Tuesday, April 24, 2012

NEBRASKA CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD SPREADING SLOWLY 2011 REPORT GAME FARM RANCH UPDATE

NEBRASKA CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD SPREADING SLOWLY 2011 REPORT



PLEASE NOTE THE SAMPLES TAKEN (or lack of) from 2011 to 2010, and then compare CWD positives.


IN 2010, there were 3,660 deer tested for chronic wasting disease, with 52 testing positive.


NOW in 2011, there were 1,565 lymph node samples collected from deer taken during the November rifle deer season, with 26 samples testing positive for CWD.


seems lack of funding for CWD and other TSE prion disease are helping fuel the spread of this deadly agent. ...


Chronic Wasting Disease Spreading Slowly


Chronic wasting disease (CWD) in deer appeared for the first time in Buffalo, Custer and Holt counties. There were 1,565 lymph node samples collected from deer taken during the November rifle deer season, with 26 samples testing positive for CWD. Samples also were taken from 37 culled deer that showed clinical symptoms for CWD, with one male mule deer from Garden County testing positive. The sampling focused on central Nebraska, the leading edge of the disease as it spreads from west to east.









Deer Disease Surveillance Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) – There was 3,660 deer tested for chronic wasting disease, with 52 testing positive. The counties with the most positives were Sioux (12), Sheridan (seven) and Dawes and Garden (six each).








CWD Found in Buffalo, Custer, Holt Counties


January 3, 2012


LINCOLN, Neb. – Chronic wasting disease (CWD) in deer has appeared for the first time in Buffalo, Custer and Holt counties, according to the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission.


There were 1,565 lymph node samples collected from deer taken during the 2011 November firearm deer season, with 26 samples testing positive for CWD. In addition, samples were taken from 37 culled deer that showed clinical symptoms for CWD, with one male mule deer from Garden County testing positive. Those symptoms include a rough, emaciated appearance and a lack of fear of humans.


There were a record 51 positives from 3,645 samples in Nebraska in 2010. However, the surveillance effort was reduced in 2011 due to a lack of funds. The 2011 effort focused on central Nebraska, the leading edge of the disease as it spreads from west to east.


Game and Parks confirmed CWD in the state’s deer population in 2000. CWD is a disease that can affect deer and elk and always is fatal to the affected animal. Humans have never been known to contract CWD.








see full text ;



Wednesday, January 04, 2012



CWD NEBRASKA NGPC 26 DEER CARCASSES TESTED POSITIVE BUFFALO, CUSTER AND HOLT COUNTIES DURING NOVEMBER HUNT








Chronic wasting disease found in deer killed in central Nebraska, game officials say


LINCOLN, Neb. — The Nebraska Game and Parks Commission says chronic wasting disease has been found in three central Nebraska counties for the first time.


The commission says a total of 26 deer carcasses tested positive for the disease in Buffalo, Custer and Holt counties during the November firearm hunting season. Nearly 1,600 lymph node samples were taken. One mule deer carcass in Garden County tested positive.


In 2010, 51 positives were found in the more than 3,600 test samples.


The 2011 testing was curtailed by budget issues, so it was concentrated on central Nebraska, which the commission says is the leading edge of the disease as it spreads from west to east.


The disease affects deer and elk and is always fatal. No human cases have ever been recorded.








CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE Nebraska, like other western states, is seeing an increase in the number and distribution of deer testing positive for chronic wasting disease (CWD). In 2010, 3,645 lymph node samples were collected during the November firearm season, then tested. Fifty-one new positives were confirmed, a record high for the state. Counties with positive deer were: Sioux, 11, Sheridan, seven; Dawes and Garden, six each; Box Butte and Scotts Bluff, four each; Morrill, three; Banner and Hitchcock, two each; and Cherry, Hall, Hooker, Keith, Lincoln, and Loup, one each. CWD was found for the first time in Hitchcock, Hooker, Lincoln, and Loup counties. Also, 18 deer were tested through culling or targeted surveillance. An adult male whitetail showing clinical symptoms was collected north of Harrison in Sioux County. It tested positive for CWD. One elk from Sioux County tested positive. CWD appears to be a prion disease that attacks the central nervous system and causes fatal damage to the brain of white-tailed deer, mule deer and Rocky Mountain elk.











