LIVESTOCK and CWD 2009-2012 a review

 


 

Tuesday, September 10, 2013

 

Review and Updates of the USDA-APHIS Veterinary Services (VS) National Chronice Wasting Disease (CWD) Program 2012-2013

 


 

 Prion

 

Volume 7, Issue 3, 2013

 

Early detection of chronic wasting disease prions in urine of pre-symptomatic deer by real-time quaking-induced conversion assay

 

Open access

 

DOI:10.4161/pri.24430Theodore R. Johna, Hermann M. Schätzlabc & Sabine Gilchad*

 

pages 253-258

 

Publishing models and article dates explained

 

Received: 7 Feb 2013 Accepted: 24 Mar 2013 Published online: 10 Apr 2013

 

Article Views: 105

 

 Abstract

 

 Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease of captive and free-ranging deer (Odocoileus spp), elk (Cervus elaphus nelsonii) and moose (Alces alces shirasi). Unlike in most other prion diseases, in CWD prions are shed in urine and feces, which most likely contributes to the horizontal transmission within and between cervid species. To date, CWD ante-mortem diagnosis is only possible by immunohistochemical detection of protease resistant prion protein (PrPSc) in tonsil or recto-anal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (RAMALT) biopsies, which requires anesthesia of animals. We report on detection of CWD prions in urine collected from pre-symptomatic deer and in fecal extracts by using real time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC). This assay can be useful for non-invasive pre-symptomatic diagnosis and surveillance of CWD.

 

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Introduction

 

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is to date the most contagious prion disease and affects captive and free-ranging elk, deer and moose in North America.1 The disease is caused by the accumulation of an abnormally folded isoform of the cellular prion protein PrPc, denominated PrPSc.3 CWD is the cervid equivalent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), scrapie in sheep and goat5 or Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans.6 Although transmission studies of CWD prions to humanized transgenic mice or non-human primates suggest a strong species barrier,7 recent in vitro studies have demonstrated that human PrP can be converted by CWD prions into PrPSc upon adaptation.10 ***Therefore, a potential for zoonotic transmission, as exemplified by BSE,11 cannot be completely excluded.

 

A huge body of evidence suggests that CWD can be efficiently transmitted horizontally within and between cervid species,12 which may be the reason for geographical spread and increase in case numbers. Horizontal transmission is explained by the rather unusual peripheral distribution of prions in CWD affected animals and the high susceptibility to the disease by oral infection.13 Unlike in most other prion diseases, CWD prions can be found in a wide variety of tissues, such as skeletal and cardiac muscle15 or kidney,17 in addition to the lymphoreticular system and blood.18 Furthermore, they are shed in significant amounts in saliva,18 ,19 urine19 or feces,20 which enables oral infection of animals by foraging on contaminated pastures. In addition, it has been demonstrated that prions can persist in soil21 and that water in endemic areas can contain CWD-associated PrPSc 22.

 


 

PPo3-19:

 

Detection of CWD Prions in Salivary and Urinary Tissues of Deer: Potential Mechanisms of Pathogenesis and Prion Shedding

 

Nicholas J. Haley,1 Candace K. Mathiason,1 Glenn C. Telling2 and Edward A. Hoover1 1Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins, Colorado USA; 2Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics; University of Kentucky; Lexington, Kentucky USA

 

Key words: chronic wasting disease, transmission, PMCA, pathogenesis, excretion, urine, saliva, salivary gland, urinary bladder, kidney, blood

 

