CWD Herd Certification Program and Interstate Movement of Farmed or Captive Deer, Elk, and Moose FR Doc No: 2014-09714 April 29, 2014 UPDATE
Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification Program and Interstate Movement
of Farmed or Captive Deer, Elk, and Moose FR Doc No: 2014-09714 April 29,
2014
snip...
7. Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification Program and Interstate
Movement of Farmed or Captive Deer, Elk, and Moose Federal Register Volume 79,
Number 82 (Tuesday, April 29, 2014) Rules and Regulations Pages 23887-23892 From
the Federal Register Online via the Government Printing Office [www.gpo.gov] [FR
Doc No: 2014-09714]
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
9 CFR Parts 55 and 81 Docket No. 00-108-11 RIN 0579-AB35
Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification Program and Interstate Movement
of Farmed or Captive Deer, Elk, and Moose
AGENCY: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA.
ACTION: Final rule.
SUMMARY: We are adopting as a final rule, with two miscellaneous changes,
an interim final rule that established a herd certification program to control
chronic wasting disease (CWD) in farmed or captive cervids in the United States.
The interim final rule specifically requested comment on our policy that our CWD
regulations set minimum requirements for the interstate movement of farmed or
captive deer, elk, and moose but will not preempt State or local laws or
regulations that are more restrictive than our regulations. This document
responds to comments we received on that policy. The interim final rule was
necessary to help to control the incidence of CWD in farmed or captive cervid
herds and prevent its spread.
DATES: Effective on April 29, 2014, we are adopting as a final rule the
interim final rule published at 77 FR 35542-35571 on June 13, 2012. The
amendments in this final rule are also effective April 29, 2014.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Dr. Patrice Klein, Senior Staff
Veterinarian, Sheep, Goat, Cervid & Equine Health Center, Surveillance,
Preparedness, and Response Services, Veterinary Services, APHIS, 4700 River Road
Unit 43, Riverdale, MD 20737-1231; (301) 851-3435.
Full text:
greetings, if I understand this correctly, in my opinion, having individual
states and the cwd rules there from each state, if said cwd rules are stronger
in any individual state, then the voluntarily and pro industry FR Doc No:
2014-09714 will NOT preempt these individual states cwd rules. if the FR Doc No:
2014-09714 would have been mandatory in every state, and not so pro-industry, I
might have thought different. so, we will see which states really want to help
end cwd, or the ones that want to continue to help spead it. until a live cwd
test is validated and in full use, and or a vaccine is validated and in use, all
we can do is stop the movement of cervids between states. it is the only logical
solution in my opinion. ...TSS
Singeltary submission ;
Program Standards: Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification Program and
Interstate Movement of Farmed or Captive Deer, Elk, and Moose
*** DOCUMENT ID: APHIS-2006-0118-0411
AD.12: Characterization of the first case of naturally occurring chronic
wasting disease in a captive red deer (Cervus elaphus) in North America
Aaron D.Lehmkuhl.1 Bruce V. Thomsen,1 Katherine I. O'Rourke.3 Aru
Balachandran,4 Justin J. Greenlee2 and Mark Hall1
'National Veterinary Services Laboratories; Ames,IA USA; 2National Animal
Disease Center; Ames, IA USA; 3Animal Disease Research Unit; Pullman, WA USA;
4National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Scrapie and CWD; Ottawa, ON Canada
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy
(TSE) affecting cervids that is caused by the accumulation of an abnormal prion
protein. CWD has been diagnosed in captive and free-ranging elk (Cervus
canadensis), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus
virginianus) and moose (Alces aIces) in North America. This report describes the
identification and characterization of the first case of CWD in a naturally
infected, captive red deer in North America.
end...Prion2013...TSS
Thursday, August 08, 2013
*** Characterization of the first case of naturally occurring chronic
wasting disease in a captive red deer (Cervus elaphus) in North America
Friday, May 25, 2012
Chronic Wasting Disease CWD found in a farmed red deer from Ramsey County
Minnesota News Release
For immediate release: Friday, May 25, 2012
natural cases of CWD in eight Sika deer (Cervus nippon) and five Sika/red
deer crossbreeds Korea and Experimental oral transmission to red deer (Cervus
elaphus elaphus)
SCWDS BRIEFS
A Quarterly Newsletter from the Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease
Study College of Veterinary Medicine The University of Georgia Athens, Georgia
30602
Volume 27 January 2012 Number 4
Red deer susceptibility to CWD via oral inoculation was demonstrated in a
study conducted by collaborators from the U.S. and Canada. Red deer developed
clinical signs and had spongiform changes in the brain when euthanatized at 20
MPI. The CWD prion was detectable in neural and lymphoid tissues, endocrine
organs, cardiac muscle, nasal mucosa, and other tissues. Although field cases of
CWD in red deer have not been reported, results of this study indicate that it
could occur, which is not surprising given that elk and red deer are subspecies
of Cervus elaphus. The results of this study can be found in the Canadian
Veterinary Journal 51: 169-178.
In addition, it was reported in May 2011 that natural cases of CWD were
found in eight Sika deer (Cervus nippon) and five Sika/red deer crossbreeds
during epidemiological investigations of CWD cases in captive elk in Korea.
