Release #031-14
NEW CWD CASES PROMPT RESPONSE
Game Commission expands Disease Management Area 2, considers action in Jefferson County.
Chronic wasting disease was not detected in any of the samples collected from deer harvested by hunters during the 2013-14 Pennsylvania hunting seasons, the Pennsylvania Game Commission announced today.
However, two deer killed on highways in Bedford County late last fall tested positive for the disease.
Additionally, the disease has turned up at another captive deer facility in Pennsylvania, and was detected in a free-ranging deer just south of the Pennsylvania border.
All of these newly confirmed cases mean the Game Commission’s use of Disease Management Areas with special regulations to manage the disease will occur over a larger area in 2014-15.
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is not known to afflict humans, but is always fatal to the deer and elk it infects.
DMA 2
expands
The two
CWD-positive deer from Bedford County were killed within what is known as
Disease Management Area 2 (DMA 2), where special rules already have been
implemented to slow the spread of the disease. The CWD-positive deer from
Maryland died at a site just 6 miles south of the Mason-Dixon Line, and directly
south of DMA 2.
Because of these
new positives, DMA 2 has expanded significantly. The new boundary extends east
to state routes 829 and 915, and Interstate 70.
DMA 2 now extends
south to the Maryland border. South of the Pennsylvania Turnpike, the western
boundary of DMA 2 is state Route 96.
The expansion of
DMA 2 follows procedures set forth in Pennsylvania’s CWD Response
Plan.
A map of the newly
expanded DMA 2 is available on the CWD Information page at the Game Commission’s
website, www.pgc.state.pa.us. A detailed description of the exact boundary, which includes
roads other than those listed, will be provided in the 2014-15 Pennsylvania Hunting & Trapping
Digest issued to hunters at the time they purchase their
licenses.
Hunters harvesting
deer within a DMA are not permitted to remove from the DMA any deer parts with a
high risk of transmitting the disease. There are a few exceptions to this rule,
including taking a deer to an approved deer processor or taxidermist outside the
DMA, or traveling to an approved laboratory for disease
testing.
The use of
urine-based deer attractants also is prohibited within a DMA, as is the direct
or indirect feeding of deer. A complete list of rules applying to DMAs can be
found in an executive order of the Game Commission, which also is available at
the agency’s website.
The head, not
including detached antlers that are absent visible brain matter, is among a list
of high-risk parts, which also is outlined in detail in the executive
order.
DMA 2 was
established in 2013 after three deer harvested by hunters in Blair and Bedford
counties tested positive for CWD. Now that it has been expanded, DMA 2 includes
parts of Bedford, Blair, Huntingdon, Cambria and Fulton counties, and
encompasses more than 1,600 square miles.
The 600-square-mile
DMA 1 was established in 2011 in York and Adams counties after CWD was detected
at a captive deer facility there.
Meanwhile, the Game
Commission continues to develop its response to the CWD-positive deer case in
Jefferson County. The plan figures to include the establishment of
Pennsylvania’s third Disease Management Area.
An announcement
will be made when the response plan is completed.
The Pennsylvania
Department of Agriculture has placed under quarantine the Jefferson County deer
farm where the CWD-positive deer died, and the Northampton County deer farm
where it was born.
The Game Commission
and state Department of Agriculture will continue disease surveillance across
Pennsylvania, following guidelines set forth in the agencies’ cooperative
response plan.
CWD sampling from
2013
All sampling
associated with the 2013-14 deer seasons has been
completed.
During 2013, the
Game Commission collected and tested samples from 5,120 deer statewide. In DMA
1, 738 samples – 271 of them from hunter-harvested deer – were collected and
tested. In DMA 2, 1,060 samples – 618 of them from hunter-harvested deer – were
collected and tested.
Elsewhere in the
state, 3,322 samples – 3,209 from hunter-harvested deer – were collected and
tested.
Of those samples,
only the two Bedford County roadkills tested positive for the disease.
Since 1998, the Game Commission has
gathered and submitted more than 48,000 samples from wild deer and elk for CWD
testing. A total of five free-ranging deer have tested positive.