Saliva and urine are thought to play an important role in the transmission and pathogenesis of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in captive and free-ranging cervids. We have previously identified PrPCWD in a variety of excreta using serial PMCA (sPMCA) and bioassay; however the source of infectious prions in urine and saliva has yet to be identified. In the present study, we applied sPMCA to tissues associated with saliva and urine production and excretion in an effort to seek proximal sources of prion shedding. Oropharyngeal and urogenital tissues, along with blood and obex from CWD-exposed cervids (comprising over 300 individual samples) were analyzed blindly in duplicate and scored based on apparent CWD burden. PrPCWD was detected by three rounds of sPMCA in tissues associated with saliva and urine production and excretion, notably salivary gland and urinary bladder; whereas blood samples from the same animals and concurrent negative controls (n = 116 of 117) remained negative. Route of inoculation and CNS burden appeared to play an important role in terminal prion distribution, in that IV-inoculated animals and those with increasing CNS levels of PrPCWD had higher and more widely distributed accumulation in excretory tissues. PMCA identification of PrPCWD in oropharyngeal and urogenital tissues—in the absence of detection by conventional methods—may indicate the presence of protease- sensitive infectious prions in excretory tissues not revealed by assays employing PK digestion or other means to remove PrPC reactivity. Thus, evaluation of peripheral tissues via sPMCA may allow additional insights into prion transmission, trafficking and pathogenesis.

 

PPo3-26:

 

Identification of Renal Origin for CWD Urinary Prion Excretion in Deer

 

Davis M. Seelig,1 Nicholas J. Haley,1 Jan P. Langeveld and Edward A. Hoover1 1Colorado State University; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology; Fort Collins, CO USA; 2Central Institute for Animal Disease Control (CIDC-Lelystad); Lelystad, The Netherlands

 

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is an efficiently transmitted prion disease of cervids. Although bioassays have confirmed the presence of infectious prions in urine and other body fluids of infected deer, origin and mechanisms of prion transfer to and shedding in excreta remains unknown. To address these questions, we have developed enhanced immunohistochemistry (IHC) methods employing tyramide signal amplification (TSA) on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues of n = 20 CWD-infected white-tailed deer. Using these methods we have demonstrated PrPCWD present granular to clumped aggregates both within the cytoplasm of renal tubule cells and in the interstitium. Cytoplasmic PrPCWD aggregates were detected most commonly in proximal convoluted tubule epithelial cells. PrPCWD was not identified in the lower urinary tract (ureters or bladder) of any CWD-infected animal. In summary, we present evidence for PrPCWD accumulation within the renal tubule cells, which may identify a proximate tissue source and explain the manner by which infectious prions are excreted in the urine of infected deer, thereby leading to the high degree of direct and indirect horizontal transmission of chronic wasting disease.

 


 

Tuesday, December 20, 2011

 

CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD WISCONSIN Almond Deer (Buckhorn Flats) FarmUpdate DECEMBER 2011The CWD infection rate was nearly 80%, the highest ever in a North American captive herd. RECOMMENDATION: That the Board approve the purchase of 80acres of land for $465,000 for the Statewide Wildlife Habitat Program inPortage County and approve the restrictions on public use of the site.SUMMARY:

 


 

For Immediate ReleaseThursday, October 2, 2014Dustin Vande Hoef 515/281-3375 or 515/326-1616 (cell) orDustin.VandeHoef@IowaAgriculture.gov

 

TEST RESULTS FROM CAPTIVE DEER HERD WITH CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE RELEASED 79.8 percent of the deer tested positive for the disease

 

DES MOINES – The Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship today announced that the test results from the depopulation of a quarantined captive deer herd in north-central Iowa showed that 284 of the 356 deer, or 79.8% of the herd, tested positive for Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD). The owners of the quarantined herd have entered into a fence maintenance agreement with the Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship,which requires the owners to maintain the 8’ foot perimeter fence around the herd premises for five years after the depopulation was complete and the premises had been cleaned and disinfected CWD is a progressive, fatal, degenerative neurological disease of farmed and free-ranging deer, elk, and moose. There is no known treatment or vaccine for CWD. CWD is not a disease that affects humans.On July 18, 2012, USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service’s (APHIS)National Veterinary Services Lab in Ames, IA confirmed that a male whitetail deer harvested from a hunting preserve in southeast IA was positive for CWD. An investigation revealed that this animal had just been introduced into the hunting preserve from the above-referenced captive deer herd in north-central Iowa.The captive deer herd was immediately quarantined to prevent the spread of CWD. The herd has remained in quarantine until its depopulation on August 25 to 27, 2014.The Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship participated in a joint operation to depopulate the infected herd with USDA Veterinary Services, which was the lead agency, and USDA Wildlife Services.Federal indemnity funding became available in 2014. USDA APHIS appraised the captive deer herd of 376 animals at that time, which was before depopulation and testing, at $1,354,250. At that time a herd plan was developed with the owners and officials from USDA and the Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship.Once the depopulation was complete and the premises had been cleaned and disinfected, indemnity of $917,100.00 from the USDA has been or will be paid to the owners as compensation for the 356 captive deer depopulated.The Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship operates a voluntary CWD program for farms that sell live animals. Currently 145 Iowa farms participate in the voluntary program. The above-referenced captive deer facility left the voluntary CWD program prior to the discovery of the disease as they had stopped selling live animals. All deer harvested in a hunting preserve must be tested for CWD. -30-

