KANSAS Tests confirm 5 new CWD cases
A14 Outdoors Friday Feb. 14, 2014
Tests confirm 5 new CWD cases
dailynews.net
The search for chronic wasting disease spread to eastern Kansas, but the
only cases found so far this year hail from northwest Kansas.
At least five samples — all taken from animals considered either sick or
suspicious acting or killed in vehicle crashes — have tested positive, according
to Shane Hesting, the wildlife disease coordinator for the Kansas Department of
Wildlife, Parks and Tourism.
Two of the five came from Rawlins County, while one each was found in
Decatur, Sherman and Sheridan counties.
With 26 positive samples so far, Decatur County continues to lead the state
in the sheer number of animals that have tested positive. So far, 60 animals
suffering from the alwaysfatal, brain-wasting disease have been confirmed, all
but one of them freeranging animals.
The disease first was discovered in the wild in 2005, in a white-tailed doe
killed along the South Fork of the Republican River northwest of St. Francis in
Cheyenne County.
Since then, it slowly has spread to the southeast, where it has been found
as far away as in Ellis, Smith and Ford counties.
Reductions in federal grants have forced the state wildlife agency to pare
back its testing regimen, now sampling less than 500 animals each year.
Hesting said they’ve only sampled about 350 animals so far this year in the
eastern third of the state — where the focus centered. But it’s been a struggle
getting sample to conduct the tests, he said.
Colby-based KDWP&T game warden Mike Hopper actively has sought out
samples from deer either killed as it crossed the highway or looked sick or was
acting suspicious.
***Four of the positive samples this year came from animals considered either
sick or suspicious.
Those four include the two in Rawlins County, as well as one each from
Decatur and Sheridan counties. The Sherman County positive was a 3.5 year-old
buck that was killed by a motor vehicle.
All five positives this year were white-tailed deer.
Finding sick and suspicious animals means the disease is maturing, gaining
a stronghold in an area.
“It takes 2.5 years, pretty much, to go through infection to chronic,”
Hesting said of the infection process. That also means the prevalence of animals
infected with the disease is likely sharply higher in areas where there’s a
stronghold.
Decatur and Rawlins counties would be among those areas, based only on the
number of animals that have tested positive.
Hesting isn’t sure what the rate of prevalence might be.
Finding infected deer in northwest Kansas was expected, he said.
“The good thing is we didn’t find any in the east yet,” Hesting said.
There’s little that can be done to slow the rate of infection, other than employ
the use of sharpshooters. “That’s not very popular,” Hesting said.
That was done in both Cheyenne and Decatur counties early on, and didn’t
lead to finding many infected animals.
Likely, he said, that’s because the disease hadn’t been in the state long
enough to take root.
Because the number of samples taken so far are still well below what was
projected, Hesting said the sampling process will likely continue through
May.
Next year, the sampling focus will shift to the south-central part of the
state.
“We’ll continue to do it as long as people think it’s the right thing to
do,” he said of the testing process. “But I think it’s important.”
By MIKE CORN
mcorn@dailynews.net
Kansas sees chronic wasting disease cases
Posted: Friday, February 28, 2014 11:55 pm
By Margaret Slayton St. Joseph News-Press | 0 comments
Officials from the Kansas Department of Wildlife, Parks and Tourism have
confirmed that five whitetail deer tested positive for chronic wasting disease
(CWD) during the 2013-2014 hunting season. Shane Hesting, wildlife disease
coordinator, said a total of 389 deer were tested statewide. This season marked
the first time wildlife officials collected the majority of the state’s deer
samples from the Eastern Zone. In eastern Kansas, none of the 348 deer tested
were positive for CWD.
All of the confirmed cases were found in the Northwest Zone of the state
from whitetail deer populations that were in counties that had previously been
documented to have the disease.
Deer sampled outside of the Eastern Zone were only tested if they were
suspected to have the disease or were submitted voluntarily by hunters.
Two cases were from Rawlins County and one each from Decatur, Sherman and
Sheridan. Four of the deer were suspected to be infected with the disease and
one sample was collected from a motor vehicle accident.
Decatur County has the most confirmed cases of the disease in the state.
In addition to deer, all wild elk found dead or harvested in the state are
also tested.
Since the first CWD case in the state was found in a captive bull elk in
the South Central Zone in 2001, there have been 58 whitetail deer and one mule
deer that tested positive bringing the total to 60 infected.
According to the 2013 Midwest Deer Status Report, KDWPT lost funding from
the USDA in 2012 that was needed to conduct statewide testing. As a result,
wildlife biologists will sample deer from one of the state’s five regions each
year.
In the 2011-2012 season, eight deer from a sample size of 2,441 statewide
were confirmed to have the disease. During the 2012-2013 testing period, seven
CWD positive deer were detected from 425 samples in the North Central Zone.
Currently, the CWD monitoring program is funded through the
Pittman-Robertson Act. Next year wildlife officials will concentrate in the
South Central Zone.
KDWPT personnel began collecting tissue samples from deer taken by hunters
in 1996 to monitor for the disease.
Hesting said all of the tissue samples were sent to the National Veterinary
Services Laboratory in Ames, Iowa for confirmation. He said the results were
returned to the state agency with a 99 percent confidence interval.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CWD is a fatal
neurological disease that can infect deer, elk and moose and has no cure. The
disease is spread to animals through contact with abnormal proteins called
prions from other infected animals. It can be spread through activities that
naturally congregate wildlife such as feeding. The transportation of wildlife
with CWD from one location to another may further spread the disease.
Margaret Slayton can be reached
at npsports@newspressnow.com.
Sunday, March 10, 2013
Kansas Four more deer test positive for chronic wasting disease
KANSAS
Chronic Wasting Disease
The first case of CWD was found in a captive elk in Harper County in 2001.
Since that time, CWD has been detected in 49 wild, free-ranging white-tailed and
1 mule deer in Deer Management Units (DMU) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 17.
In 2010-2011 the first positive mule deer was detected in Decatur County.
Currently, the total number of positives since surveillance started in 1996 is
51 (1 captive elk, 1 mule deer, and 49 white-tailed deer). Hunters and other
wildlife enthusiasts can avoid the human-assisted spread of CWD by not
transporting a live or dead deer or elk from areas where CWD occurs to those
areas which are CWD-free. There is currently no known treatment or eradication
method for CWD, so preventing the introduction of the the disease into new areas
is of utmost importance to the health of local deer herds. Baiting and feeding
deer tend to concentrate deer at small point on the landscape, often with the
trails leading to the feeding sites resembling the wheel spokes of a bicycle.
Anytime animals are concentrated at the "hub," the likelihood of disease
transmission increases in a deer herd. More alarming, CWD is not the only
serious disease of concern. Diseases such as bovine tuberculosis and a host of
detrimental parasites such as exotic lice, meningeal worms, flukes, and stomach
worms are transmitted more efficiently when deer are concentrated in a small
area.
Another major concern is the potential for spread of CWD from captive
cervid farms into the wild cervid population. Once a disease gets into a wild
population, it is virtually impossible eradicate. The only thing that can be
done is control the spread of the disease at great expense. KDWPT recommends
that every captive cervid rancher enroll in the voluntary CWD monitoring program
administered by the Kansas Animal Health Department. The sooner diseases such as
CWD can be detected in captives, the sooner control efforts can begin and
possibly prevent the spread of disease to wild populations of the state. CWD is
only one of many diseases that could go undetected in an unmonitored captive
cervid herd. Bovine tuberculosis, for example, is a serious disease that could
seriously damage not only populations of deer and an annual 350 million-dollar
hunting economy, but could also threaten the 4 billion-dollar Kansas cattle
industry via quarantines and loss of accreditation.
2012-2013 CWD CONFIRMED POSITIVES by County (Surveillance Reduced to
Northcentral Zone Due to Funding Cuts)
Norton = 1
Trego = 1
Ellis = 1
Kansas Counties with CWD Detections (County and Number of Positives To
Date) Decatur = 24
Rawlins = 5
Norton = 4
Sheridan = 3
Cheyenne = 2
Graham = 2
Trego = 2
Thomas = 1
Logan = 1
Ford = 1
Sherman = 1
Stafford = 1
Wallace = 1
Smith = 1
Ellis = 1
Harper = 1
Thursday, July 19, 2012
NINE DEER TEST POSITIVE FOR CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE
Thursday, February 09, 2012
THREE KANSAS DEER CONFIRMED POSITIVE IN EARLY STAGES OF CWD TESTING
Thursday, March 31, 2011
TEN KANSAS DEER CONFIRMED POSITIVE IN CWD TESTS
Thursday, January 06, 2011
KANSAS FIRST CASE OF CHRONIC WASTING IN 2010 DEER SEASON CONFIRMED
Thursday, January 21, 2010
Kansas has more CWD cases
*** Singeltary on CWD TSE prion in North America THE LANCET Infectious
Diseases Vol 3 August 2003 http://infection.thelancet.com
463
http://download.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/laninf/PIIS1473309903007151.pdf?id=baa1CkXPkhI3Ih_Vlh6ru
Saturday, February 22, 2014
*** New chronic wasting disease rules enhance risks professor John Fischer
of the University of Georgia told the 37th meeting of the Southeast Deer Study
Group
New chronic wasting disease rules enhance risks
Pat Durkin column:
Feb. 21, 2014
ATHENS, GA. — The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s new CWD certification
program for captive elk and deer herds could hasten the disease’s spread,
whether the animals are privately owned “livestock” inside fences or publicly
owned resources living in the wild.