CWD
Information
While chronic
wasting disease is new to Pennsylvania, it is not a new disease. CWD was
discovered in 1967, and it has been researched in great detail since then.
Scientists
believe CWD is caused by an unknown agent capable of transforming normal brain
proteins into an abnormal form.
CWD affects members of the cervid, or
deer family. It is spread from animal to animal by direct and indirect
contact.
There currently is no practical way to
test live animals for CWD, nor is there a vaccine. Clinical signs include poor
posture, lowered head and ears, uncoordinated movement, rough-hair coat, weight
loss, increased thirst, excessive drooling, and, ultimately death. Any animals
suspected of having CWD should be reported to the Game
Commission.
There currently is no scientific evidence
that CWD has or can spread to humans, either through contact with infected
animals or by eating the meat of infected animals. As a precaution, however,
people are advised not to consume meat from animals infected with
CWD.
Much more information on CWD, as well as
a video instructing hunters on how they can process venison for transport and
consumption, is available at the Game Commission’s
website.
Saturday,
April 19, 2014
*** Exploring the zoonotic potential of animal prion diseases: In vivo and
in vitro approaches ***
snip...
*** These results would seem to suggest that CWD does indeed have zoonotic
potential, at least as judged by the compatibility of CWD prions and their human
PrPC target. Furthermore, extrapolation from this simple in vitro assay suggests
that if zoonotic CWD occurred, it would most likely effect those of the PRNP
codon 129-MM genotype and that the PrPres type would be similar to that found in
the most common subtype of sCJD (MM1).
snip...
Tuesday, April 08, 2014
Pennsylvania Chronic wasting disease found in another deer in state
Thursday, January 02, 2014
Tests Confirm CWD Case in Pennsylvania Release #001-14
PENNSYLVANIA Hunt smart: CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION UPDATE
Hunt smart: CWD confirmed in one region of state
Friday, March 01, 2013
Pennsylvania CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE FOUND IN BLAIR AND BEDFORD COUNTIES
GAME COMMISSION TO HOLD CWD NEWS CONFERENCE MONDAY, MARCH 4
Sunday, January 06, 2013
USDA TO PGC ONCE CAPTIVES ESCAPE
*** "it‘s no longer its business.”
Saturday, June 29, 2013
PENNSYLVANIA CAPTIVE CWD INDEX HERD MATE YELLOW *47 STILL RUNNING LOOSE IN
INDIANA, YELLOW NUMBER 2 STILL MISSING, AND OTHERS ON THE RUN STILL IN LOUISIANA
Monday, June 24, 2013
The Effects of Chronic Wasting Disease on the Pennsylvania Cervid Industry
Following its Discovery
Tuesday, June 11, 2013
CWD GONE WILD, More cervid escapees from more shooting pens on the loose in
Pennsylvania
Tuesday, May 28, 2013
Chronic Wasting Disease CWD quarantine Louisiana via CWD index herd
Pennsylvania Update May 28, 2013
6 doe from Pennsylvania CWD index herd still on the loose in Louisiana,
quarantine began on October 18, 2012, still ongoing, Lake Charles premises.
Thursday, October 11, 2012
Pennsylvania Confirms First Case CWD Adams County Captive Deer Tests
Positive
Wednesday, November 07, 2012
PENNSYLVANIA Second Adams County Deer Tests Positive for Chronic Wasting
Disease
Tuesday, November 06, 2012
PA Department of Agriculture investigating possible 2nd case of chronic
wasting disease
Thursday, November 01, 2012
PA GAME COMMISSION TO HOLD PUBLIC MEETING TO DISCUSS CWD Release #128-12
Tuesday, November 13, 2012
PENNSYLVANIA 2012 THE GREAT ESCAPE OF CWD
Monday, June 24, 2013
The Effects of Chronic Wasting Disease on the Pennsylvania Cervid Industry
Following its Discovery
Wednesday, November 14, 2012
PENNSYLVANIA 2012 THE GREAT ESCAPE OF CWD INVESTIGATION MOVES INTO
LOUISIANA and INDIANA
Pennsylvania CWD number of deer exposed and farms there from much greater
than first thought
Published: Wednesday, October 17, 2012, 10:44 PM Updated: Wednesday,
October 17, 2012, 11:33 PM
Tuesday, October 23, 2012
PA Captive deer from CWD-positive farm roaming free
Wednesday, September 04, 2013
***cwd - cervid captive livestock escapes, loose and on the run in the
wild...