 


 

 *** see history of this CWD blunder here ;

 


 

On June 5, 2013, DNR conducted a fence inspection, after gaining approval from surrounding landowners, and confirmed that the fenced had beencut or removed in at least four separate locations; that the fence had degraded and was failing to maintain the enclosure around the Quarantined Premises in at least one area; that at least three gates had been opened;and that deer tracks were visible in and around one of the open areas in the sand on both sides of the fence, evidencing movement of deer into the Quarantined Premises.

 


 

*** Singeltary reply ;

 

ruminant feed ban for cervids in the United States ?

 

31 Jan 2015 at 20:14 GMT

 


 

Saturday, May 16, 2015

 

Land Spreading of the TSE Prion Disease, blood tank for feed, plants, vegetables, and sludge, stupid is as stupid does

 


 

Friday, May 15, 2015

 

Grass Plants Bind, Retain, Uptake, and Transport Infectious Prions

 

Report

 


 

Thursday, April 30, 2015

 

Immediate and ongoing detection of prions in the blood of hamsters and deer following oral, nasal, or blood inoculations

 


 

Wednesday, April 22, 2015

 

Circulation of prions within dust on a scrapie affected farm

 


 

Friday, April 24, 2015

 

The placenta shed from goats with classical scrapie is infectious to goat kids and lambs

 


 

Saturday, March 15, 2014

 

Potential role of soil properties in the spread of CWD in western Canada

 


 

Friday, February 08, 2013

 

*** Behavior of Prions in the Environment: Implications for Prion Biology

 


 

Saturday, March 10, 2012

 

CWD, GAME FARMS, urine, feces, soil, lichens, and banned mad cow protein feed CUSTOM MADE for deer and elk

 


 

Friday, February 25, 2011

 

Soil clay content underlies prion infection odds

 


 

Wednesday, September 08, 2010

 

CWD PRION CONGRESS SEPTEMBER 8-11 2010

 

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PPo3-19:

 

Detection of CWD Prions in Salivary and Urinary Tissues of Deer: Potential Mechanisms of Pathogenesis and Prion Shedding Nicholas J. Haley,1 Candace K. Mathiason,1 Glenn C. Telling2 and Edward A. Hoover1 1Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins, Colorado USA; 2Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics; University of Kentucky; Lexington, Kentucky USA

 

Key words: chronic wasting disease, transmission, PMCA, pathogenesis, excretion, urine, saliva, salivary gland, urinary bladder, kidney, blood

 

Saliva and urine are thought to play an important role in the transmission and pathogenesis of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in captive and free-ranging cervids. We have previously identified PrPCWD in a variety of excreta using serial PMCA (sPMCA) and bioassay; however the source of infectious prions in urine and saliva has yet to be identified. In the present study, we applied sPMCA to tissues associated with saliva and urine production and excretion in an effort to seek proximal sources of prion shedding. Oropharyngeal and urogenital tissues, along with blood and obex from CWD-exposed cervids (comprising over 300 individual samples) were analyzed blindly in duplicate and scored based on apparent CWD burden. PrPCWD was detected by three rounds of sPMCA in tissues associated with saliva and urine production and excretion, notably salivary gland and urinary bladder; whereas blood samples from the same animals and concurrent negative controls (n = 116 of 117) remained negative. Route of inoculation and CNS burden appeared to play an important role in terminal prion distribution, in that IV-inoculated animals and those with increasing CNS levels of PrPCWD had higher and more widely distributed accumulation in excretory tissues. PMCA identification of PrPCWD in oropharyngeal and urogenital tissues—in the absence of detection by conventional methods—may indicate the presence of protease- sensitive infectious prions in excretory tissues not revealed by assays employing PK digestion or other means to remove PrPC reactivity. Thus, evaluation of peripheral tissues via sPMCA may allow additional insights into prion transmission, trafficking and pathogenesis.