CWD IN NEBRASKA IS INCREASING WITH 51 POSITIVE CASES IN 2010



Posted Mar 02 2011 9:31pm Fifty-One Deer Test Positive for CWD


March 1, 2011 News


LINCOLN, Neb. – Nebraska is experiencing an increase in the number of deer testing positive for chronic wasting disease (CWD), as well as a wider distribution, according to the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission. There were a record 51 positives in 2010.



CWD is a disease that can affect deer and elk and is always fatal to the affected animal. Humans have never been known to contract CWD.


There were 3,645 lymph node samples collected from deer harvested during the November firearm season. The 51 positives were the most in Nebraska in one year.


The counties with the highest number of positives were: Sioux, 11; Sheridan, 7; Dawes, 6; Garden, 6; Box Butte, 4; Scotts Bluff, 4; and Morrill, 3. There were two positives each in Banner and Hitchcock counties and one each in Hooker, Keith, Lincoln, Loup, Cherry, and Hall counties. The counties in which CWD was found for the first time are: Hitchcock, Hooker, Lincoln, and Loup.


No elk tested positive for CWD in 2010.









Wednesday, March 02, 2011



CWD IN NEBRASKA IS INCREASING WITH 51 POSITIVE CASES IN 2010








Wednesday, February 04, 2009



Nebraska reports 22 cases of CWD in deer








Tuesday, December 18, 2007



NEBRASKA CWD tested 3,400 deer, with 17 testing positive 2007














Wednesday, January 25, 2012



Nebraska Fish and Game Association Censors Singeltary from speaking about Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) again


snip...




2012


NOW, let me be perfectly clear. this time, it was the Nebraska Fish and Game Association that allowed me back on board, to post about CWD, after I had asked them to do so. what happened was, I got to speaking the truth about game farms, and CWD spreading there from, and a certain few complained, and kept complaining, they did not want anymore information (valid scientific peer review journals) that might hurt their industry. SO, I thank NFGC again for giving me a chance to try and educate hunters on CWD and the TSE prion disease. I think I supplied enough information to help educate, the ones that wanted to be educated, however, it’s the other folks I am concerned about. the ones that don’t want to be educated on this CWD, the ones that don’t want to speak about it, or learn about, and they don’t want others to either. these few folks are the ones that will help continue the spread of CWD. these folks caused the surpressing of CWD TSE prion information. to be good stewards of the woods and hunt, you cannot stick your head in the sand. these few folks did, and in doing so, they want everyone else’s head in the sand. and that’s been the problem all along. ...good luck!


so much for freedom of speech. can’t say I did not try. ... TSS


snip...











Monday, April 16, 2012



Highly Efficient Amplification of Chronic Wasting Disease Agent by Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification with Beads (PMCAb)








Saturday, April 07, 2012



DETECTION OF PrPCWD IN FECES FROM NATURALLY EXPOSED ROCKY MOUNTAIN ELK (CERVUS ELAPHUS NELSONI) USING PROTEIN MISFOLDING CYCLIC AMPLIFICATION









Nebraska Chronic Wasting Disease





















CWD GAME FARMS AND RANCHES IN NEBRASKA and RISK FACTOR THERE FROM




Although the Game and Parks Commission's wildlife management areas and U.S. Forest Service pastures in the Bordeaux and Hat Creek units provide some opportunities for elk hunters, most elk taken in Nebraska are killed on private land. Obtaining private land access to hunt elk is difficult, but not impossible, and a growing number of Nebraska landowners charge fees for hunting privileges.














*** Chronic Wasting Disease CWD CDC REPORT MARCH 2012 ***




Saturday, February 18, 2012


Occurrence, Transmission, and Zoonotic Potential of Chronic Wasting Disease


CDC Volume 18, Number 3—March 2012




SNIP...