That’s what professor John Fischer of the University of Georgia told the
37th meeting of the Southeast Deer Study Group when the annual conference opened
Monday morning. Fischer, a professor of animal-population health, is director of
Georgia’s College of Veterinary Medicine and the Southeastern Cooperative
Wildlife Disease Study.
Elk breeders first asked for a federal program in 1998 to certify herds and
set guidelines for interstate movements of captive elk and deer (cervids). Deer
breeders joined the effort in 2002 after CWD was found in southwestern
Wisconsin.
The USDA finally published its rules on an interim basis in July 2012. In
2013, the USDA revised the “program standards” for implementing the rules,
released the standards for review in November, and is taking public comments on
them until March 31.
Special report on Wisconsin's deer herd: More 'On Target?' headlines |
Search deer hunting statistics | Review deer management over the past 10
years
Fischer summarized the revisions this way: They “increase the risk of CWD,
they facilitate perpetuation of CWD in captive-cervid herds and the environment,
and they increase the risk of CWD transmission from captive cervids to other
captive herds, as well as to free-ranging wildlife.”
Fischer encouraged the approximately 400 private and public wildlife
professionals and university researchers attending the SEDSG meeting to
scrutinize the revised standards, talk to colleagues and submit comments before
the deadline.
(Page 2 of 3)
“We need to get to work in exercising our political rights in trying to
control the risks associated with ... CWD ... and with the captive-cervid
industry,” Fischer said. “What’s at risk here is the health of our nation’s
wildlife populations.”
Fischer said the captive-cervid industry viewed the 2012 rules with “great
disfavor” when they were published, and persuaded the USDA to appoint a review
panel to revise the program’s standards. Fischer was part of that review panel,
along with state veterinarians, captive-cervid representatives, three state
wildlife agency personnel, and staff from the USDA’s Animal and Plant Health
Inspection Service.
“That turned out to be a rather undemocratic process, and it didn’t (work)
to my satisfaction or the satisfaction of a lot of people outside the
captive-cervid industry,” said Fischer, a 21-year veteran of the SCWDS. In his
role as SCWDS director, Fischer works with wildlife agencies in 19 states, the
USDA and the U.S. Department of the Interior regarding disease impacts on
wildlife.
CWD has been found in elk, deer and some moose in 22 states and two
Canadian provinces, either in free-ranging herds or in private fenced
facilities. The disease is well-established in Wisconsin, particularly west of
Madison in Dane and Iowa counties. Testing during Wisconsin’s 2013 deer seasons
again showed “steady climbs” in CWD prevalence in the state’s long-infected
areas. It also found a new case in Adams County, and three more cases in Portage
County, said Tom Hauge, the DNR’s director of wildlife management.
Fischer said the USDA’s revised program standards do not meet its goals to
help states, tribes and the captive-cervid industry minimize risks of
introduction, transmission and spread of CWD.
“In the revised version of the CWD program, nearly all of the guidelines,
all the options that were more stringent, were deleted at the request of the
captive-cervid industry; and more liberal guidelines were added that greatly
increase risks,” Fischer said.
(Page 3 of 3)
For instance, to earn USDA certification as a low CWD risk, captive
facilities must test all elk or deer older than age 1 when they die, and the
monitoring must be done at least five years. But Fischer questions if five years
of monitoring is enough.
In 2012, CWD was discovered in captive facilities in Iowa and Pennsylvania
for the first time, and in a Minnesota facility holding red deer. The Minnesota
facility had been monitoring for CWD for 12 years before one of its red deer
tested positive, and the facilities in Iowa and Pennsylvania had been monitored
for nine years each.
Fischer also worries that the guidelines allow owners to move animals from
CWD-exposed herds or suspected herds to fenced “hunt facilities” and to
quarantined herds within the state. Further, “approved states” can request to
move animals from CWD-exposed and “suspect” herds to slaughter facilities,
CWD-positive hunt facilities, or hunt facilities in CWD-endemic regions in other
states.
Fischer said those guidelines contradict the USDA’s own standards. “The
rule states that it ‘ensures captive cervids moved interstate are considered low
risk for CWD,’ ” he said. “How are those animals at low risk for CWD when
they’re coming from positive, suspect or exposed herds?”
The USDA justifies the transportation of possibly infected animals “for the
purpose of selective culling and continuity of business.” In other words, rather
than follow its preferred method of “depopulating” infected herds after
compensating owners, the USDA will let owners find a shooter to kill and pay for
the animal.
Fischer told conference attendees to not rely on the USDA to minimize
disease risks for the captive-cervid industry or to help reduce CWD risks to
free-ranging deer. “Ultimately,” he said, “you need to develop or enhance your
state’s CWD control program to mitigate the risks of the captive cervids ... to
a level you find acceptable.”
snip...
greetings,
the following is not a stunt to scare folks. it is simply a fact. it
happened. I simply did not want it to happen again, ...and again, and again. it
still happens today, and the cases are mounting and becoming younger, and the
cover up continues.
now for the folks that think I am just a disgruntle loved one of a victim
that just happened to die from a funked out twisted protein, that just happens
in man and animal in the USA, spontaneously, sporadically, without cause, think
again.
for those that think I am just angry, and make this stuff up, think again.
for those that think the USA or any Country, could not cover up something
so big, something so bad, that they let the deliberate, what I call and have
called, corporate homicide, for they all knew, THEY ALL KNEW, AND THEY STILL
KNOW TODAY, but yet they knew in the early 1900s, now this is just an example I
give to you all, an industry and a country that knew for 100 years their
products were killing people, yet for 100 years to today, those products are
still sold, folks, I give you the BIG TOBACCO AND ASBESTOS. now about those TSE
mad cow/sheep, goat/deer,elk/, yes, you better think again.
BIG AG is simply to big to fail. even if the big ag USDA hung the cervid
industry out to dry on the TSE prion disease long, long, ago, they know they
cannot put the mad cow genie back in the bottle, as we saw so well done with the
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Minimal Risk Region i.e. the BSE MRR policy
take effect, only after that fateful day December 23, 2003, when the USA had to
document their first mad cow, only until that day, what I call, THE DAY THE BSE
SCIENCE CHANGED, when the mad cow shoe was on the other foot, from that day
forward, it was O.K. to have mad cow disease. no problem. the USDA changed sound
science that day, from the BSE GBR risk assessments, to the BSE MRR policy, of
the legal trading of the mad cow disease GLOBALLY. YES, this is what is
happening with the cervid industry today...you all better think again.
folks, you are seeing that happen now with your cervid industry. they can’t
fix it, they can’t stop it, so, the next best thing is to ignore it and start
trading it. problem solved. ...until the incubation catches up, from strain
mutation. and it will, yes, you all better think again.
does this really surprise anyone here. myself and others have been
screaming this for more than a decade. as we speak, rules and regulations for
CWD are being undermined by the captive pen industry, if not outright, but just
what this article states, but if shooting pens can’t get legislators and the
people there from on their side, can’t change the CWD rules outright, they then
will lobby to have _all_ rules and regulations changed by what I call ‘THE
GOVERNOR’. an override button that the high office of the state, i.e. the senate
and the house of representatives. we all know how well they get along, and how
well they work together, and we all want a bunch of politicians, legislators,
and lobbyist there from, we all want them making the states _scientific_
decisions and policy making there from, right $ I am telling you folks, hunters,
and the folks that love the wild, no matter what side your on politically,
forget all that for one moment, folks there is a move from state to state, to
take your rights away, take away your rights to speak, comment on, and be heard,
be a part of that policy making, there is a move to take all that away from you.
you got to wake up folks, all the USDA is about is TRADE and MONEY, nothing else
matters people, on my mothers grave, what I have witnessed in the mad cow
debacle since that day Demember 14, 1997, from that day forward...did I tell you
my mother levitated in be like linda blair did in that movie the exorsist, where
she did everything but spin her head 360 degrees, it took 3 strong adults to
hold her down at times, while she screams, God why can’t I stop this. 10 weeks
later she was dead. hvCJD confirmed. on everything I have done since that day,
to try and warn about the mad cow disease, the mad deer and elk disease, the mad
sheep and goat disease, the many different Transmissible Spongiform
Encephalopathy TSE disease, and they are still mounting in strains and
phenotypes today, ON ALL THIS, I TELL YOU YOUR RIGHTS ARE BEING TAKEN AWAY AS WE
SPEAK. if the shooting pens cannot change the laws to help outright at the game
farm level, then they will go higher, and change the way the state makes the
laws, OR NOT. here is a fine example ;
Section B. Pursuant to chapter 116, RSMo, and other applicable
2 constitutional provisions and laws of this state allowing the general
assembly to SJR 42 3
3 adopt ballot language for the submission of a joint resolution to the
voters of this
4 state, the official ballot title of the amendment proposed in section A
shall be as
5 follows:
6 "Shall the Constitution of the State of Missouri be amended to
guarantee
7 a legislative check on the executive power to promulgate administrative
rules
8 which are unlawful, arbitrary and capricious, dangerous to the public,
excessive,
9 or inconsistent with the original purpose of the law, with all such
legislative
10 decisions subject to the check of judicial review?".
let’s review this shall we ;
*** 6 "Shall the Constitution of the State of Missouri be amended to
guarantee
> the Legislative Branch consists of the House of Representatives and
the Senate...