 

PPo3-26:

 

Identification of Renal Origin for CWD Urinary Prion Excretion in Deer

 

Davis M. Seelig,1 Nicholas J. Haley,1 Jan P. Langeveld and Edward A. Hoover1 1Colorado State University; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology; Fort Collins, CO USA; 2Central Institute for Animal Disease Control (CIDC-Lelystad); Lelystad, The Netherlands

 

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is an efficiently transmitted prion disease of cervids. Although bioassays have confirmed the presence of infectious prions in urine and other body fluids of infected deer, origin and mechanisms of prion transfer to and shedding in excreta remains unknown. To address these questions, we have developed enhanced immunohistochemistry (IHC) methods employing tyramide signal amplification (TSA) on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues of n = 20 CWD-infected white-tailed deer. Using these methods we have demonstrated PrPCWD present granular to clumped aggregates both within the cytoplasm of renal tubule cells and in the interstitium. Cytoplasmic PrPCWD aggregates were detected most commonly in proximal convoluted tubule epithelial cells. PrPCWD was not identified in the lower urinary tract (ureters or bladder) of any CWD-infected animal. In summary, we present evidence for PrPCWD accumulation within the renal tubule cells, which may identify a proximate tissue source and explain the manner by which infectious prions are excreted in the urine of infected deer, thereby leading to the high degree of direct and indirect horizontal transmission of chronic wasting disease.

 

snip...see more ;

 


 

Sunday, December 06, 2009

 

Detection of Sub-Clinical CWD Infection in Conventional Test-Negative Deer Long after Oral Exposure to Urine and Feces from CWD+ Deer

 


 

Sunday, July 07, 2013

 

Could avian scavengers translocate infectious prions to disease-free areas initiating new foci of chronic wasting disease?

 

Prion. 2013 Jul 3;7(4). [Epub ahead of print]

 


 

Wednesday, October 17, 2012

 

Prion Remains Infectious after Passage through Digestive System of American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos)

 


 


 

Sunday, November 01, 2009

 

American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) and potential spreading of CWD through feces of digested infectious carcases

 


 

Friday, May 14, 2010

 

Prion Strain Mutation Determined by Prion Protein Conformational Compatibility and Primary Structure

 

Published Online May 13, 2010 Science DOI: 10.1126/science.1187107 Science Express Index

 


 

Thursday, June 03, 2010

 

Prion Strain Mutation and Selection John Collinge MEDICINE

 


 

Wednesday, March 18, 2009

 

Detection of CWD Prions in Urine and Saliva of Deer by Transgenic Mouse Bioassay

 


 

Tuesday, February 09, 2010

 

Chronic Wasting Disease: Surveillance Update North America: February 2010

 

***

 

>>> In addition, we documented horizontal transmission of CWD from inoculated mice and to un-inoculated cohabitant cage-mates. <<<

 


 


 

NOT only muscle, but now fat of CWD infected deer holds infectivity of the TSE (prion) agent. ...TSS

 

Monday, July 06, 2009

 

Prion infectivity in fat of deer with Chronic Wasting Disease

 


 

Tuesday, September 02, 2008

 

Detection of infectious prions in urine (Soto et al Available online 13 August 2008.)

 


 

2002

 

Subject: MAD DEER/ELK DISEASE AND POTENTIAL SOURCES Date: Sat, 25 May 2002 18:41:46 -0700 From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."

 

Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

 

To: BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de

 

now, what about those 'deer scents' of 100% urine', and the prion that is found in urine, why not just pass the prion with the urine to other deer...