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CWD has been identified in free-ranging cervids in 15 US states and 2 Canadian provinces and in ≈ 100 captive herds in 15 states and provinces and in South Korea (Figure 1, panel B).


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Long-term effects of CWD on cervid populations and ecosystems remain unclear as the disease continues to spread and prevalence increases. In captive herds, CWD might persist at high levels and lead to complete herd destruction in the absence of human culling. Epidemiologic modeling suggests the disease could have severe effects on free-ranging deer populations, depending on hunting policies and environmental persistence (8,9). CWD has been associated with large decreases in free-ranging mule deer populations in an area of high CWD prevalence (Boulder, Colorado, USA) (5).


SNIP...




Indirect Environmental Transmission


Environmental transmission of the CWD agent was reported in studies demonstrating that an infected deer carcass left in a pasture for 2 years could transmit the agent to immunologically naive deer (17). Exposure of naive deer to pasture previously inhabited by an infected deer also led to CWD transmission, as did cohabitation of naive and infected deer (17). Naive deer exposed to water, feed buckets, and bedding used by CWD-infected deer contracted the disease (18).


Epidemiologic modeling suggests that indirect environmental routes of CWD transmission also play a major role in transmission (8). Environmental transmission of scrapie is well documented, and scrapie prions may remain infectious after years in the environment (19,20; S.E. Saunders, unpub. data). Nevertheless, environmental transmission of scrapie may be less efficient than transmission by direct contact (19). Conversely, the relative efficiency of CWD transmission by direct contact versus indirect, environmental routes remains unclear, but evidence suggests environmental transmission may be a major mechanism (8). The proportion of transmission by direct versus indirect routes may vary not only between captive and free-ranging cervid populations, but also among cervid species and free-ranging habitats and ecosystems. Transmission dynamics may also vary over time as CWD prevalence and ecosystem residence times continue to increase (8).


If the environment serves as a reservoir of CWD infectivity, hot spots of concentrated prion infectivity could be formed at areas of communal activity where shedding occurs (Figure 3) (12). Animal mortality sites, where highly infectious CNS matter would enter the environment, could also be hot spots (21). In a study of deer carcass decomposition in Wisconsin, carcasses persisted for 18–101 days depending on the season, and were visited by deer (22). In addition, cervid carcasses are visited by numerous scavenger species, such as raccoons, opossums, coyotes, vultures, and crows, which could consume and transport CWD-infected tissue and increase CWD spread (21,22). Thus, there is the potential for CWD to spread from sites of animal deaths. Predators may also contribute to spread of the CWD agent and transmission (5), as could transport by surface water (23) or insect vectors. Natural migration and dispersion of cervids is also a likely mechanism of geographic spread of CWD (24).


Given that cervids habitually ingest considerable amounts of soil, soil has been hypothesized to play a key role in CWD transmission (Figure 3) (11,20; S.E. Saunders et al., unpub. data). Inhalation of dust-bound CWD prions may also represent a route of transmission. It is known that CWD prions can bind to a range of soils and soil minerals (25,26) and retain the ability to replicate (27). In addition, rodent prions retain or gain infectivity when bound to soil and soil minerals (20,27; S.E. Saunders et al., unpub. data). Prion fate and transmission in soil has been recently reviewed (20). Although the potential for CWD transmission by soil and soil reservoirs is considerable, this transmission remains to be directly evaluated with cervids.


CWD Zoonotic Potential, Species Barriers, and Strains


Current Understanding of the CWD Species Barrier


Strong evidence of zoonotic transmission of BSE to humans has led to concerns about zoonotic transmission of CWD (2,3). As noted above, CWD prions are present nearly ubiquitously throughout diseased hosts, including in muscle, fat, various glands and organs, antler velvet, and peripheral and CNS tissue (2,14,15). Thus, the potential for human exposure to CWD by handling and consumption of infectious cervid material is substantial and increases with increased disease prevalence.