May 2011
natural cases of CWD were found in eight Sika deer (Cervus nippon) and five
Sika/red deer crossbreeds during epidemiological investigations of CWD cases in
captive elk in Korea
Friday, May 13, 2011
Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) outbreaks and surveillance program in the
Republic of Korea Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) outbreaks and surveillance
program in the Republic of Korea
Hyun-Joo Sohn, Yoon-Hee Lee, Min-jeong Kim, Eun-Im Yun, Hyo-Jin Kim,
Won-Yong Lee, Dong-Seob Tark, In- Soo Cho, Foreign Animal Disease Research
Division, National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Republic of Korea
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) has been recognized as an important prion
disease in native North America deer and Rocky mountain elks. The disease is a
unique member of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), which
naturally affects only a few species. CWD had been limited to USA and Canada
until 2000.
On 28 December 2000, information from the Canadian government showed that a
total of 95 elk had been exported from farms with CWD to Korea.
These consisted of 23 elk in 1994 originating from the so-called “source
farm” in Canada, and 72 elk in 1997, which had been held in pre export
quarantine at the “source farm”.Based on export information of CWD suspected elk
from Canada to Korea, CWD surveillance program was initiated by the Ministry of
Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) in 2001. All elks imported in 1997 were traced
back, however elks imported in 1994 were impossible to identify. CWD control
measures included stamping out of all animals in the affected farm, and thorough
cleaning and disinfection of the premises. In addition, nationwide clinical
surveillance of Korean native cervids, and improved measures to ensure reporting
of CWD suspect cases were implemented.
Total of 9 elks were found to be affected. CWD was designated as a
notifiable disease under the Act for Prevention of Livestock Epidemics in 2002.
Additional CWD cases - 12 elks and 2 elks - were diagnosed in 2004 and 2005.
Since February of 2005, when slaughtered elks were found to be positive, all
slaughtered cervid for human consumption at abattoirs were designated as target
of the CWD surveillance program. Currently, CWD laboratory testing is only
conducted by National Reference Laboratory on CWD, which is the Foreign Animal
Disease Division (FADD) of National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service
(NVRQS).
In July 2010, one out of 3 elks from Farm 1 which were slaughtered for the
human consumption was confirmed as positive. Consequently, all cervid – 54 elks,
41 Sika deer and 5 Albino deer – were culled and one elk was found to be
positive.
Epidemiological investigations were conducted by Veterinary Epidemiology
Division (VED) of NVRQS in collaboration with provincial veterinary services.
Epidemiologically related farms were found as 3 farms and all cervid at these
farms were culled and subjected to CWD diagnosis.
*** Three elks and 5 crossbreeds (Red deer and Sika deer) were confirmed as
positive at farm 2.
All cervids at Farm 3 and Farm 4 – 15 elks and 47 elks – were culled and
confirmed as negative.
*** Further epidemiological investigations showed that these CWD outbreaks
were linked to the importation of elks from Canada in 1994 based on
circumstantial evidences.
*** In December 2010, one elk was confirmed as positive at Farm 5.
Consequently, all cervid – 3 elks, 11 Manchurian Sika deer and 20 Sika deer –
were culled and one Manchurian Sika deer and seven Sika deer were found to be
positive.
This is the first report of CWD in these sub-species of deer.
Epidemiological investigations found that the owner of the Farm 2 in CWD
outbreaks in July 2010 had co-owned the Farm 5.
In addition, it was newly revealed that one positive elk was introduced
from Farm 6 of Jinju-si Gyeongsang Namdo.
All cervid – 19 elks, 15 crossbreed (species unknown) and 64 Sika deer – of
Farm 6 were culled, but all confirmed as negative. : Corresponding author: Dr.
Hyun-Joo Sohn (+82-31-467-1867, E-mail: shonhj@korea.kr)
2011 Pre-congress Workshop: TSEs in animals and their environment 5
Friday, May 13, 2011
Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) outbreaks and surveillance program in the
Republic of Korea
Research Project: TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES: THE ROLE OF
GENETICS, STRAIN VARIATION, AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION IN DISEASE CONTROL
Location: Animal Diseases Research
Title: Experimental oral transmission of chronic wasting disease to red
deer (Cervus elaphus elaphus): Early detection and late stage distribution of
protease-resistant prion protein
Authors
Balachandran, A - CANADIAN FOOD INSPCTN AG Harrington, Noel - CANADIAN FOOD
INSPCTN AG Algire, James - CANADIAN FOOD INSPCTN AG Souyrine, Andre - CANADIAN
FOOD INSPCTN AG Spraker, Terry - COLORADO ST UNIV Jeffrey, Martin - Gonzalez,
Lorenzo - Orourke, Katherine
Submitted to: Canadian Veterinary Journal Publication Type: Peer Reviewed
Journal Publication Acceptance Date: December 1, 2008 Publication Date: March
11, 2010 Repository URL: http://ddr.nal.usda.gov/dspace/bitstream/10113/40677/1/IND44334511.pdf
Citation: Balachandran, A., Harrington, N., Algire, J., Souyrine, A., Spraker,
T., Jeffrey, M., Gonzalez, L., Orourke, K.I. 2010. Experimental oral
transmission of chronic wasting disease to red deer (Cervus elaphus elaphus):
Early detection and late stage distribution of protease-resistant prion protein.
Canadian Veterinary Journal. Canadian Veterinary Journal. 51:169-178.