 

Mrs. Doe Pee Doe in Estrus Model FDE1 Mrs. Doe Pee's Doe in Estrus is made from Estrus urine collected at the peak of the rut, blended with Fresh Doe Urine for an extremely effective buck enticer. Use pre-rut before the does come into heat. Use during full rut when bucks are most active. Use during post-rut when bucks are still actively looking for does. 1 oz. www.gamecalls.net/ ELK SCENT/SPRAY BOTTLE * Works anytime of the year * 100 % Cow Elk-in-Heat urine (2oz.) * Economical - mix with water in spray mist bottle * Use wind to your advantage Product Code WP-ESB $9.95 www.elkinc.com/Scent.asp prions in urine? [PDF] A

 

URINE TEST FOR THE IN-VIVO DIAGNOSIS OF PRION DISEASES

 


 


 


 

tss

 

CWD/POTENTIAL SOURCE/URINE/HUNTERS ?

 

Mrs. Doe Pee Doe in Estrus Model FDE1 Mrs. Doe Pee's Doe in Estrus is made from Estrus urinecollected at the peak of the rut, blended with Fresh Doe Urine for anextremely effective buck enticer. Use pre-rut before the does come intoheat. Use during full rut when bucks are most active. Use duringpost-rut when bucks are still actively looking for does. 1 oz. http://www.gamecalls.net/huntingproducts/deerlures.html

 


 

ELK SCENT/SPRAY BOTTLE Works anytime of the year* 100 % Cow Elk-in-Heat urine (2oz.)* Economical - mix with water in spray mist bottle* Use wind to your advantage Product Code WP-ESB $9.95 http://www.elkinc.com/Scent.asp prions in urine? [PDF]

 

A URINE TEST FOR THE IN-VIVO DIAGNOSIS OF PRION DISEASES

 


 

TSS

 


 


 


 

 

Subject: DOCKET-- 03D-0186 -- FDA Issues Draft Guidance on Use of Material From Deer and Elk in Animal Feed; Availability

 

Date: Fri, 16 May 2003 11:47:37 -0500

 

From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."

 

To: fdadockets@oc.fda.gov

 


 


 

The deer from an infected Reynoldsville, Jefferson County farm tested positive for Chronic Wasting Disease. Two other white-tailed deer died in April on the farm and tested positive for the disease. This marks the 14th white-tailed deer in the state to test positive for the disease since 2012.

 

snip

 

“This is an unprecedented level of infection in a captive deer herd,” said Greig. “The department and deer farmers worked together to accommodate the requests of these researchers. The more we know, the greater the chance we can eradicate the disease.”

 


 


 

Sunday, July 13, 2014

 

Louisiana deer mystery unleashes litigation 6 does still missing from CWD index herd in Pennsylvania Great Escape

 


 

Saturday, June 29, 2013

 

PENNSYLVANIA CAPTIVE CWD INDEX HERD MATE YELLOW *47 STILL RUNNING LOOSE IN INDIANA, YELLOW NUMBER 2 STILL MISSING, AND OTHERS ON THE RUN STILL IN LOUISIANA

 


 

Tuesday, June 11, 2013

 

*** CWD GONE WILD, More cervid escapees from more shooting pens on the loose in Pennsylvania

 


 

Tuesday, May 28, 2013

 

Chronic Wasting Disease CWD quarantine Louisiana via CWD index herd Pennsylvania Update May 28, 2013

 

*** 6 doe from Pennsylvania CWD index herd still on the loose in Louisiana, quarantine began on October 18, 2012, still ongoing, Lake Charles premises.

 


 

Sunday, January 06, 2013

 

USDA TO PGC ONCE CAPTIVES ESCAPE

 

*** "it‘s no longer its business.”

 


 

”The occurrence of CWD must be viewed against the contest of the locations in which it occurred. It was an incidental and unwelcome complication of the respective wildlife research programmes. Despite it’s subsequent recognition as a new disease of cervids, therefore justifying direct investigation, no specific research funding was forthcoming. The USDA veiwed it as a wildlife problem and consequently not their province!” page 26.