HISTORY SHOWS, THE LEGISLATIVE BRANCH IS A BROKE SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT, AND
HAS HURT THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA WITH IT’S RHETORIC. I have many examples,
but then this thread would turn into a sh!tstorm from all sides. I think we all
can come up with examples from all sides to show how broke the Legislative
Branch of our Government is. so, do we want them making decisions for our wild
herds, our hunting, etc. take it away from the state, give it to the USDA et al?
if you do, then you have BIG AG at it’s finest. it is then all about money and
trade, nothing else matters. ...tss
*** 6 "Shall the Constitution of the State of Missouri be amended to
guarantee
to amend the Constitution of any State should be met with great thought,
consideration, review of the science, and reviewed by the public with great
thought and knowledge of it’s consequences. all science must be presented then.
this has not happened. ...tss
*** 7 a legislative check on the executive power to promulgate
administrative rules
> Administrative Rules
Example from one state ;
Regulatory transparency is the essence of the Division of Administrative
Rules' mission. The Division is the statutory publisher of proposed and
effective Utah administrative rules.
An administrative rule is an agency's written statement that has the effect
of law. Agencies write administrative rules to implement or interpret state or
federal legal mandates. Administrative rules affect your life in many ways.
Utah's rulemaking process creates opportunities for you to participate --
to be engaged -- in the development of administrative rules. Links available
from this site will give you access to administrative rules currently in effect,
as well as administrative rules proposed and open for public comment.
IF THESE BILLS ARE PASSED, YOU GIVE ALL RIGHTS AWAY TO HAVE ANY FINAL SAY.
STATE BIOLOGIST ARE YOUR BEST CHANCE AT STOPPING ANY DISEASE, not the
Legislative Branch of any state, where each one has a half dozen lobbyist in
each pocket. I have said this many times, when the USDA et al comes in and takes
over DNR, the state looses, the hunters loose, big ag laughs all the way to the
bank. that’s all this is, BIG AG. ...tss
EXAMPLE
*** Spraker suggested an interesting explanation for the occurrence of CWD.
The deer pens at the Foot Hills Campus were built some 30-40 years ago by a Dr.
Bob Davis. At or abut that time, allegedly, some scrapie work was conducted at
this site. When deer were introduced to the pens they occupied ground that had
previously been occupied by sheep. ...
also, see where even decades back, the USDA had the same thought as they do
today with CWD, not their problem...see page 27 below as well, where USDA stated
back then, the same thing they stated in the state of Pennsylvania, not their
damn business, once they escape, and they said the same thing about CWD in
general back then ;
”The occurrence of CWD must be viewed against the contest of the locations
in which it occurred. It was an incidental and unwelcome complication of the
respective wildlife research programmes. Despite it’s subsequent recognition as
a new disease of cervids, therefore justifying direct investigation, no specific
research funding was forthcoming. The USDA veiwed it as a wildlife problem and
consequently not their province!” ...page 26.
”The occurrence of CWD must be viewed against the contest of the locations
in which it occurred. It was an incidental and unwelcome complication of the
respective wildlife research programmes. Despite it’s subsequent recognition as
a new disease of cervids, therefore justifying direct investigation, no specific
research funding was forthcoming. The USDA viewed it as a wildlife problem and
consequently not their province!” ...page 26.
sound familiar $$$
Sunday, January 06, 2013
USDA TO PGC ONCE CAPTIVES ESCAPE
*** "it‘s no longer its business.”
*** 8 which are unlawful, arbitrary and capricious, dangerous to the
public, excessive,
I have seen some hoodwinking words before, the above words remind me of a
few. the above words can be used in many different arbitrarily, capriciously,
excessively, and dangerously bad ways, when used in the wrong terminology, or in
how someone defines something. to be able to supercede any legislation, founded
by the state, from sound science,
PLEASE NOTE, YOU DID NOT SEE ‘SCIENTIFIC’, ‘SOUND SCIENCE’, ‘PEER REVIEW’,
‘TRANSMISSION STUDIES’. THESE WORDS WERE OMITTED FOR A REASON $$$ you will not
see sound science if any of these bill are passed. ...tss
*** 9 or inconsistent with the original purpose of the law, with all such
legislative
*** 10 decisions subject to the check of judicial review?".
9 and 10 takes the cake. such judicial review from any legislation, that
was decided for the people, by the people, will be swayed now by the industry,
for the industry, pushed hard by lobbyist there from. it’s a circle jerk for
money, and the hunter and the heritage of the hunter will loose out, from state
to state. it will be, has been, a far profit industry fed with greed. the old
hunting heritage that most of us grew up with if your in your 60 or 70, will be
lost for good.
I am not one that wants the feds in bed with everything I do, and yet, I am
not one that thinks the states have the better ideas all the time, over the
feds. it’s a fine line to cross either way. but I do know, sometimes, folks
can’t think for themselves when blinded by the almighty dollar. sometimes you
just can’t fix stupid. but in this case, we turn a blind eye to CWD, as has been
done here. we all loose, while the shooting pens laugh all the way to the bank.
for now. ...tss
*** Spraker suggested an interesting explanation for the occurrence of CWD.
The deer pens at the Foot Hills Campus were built some 30-40 years ago by a Dr.
Bob Davis. At or abut that time, allegedly, some scrapie work was conducted at
this site. When deer were introduced to the pens they occupied ground that had
previously been occupied by sheep. ...
also, see where even decades back, the USDA had the same thought as they do
today with CWD, not their problem...see page 27 below as well, where USDA stated
back then, the same thing they stated in the state of Pennsylvania, not their
damn business, once they escape, and they said the same thing about CWD in
general back then ;
”The occurrence of CWD must be viewed against the contest of the locations
in which it occurred. It was an incidental and unwelcome complication of the
respective wildlife research programmes. Despite it’s subsequent recognition as
a new disease of cervids, therefore justifying direct investigation, no specific
research funding was forthcoming. The USDA veiwed it as a wildlife problem and
consequently not their province!” ...page 26.
”The occurrence of CWD must be viewed against the contest of the locations
in which it occurred. It was an incidental and unwelcome complication of the
respective wildlife research programmes. Despite it’s subsequent recognition as
a new disease of cervids, therefore justifying direct investigation, no specific
research funding was forthcoming. The USDA veiwed it as a wildlife problem and
consequently not their province!” ...page 26.
sound familiar $$$
Sunday, January 06, 2013
USDA TO PGC ONCE CAPTIVES ESCAPE
*** "it‘s no longer its business.”
According to Wisconsin’s White-Tailed Deer Trustee Dr. James Kroll, people
who call for more public hunting opportunities are “pining for socialism.”
He further states, “(Public) Game management is the last bastion of
communism.”
“Game Management,” says James Kroll, driving to his high-fenced,
two-hundred-acre spread near Nacogdoches, “is the last bastion of communism.”
Kroll, also known as Dr. Deer, is the director of the Forestry Resources
Institute of Texas at Stephen F. Austin State University, and the “management”
he is referring to is the sort practiced by the State of Texas.
The 55-year-old Kroll is the leading light in the field of private deer
management as a means to add value to the land. His belief is so absolute that
some detractors refer to him as Dr. Dough, implying that his eye is on the
bottom line more than on the natural world.
Kroll, who has been the foremost proponent of deer ranching in Texas for
more than thirty years, doesn’t mind the controversy and certainly doesn’t fade
in the heat. People who call for more public lands are “cocktail
conservationists,” he says, who are really pining for socialism. He calls
national parks “wildlife ghettos” and flatly accuses the government of gross
mismanagement. He argues that his relatively tiny acreage, marked by eight-foot
fences and posted signs warning off would-be poachers, is a better model for
keeping what’s natural natural while making money off the land.
snip...
What does this all mean?
My initial reaction, which is one that I predicted when Kroll was named to
the state’s deer trustee position, is that his team’s final recommendations — if
implemented — will be heavily skewed toward the state’s larger landowners (500+
acres) and folks who own small parcels in areas comprised mostly of private
land. It is also my prediction that the final recommendations (again, if
implemented) will do little, if anything, to improve deer herds and deer hunting
on Wisconsin’s 5.7 million acres of public land. Where does this leave the
public-land hunter? “It will suck to be you,” said one deer manager who asked to
remain anonymous out of fear for his job. “The resources and efforts will go
toward improving the private land sector. This is all about turning deer hunting
away from the Public Land Doctrine and more toward a European-style of
management — like they have in Texas.”