Interpretive Summary: Farmed cervids may be exposed to the prion disorder
chronic wasting disease through contact with free ranging or farmed infected
Rocky Mountain elk, white tailed deer, mule deer, or moose. This is the first
report of experimental transmission of chronic wasting disease to red deer, an
economically important agricultural commodity in parts of North America. Brain
tissue from infected Rocky Mountain elk was administered by the oral route of
red deer. Deer were examined at 18 months after infection for evidence of
abnormal prion protein, the marker for the disease. The abnormal protein was
found throughout the brain, spinal cord and lymphoid tissues, with variable
distribution in other organ systems. This finding confirms the potential
susceptibility of this species to disease under natural conditions and the
reliability of the current testing format for identifying the abnormal protein
in the tissues routinely collected in surveillance programs. The widespread
distribution of the abnormal protein in red deer indicates the potential for
shedding of the agent into the environment. Technical Abstract: Chronic wasting
disease CWD is the transmissible spongiform encephalopathy or prion disease of
wild and farmed cervid ruminants, including Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus
nelsoni), white tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), mule deer (Odocoileus
hemionus), or moose (Alces alces). Reliable data on the susceptibility of other
farmed cervid species, the distribution of the abnormal prion protein marker in
brain and lymphoid tissues collected in surveillance programs, and the role of
prion genotype are necessary for design of control programs for CWD in farmed
cervids. In this study, red deer (Cervus elaphus elaphus) were exposed to the
prion agent by oral administration of brain homogenates from infected Rocky
Mountain elk. Antemortem testing was performed at 7 months post infection and
the deer were euthanized when clinical disease was observed at approximately 18
months after infection. The abnormal prion protein was assayed by
immunohistochemistry, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and western blot.
Abnormal prion protein was found in the spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum,
midbrain, thalamus, and cerebrum in all 4 infected red deer. Most of the lymph
nodes throughout the body were positive for abnormal prion proteins. Abnromal
prion protein was observed in some additional peripheral tissues in some but not
all of the deer. In particular, most areas of the gastrointestinal tract were
positive for abnormal prions, although the salivary glands were rarely positive.
This study demonstrates the potential for oral transmission of chronic wasting
disease to red deer and confirms the usefulness of the current testing methods
for post mortem diagnosis of the disease in this species.
Project Team Orourke, Katherine Knowles, Donald - Don White, Stephen
Schneider, David
Publications Publications Related National Programs Animal Health (103)
Last Modified: 06/18/2012
*** please note ;
In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration’s BSE Feed Regulation
(21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin)
from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With
regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may
not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered
at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the
animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a
requirement by law. Animals considered at high risk for CWD include: 1) animals
from areas declared to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones and
2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period prior to slaughter
were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal. Therefore, in the
USA, materials from cervids other than CWD positive animals may be used in
animal feed and feed ingredients for non-ruminants. The amount of animal PAP
that is of deer and/or elk origin imported from the USA to GB can not be
determined, however, as it is not specified in TRACES. It may constitute a small
percentage of the 8412 kilos of non-fish origin processed animal proteins that
were imported from US into GB in 2011. Overall, therefore, it is considered
there is a greater than negligible risk that (nonruminant) animal feed and pet
food containing deer and/or elk protein is imported into GB. There is
uncertainty associated with this estimate given the lack of data on the amount
of deer and/or elk protein possibly being imported in these products.
SNIP...SEE FULL TEXT ;
8420-20.5% Antler Developer For Deer and Game in the wild Guaranteed
Analysis Ingredients / Products Feeding Directions snip...
_animal protein_
Oral transmission and early lymphoid tropism of chronic wasting disease
PrPres in mule deer fawns (Odocoileus hemionus )
Christina J. Sigurdson1, Elizabeth S. Williams2, Michael W. Miller3, Terry
R. Spraker1,4, Katherine I. O'Rourke5 and Edward A. Hoover1
Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical
Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523- 1671, USA1
Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, 1174 Snowy Range Road,
University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82070, USA 2 Colorado Division of Wildlife,
Wildlife Research Center, 317 West Prospect Road, Fort Collins, CO 80526-2097,
USA3 Colorado State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, 300 West Drake
Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1671, USA4 Animal Disease Research Unit,
Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 337 Bustad Hall,
Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7030, USA5
Author for correspondence: Edward Hoover.Fax +1 970 491 0523. e-mail
ehoover@lamar.colostate.edu
Mule deer fawns (Odocoileus hemionus) were inoculated orally with a brain
homogenate prepared from mule deer with naturally occurring chronic wasting
disease (CWD), a prion-induced transmissible spongiform encephalopathy. Fawns
were necropsied and examined for PrP res, the abnormal prion protein isoform, at
10, 42, 53, 77, 78 and 80 days post-inoculation (p.i.) using an
immunohistochemistry assay modified to enhance sensitivity. PrPres was detected
in alimentary-tract-associated lymphoid tissues (one or more of the following:
retropharyngeal lymph node, tonsil, Peyer's patch and ileocaecal lymph node) as
early as 42 days p.i. and in all fawns examined thereafter (53 to 80 days p.i.).
No PrPres staining was detected in lymphoid tissue of three control fawns
receiving a control brain inoculum, nor was PrPres detectable in neural tissue
of any fawn. PrPres-specific staining was markedly enhanced by sequential tissue
treatment with formic acid, proteinase K and hydrated autoclaving prior to
immunohistochemical staining with monoclonal antibody F89/160.1.5. These results
indicate that CWD PrP res can be detected in lymphoid tissues draining the
alimentary tract within a few weeks after oral exposure to infectious prions and
may reflect the initial pathway of CWD infection in deer. The rapid infection of
deer fawns following exposure by the most plausible natural route is consistent
with the efficient horizontal transmission of CWD in nature and enables
accelerated studies of transmission and pathogenesis in the native
species.
snip...