 


 

Wednesday, November 14, 2012

 

PENNSYLVANIA 2012 THE GREAT ESCAPE OF CWD INVESTIGATION MOVES INTO LOUISIANA and INDIANA

 


 

Tuesday, October 23, 2012

 

PA Captive deer from CWD-positive farm roaming free

 


 

Thursday, October 11, 2012

 

Pennsylvania Confirms First Case CWD Adams County Captive Deer Tests Positive

 


 

 Monday, June 23, 2014

 

PRION 2014 CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD

 


 

Thursday, July 03, 2014

 

*** How Chronic Wasting Disease is affecting deer population and what’s the risk to humans and pets?

 


 

Tuesday, July 01, 2014

 

*** CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION DISEASE, GAME FARMS, AND POTENTIAL RISK FACTORS THERE FROM

 


 

Tuesday, October 21, 2014

 

Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture Tenth Pennsylvania Captive Deer Tests Positive for Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE PRION DISEASE

 


 

Thursday, October 23, 2014

 

FIRST CASE OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CONFIRMED IN OHIO ON PRIVATE PRESERVE

 


 

Thursday, April 02, 2015

 

OHIO CONFIRMS SECOND POSTIVE CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD on Yoder's properties near Millersburg

 


 

Wednesday, February 11, 2015

 

World Class Whitetails quarantined CWD deer Daniel M. Yoder charged with two counts of tampering with evidence

 


 

Wednesday, March 18, 2015

 

Chronic Wasting Disease CWD Confirmed Texas Trans Pecos March 18, 2015

 


 

Wednesday, March 25, 2015

 

Chronic Wasting Disease CWD Cases Confirmed In New Mexico 2013 and 2014 UPDATE 2015

 


 

Monday, March 23, 2015

 

North Dakota Documents Two More Cases of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion

 


 

Wednesday, March 04, 2015

 

Disease sampling results provide current snapshot of CWD in Wisconsin finding 324 positive detections statewide in 2014

 


 

Thursday, April 02, 2015

 

Kansas Chronic Wasting Disease CWD Spreads 9 Confirmed Positive including first-time cases in six southwest counties

 


 

Tuesday, May 05, 2015

 

Pennsylvania CWD DETECTED IN SIX MORE FREE-RANGING DEER Disease Management Area 2 again expanded due to new cases Release #030-15

 


 

Tuesday, February 10, 2015

 

Alberta Canada First case of chronic wasting disease found in farm elk since 2002

 


 

Saturday, January 31, 2015

 

European red deer (Cervus elaphus elaphus) are susceptible to Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE by Oral Alimentary route

 


 

Tuesday, January 20, 2015

 

Four Maryland Deer Test Positive for Chronic Wasting Disease

 


 

Tuesday, January 06, 2015

 

APHIS Provides Additional Information on Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) Indemnity Requests January 5, 2015 05:26 PM EST

 


 

CWD TO HUMANS, AND RISK FACTORS THERE FROM (see latest science)

 

Monday, March 09, 2015

 

*** Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE prion and human animal risk factor there from ***

 


 

Tuesday, December 16, 2014

 

*** Evidence for zoonotic potential of ovine scrapie prions

 

Hervé Cassard,1, n1 Juan-Maria Torres,2, n1 Caroline Lacroux,1, Jean-Yves Douet,1, Sylvie L. Benestad,3, Frédéric Lantier,4, Séverine Lugan,1, Isabelle Lantier,4, Pierrette Costes,1, Naima Aron,1, Fabienne Reine,5, Laetitia Herzog,5, Juan-Carlos Espinosa,2, Vincent Beringue5, & Olivier Andréoletti1, Affiliations Contributions Corresponding author Journal name: Nature Communications Volume: 5, Article number: 5821 DOI: doi:10.1038/ncomms6821 Received 07 August 2014 Accepted 10 November 2014 Published 16 December 2014 Article tools Citation Reprints Rights & permissions Article metrics

 

Abstract

 

Although Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) is the cause of variant Creutzfeldt Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans, the zoonotic potential of scrapie prions remains unknown. Mice genetically engineered to overexpress the human ​prion protein (tgHu) have emerged as highly relevant models for gauging the capacity of prions to transmit to humans. These models can propagate human prions without any apparent transmission barrier and have been used used to confirm the zoonotic ability of BSE. Here we show that a panel of sheep scrapie prions transmit to several tgHu mice models with an efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. The serial transmission of different scrapie isolates in these mice led to the propagation of prions that are phenotypically identical to those causing sporadic CJD (sCJD) in humans. These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions.