Friday, June 01, 2012
*** TEXAS DEER CZAR TO WISCONSIN ASK TO EXPLAIN COMMENTS
Monday, February 11, 2013
TEXAS CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD Four New Positives Found in Trans Pecos
Wednesday, September 04, 2013
*** cwd - cervid captive livestock escapes, loose and on the run in the
wild
Thursday, August 08, 2013
Characterization of the first case of naturally occurring chronic wasting
disease in a captive red deer (Cervus elaphus) in North America
Wednesday, February 12, 2014
Louisiana business, 3 men accused of smuggling deer into Mississippi
Tuesday, May 28, 2013
Chronic Wasting Disease CWD quarantine Louisiana via CWD index herd
Pennsylvania Update May 28, 2013
6 doe from Pennsylvania CWD index herd still on the loose in Louisiana,
quarantine began on October 18, 2012, still ongoing, Lake Charles premises.
Monday, June 24, 2013
The Effects of Chronic Wasting Disease on the Pennsylvania Cervid Industry
Following its Discovery
Monday, June 11, 2012
OHIO Captive deer escapees and non-reporting
Sunday, January 27, 2013
Indiana 6 deer missing from farm pose health risk to state herds INDIANA
how many states have $465,000., and can quarantine and purchase there from,
each cwd said infected farm, but how many states can afford this for all the cwd
infected cervid game ranch type farms ???
Tuesday, December 20, 2011
CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD WISCONSIN Almond Deer (Buckhorn Flats) Farm
Update DECEMBER 2011
The CWD infection rate was nearly 80%, the highest ever in a North American
captive herd. RECOMMENDATION: That the Board approve the purchase of 80 acres of
land for $465,000 for the Statewide Wildlife Habitat Program in Portage County
and approve the restrictions on public use of the site.
SUMMARY:
shooting pens and their cwd testing program is a sham, when they do NOT
test all deer. all cervids, of all ages, must be tested for CWD, at least once a
year. the excuse of not having a validated cwd test, is just that, an excuse,
one that does not hold water with me anymore. same with scrapie and bse. ...tss
Saturday, February 04, 2012
*** Wisconsin 16 age limit on testing dead deer Game Farm CWD Testing
Protocol Needs To Be Revised
Friday, November 22, 2013
*** Wasting disease is threat to the entire UK deer population CWD TSE
PRION disease in cervids SINGELTARY SUBMISSION
The Scottish Parliament’s Rural Affairs, Climate Change and Environment
Committee has been looking into deer management, as you can see from the
following press release, ***and your email has been forwarded to the committee
for information:
Sunday, July 21, 2013
Welsh Government and Food Standards Agency Wales Joint Public Consultation
on the Proposed Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (Wales) Regulations
2013 Singeltary Submission WG18417
Friday, December 14, 2012
DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced
into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012
Saturday, June 09, 2012
USDA Establishes a Herd Certification Program for Chronic Wasting Disease
in the United States
Wednesday, September 25, 2013
USDA Officials: CWD Standards Going to Public Comment Soon
Sunday, November 3, 2013
*** Environmental Impact Statements; Availability, etc.: Animal Carcass
Management [Docket No. APHIS-2013-0044]
Wednesday, January 01, 2014
APHIS-2006-0118-0100 Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification Program and
Interstate Movement of Farmed or Captive Deer, Elk, and Moose
OLD HISTORY ON CWD AND GAME FARMS IN USA
now, decades later, the obvious is visible...tss
2012
PO-039: A comparison of scrapie and chronic wasting disease in white-tailed
deer
snip...
After a natural route of exposure, 100% of WTD were susceptible to scrapie.
Deer developed clinical signs of wasting and mental depression and were
necropsied from 28 to 33 months PI. Tissues from these deer were positive for
PrPSc by IHC and WB. Similar to IC inoculated deer, samples from these deer
exhibited two different molecular profiles: samples from obex resembled CWD
whereas those from cerebrum were similar to the original scrapie inoculum. On
further examination by WB using a panel of antibodies, the tissues from deer
with scrapie exhibit properties differing from tissues either from sheep with
scrapie or WTD with CWD. Samples from WTD with CWD or sheep with scrapie are
strongly immunoreactive when probed with mAb P4, however, samples from WTD with
scrapie are only weakly immunoreactive. In contrast, when probed with mAb’s 6H4
or SAF 84, samples from sheep with scrapie and WTD with CWD are weakly
immunoreactive and samples from WTD with scrapie are strongly positive. This
work demonstrates that WTD are highly susceptible to sheep scrapie, but on first
passage, scrapie in WTD is differentiable from CWD.
2011
*** After a natural route of exposure, 100% of white-tailed deer were
susceptible to scrapie.
Scrapie in Deer: Comparisons and Contrasts to Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD)
Justin J. Greenlee of the Virus and Prion Diseases Research Unit, National
Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Ames, IA provided a presentation on scrapie
and CWD in inoculated deer. Interspecies transmission studies afford the
opportunity
After a natural route of exposure, 100% of white-tailed deer were
susceptible to scrapie. Deer developed clinical signs of wasting and mental
depression and were necropsied from 28 to 33 months PI. Tissues from these deer
were positive for scrapie by IHC and WB. Tissues with PrPSc immunoreactivity
included brain, tonsil, retropharyngeal and mesenteric lymph nodes, hemal node,
Peyer’s patches, and spleen. While two WB patterns have been detected in brain
regions of deer inoculated by the natural route, unlike the IC inoculated deer,
the pattern similar to the scrapie inoculum predominates.
2011 Annual Report
Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF
TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES Location: Virus and Prion Research
Unit 2011 Annual Report
In Objective 1, Assess cross-species transmissibility of transmissible
spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) in livestock and wildlife, numerous
experiments assessing the susceptibility of various TSEs in different host
species were conducted. Most notable is deer inoculated with scrapie, which
exhibits similarities to chronic wasting disease (CWD) in deer suggestive of
sheep scrapie as an origin of CWD.
snip...
4.Accomplishments 1. Deer inoculated with domestic isolates of sheep
scrapie. Scrapie-affected deer exhibit 2 different patterns of disease
associated prion protein. In some regions of the brain the pattern is much like
that observed for scrapie, while in others it is more like chronic wasting
disease (CWD), the transmissible spongiform encephalopathy typically associated
with deer. This work conducted by ARS scientists at the National Animal Disease
Center, Ames, IA suggests that an interspecies transmission of sheep scrapie to
deer may have been the origin of CWD. This is important for husbandry practices
with both captive deer, elk and sheep for farmers and ranchers attempting to
keep their herds and flocks free of CWD and scrapie.
White-tailed Deer are Susceptible to Scrapie by Natural Route of Infection
snip...
This work demonstrates for the first time that white-tailed deer are
susceptible to sheep scrapie by potential natural routes of inoculation.
In-depth analysis of tissues will be done to determine similarities between
scrapie in deer after intracranial and oral/intranasal inoculation and chronic
wasting disease resulting from similar routes of inoculation.
see full text ;
*** The potential impact of prion diseases on human health was greatly
magnified by the recognition that interspecies transfer of BSE to humans by beef
ingestion resulted in vCJD. While changes in animal feed constituents and
slaughter practices appear to have curtailed vCJD, there is concern that CWD of
free-ranging deer and elk in the U.S. might also cross the species barrier.
Thus, consuming venison could be a source of human prion disease. Whether BSE
and CWD represent interspecies scrapie transfer or are newly arisen prion
diseases is unknown. Therefore, the possibility of transmission of prion disease
through other food animals cannot be ruled out. There is evidence that vCJD can
be transmitted through blood transfusion. There is likely a pool of unknown size
of asymptomatic individuals infected with vCJD, and there may be asymptomatic
individuals infected with the CWD equivalent. These circumstances represent a
potential threat to blood, blood products, and plasma supplies.
The chances of a person or domestic animal contracting CWD are “extremely
remote,” Richards said. The possibility can’t be ruled out, however. “One could
look at it like a game of chance,” he explained. “The odds (of infection)
increase over time because of repeated exposure. That’s one of the downsides of
having CWD in free-ranging herds: We’ve got this infectious agent out there that
we can never say never to in terms of (infecting) people and domestic
livestock.”