These results indicate that mule deer fawns develop detectable PrP res
after oral exposure to an inoculum containing CWD prions. In the earliest
post-exposure period, CWD PrPres was traced to the lymphoid tissues draining the
oral and intestinal mucosa (i.e. the retropharyngeal lymph nodes, tonsil, ileal
Peyer's patches and ileocaecal lymph nodes), which probably received the highest
initial exposure to the inoculum. Hadlow et al. (1982) demonstrated scrapie
agent in the tonsil, retropharyngeal and mesenteric lymph nodes, ileum and
spleen in a 10-month-old naturally infected lamb by mouse bioassay. Eight of
nine sheep had infectivity in the retropharyngeal lymph node. He concluded that
the tissue distribution suggested primary infection via the gastrointestinal
tract. The tissue distribution of PrPres in the early stages of infection in the
fawns is strikingly similar to that seen in naturally infected sheep with
scrapie. These findings support oral exposure as a natural route of CWD
infection in deer and support oral inoculation as a reasonable exposure route
for experimental studies of CWD.
snip...
DOCKET-- 03D-0186 -- FDA Issues Draft Guidance on Use of Material From Deer
and Elk in Animal Feed; Availability
Date: Fri, 16 May 2003 11:47:37 –0500
EMC 1 Terry S. Singeltary Sr. Vol #: 1
FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED
VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OIA UPDATE DECEMBER 2013 UPDATE
OAI 2012-2013
OAI (Official Action Indicated) when inspectors find significant
objectionable conditions or practices and believe that regulatory sanctions are
warranted to address the establishment’s lack of compliance with the regulation.
An example of an OAI classification would be findings of manufacturing
procedures insufficient to ensure that ruminant feed is not contaminated with
prohibited material. Inspectors will promptly re-inspect facilities classified
OAI after regulatory sanctions have been applied to determine whether the
corrective actions are adequate to address the objectionable conditions.
ATL-DO 1035703 Newberry Feed & Farm Ctr, Inc. 2431 Vincent St. Newberry
SC 29108-0714 OPR DR, FL, FR, TH HP 9/9/2013 OAI Y
DET-DO 1824979 Hubbard Feeds, Inc. 135 Main, P.O. Box 156 Shipshewana IN
46565-0156 OPR DR, FL, OF DP 8/29/2013 OAI Y
ATL-DO 3001460882 Talley Farms Feed Mill Inc 6309 Talley Rd Stanfield NC
28163-7617 OPR FL, TH NP 7/17/2013 OAI N
NYK-DO 3010260624 Sherry Sammons 612 Stoner Trail Rd Fonda NY 12068-5007
OPR FR, OF NP 7/16/2013 OAI Y
DEN-DO 3008575486 Rocky Ford Pet Foods 21693 Highway 50 East Rocky Ford CO
81067 OPR RE, TH HP 2/27/2013 OAI N
CHI-DO 3007091297 Rancho Cantera 2866 N Sunnyside Rd Kent IL 61044-9605 OPR
FR, OF HP 11/26/2012 OAI Y
*** DEN-DO 1713202 Weld County Bi Products, Inc. 1138 N 11th Ave Greeley CO
80631-9501 OPR RE, TH HP 10/12/2012 OAI N
Ruminant Feed Inspections Firms Inventory (excel format)
PLEASE NOTE, the VAI violations were so numerous, and unorganized in dates
posted, as in numerical order, you will have to sift through them for
yourselves. ...tss
snip...see full text ;
Sunday, December 15, 2013
FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED
VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OIA UPDATE DECEMBER 2013 UPDATE
Saturday, December 15, 2012
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: the effect of oral exposure dose on
attack rate and incubation period in cattle -- an update 5 December 2012
Sunday, February 2, 2014
The Presence of Disease-Associated Prion Protein in Skeletal Muscle of
Cattle Infected with Classical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
NOTE Pathology
Saturday, December 21, 2013
**** Complementary studies detecting classical bovine spongiform
encephalopathy infectivity in jejunum, ileum and ileocaecal junction in
incubating cattle ****
SUMMARY REPORT CALIFORNIA BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY CASE
INVESTIGATION JULY 2012 (ATYPICAL L-TYPE BASE)
Summary Report BSE 2012
Executive Summary
Saturday, August 4, 2012
*** Final Feed Investigation Summary - California BSE Case - July 2012
***
Saturday, August 14, 2010
BSE Case Associated with Prion Protein Gene Mutation (g-h-BSEalabama) and
VPSPr PRIONPATHY
(see mad cow feed in COMMERCE IN ALABAMA...TSS)
Research Project: Mitigating the Risk of Transmission and Environmental
Contamination of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Animal
Diseases Research
Title: Diagnostic accuracy of rectal mucosa biopsy testing for chronic
wasting disease within white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) herds in North
America:Effects of age,sex,polymorphism at PRNP codon 96,and disease progression
Authors
item Thomsen, Bruce - item Schneider, David item O'Rourke, Katherine item
Gidlewski, Thomas - item Mclane, James - item Allen, Robert - item Mcisaac, Alex
- item Mitchell, Gordon - item Keane, Delwyn - item Spraker, Terry - item
Balachandran, Aru -
Submitted to: J Vet Diagn Invest Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: May 26, 2012 Publication Date: September 1, 2012
Citation: Thomsen, B.V., Schneider, D.A., O'Rourke, K., Gidlewski, T., Mclane,
J., Allen, R.W., Mcisaac, A.A., Mitchell, G.B., Keane, D.P., Spraker, T.,
Balachandran, A. 2012. Diagnostic accuracy of rectal mucosa biopsy testing for
chronic wasting disease within white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) herds
in North America:Effects of age,sex,polymorphism at PRNP codon 96,and disease
progression. J Vet Diagn Invest. 24(5):878-87.