Thursday, August 08, 2013
Characterization of the first case of naturally occurring chronic wasting
disease in a captive red deer (Cervus elaphus) in North America
Game Farm, CWD Concerns Rise at Boone and Crockett Club
Friday, March 28, 2014 Concerned about captive deer operations transmitting
diseases to wild herds, the Boone and Crockett Club now officially supports
state bans on commercial import and export of deer or elk.
The Club also opposes efforts to relax regulation of captive cervid
breeding operations or to remove management authority over such operations from
state wildlife agencies.
A full position statement, posted here, was passed at the Club’s December
meeting.
The Club’s concerns were reinforced at the recent Whitetail Summit hosted
by the Quality Deer Management Association (QDMA), the first summit to focus on
key issues and challenges facing free-ranging white-tailed deer.
“Of all the presentations, seminars and findings, I was most pleased to see
the attention given to the connections between chronic wasting disease (CWD) and
the game farming industry. This has been on our radar, and on the radar of QDMA,
other conservation groups, state agencies and sportsmen for quite some time,”
said Richard Hale, chairman of the Club’s Records Committee.
Hale added, “Congratulations to QDMA on one of the most impressive and
well-run summits I’ve had the pleasure of attending and for keeping this issue
front and center.”
CWD is a degenerative brain disease that affects elk, mule deer,
white-tailed deer, and moose. The disease can be transmitted by direct
animal-to-animal contact through saliva, feces and urine, and indirectly through
environmental contamination. CWD is fatal in deer, elk and moose, but there is
no evidence that CWD can be transmitted to humans, according to the CDC and The
World Health Organization.
Documented cases of CWD have been found in captive and/or wild deer and elk
in 22 states and two Canadian provinces. In some, but not all, cases where the
disease has been found in wild populations, the disease is present in captive
populations within these regions.
In 2002, the Boone and Crockett Club, Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation and the
Mule Deer Foundation formed the CWD Alliance. Its purpose was to pool resources,
share information and collaborate on ways to positively address the CWD issue.
Other organizations have since joined the Alliance, including QDMA and the
Wildlife Management Institute, which now administers the Alliance website
www.cwd-info.org.
“Evidence strongly suggests that captive animals infected with CWD can
serve as the source for the spread of the disease to other captive animals, and
between captive animals and wild populations,” said Hale. “To reduce the risk to
wild deer populations, several states passed laws prohibiting game farming or
live captive deer and elk importation, but now they are fighting efforts to
expand captive deer and elk breeding and shooting operations within their
jurisdictions. The captive cervid industry is persistent in proposing new
legislations to overturn these laws, or transfer the authority of captive deer
and elk from state fish and game agencies to their respective departments of
agriculture.”
No vaccine or treatment is available for animals infected with CWD and once
established in a population, culling or complete depopulation to eradicate CWD
has provided only marginal results. In fact, the prevalence of CWD is rising at
an alarming rate in some infected wild deer populations. Prevention is the only
truly effective technique for managing diseases in free-ranging wildlife
populations. Consequently, what can be done is minimizing the spread of CWD by
restricting intra- and interstate transportation captive, privately owned
wildlife, which frequently occurs in game farming.
boone and crockett club position statement
REGULATION OF GAME FARMS First Adopted December 7, 2013 - Updated December
7, 2013
Situational Overview
The captive cervid industry, also referred to as game farming, uses
artificial means to breed captive deer, elk, and other cervids for sale in
shooting preserve operations. These game farms commonly transport captive deer
and elk to other shooting preserves in a state or in other states.