P35
ADAPTATION OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE (CWD) INTO HAMSTERS, EVIDENCE OF A
WISCONSIN STRAIN OF CWD
Chad Johnson1, Judd Aiken2,3,4 and Debbie McKenzie4,5 1 Department of
Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI, USA 53706 2
Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Sciences, 3 Alberta Veterinary
Research Institute, 4.Center for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, 5
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada
T6G 2P5
The identification and characterization of prion strains is increasingly
important for the diagnosis and biological definition of these infectious
pathogens. Although well-established in scrapie and, more recently, in BSE,
comparatively little is known about the possibility of prion strains in chronic
wasting disease (CWD), a disease affecting free ranging and captive cervids,
primarily in North America. We have identified prion protein variants in the
white-tailed deer population and demonstrated that Prnp genotype affects the
susceptibility/disease progression of white-tailed deer to CWD agent. The
existence of cervid prion protein variants raises the likelihood of distinct CWD
strains. Small rodent models are a useful means of identifying prion strains. We
intracerebrally inoculated hamsters with brain homogenates and phosphotungstate
concentrated preparations from CWD positive hunter-harvested (Wisconsin CWD
endemic area) and experimentally infected deer of known Prnp genotypes. These
transmission studies resulted in clinical presentation in primary passage of
concentrated CWD prions. Subclinical infection was established with the other
primary passages based on the detection of PrPCWD in the brains of hamsters and
the successful disease transmission upon second passage. Second and third
passage data, when compared to transmission studies using different CWD inocula
(Raymond et al., 2007) indicate that the CWD agent present in the Wisconsin
white-tailed deer population is different than the strain(s) present in elk,
mule-deer and white-tailed deer from the western United States endemic region.
PPo3-7:
Prion Transmission from Cervids to Humans is Strain-dependent
Qingzhong Kong, Shenghai Huang,*Fusong Chen, Michael Payne, Pierluigi
Gambetti and Liuting Qing Department of Pathology; Case western Reserve
University; Cleveland, OH USA *Current address: Nursing Informatics; Memorial
Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; New York, NY USA
Key words: CWD, strain, human transmission
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a widespread prion disease in cervids
(deer and elk) in North America where significant human exposure to CWD is
likely and zoonotic transmission of CWD is a concern. Current evidence indicates
a strong barrier for transmission of the classical CWD strain to humans with the
PrP-129MM genotype. A few recent reports suggest the presence of two or more CWD
strains. What remain unknown is whether individuals with the PrP-129VV/MV
genotypes are also resistant to the classical CWD strain and whether humans are
resistant to all natural or adapted cervid prion strains. Here we report that a
human prion strain that had adopted the cervid prion protein (PrP) sequence
through passage in cervidized transgenic mice efficiently infected transgenic
mice expressing human PrP, indicating that the species barrier from cervid to
humans is prion strain-dependent and humans can be vulnerable to novel cervid
prion strains. Preliminary results on CWD transmission in transgenic mice
expressing human PrP-129V will also be discussed.
Acknowledgement Supported by NINDS NS052319 and NIA AG14359.
PPo2-27:
Generation of a Novel form of Human PrPSc by Inter-species Transmission of
Cervid Prions
Marcelo A. Barria,1 Glenn C. Telling,2 Pierluigi Gambetti,3 James A.
Mastrianni4 and Claudio Soto1 1Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's disease and
related Brain disorders; Dept of Neurology; University of Texas Houston Medical
School; Houston, TX USA; 2Dept of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular
Genetics and Neurology; Sanders Brown Center on Aging; University of Kentucky
Medical Center; Lexington, KY USA; 3Institute of Pathology; Case western Reserve
University; Cleveland, OH USA; 4Dept of Neurology; University of Chicago;
Chicago, IL USA
Prion diseases are infectious neurodegenerative disorders affecting humans
and animals that result from the conversion of normal prion protein (PrPC) into
the misfolded and infectious prion (PrPSc). Chronic wasting disease (CWD) of
cervids is a prion disorder of increasing prevalence within the United States
that affects a large population of wild and captive deer and elk. CWD is highly
contagious and its origin, mechanism of transmission and exact prevalence are
currently unclear. The risk of transmission of CWD to humans is unknown.
Defining that risk is of utmost importance, considering that people have been
infected by animal prions, resulting in new fatal diseases. To study the
possibility that human PrPC can be converted into the infectious form by CWD
PrPSc we performed experiments using the Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification
(PMCA) technique, which mimic in vitro the process of prion replication. Our
results show that cervid PrPSc can induce the pathological conversion of human
PrPC, but only after the CWD prion strain has been stabilized by successive
passages in vitro or in vivo. Interestingly, this newly generated human PrPSc
exhibits a distinct biochemical pattern that differs from any of the currently
known forms of human PrPSc, indicating that it corresponds to a novel human
prion strain. Our findings suggest that CWD prions have the capability to infect
humans, and that this ability depends on CWD strain adaptation, implying that
the risk for human health progressively increases with the spread of CWD among
cervids.
PPo2-7:
Biochemical and Biophysical Characterization of Different CWD
Isolates
Martin L. Daus and Michael Beekes Robert Koch Institute; Berlin,
Germany
Key words: CWD, strains, FT-IR, AFM
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is one of three naturally occurring forms of
prion disease. The other two are Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans and scrapie
in sheep. CWD is contagious and affects captive as well as free ranging cervids.
As long as there is no definite answer of whether CWD can breach the species
barrier to humans precautionary measures especially for the protection of
consumers need to be considered. In principle, different strains of CWD may be
associated with different risks of transmission to humans. Sophisticated strain
differentiation as accomplished for other prion diseases has not yet been
established for CWD. However, several different findings indicate that there
exists more than one strain of CWD agent in cervids. We have analysed a set of
CWD isolates from white-tailed deer and could detect at least two biochemically
different forms of disease-associated prion protein PrPTSE. Limited proteolysis
with different concentrations of proteinase K and/or after exposure of PrPTSE to
different pH-values or concentrations of Guanidinium hydrochloride resulted in
distinct isolate-specific digestion patterns. Our CWD isolates were also
examined in protein misfolding cyclic amplification studies. This showed
different conversion activities for those isolates that had displayed
significantly different sensitivities to limited proteolysis by PK in the
biochemical experiments described above. We further applied Fourier transform
infrared spectroscopy in combination with atomic force microscopy. This
confirmed structural differences in the PrPTSE of at least two disinct CWD
isolates. The data presented here substantiate and expand previous reports on
the existence of different CWD strains.
2012
Envt.06:
Zoonotic Potential of CWD: Experimental Transmissions to Non-Human Primates
Emmanuel Comoy,1,† Valérie Durand,1 Evelyne Correia,1 Aru Balachandran,2
Jürgen Richt,3 Vincent Beringue,4 Juan-Maria Torres,5 Paul Brown,1 Bob Hills6
and Jean-Philippe Deslys1
1Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; 2Canadian Food
Inspection Agency; Ottawa, ON Canada; 3Kansas State University; Manhattan, KS
USA; 4INRA; Jouy-en-Josas, France; 5INIA; Madrid, Spain; 6Health Canada; Ottawa,
ON Canada
†Presenting author; Email: emmanuel.comoy@cea.fr
The constant increase of chronic wasting disease (CWD) incidence in North
America raises a question about their zoonotic potential. A recent publication
showed their transmissibility to new-world monkeys, but no transmission to
old-world monkeys, which are phylogenetically closer to humans, has so far been
reported. Moreover, several studies have failed to transmit CWD to transgenic
mice overexpressing human PrP. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is the
only animal prion disease for which a zoonotic potential has been proven. We
described the transmission of the atypical BSE-L strain of BSE to cynomolgus
monkeys, suggesting a weak cattle-to-primate species barrier. We observed the
same phenomenon with a cattleadapted strain of TME (Transmissible Mink
Encephalopathy). Since cattle experimentally exposed to CWD strains have also
developed spongiform encephalopathies, we inoculated brain tissue from
CWD-infected cattle to three cynomolgus macaques as well as to transgenic mice
overexpressing bovine or human PrP. Since CWD prion strains are highly
lymphotropic, suggesting an adaptation of these agents after peripheral
exposure, a parallel set of four monkeys was inoculated with CWD-infected cervid
brains using the oral route. Nearly four years post-exposure, monkeys exposed to
CWD-related prion strains remain asymptomatic. In contrast, bovinized and
humanized transgenic mice showed signs of infection, suggesting that CWD-related
prion strains may be capable of crossing the cattle-to-primate species barrier.
Comparisons with transmission results and incubation periods obtained after
exposure to other cattle prion strains (c-BSE, BSE-L, BSE-H and cattle-adapted
TME) will also be presented, in order to evaluate the respective risks of each
strain.
Envt.07:
Pathological Prion Protein (PrPTSE) in Skeletal Muscles of Farmed and Free
Ranging White-Tailed Deer Infected with Chronic Wasting Disease
Martin L. Daus,1,† Johanna Breyer,2 Katjs Wagenfuehr,1 Wiebke Wemheuer,2
Achim Thomzig,1 Walter Schulz-Schaeffer2 and Michael Beekes1 1Robert Koch
Institut; P24 TSE; Berlin, Germany; 2Department of Neuropathology, Prion and
Dementia Research Unit, University Medical Center Göttingen; Göttingen, Germany
†Presenting author; Email: dausm@rki.de
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious, rapidly spreading
transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) occurring in cervids in North
America. Despite efficient horizontal transmission of CWD among cervids natural
transmission of the disease to other species has not yet been observed. Here, we
report a direct biochemical demonstration of pathological prion protein PrPTSE
and of PrPTSE-associated seeding activity in skeletal muscles of CWD-infected
cervids. The presence of PrPTSE was detected by Western- and postfixed frozen
tissue blotting, while the seeding activity of PrPTSE was revealed by protein
misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA). The concentration of PrPTSE in skeletal
muscles of CWD-infected WTD was estimated to be approximately 2000- to
10000-fold lower than in brain tissue. Tissue-blot-analyses revealed that PrPTSE
was located in muscle- associated nerve fascicles but not, in detectable
amounts, in myocytes. The presence and seeding activity of PrPTSE in skeletal
muscle from CWD-infected cervids suggests prevention of such tissue in the human
diet as a precautionary measure for food safety, pending on further
clarification of whether CWD may be transmissible to humans.