Interpretive Summary: Control of prion diseases such as scrapie disease and
chronic wasting disease (CWD) relies upon the use of accurate diagnostic testing
methods. Biopsy of the rectal mucosa has proven to be an acceptable method of
obtaining samples from live animals for the accurate diagnosis of scrapie in
sheep and CWD in elk, and has shown promise for similar use in deer. The present
study was a multi-national inter-agency effort to determine the diagnostic
accuracy of testing based on samples obtained through biopsy of the rectal
mucosa of deer and includes evaluation of over 600 white-tailed deer from 4
North American herds that were experiencing natural, subclinical CWD infection.
Despite some limitation on sensitivity associated with early stage infection and
with certain prion protein genotypes, it is concluded that selective use will
provide regulatory veterinarians a useful live-animal method for investigating
herds suspected of having subclinical CWD and with the potential of reducing the
investigative costs based on current protocols. Technical Abstract: An effective
live animal diagnostic test is needed to assist in the control of chronic
wasting disease (CWD), which has spread through captive and wild herds of
white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Canada and the United States. In
the present study, the diagnostic accuracy of rectal mucosa biopsy sample
testing was determined in white-tailed deer from 4 CWD-infected captive herds.
Specifically, the current study compared the immunohistochemical detection of
disease-associated prion protein in postmortem rectal mucosa biopsy samples to
the CWD status of each deer as determined by immunodiagnostic evaluations of the
brainstem at the obex, the medial retropharyngeal lymph node, and the palatine
tonsil. The effects of age, sex, genotype, and disease progression were also
evaluated. Diagnostic sensitivity on rectal biopsy samples for CWD in
white-tailed deer ranged from 63% to 100%; the pooled estimate of sensitivity
was 68% with 95% confidence limits (95% CLs) of 49% and 82%. However, diagnostic
sensitivity was dependent on genotype at prion protein gene (PRNP) codon 96 and
on disease progression as assessed by obex grade. Diagnostic sensitivity was 76%
(95% CLs: 49%, 91%) for 96GG deer but only 42% (95% CLs: 13%, 79%) for 96GS
deer. Furthermore, diagnostic sensitivity was only 36% for deer in the earliest
stage of disease (obex grade 0) but was 100% for deer in the last 2 stages of
preclinical disease (obex grades 3 and 4). The overall diagnostic specificity
was 99.8%. Selective use of antemortem rectal biopsy sample testing would
provide valuable information during disease investigations of CWD-suspect deer
herds.
Sunday, August 11, 2013
Development of an oral vaccine for chronic wasting disease
AD.24: Development of an oral vaccine for chronic wasting disease
Ryan Taschuk1,3 Kristen Marciniuk,1,2 Suresh Tikoo,1,3 Philip Griebel,1
Andrew Potter,1 Neil Cashman5 and Scott Napper1,2
1University of Saskatchewan; VIDO-lnterVac; Saskatoon, SK Canada;
2Department of Biochemistry; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon, SK Canada;
3School of Public Health; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon, SK Canada;
4Brain Research Centre; University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC Canada;
5Brain Research Center; University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC Canada
The prion protein is well conserved across mammals, and the misfolded
protein is the causative agent in many animal-specific prion diseases, including
chronic wasting disease (CWD) in deer and elk. Prion diseases are caused by
misfolding of endogenously expressed prion protein from the native and
homeostatic Prpc conformation to the infectious and pathogenic PrPsc
conformation. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are of great interest
for many reasons: the onset of disease inevitably leads to neurodegeneration and
death, the potential of interference with food production through transmission
both within and between agricultural species can have severe economic impacts,
and the potential exists for zoonotic transmission. Our group has hypothesized
that immunotherapeutic targeting of the PrPSc conformation would clear the
infectious agent / infected cell while sparing native PrP, and vaccines may have
potential application in prevention of CWD transmission or therapeutic treatment
of disease.
Our research has focused upon identifying and optimizing three components
of a potential CWD vaccine: a CWD-disease specific epitope (DSE) that induces
antibody responses, a carrier protein to increase the magnitude and duration of
antibody responses toward DSEs, and identification of delivery systems for oral
delivery of the above DSE-carrier protein ro cervids. We have developed and
optimized DSEs from three distinct regions of PrPc. Vaccination trials using
iterations of these DSEs elicit high titers of epitope-specific serum antibody.
A second generation carrier protein has increased both the duration and
magnitude of antibody responses when compared with our previous carrier protein.
Lastly, two delivery systems were effective in inducing antibody responses when
administered orally to white-tailed deer. We have identified the vaccine
components necessary for delivering a CWD vaccine to wild cervids. These
findings will direct our final CWD vaccine formulation and delivery system.
Wednesday, September 04, 2013
*** cwd - cervid captive livestock escapes, loose and on the run in the
wild ***
15. On April 26, 2013, the Brakkes hand-delivered a notice to the DNR’s
Chief of Law Enforcement Bureau, notifying the DNR that they would no longer
operate a hunting preserve on the Quarantined Premises. The Brakkes did not
reveal any plans to remove the fence around the Quarantined Premises or to
remove the gates to and from the Quarantined Premises in this April 26, 2013
letter.