Transportation of captive, game farm animals has been shown to increase the
risk of spreading parasites and infectious, diseases, such as chronic wasting
disease (CWD) and bovine tuberculosis, to other captive and wild cervids in new
locations. There is currently no way of testing live animals for CWD, and
infected animals show no signs for at least 16-18 months post-infection. There
is no vaccine, and despite fenced enclosures, captive animals often come in
contact with wild populations thereby spreading diseases. Once CWD is present,
the area cannot be decontaminated even if infected animals are removed. As a
result, many states have banned or are attempting to ban the importation of
captive cervids (as well as intact carcasses of hunter-killed, wild cervids) to
lower the risk of spreading CWD and other infectious diseases.
Position
The Boone and Crockett Club supports state bans on importing or exporting
captive deer and elk by game farming operations in order to protect the health
of native populations. The Club opposes any legislation aimed at relaxing
regulations governing captive cervid breeding operations or removing management
authority over such operations from state wildlife agencies. The Club does not
oppose the transportation of wild cervids by state agencies and non-governmental
organizations for the purpose of re-establishing wild game animals to their
historic, open ranges.
The breeding of captive deer, elk, and other cervids for profit to create
abnormally large “trophy” animals for fenced shoots under non-fair chase
conditions are addressed in the Boone and Crockett Club’s positions on “Genetic
Manipulation of Game” and “Canned Shoots.”
Saturday, March 29, 2014
Game Farm, CWD Concerns Rise at Boone and Crockett Club
Sunday, April 06, 2014
The Conservation Federation of Missouri is Opposed to the Transfer of
Captive White-tailed Deer Management
THE LANCET Infectious Diseases Vol 3 August 2003
Tracking spongiform encephalopathies in North America
http://download.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/laninf/PIIS1473309903007151.pdf?id=baa1CkXPkhI3Ih_Vlh6ru
Friday, December 14, 2012
DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced
into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012
snip...
In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration’s BSE Feed Regulation
(21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin)
from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With
regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may
not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered
at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the
animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a
requirement by law.
Animals considered at high risk for CWD include:
1) animals from areas declared to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD
eradication zones and
2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period prior to
slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal.
Therefore, in the USA, materials from cervids other than CWD positive
animals may be used in animal feed and feed ingredients for non-ruminants.
The amount of animal PAP that is of deer and/or elk origin imported from
the USA to GB can not be determined, however, as it is not specified in TRACES.
It may constitute a small percentage of the 8412 kilos of non-fish origin
processed animal proteins that were imported from US into GB in 2011.
Overall, therefore, it is considered there is a __greater than negligible
risk___ that (nonruminant) animal feed and pet food containing deer and/or elk
protein is imported into GB.
There is uncertainty associated with this estimate given the lack of data
on the amount of deer and/or elk protein possibly being imported in these
products.
snip...
36% in 2007 (Almberg et al., 2011). In such areas, population declines of
deer of up to 30 to 50% have been observed (Almberg et al., 2011). In areas of
Colorado, the prevalence can be as high as 30% (EFSA, 2011).
The clinical signs of CWD in affected adults are weight loss and
behavioural changes that can span weeks or months (Williams, 2005). In addition,
signs might include excessive salivation, behavioural alterations including a
fixed stare and changes in interaction with other animals in the herd, and an
altered stance (Williams, 2005). These signs are indistinguishable from cervids
experimentally infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE).
Given this, if CWD was to be introduced into countries with BSE such as GB,
for example, infected deer populations would need to be tested to differentiate
if they were infected with CWD or BSE to minimise the risk of BSE entering the
human food-chain via affected venison.
snip...
The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and
can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008).
snip...
In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil
and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a
bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are
present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with
CWD prion.
snip...
In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving
between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling
to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing,
footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible.
For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the
increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant
uncertainty associated with these estimates.
snip...
Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher
probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer
given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists
and returning GB residents.
snip...