PRION2013 CONGRESSIONAL ABSTRACTS CWD
Sunday, August 25, 2013
***Chronic Wasting Disease CWD risk factors, humans, domestic cats, blood,
and mother to offspring transmission
Sunday, July 21, 2013
*** As Chronic Wasting Disease CWD rises in deer herd, what about risk for
humans?
PRION2013 CONGRESSIONAL ABSTRACTS CWD
Sunday, August 25, 2013
HD.13: CWD infection in the spleen of humanized transgenic mice
Liuting Qing and Qingzhong Kong
Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland, OH USA
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a widespread prion disease in free-ranging
and captive cervid species in North America, and there is evidence suggesting
the existence of multiple CWD strains. The susceptibility of human CNS and
peripheral organs to the various CWD prion strains remains largely unclear.
Current literature suggests that the classical CWD strain is unlikely to infect
human brain, but the potential for peripheral infection by CWD in humans is
unknown. We detected protease-resistant PrpSc in the spleens of a few humanized
transgenic mice that were intracerebrally inoculated with natural CWD isolates,
but PrpSc was not detected in the brains of any of the CWD-inoculated mice. Our
ongoing bioassays in humanized Tg mice indicate that intracerebral challenge
with such PrpSc-positive humanized mouse spleen already led to prion disease in
most animals.
***These results indicate that the CWD prion may have the potential to
infect human peripheral lymphoid tissues.
Oral.15: Molecular barriers to zoonotic prion transmission: Comparison of
the ability of sheep, cattle and deer prion disease isolates to convert normal
human prion protein to its pathological isoform in a cell-free system
Marcelo A.Barria,1 Aru Balachandran,2 Masanori Morita,3 Tetsuyuki
Kitamoto,4 Rona Barron,5 Jean Manson,5 Richard Kniqht,1 James W. lronside1 and
Mark W. Head1
1National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit; Centre for Clinical Brain
Sciences; School of Clinical Sciences; The University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh,
UK; 2National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Scrapie and CWD; Canadian Food
Inspection Agency; Ottawa Laboratory; Fallowfield. ON Canada; 3Infectious
Pathogen Research Section; Central Research Laboratory; Japan Blood Products
Organization; Kobe, Japan; 4Department of Neurological Science; Tohoku
University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai. Japan; 5Neurobiology Division;
The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS; University of Edinburgh; Easter Bush;
Midlothian; Edinburgh, UK
Background. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a known zoonotic
prion disease, resulting in variant Creurzfeldt- Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans.
In contrast, classical scrapie in sheep is thought to offer little or no danger
to human health. However, a widening range of prion diseases have been
recognized in cattle, sheep and deer. The risks posed by individual animal prion
diseases to human health cannot be determined a priori and are difficult to
assess empirically. The fundamemal event in prion disease pathogenesis is
thought to be the seeded conversion of normal prion protein (PrPC) to its
pathological isoform (PrPSc). Here we report the use of a rapid molecular
conversion assay to test whether brain specimens from different animal prion
diseases are capable of seeding the conversion of human PrPC ro PrPSc.
Material and Methods. Classical BSE (C-type BSE), H-type BSE, L-type BSE,
classical scrapie, atypical scrapie, chronic wasting disease and vCJD brain
homogenates were tested for their ability to seed conversion of human PrPC to
PrPSc in protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) reactions. Newly formed
human PrPSc was detected by protease digestion and western blotting using the
antibody 3F4.
Results. C-type BSE and vCJD were found to efficiently convert PrPC to
PrPSc. Scrapie failed to convert human PrPC to PrPSc. Of the other animal prion
diseases tested only chronic wasting disease appeared to have the capability ro
convert human PrPC to PrPSc. The results were consistent whether the human PrPC
came from human brain, humanised transgenic mouse brain or from cultured human
cells and the effect was more pronounced for PrPC with methionine at codon 129
compared with that with valine.
Conclusion. Our results show that none of the tested animal prion disease
isolates are as efficient as C-type BSE and vCJD in converting human prion
protein in this in vitro assay.
***However, they also show that there is no absolute barrier ro conversion
of human prion protein in the case of chronic wasting disease.
PRION2013 CONGRESSIONAL ABSTRACTS CWD
Sunday, August 25, 2013
***Chronic Wasting Disease CWD risk factors, humans, domestic cats, blood,
and mother to offspring transmission
*** PRICE OF CWD TSE PRION POKER GOES UP 2014 ***
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE PRION update January 2, 2014
*** chronic wasting disease, there was no absolute barrier to conversion of
the human prion protein.
*** Furthermore, the form of human PrPres produced in this in vitro assay
when seeded with CWD, resembles that found in the most common human prion
disease, namely sCJD of the MM1 subtype.
*** The potential impact of prion diseases on human health was greatly
magnified by the recognition that interspecies transfer of BSE to humans by beef
ingestion resulted in vCJD. While changes in animal feed constituents and
slaughter practices appear to have curtailed vCJD, there is concern that CWD of
free-ranging deer and elk in the U.S. might also cross the species barrier.
Thus, consuming venison could be a source of human prion disease. Whether BSE
and CWD represent interspecies scrapie transfer or are newly arisen prion
diseases is unknown. Therefore, the possibility of transmission of prion disease
through other food animals cannot be ruled out. There is evidence that vCJD can
be transmitted through blood transfusion. There is likely a pool of unknown size
of asymptomatic individuals infected with vCJD, and there may be asymptomatic
individuals infected with the CWD equivalent. These circumstances represent a
potential threat to blood, blood products, and plasma supplies.
Envt.07:
Pathological Prion Protein (PrPTSE) in Skeletal Muscles of Farmed and Free
Ranging White-Tailed Deer Infected with Chronic Wasting Disease
Martin L. Daus,1,† Johanna Breyer,2 Katjs Wagenfuehr,1 Wiebke Wemheuer,2
Achim Thomzig,1 Walter Schulz-Schaeffer2 and Michael Beekes1 1Robert Koch
Institut; P24 TSE; Berlin, Germany; 2Department of Neuropathology, Prion and
Dementia Research Unit, University Medical Center Göttingen; Göttingen, Germany
†Presenting author; Email: dausm@rki.de
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious, rapidly spreading
transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) occurring in cervids in North
America. Despite efficient horizontal transmission of CWD among cervids natural
transmission of the disease to other species has not yet been observed. Here, we
report a direct biochemical demonstration of pathological prion protein PrPTSE
and of PrPTSE-associated seeding activity in skeletal muscles of CWD-infected
cervids. The presence of PrPTSE was detected by Western- and postfixed frozen
tissue blotting, while the seeding activity of PrPTSE was revealed by protein
misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA). The concentration of PrPTSE in skeletal
muscles of CWD-infected WTD was estimated to be approximately 2000- to
10000-fold lower than in brain tissue. Tissue-blot-analyses revealed that PrPTSE
was located in muscle- associated nerve fascicles but not, in detectable
amounts, in myocytes. The presence and seeding activity of PrPTSE in skeletal
muscle from CWD-infected cervids suggests prevention of such tissue in the human
diet as a precautionary measure for food safety, pending on further
clarification of whether CWD may be transmissible to humans.
"CWD has been transmitted to cattle after intracerebral inoculation,
although the infection rate was low (4 of 13 animals [Hamir et al. 2001]). This
finding raised concerns that CWD prions might be transmitted to cattle grazing
in contaminated pastures."
Please see ;
Within 26 months post inoculation, 12 inoculated animals had lost weight,
revealed abnormal clinical signs, and were euthanatized. Laboratory tests
revealed the presence of a unique pattern of the disease agent in tissues of
these animals. These findings demonstrate that when CWD is directly inoculated
into the brain of cattle, 86% of inoculated cattle develop clinical signs of the
disease.
"although the infection rate was low (4 of 13 animals [Hamir et al.