16. On June 3, 2013, DNR became aware that sections of the exterior fence
surrounding the Quarantined Premises had been removed and that some, if not all,
of the exterior gates to and from the Quarantined Premises were open.
17. On June 4, 2013, DNR received reports from the public in the area that
four wild deer were observed inside the Quarantined Premises.
18. On June 5, 2013, DNR conducted a fence inspection, after gaining
approval from surrounding landowners, and confirmed that the fenced had been cut
or removed in at least four separate locations; that the fence had degraded and
was failing to maintain the enclosure around the Quarantined Premises in at
least one area; that at least three gates had been opened; and that deer tracks
were visible in and around one of the open areas in the sand on both sides of
the fence, evidencing movement of deer into the Quarantined Premises.
IV. CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
snip...
Wednesday, August 21, 2013
IOWA DNR EMERGENCY CONSENT ORDER IN THE MATTER OF TOM & LINDA BRAKKE
D/B/A PINE RIDGE HUNTING LODGE UPDATE AUGUST 21, 2013
Sunday, March 02, 2014
BIG WIN FOR SHOOTING PENS FROM BRAKKE BLUNDER THANKS TO JUDGE, BIG LOSS FOR
WILD CERVIDS AND POSSIBLE HUMANS FROM CWD
Game Farm, CWD Concerns Rise at Boone and Crockett Club
Friday, March 28, 2014 Concerned about captive deer operations transmitting
diseases to wild herds, the Boone and Crockett Club now officially supports
state bans on commercial import and export of deer or elk.
The Club also opposes efforts to relax regulation of captive cervid
breeding operations or to remove management authority over such operations from
state wildlife agencies.
A full position statement, posted here, was passed at the Club’s December
meeting.
The Club’s concerns were reinforced at the recent Whitetail Summit hosted
by the Quality Deer Management Association (QDMA), the first summit to focus on
key issues and challenges facing free-ranging white-tailed deer.
“Of all the presentations, seminars and findings, I was most pleased to see
the attention given to the connections between chronic wasting disease (CWD) and
the game farming industry. This has been on our radar, and on the radar of QDMA,
other conservation groups, state agencies and sportsmen for quite some time,”
said Richard Hale, chairman of the Club’s Records Committee.
Hale added, “Congratulations to QDMA on one of the most impressive and
well-run summits I’ve had the pleasure of attending and for keeping this issue
front and center.”
CWD is a degenerative brain disease that affects elk, mule deer,
white-tailed deer, and moose. The disease can be transmitted by direct
animal-to-animal contact through saliva, feces and urine, and indirectly through
environmental contamination. CWD is fatal in deer, elk and moose, but there is
no evidence that CWD can be transmitted to humans, according to the CDC and The
World Health Organization.
Documented cases of CWD have been found in captive and/or wild deer and elk
in 22 states and two Canadian provinces. In some, but not all, cases where the
disease has been found in wild populations, the disease is present in captive
populations within these regions.
In 2002, the Boone and Crockett Club, Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation and the
Mule Deer Foundation formed the CWD Alliance. Its purpose was to pool resources,
share information and collaborate on ways to positively address the CWD issue.
Other organizations have since joined the Alliance, including QDMA and the
Wildlife Management Institute, which now administers the Alliance website
www.cwd-info.org.
“Evidence strongly suggests that captive animals infected with CWD can
serve as the source for the spread of the disease to other captive animals, and
between captive animals and wild populations,” said Hale. “To reduce the risk to
wild deer populations, several states passed laws prohibiting game farming or
live captive deer and elk importation, but now they are fighting efforts to
expand captive deer and elk breeding and shooting operations within their
jurisdictions. The captive cervid industry is persistent in proposing new
legislations to overturn these laws, or transfer the authority of captive deer
and elk from state fish and game agencies to their respective departments of
agriculture.”
No vaccine or treatment is available for animals infected with CWD and once
established in a population, culling or complete depopulation to eradicate CWD
has provided only marginal results. In fact, the prevalence of CWD is rising at
an alarming rate in some infected wild deer populations. Prevention is the only
truly effective technique for managing diseases in free-ranging wildlife
populations. Consequently, what can be done is minimizing the spread of CWD by
restricting intra- and interstate transportation captive, privately owned
wildlife, which frequently occurs in game farming.
boone and crockett club position statement
REGULATION OF GAME FARMS First Adopted December 7, 2013 - Updated December
7, 2013
Situational Overview
The captive cervid industry, also referred to as game farming, uses
artificial means to breed captive deer, elk, and other cervids for sale in
shooting preserve operations. These game farms commonly transport captive deer
and elk to other shooting preserves in a state or in other states.
Transportation of captive, game farm animals has been shown to increase the
risk of spreading parasites and infectious, diseases, such as chronic wasting
disease (CWD) and bovine tuberculosis, to other captive and wild cervids in new
locations. There is currently no way of testing live animals for CWD, and
infected animals show no signs for at least 16-18 months post-infection. There
is no vaccine, and despite fenced enclosures, captive animals often come in
contact with wild populations thereby spreading diseases. Once CWD is present,
the area cannot be decontaminated even if infected animals are removed. As a
result, many states have banned or are attempting to ban the importation of
captive cervids (as well as intact carcasses of hunter-killed, wild cervids) to
lower the risk of spreading CWD and other infectious diseases.