Singeltary submission ;
Program Standards: Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification Program and
Interstate Movement of Farmed or Captive Deer, Elk, and Moose
*** DOCUMENT ID: APHIS-2006-0118-0411
Wednesday, September 04, 2013
*** cwd - cervid captive livestock escapes, loose and on the run in the
wild
*** Spraker suggested an interesting explanation for the occurrence of CWD.
The deer pens at the Foot Hills Campus were built some 30-40 years ago by a Dr.
Bob Davis. At or abut that time, allegedly, some scrapie work was conducted at
this site. When deer were introduced to the pens they occupied ground that had
previously been occupied by sheep. ...
also, see where even decades back, the USDA had the same thought as they do
today with CWD, not their problem...see page 27 below as well, where USDA stated
back then, the same thing they stated in the state of Pennsylvania, not their
damn business, once they escape, and they said the same thing about CWD in
general back then ;
”The occurrence of CWD must be viewed against the contest of the locations
in which it occurred. It was an incidental and unwelcome complication of the
respective wildlife research programmes. Despite it’s subsequent recognition as
a new disease of cervids, therefore justifying direct investigation, no specific
research funding was forthcoming. The USDA veiwed it as a wildlife problem and
consequently not their province!” ...page 26.
OLD HISTORY ON CWD AND GAME FARMS IN USA
Monday, March 03, 2014
*** APHIS to Offer Indemnity for CWD Positive Herds as Part of Its Cervid
Health Activities ???
Saturday, February 04, 2012
*** Wisconsin 16 age limit on testing dead deer Game Farm CWD Testing
Protocol Needs To Be Revised
Sunday, September 01, 2013
*** hunting over gut piles and CWD TSE prion disease
Monday, October 07, 2013
The importance of localized culling in stabilizing chronic wasting disease
prevalence in white-tailed deer populations
Friday, March 07, 2014
37th Annual Southeast Deer Study Group Meeting in Athens, Georgia (CWD TSE
Prion abstracts)
Saturday, March 15, 2014
Potential role of soil properties in the spread of CWD in western Canada
Inactivation of the TSE Prion disease
Chronic Wasting Disease CWD, and other TSE prion disease, these TSE prions
know no borders.
these TSE prions know no age restrictions.
The TSE prion disease survives ashing to 600 degrees celsius, that’s around
1112 degrees farenheit.
you cannot cook the TSE prion disease out of meat.
you can take the ash and mix it with saline and inject that ash into a
mouse, and the mouse will go down with TSE.
Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel
Production as well.
the TSE prion agent also survives Simulated Wastewater Treatment Processes.
IN fact, you should also know that the TSE Prion agent will survive in the
environment for years, if not decades.
you can bury it and it will not go away.
The TSE agent is capable of infected your water table i.e. Detection of
protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area.
it’s not your ordinary pathogen you can just cook it out and be done with.
that’s what’s so worrisome about Iatrogenic mode of transmission, a simple
autoclave will not kill this TSE prion agent.
Sunday, March 30, 2014
*** Chronic Wasting Disease Agents in Nonhuman Primates ***
*** our results raise the possibility that CJD cases classified as VV1 may
include cases caused by iatrogenic transmission of sCJD-MM1 prions or food-borne
infection by type 1 prions from animals, e.g., chronic wasting disease prions in
cervid. In fact, two CJD-VV1 patients who hunted deer or consumed venison have
been reported (40, 41). The results of the present study emphasize the need for
traceback studies and careful re-examination of the biochemical properties of
sCJD-VV1 prions. ***
Thursday, January 2, 2014
*** CWD TSE Prion in cervids to hTGmice, Heidenhain Variant
Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease MM1 genotype, and iatrogenic CJD ??? ***
Environmental Geochemistry and Health
April 2014
Mineral licks: motivational factors for visitation and accompanying disease
risk at communal use sites of elk and deer
Michael J. Lavelle, Gregory E. Phillips, Justin W. Fischer, Patrick W.