2001])."
shouldn't this be corrected, 86% is NOT a low rate. ...
kindest regards,
Terry S. Singeltary Sr. P.O. Box 42 Bacliff, Texas USA 77518
UPDATED CORRESPONDENCE FROM AUTHORS OF THIS STUDY I.E. COLBY, PRUSINER ET
AL, ABOUT MY CONCERNS OF THE DISCREPANCY BETWEEN THEIR FIGURES AND MY FIGURES OF
THE STUDIES ON CWD TRANSMISSION TO CATTLE ;
----- Original Message -----
From: David Colby
To: flounder9@verizon.net
Cc: stanley@XXXXXXXX
Sent: Tuesday, March 01, 2011 8:25 AM
Subject: Re: FW: re-Prions David W. Colby1,* and Stanley B. Prusiner1,2 +
Author Affiliations
Dear Terry Singeltary,
Thank you for your correspondence regarding the review article Stanley
Prusiner and I recently wrote for Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives. Dr. Prusiner
asked that I reply to your message due to his busy schedule. We agree that the
transmission of CWD prions to beef livestock would be a troubling development
and assessing that risk is important. In our article, we cite a peer-reviewed
publication reporting confirmed cases of laboratory transmission based on
stringent criteria. The less stringent criteria for transmission described in
the abstract you refer to lead to the discrepancy between your numbers and ours
and thus the interpretation of the transmission rate. We stand by our assessment
of the literature--namely that the transmission rate of CWD to bovines appears
relatively low, but we recognize that even a low transmission rate could have
important implications for public health and we thank you for bringing attention
to this matter.
Warm Regards, David Colby
--
David Colby, PhDAssistant ProfessorDepartment of Chemical
EngineeringUniversity of Delaware
====================END...TSS==============
SNIP...SEE FULL TEXT ;
UPDATED DATA ON 2ND CWD STRAIN
Wednesday, September 08, 2010
CWD PRION CONGRESS SEPTEMBER 8-11 2010
Thursday, November 21, 2013
*** Assessing the susceptibility of transgenic mice over-expressing deer
prion protein to bovine spongiform encephalopathy
CJD9/10022
October 1994
Mr R.N. Elmhirst Chairman British Deer Farmers Association Holly Lodge
Spencers Lane BerksWell Coventry CV7 7BZ
Dear Mr Elmhirst,
CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE (CJD) SURVEILLANCE UNIT REPORT
Thank you for your recent letter concerning the publication of the third
annual report from the CJD Surveillance Unit. I am sorry that you are
dissatisfied with the way in which this report was published.
The Surveillance Unit is a completely independant outside body and the
Department of Health is committed to publishing their reports as soon as they
become available. In the circumstances it is not the practice to circulate the
report for comment since the findings of the report would not be amended. In
future we can ensure that the British Deer Farmers Association receives a copy
of the report in advance of publication.
The Chief Medical Officer has undertaken to keep the public fully informed
of the results of any research in respect of CJD. This report was entirely the
work of the unit and was produced completely independantly of the the
Department.
The statistical results reqarding the consumption of venison was put into
perspective in the body of the report and was not mentioned at all in the press
release. Media attention regarding this report was low key but gave a realistic
presentation of the statistical findings of the Unit. This approach to
publication was successful in that consumption of venison was highlighted only
once by the media ie. in the News at one television proqramme.
I believe that a further statement about the report, or indeed statistical
links between CJD and consumption of venison, would increase, and quite possibly
give damaging credence, to the whole issue. From the low key media reports of
which I am aware it seems unlikely that venison consumption will suffer
adversely, if at all.
http://web.archive.org/web/20030511010117/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf
now, let’s see what the authors said about this casual link, personal
communications years ago. see where it is stated NO STRONG evidence. so, does
this mean there IS casual evidence ????
“Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD
transmission to humans”
From: TSS (216-119-163-189.ipset45.wt.net)
Subject: CWD aka MAD DEER/ELK TO HUMANS ???
Date: September 30, 2002 at 7:06 am PST
From: "Belay, Ermias"
To:
Cc: "Race, Richard (NIH)" ; ; "Belay, Ermias"
Sent: Monday, September 30, 2002 9:22 AM
Subject: RE: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS
Dear Sir/Madam,
In the Archives of Neurology you quoted (the abstract of which was attached
to your email), we did not say CWD in humans will present like variant
CJD.
That assumption would be wrong. I encourage you to read the whole article
and call me if you have questions or need more clarification (phone:
404-639-3091). Also, we do not claim that "no-one has ever been infected with
prion disease from eating venison." Our conclusion stating that we found no
strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans in the article you quoted or in
any other forum is limited to the patients we investigated.
Ermias Belay, M.D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
-----Original Message-----
From:
Sent: Sunday, September 29, 2002 10:15 AM
To: rr26k@nih.gov; rrace@niaid.nih.gov; ebb8@CDC.GOV
Subject: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS
Sunday, November 10, 2002 6:26 PM ......snip........end..............TSS
Thursday, April 03, 2008
A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease
2008 1: Vet Res. 2008 Apr 3;39(4):41
A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease
Sigurdson CJ.
snip...
*** twenty-seven CJD patients who regularly consumed venison were reported
to the Surveillance Center***,
snip...
full text ;
Friday, November 09, 2012
*** Chronic Wasting Disease CWD in cervidae and transmission to other
species
Sunday, November 11, 2012
*** Susceptibilities of Nonhuman Primates to Chronic Wasting Disease
November 2012
Friday, December 14, 2012
Susceptibility Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in wild cervids to Humans 2005
- December 14, 2012
Saturday, March 09, 2013
Chronic Wasting Disease in Bank Voles: Characterisation of the Shortest
Incubation Time Model for Prion Diseases
*** NOR IS THE FDA recalling this CWD positive elk meat for the well being
of the dead elk ;
Wednesday, March 18, 2009 Noah’s Ark Holding, LLC, Dawson, MN RECALL Elk
products contain meat derived from an elk confirmed to have CWD NV, CA, TX, CO,
NY, UT, FL, OK RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: FOODS CLASS II
___________________________________
PRODUCT
a) Elk Meat, Elk Tenderloin, Frozen in plastic vacuum packaging. Each
package is approximately 2 lbs., and each case is approximately 16 lbs.; Item
number 755125, Recall # F-129-9;
b) Elk Meat, Elk Trim, Frozen; Item number 755155, Recall # F-130-9;
c) Elk Meat, French Rack, Chilled. Item number 755132, Recall #
F-131-9;
d) Elk Meat, Nude Denver Leg. Item number 755122, Recall # F-132-9;
e) Elk Meat, New York Strip Steak, Chilled. Item number 755128, Recall #
F-133-9;
f) Elk Meat, Flank Steak Frozen. Item number 755131, Recall #
F-134-9;
CODE
Elk Meats with production dates of December 29, 30, and 31
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER
Recalling Firm: Sierra Meats, Reno, NV, by telephone on January 29, 2009
and press release on February 9, 2009.
Manufacturer: Noah’s Ark Holding, LLC, Dawson, MN. Firm initiated recall is
ongoing.
REASON
Elk products contain meat derived from an elk confirmed to have Chronic
Wasting Disease (CWD).
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE
Unknown
DISTRIBUTION
NV, CA, TX, CO, NY, UT, FL, OK
___________________________________
Monday, February 09, 2009
Exotic Meats USA Announces Urgent Statewide Recall of Elk Tenderloin
Because It May Contain Meat Derived From An Elk Confirmed To Have CWD
snip...
Cross-sequence transmission of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease creates a
new prion strain
Date: August 25, 2007 at 12:42 pm PST
our results raise the possibility that CJD cases classified as VV1 may
include cases caused by iatrogenic transmission of sCJD-MM1 prions or food-borne
infection by type 1 prions from animals, e.g., chronic wasting disease prions in
cervid. In fact, two CJD-VV1 patients who hunted deer or consumed venison have
been reported (40, 41). The results of the present study emphasize the need for
traceback studies and careful re-examination of the biochemical properties of
sCJD-VV1 prions.
Wednesday, March 18, 2009
Noah's Ark Holding, LLC, Dawson, MN RECALL Elk products contain meat
derived from an elk confirmed to have CWD NV, CA, TX, CO, NY, UT, FL, OK RECALLS
AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: FOODS CLASS II
Friday, October 28, 2011
CWD Herd Monitoring Program to be Enforced Jan. 2012 TEXAS
Greetings TAHC et al,
A kind greetings from Bacliff, Texas.
In reply to ;
Texas Animal Health Commission (TAHC) Announcement October 27, 2011
I kindly submit the following ;
FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED
VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OIA UPDATE DECEMBER 2013 UPDATE
OAI 2012-2013
OAI (Official Action Indicated) when inspectors find significant
objectionable conditions or practices and believe that regulatory sanctions are
warranted to address the establishment’s lack of compliance with the regulation.
An example of an OAI classification would be findings of manufacturing
procedures insufficient to ensure that ruminant feed is not contaminated with
prohibited material. Inspectors will promptly re-inspect facilities classified
OAI after regulatory sanctions have been applied to determine whether the
corrective actions are adequate to address the objectionable conditions.