Position
The Boone and Crockett Club supports state bans on importing or exporting
captive deer and elk by game farming operations in order to protect the health
of native populations. The Club opposes any legislation aimed at relaxing
regulations governing captive cervid breeding operations or removing management
authority over such operations from state wildlife agencies. The Club does not
oppose the transportation of wild cervids by state agencies and non-governmental
organizations for the purpose of re-establishing wild game animals to their
historic, open ranges.
The breeding of captive deer, elk, and other cervids for profit to create
abnormally large “trophy” animals for fenced shoots under non-fair chase
conditions are addressed in the Boone and Crockett Club’s positions on “Genetic
Manipulation of Game” and “Canned Shoots.”
Saturday, March 29, 2014
Game Farm, CWD Concerns Rise at Boone and Crockett Club
Sunday, April 06, 2014
The Conservation Federation of Missouri is Opposed to the Transfer of
Captive White-tailed Deer Management
Sunday, April 27, 2014
Indiana State Senate chief David Long calls for study of trophy deer
industry's disease risks
The New Hornographers: The Fight Over the Future of Texas Deer, Captive
shooting pens, and the CWD TSE prion disease
Tuesday, July 02, 2013
National Rifle Association and the Unified Sportsman of Florida support a
Florida ban on the importation of captive deer and cervids into Florida
Friday, March 07, 2014
37th Annual Southeast Deer Study Group Meeting in Athens, Georgia (CWD TSE
Prion abstracts)
Monday, March 03, 2014
*** APHIS to Offer Indemnity for CWD Positive Herds as Part of Its Cervid
Health Activities ???
Singeltary submission ;
Saturday, February 04, 2012
*** Wisconsin 16 age limit on testing dead deer Game Farm CWD Testing
Protocol Needs To Be Revised
Approximately 4,200 fawns, defined as deer under 1 year of age, were
sampled from the eradication zone over the last year. The majority of fawns
sampled were between the ages of 5 to 9 months, though some were as young as 1
month.
*** Two of the six fawns with CWD detected were 5 to 6 months old.
All six of the positive fawns were taken from the core area of the CWD
eradication zone where the highest numbers of positive deer have been
identified.
Sunday, September 01, 2013
*** hunting over gut piles and CWD TSE prion disease
Sunday, April 13, 2014
Mineral licks: motivational factors for visitation and accompanying disease
risk at communal use sites of elk and deer
Environmental Geochemistry and Health
Saturday, March 15, 2014
Potential role of soil properties in the spread of CWD in western Canada
New studies on the heat resistance of hamster-adapted scrapie agent:
Threshold survival after ashing at 600°C suggests an inorganic template of
replication
Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel
Production
Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a
CWD-endemic area
A Quantitative Assessment of the Amount of Prion Diverted to Category 1
Materials and Wastewater During Processing
Rapid assessment of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion inactivation by
heat treatment in yellow grease produced in the industrial manufacturing process
of meat and bone meals
PPo4-4:
Survival and Limited Spread of TSE Infectivity after Burial
OLD HISTORY ON CWD AND GAME FARMS IN USA
Saturday, April 19, 2014
*** Exploring the zoonotic potential of animal prion diseases: In vivo and
in vitro approaches ***
*** These results would seem to suggest that CWD does indeed have zoonotic
potential, at least as judged by the compatibility of CWD prions and their human
PrPC target. Furthermore, extrapolation from this simple in vitro assay suggests
that if zoonotic CWD occurred, it would most likely effect those of the PRNP
codon 129-MM genotype and that the PrPres type would be similar to that found in
the most common subtype of sCJD (MM1).
OLD HISTORY ON CWD AND GAME FARMS IN USA 1998 - 2000
Elk CWD spreading on game farms
http://www.mad-cow.org/june_98_end.html
Elk & game farming in other states
Utah Fish and Game Dept
The state of Utah has little experience with big game farming. In an effort to understand elk and game farming, the Division has contacted other states that allow elk farming. The following are some of the problems other states associate with elk farming reported to the Division:
MONTANA
Karen Zachiem with Montana Parks and Wildlife reported that Montana allows game farming. Initial regulations were inadequate to protect the state's wildlife resources. The state has tried to tighten up regulations related to game farming, resulting in a series of lawsuits against the state from elk ranchers. Zachiem reported that the tightening of regulations was in response to the discovery of TB in wildlife (elk, deer, and coyotes) surrounding a TB infected game farm. TB has been found on several game farms in Montana. Also, they have had problems with wildlife entering game farms as well as game farm animals escaping the farms. Finally, there has been a growth in shooting ranches in Montana. Game farmers allow hunters to come into enclosures to kill trophy game farm animals, raising the issues of fair chase and hunting ethics.
WASHINGTON
Rolph Johnson with the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, reported that Washington allows game farming, but it is strictly regulated to safeguard wildlife. Washington opposed the law when first proposed for the following reasons: introduction of disease and parasites; hybridization of wildlife species; habitat loss; health risks to humans, wildlife, and livestock; and state responsibility to recover or destroy escaped elk. Game farming is not cost effective due to the restrictions needed to prevent these problems.
NEW MEXICO
Jerry Macacchini, with New Mexico Game and Fish, reported that New Mexico has problems with game farming and a moratorium on elk and game farming has been imposed by the state at the request of its citizens. Problems identified in the moratorium were: escaped game farm animals; theft of native elk herds; and disease.