Burke, Nathan W. Seward, Randal S. Stahl, Tracy A. Nichols, Bruce A. Wunder,
Kurt C. VerCauteren … show all 9 hide
Abstract
Free-ranging cervids acquire most of their essential minerals through
forage consumption, though occasionally seek other sources to account for
seasonal mineral deficiencies. Mineral sources occur as natural geological
deposits (i.e., licks) or as anthropogenic mineral supplements. In both
scenarios, these sources commonly serve as focal sites for visitation. We
monitored 11 licks in Rocky Mountain National Park, north-central Colorado,
using trail cameras to quantify daily visitation indices (DVI) and soil
consumption indices (SCI) for Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) and mule deer
(Odocoileus hemionus) during summer 2006 and documented elk, mule deer, and
moose (Alces alces) visiting licks. Additionally, soil samples were collected,
and mineral concentrations were compared to discern levels that explain rates of
visitation. Relationships between response variables; DVI and SCI, and
explanatory variables; elevation class, moisture class, period of study, and
concentrations of minerals were examined. We found that DVI and SCI were
greatest at two wet, low-elevation licks exhibiting relatively high
concentrations of manganese and sodium. Because cervids are known to seek Na
from soils, we suggest our observed association of Mn with DVI and SCI was a
likely consequence of deer and elk seeking supplemental dietary Na.
Additionally, highly utilized licks such as these provide an area of
concentrated cervid occupation and interaction, thus increasing risk for
environmental transmission of infectious pathogens such as chronic wasting
disease, which has been shown to be shed in the saliva, urine, and feces of
infected cervids.
Elk and Deer Use of Mineral Licks: Implications for Disease Transmission
Kurt C. VerCauteren1*, Michael J. Lavelle1, Gregory E. Phillips1, Justin W.
Fischer1, and Randal S. Stahl1 1United States Department of Agriculture, Animal
and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife
Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80521-2154, USA
*Cooresponding author e-mail: kurt.c.vercauteren@aphis.usda.gov
North American cervids require and actively seek out minerals to satisfy
physiological requirements. Minerals required by free-ranging cervids exist
within natural and artificial mineral licks that commonly serve as focal sites
for cervids. Ingestion of soils contaminated with the agent that causes chronic
wasting disease (CWD) may result in risk of contracting CWD. Our objective was
to evaluate the extent and nature of use of mineral licks by CWD-susceptible
cervid species. We used animal-activated cameras to monitor use of 18 mineral
licks between 1 June and 16 October 2006 in Rocky Mountain National Park,
north-central Colorado. We also assessed mineral concentrations at mineral licks
to evaluate correlations between visitation rates and site-specific
characteristics. We collected > 400,000 images of which 991 included elk, 293
included deer, and 6 included moose. We documented elk and deer participating in
a variety of potentially risky behaviors (e.g., ingesting soil, ingesting water,
defecating, urinating) while at mineral licks. Results from the mineral analyses
combined with camera data revealed that visitation was highest at sodium-rich
mineral licks. Mineral licks may play a role in disease transmission by acting
as sites of increased interaction as well as reservoirs for deposition,
accumulation, and ingestion of disease agents.
Sunday, December 29, 2013
Impacts of wildlife baiting and supplemental feeding on infectious disease
transmission risk: A synthesis of knowledge
Friday, October 26, 2012
CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD PENNSYLVANIA GAME FARMS, URINE ATTRACTANT
PRODUCTS, BAITING, AND MINERAL LICKS
Sunday, September 01, 2013
hunting over gut piles and CWD TSE prion disease
New studies on the heat resistance of hamster-adapted scrapie agent:
Threshold survival after ashing at 600°C suggests an inorganic template of
replication
Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel
Production
Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a
CWD-endemic area
A Quantitative Assessment of the Amount of Prion Diverted to Category 1
Materials and Wastewater During Processing
Rapid assessment of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion inactivation by
heat treatment in yellow grease produced in the industrial manufacturing process
of meat and bone meals
PPo4-4:
Survival and Limited Spread of TSE Infectivity after Burial
Sunday, April 13, 2014
Mineral licks: motivational factors for visitation and accompanying disease
risk at communal use sites of elk and deer
Environmental Geochemistry and Health
TSS
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