 

Subject terms: Biological sciences• Medical research At a glance

 


 

Tuesday, December 16, 2014

 

Evidence for zoonotic potential of ovine scrapie prions

 

Scrapie from sheep could infect humans with 'mad cow disease', study finds

 


 


 

why do we not want to do TSE transmission studies on chimpanzees $

 

5. A positive result from a chimpanzee challenged severly would likely create alarm in some circles even if the result could not be interpreted for man. I have a view that all these agents could be transmitted provided a large enough dose by appropriate routes was given and the animals kept long enough. Until the mechanisms of the species barrier are more clearly understood it might be best to retain that hypothesis.

 

snip...

 

R. BRADLEY

 


 

 

Sunday, March 29, 2015

 

Uncommon prion disease induced in macaque ten years after scrapie inoculation

 


 

Friday, January 30, 2015

 

*** Scrapie: a particularly persistent pathogen ***

 


 

Friday, February 20, 2015

 

APHIS Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) Appeal Mouse Bio-Assays 2007-00030-A Sheep Imported From Belgium and the Presence of TSE Prion Disease Kevin Shea to Singeltary 2015

 


 

PRION2015 CONFERENCE FORT COLLINS

 

May 2015

 

Wednesday May 27

 

14:45 Jean-Phillipe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission, France,

 

Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: *** IMPLICATIONS FOR BSE AND SCRAPIE RISK ASSESSMENT IN HUMAN POPULATIONS.

 

16:45

 

Quingzhong Kong Case Western Reserve University

 

***Zoonotic Potential of CWD Prions

 


 

Sunday, April 12, 2015

 

*** Research Project: Transmission, Differentiation, and Pathobiology of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies 2014 Annual Report ***

 


 

Wednesday, April 15, 2015

 

KURU Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopthy TSE Prion Disease

 


 

for anyone interested, see more here ;

 

Sunday, May 3, 2015

 

PRION2015 FORT COLLINS

 


 

Tuesday, April 21, 2015

 

*** Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Advisory Committee TSEAC MEETING SCHEDULED FOR June 1, 2015 ***

 


 

Comment from Terry Singeltary This is a Comment on the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Notice: Draft Guidance for Industry on Ensuring Safety of Animal Feed Maintained and Fed On-Farm; Availability

 

For related information, Open Docket Folder Docket folder icon

 

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 

Show agency attachment(s) Attachments View All (0)

 

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Comment View document:

 


 


 

Guidance for Industry Ensuring Safety of Animal Feed Maintained and Fed On-Farm Draft Guidance FDA-2014-D-1180 Singeltary Comment

 

Greetings FDA et al,

 

I wish to comment on Guidance for Industry Ensuring Safety of Animal Feed Maintained and Fed On-Farm Draft Guidance FDA-2014-D-1180.

 

Once again, I wish to kindly bring up the failed attempt of the FDA and the ruminant to ruminant mad cow feed ban of August 4, 1997. This feed ban is still failing today, as we speak. Even more worrisome, is the fact it is still legal to feed cervids to cervids in the USA, in fact, the FDA only _recommends_ that deer and elk considered to be of _high_ risk for CWD do not enter the animal food chain, but there is NO law, its only voluntary, a recipe for a TSE prion disaster, as we have seen with the ruminant to ruminant feed ban for cattle, where in 2007, one decade post August 1997 mad cow feed ban, where in 2007 10,000,000 POUNDS OF BANNED BLOOD LACED MEAT AND BONE MEAL WHEN OUT INTO COMMERCE, TO BE FED OUT. Since 2007, these BSE feed ban rules have been breached time and time again. tons and tons of mad cow feed went out in Alabama as well, where one of the mad cows were documented, just the year before in 2006, and in 2013 and 2014, breaches so bad (OAI) Official Action Indicated were issued. those are like the one issued where 10 million pounds of banned blood laced meat and bone meal were fed out.