OREGON
Dan Edwards, with Oregon Fish and Wildlife, reported that Oregon has very little elk farming and is now prohibited by regulation. The elk farms that are in operation existed prior to the adoption of game farm regulations. Individuals who want to elk farm, must buy out an existing elk farm owner. Elk farms are no longer permitted due to, "...current and imminent threats to Oregon's native deer and elk herds and social and economic values.'' Oregon has documented numerous game farm animals that have escapeed from private game farms. Concerns about elk farming arose during public elk management meetings. The impacts of privately held cervids on publicly owned wildlife were a recurring issue throughout the elk management process. Key issues included: disease and parasites; escape and interbreeding of domestic animals with native wildlife; illegal kills for meat; and theft of public wildlife.
WYOMING
Harry Harju, assistant wildlife chief with Wyoming Fish and Game, reported that elk or game farming is now prohibited in Wyoming. Only one game ranch exists in Wyoming, which was operating before the passage of the law. The state of Wyoming was sued by several game breeders associations for not allowing elk farming. The game breeders lost their suit in the United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit. The court maintained that the state had authority to regulate commerce and protect wildlife. Wyoming has had problems with big game farming originating in surrounding states. Wyoming has documented the harvest of red deer and their hybrids during elk hunts on the Snowy Mountain range that borders Colorado. Wyoming speculates that the red deer were escapees from Colorado game farms. Hybridization is viewed as threat to the genetic integrity of Wyoming's wild elk population.
In a public hearing, the public voted against game farms in the state of Wyoming. Wyoming's Cattlemen's Association and Department of Agriculture opposed elk and big game farms, as well, particularly due to disease risks. Brucellosis is a major problem for wildlife and livestock in the Yellowstone Basin.
NEVADA
Nevada reports that big game farms are allowed in Nevada. Nevada has not had any problems as a result of big game farms. However, Nevada has only one big game farm in the entire state and it is a reindeer farm.
IDAHO
Wildlife Chief Tom Rienecker reported that Idaho Fish and Game once regulated elk farming in their state, but lost jurisdiction of elk farming to the Department of Agriculture as a result of pressure from elk farmers. Idaho has 20-30 big game ranches. Idaho has had problems with escapes and several law enforcement cases have been filed against suspects who have taken calves out of the wild for elk farming purposes. Disease has not been a problem for Idaho.
COLORADO
John Seidel, with Colorado Division of Wildlife, reported that the Division used to regulate big game farming until the big game breeders association petitioned for the Department of Agriculture to assume authority over big game farming because too many citations were issued to elk farms for violations. Colorado experienced numerous poaching incidents with elk calves from the wild and theft of whole herds of wild elk captured in private farms. Seidel reported that some of the larger "elk shooting ranches" have been investigated and charged with capturing wild herds of elk within the shooting preserve fences. Seidel reported that there have been documented problems with disease (TB); escaped hybrids and exotics; intrusion of rutting wild elk into game farms; massive recapture efforts for escapees and intruders; and loss of huge tracts of land fenced for shooting preserves/ranches. Based on their experiences, the Colorado Division of Wildlife wishes they did not have big game farms in Colorado. Seidel believes that CEBA would fight hard to open Utah to elk farming to provide a market for breeding stock in Utah ($3,000 & up for a bull and $8,000 & up for a breeding cow).
ARIZONA
The Arizona Game and Fish Department reports that elk farming is legal in Arizona but the agency would not allow it if they had to do it all over again. Arizona reported the loss of huge blocks of land to fencing and some disease problems.
ALBERTA, CANADA
Alberta has allowed elk farming for a number of years. To date, Alberta has spent $10,000,000 and destroyed 2,000 elk in an unsuccessful attempt to control the spread of tuberculosis. Based upon the game farming experiences of these states, their recommendation to Utah was not to allow elk farming.
OTHER
The Division has contacted several state and federal veterinarians. The opinions of some agricultural veterinarians differed from wildlife veterinarians. Some veterinarians endorsed elk farming with the right regulatory safeguards. Other veterinarians opposed elk farming due to the risks to wildlife and livestock. This issue needs a more comprehensive review. The Division also contacted a Special Agent with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service who conducted a covert investigation in Colorado to gather intelligence on elk farming and detect poaching activity of wild elk. Although poaching was not detected, the agent described his experience with pyramid schemes in elk sales; lack of a meat market; falsification of veterinarian records for farmed elk; escapes and intrusions between wild and captive elk; inadequate inspections by brand inspectors; transportation of TB infected elk; and the temperament of the elk themselves. The Colorado Elk Breeders Association (CEBA) told the Division that CEBA did not approve of elk poaching and has turned in fellow elk farmers for poaching live elk calves from the wild.
CEBA told Utah legislators that the Colorado Division of Wildlife did not like elk ranching at first, but has come to see that elk farming is not as bad as they originally thought it would be. The Colorado Division of Wildlife disagreed with CEBA's perception of their relationship.
snip...see more ;
http://www.mad-cow.org/99feb_cwd_special.html#ggg
http://www.mad-cow.org/99feb_cwd_special.html
http://www.mad-cow.org/00/dec00_cwd.html
CWD game meat from USA and Canada: lack of import controls
1,500 elk destroyed in hopes of eradicating CWD infection
Hunt farms voted out of Montana
Game farm rules argued pro and con in Montana
Big game, big business
Montana hunters blast game farms
http://www.mad-cow.org/00/dec00_cwd.html#bbb
http://www.mad-cow.org/cwd_cattle.html
http://www.mad-cow.org/00/archive_frame.html
layperson
Terry S. Singeltary Sr.
posted by Terry S. Singeltary Sr. at
10:10 AM
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