ATL-DO 1035703 Newberry Feed & Farm Ctr, Inc. 2431 Vincent St. Newberry
SC 29108-0714 OPR DR, FL, FR, TH HP 9/9/2013 OAI Y
DET-DO 1824979 Hubbard Feeds, Inc. 135 Main, P.O. Box 156 Shipshewana IN
46565-0156 OPR DR, FL, OF DP 8/29/2013 OAI Y
ATL-DO 3001460882 Talley Farms Feed Mill Inc 6309 Talley Rd Stanfield NC
28163-7617 OPR FL, TH NP 7/17/2013 OAI N
NYK-DO 3010260624 Sherry Sammons 612 Stoner Trail Rd Fonda NY 12068-5007
OPR FR, OF NP 7/16/2013 OAI Y
DEN-DO 3008575486 Rocky Ford Pet Foods 21693 Highway 50 East Rocky Ford CO
81067 OPR RE, TH HP 2/27/2013 OAI N
CHI-DO 3007091297 Rancho Cantera 2866 N Sunnyside Rd Kent IL 61044-9605 OPR
FR, OF HP 11/26/2012 OAI Y
*** DEN-DO 1713202 Weld County Bi Products, Inc. 1138 N 11th Ave Greeley CO
80631-9501 OPR RE, TH HP 10/12/2012 OAI N
Ruminant Feed Inspections Firms Inventory (excel format)
PLEASE NOTE, the VAI violations were so numerous, and unorganized in dates
posted, as in numerical order, you will have to sift through them for
yourselves. ...tss
see full text ;
Sunday, December 15, 2013
FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED
VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OIA UPDATE DECEMBER 2013 UPDATE
Friday, February 14, 2014
OFFAL from Class I Recall 002-2014 and 013-2014 Health Risk: High Jan 13,
2014 and Feb 8, 2014 shipped to Texas, Florida, and Illinois UPDATE FEBRUARY 14,
2014
Monday, February 3, 2014
*** Evaluation of the zoonotic potential of transmissible mink
encephalopathy TSE Prion disease
Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF
TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES
Sunday, February 16, 2014
Recycling collection to benefit young mother with rare, terminal
disease
Photo Sandi Kennedy, shown here with her oldest son, is now home with
family and the community is rallying around her. Courtesy photo By Staff reports
February 14, 2014 3:21 PM KENNEBUNK - The CAN DO program at the Kennebunk
Transfer Station will spend the next two months collecting cans and bottles to
help the family of Sandi Kennedy, a young Kennebunk mother struck by a rare,
fatal disease.
"Drop off bottles and cans with a redemption value (Maine State deposit
only) at the Transfer Station on Sea Road," said CAN DO organizer Tom Couming.
"This will continue for at least two months."
*** Doctors have diagnosed Kennedy, a 38-year-old wife and mom of four
young children ages 2 to 9, with Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, an incurable
neurological disorder, part of a family known as prion diseases.
Kennedy is now at her home in Kennebunk, surrounded by family, and will be
on hospice care as doctors have given her a short time to live.
Friends and family members have created a page on YouCaring.com to support
the Kennedy family. Visit youcaring.com and search for "Hope for Sandi." One
hundred percent of any money raised through the page will benefit the
Kennedys.
Sunday, August 09, 2009
CJD...Straight talk with...James Ironside...and...Terry Singeltary... 2009
Wednesday, February 12, 2014
USDA/APHIS NOTICE: Final Rule Regarding Imports and BSE Effective March 4,
2014
Comments on technical aspects of the risk assessment were then submitted to
FSIS. Comments were received from Food and Water Watch, Food Animal Concerns
Trust (FACT), Farm Sanctuary, R-CALF USA, Linda A Detwiler, and Terry S.
Singeltary. This document provides itemized replies to the public comments
received on the 2005 updated Harvard BSE risk assessment. Please bear the
following points in mind:
Owens, Julie From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr. [flounder9@verizon.net]
Sent: Monday, July 24, 2006 1:09 PM
To: FSIS RegulationsComments Subject: [Docket No. FSIS-2006-0011] FSIS
Harvard Risk Assessment of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Page 1 of 98
FSIS, USDA, REPLY TO SINGELTARY
U.S.A. 50 STATE BSE MAD COW CONFERENCE CALL Jan. 9, 2001
Wednesday, December 11, 2013
*** Detection of Infectivity in Blood of Persons with Variant and Sporadic
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease ***
Friday, February 14, 2014
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) biannual update (February 2014), with
briefing on novel human prion disease National CJD Research and Surveillance
Unit NCJDRSU
Tuesday, February 11, 2014
*** Novant Health Forsyth Medical Center Information on potential CJD
exposure
ALL iatrogenic cjd is, is sporadic cjd, until route and source is
documented, confirmed, and put in the academic and public domain, which very
seldom happens. that's why 85%+ of all human TSE prion disease is sporadic CJD,
they like to keep it that way$$$ ...just saying$$$
I suppose one of the most disturbing studies I have ever read, was the one
of Gibbs et al, way back, with electrodes that caused CJD, again, and again.
I am not posting this to scare folks, so be it if it does, but I am posting
this for you to see what you are dealing with. ...this study still amazes me.
read it more than once.
please see ;
1: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994 Jun;57(6):757-8
Transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease to a chimpanzee by electrodes
contaminated during neurosurgery.
Gibbs CJ Jr, Asher DM, Kobrine A, Amyx HL, Sulima MP, Gajdusek DC.
Laboratory of Central Nervous System Studies, National Institute of
Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, MD 20892.
Stereotactic multicontact electrodes used to probe the cerebral cortex of a
middle aged woman with progressive dementia were previously implicated in the
accidental transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) to two younger
patients. The diagnoses of CJD have been confirmed for all three cases. More
than two years after their last use in humans, after three cleanings and
repeated sterilisation in ethanol and formaldehyde vapour, the electrodes were
implanted in the cortex of a chimpanzee. Eighteen months later the animal became
ill with CJD. This finding serves to re-emphasise the potential danger posed by
reuse of instruments contaminated with the agents of spongiform
encephalopathies, even after scrupulous attempts to clean them.
PMID: 8006664 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8006664&dopt=Abstract
New studies on the heat resistance of hamster-adapted scrapie agent:
Threshold survival after ashing at 600°C suggests an inorganic template of
replication
Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel
Production
Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a
CWD-endemic area
A Quantitative Assessment of the Amount of Prion Diverted to Category 1
Materials and Wastewater During Processing
Rapid assessment of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion inactivation by
heat treatment in yellow grease produced in the industrial manufacturing process
of meat and bone meals
PPo4-4:
Survival and Limited Spread of TSE Infectivity after Burial
now that I have your attention, please read on for the rest of this man
made nightmare. ...tss
Thursday, February 06, 2014
Commons Science and Technology Committee announce new inquiry on blood,
tissue and organ screening Parliament exposure vcjd and blood risk while still
ignoring recent risks factors of sporadic CJD
Wednesday, January 15, 2014
*** INFECTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF CJD, VCJD AND OTHER HUMAN PRION
DISEASES IN HEALTHCARE AND COMMUNITY SETTINGS Variably Protease-Sensitive
Prionopathy (VPSPr) January 15, 2014
Wednesday, November 27, 2013
NHS failed to sterilise surgical instruments contaminated with 'mad cow'
disease
Friday, January 10, 2014
*** vpspr, sgss, sffi, TSE, an iatrogenic by-product of gss, ffi, familial
type prion disease, what it ???
Thursday, January 23, 2014
Medical Devices Containing Materials Derived from Animal Sources (Except
for In Vitro Diagnostic Devices) [Docket No. FDA–2013–D–1574]
Saturday, November 16, 2013
Management of neurosurgical instruments and patients exposed to
creutzfeldt-jakob disease 2013 December
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol.
Thursday, November 14, 2013
Prion diseases in humans: Oral and dental implications
Saturday, November 2, 2013
Recommendation of the Swiss Expert Committee for Biosafety on the
classification of activities using prion genes and prion protein January 2013
Thursday, January 16, 2014
The Anspach Effort, Inc. RECALL FDA Blackmax motor had been used in a case
where the patient was diagnosed with Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease (CJD) MARYLAND
HOSTPITAL
WHAT about the sporadic CJD TSE proteins ?
WE now know that some cases of sporadic CJD are linked to atypical BSE and
atypical Scrapie, so why are not MORE concerned about the sporadic CJD, and all
it’s sub-types $$$
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease CJD cases rising North America updated report
August 2013
*** Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease CJD cases rising North America with Canada
seeing an extreme increase of 48% between 2008 and 2010 ***
Sunday, October 13, 2013
*** CJD TSE Prion Disease Cases in Texas by Year, 2003-2012
Sunday, January 19, 2014
National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center Cases Examined1 as of
January 8, 2014
just made a promise to mom, never forget, never let them forget...tss
Saturday, February 22, 2014
New chronic wasting disease rules enhance risks professor John Fischer of
the University of Georgia told the 37th meeting of the Southeast Deer Study
Group
Tuesday, February 25, 2014
*** 25% increase !!!
Test results provide current snapshot of CWD in south-central Wisconsin
Dane and Eastern Iowa counties Prevalence has *** increased in all categories
TSS
posted by Terry S. Singeltary Sr. at
12:36 PM
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