 

What is the use of having a Guidance for Industry Ensuring Safety of Animal Feed Maintained and Fed On-Farm Draft Guidance FDA-2014-D-1180, if it cannot be enforced, as we have seen with a mandatory ruminant to ruminant feed ban?

 

I strenuously once again urge the FDA and its industry constituents, to make it MANDATORY that all ruminant feed be banned to all ruminants, and this should include all cervids as soon as possible for the following reasons...

 

======

 

In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administrations BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin) from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system.

 

***However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law.

 

======

 

31 Jan 2015 at 20:14 GMT

 

*** Ruminant feed ban for cervids in the United States? ***

 

31 Jan 2015 at 20:14 GMT

 


 


 

DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012

 

snip...

 

In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration’s BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin) from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law.

 

Animals considered at high risk for CWD include:

 

1) animals from areas declared to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones and

 

2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period prior to slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal.

 

Therefore, in the USA, materials from cervids other than CWD positive animals may be used in animal feed and feed ingredients for non-ruminants.

 

The amount of animal PAP that is of deer and/or elk origin imported from the USA to GB can not be determined, however, as it is not specified in TRACES. It may constitute a small percentage of the 8412 kilos of non-fish origin processed animal proteins that were imported from US into GB in 2011.

 

Overall, therefore, it is considered there is a __greater than negligible risk___ that (nonruminant) animal feed and pet food containing deer and/or elk protein is imported into GB.

 

There is uncertainty associated with this estimate given the lack of data on the amount of deer and/or elk protein possibly being imported in these products.

 

snip...

 

36% in 2007 (Almberg et al., 2011). In such areas, population declines of deer of up to 30 to 50% have been observed (Almberg et al., 2011). In areas of Colorado, the prevalence can be as high as 30% (EFSA, 2011).

 

The clinical signs of CWD in affected adults are weight loss and behavioural changes that can span weeks or months (Williams, 2005). In addition, signs might include excessive salivation, behavioural alterations including a fixed stare and changes in interaction with other animals in the herd, and an altered stance (Williams, 2005). These signs are indistinguishable from cervids experimentally infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE).

 

Given this, if CWD was to be introduced into countries with BSE such as GB, for example, infected deer populations would need to be tested to differentiate if they were infected with CWD or BSE to minimise the risk of BSE entering the human food-chain via affected venison.

 

snip...

 

The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008).

 

snip...

 

In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with CWD prion.

 

snip...

 

In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing, footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible. For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant uncertainty associated with these estimates.

 

snip...

 

Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists and returning GB residents.

 

snip...

 


 

NEW URL LINK ;

 


 

Friday, December 14, 2012

 

DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012

 


 

31 Jan 2015 at 20:14 GMT

 

*** Ruminant feed ban for cervids in the United States? ***

 

31 Jan 2015 at 20:14 GMT

 


 


 

Tuesday, December 23, 2014

 

*** FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OAI UPDATE DECEMBER 2014 BSE TSE PRION ***

 


 

Sunday, December 15, 2013

 

*** FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OIA UPDATE DECEMBER 2013 UPDATE

 


 

Tuesday, May 19, 2015

 

COUNTRY OF ORIGIN LABELING COOL H.R. 2393 Agriculture Chairman K. Michael Conaway (R-TX) Fears of US imports infected with mad cow disease is emerging as an issue in trans-Pacific trade talks

 


 

Saturday, May 09, 2015

 

Expression of genes involved in the T cell signalling pathway in circulating immune cells of cattle 24 months following oral challenge with Bovine Amyloidotic Spongiform Encephalopathy (BASE)

 


 

Saturday, May 09, 2015

 

Psychiatric Symptoms in Patients With Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

 


 

Sunday, May 3, 2015

 

PRION2015 FORT COLLINS

 


 

 

 

TSS

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