Interspecies transmission of prion diseases often yields a species-barrier effect, in which transmission is less efficient compared with intraspecies transmission, as shown by lower attack rates and extended incubation periods (3,28). The species barrier effect is associated with minor differences in PrPc sequence and structure between the host and target species (3). Prion strain (discussed below) and route of inoculation also affect the species barrier (3,28). For instance, interspecies transmission by intracerebral inoculation is often possible but oral challenge is completely ineffective (29).


Most epidemiologic studies and experimental work have suggested that the potential for CWD transmission to humans is low, and such transmission has not been documented through ongoing surveillance (2,3). In vitro prion replication assays report a relatively low efficiency of CWD PrPSc-directed conversion of human PrPc to PrPSc (30), and transgenic mice overexpressing human PrPc are resistant to CWD infection (31); these findings indicate low zoonotic potential. However, squirrel monkeys are susceptible to CWD by intracerebral and oral inoculation (32). Cynomolgus macaques, which are evolutionarily closer to humans than squirrel monkeys, are resistant to CWD infection (32). Regardless, the finding that a primate is orally susceptible to CWD is of concern.


Interspecies transmission of CWD to noncervids has not been observed under natural conditions. CWD infection of carcass scavengers such as raccoons, opossums, and coyotes was not observed in a recent study in Wisconsin (22). In addition, natural transmission of CWD to cattle has not been observed in experimentally controlled natural exposure studies or targeted surveillance (2). However, CWD has been experimentally transmitted to cattle, sheep, goats, mink, ferrets, voles, and mice by intracerebral inoculation (2,29,33).


CWD is likely transmitted among mule, white-tailed deer, and elk without a major species barrier (1), and other members of the cervid family, including reindeer, caribou, and other species of deer worldwide, may be vulnerable to CWD infection. Black-tailed deer (a subspecies of mule deer) and European red deer (Cervus elaphus) are susceptible to CWD by natural routes of infection (1,34). Fallow deer (Dama dama) are susceptible to CWD by intracerebral inoculation (35). Continued study of CWD susceptibility in other cervids is of considerable interest.


Reasons for Caution


There are several reasons for caution with respect to zoonotic and interspecies CWD transmission. First, there is strong evidence that distinct CWD strains exist (36). Prion strains are distinguished by varied incubation periods, clinical symptoms, PrPSc conformations, and CNS PrPSc depositions (3,32). Strains have been identified in other natural prion diseases, including scrapie, BSE, and CJD (3). Intraspecies and interspecies transmission of prions from CWD-positive deer and elk isolates resulted in identification of >2 strains of CWD in rodent models (36), indicating that CWD strains likely exist in cervids. However, nothing is currently known about natural distribution and prevalence of CWD strains. Currently, host range and pathogenicity vary with prion strain (28,37). Therefore, zoonotic potential of CWD may also vary with CWD strain. In addition, diversity in host (cervid) and target (e.g., human) genotypes further complicates definitive findings of zoonotic and interspecies transmission potentials of CWD.


Intraspecies and interspecies passage of the CWD agent may also increase the risk for zoonotic CWD transmission. The CWD prion agent is undergoing serial passage naturally as the disease continues to emerge. In vitro and in vivo intraspecies transmission of the CWD agent yields PrPSc with an increased capacity to convert human PrPc to PrPSc (30). Interspecies prion transmission can alter CWD host range (38) and yield multiple novel prion strains (3,28). The potential for interspecies CWD transmission (by cohabitating mammals) will only increase as the disease spreads and CWD prions continue to be shed into the environment. This environmental passage itself may alter CWD prions or exert selective pressures on CWD strain mixtures by interactions with soil, which are known to vary with prion strain (25), or exposure to environmental or gut degradation.


Given that prion disease in humans can be difficult to diagnose and the asymptomatic incubation period can last decades, continued research, epidemiologic surveillance, and caution in handling risky material remain prudent as CWD continues to spread and the opportunity for interspecies transmission increases. Otherwise, similar to what occurred in the United Kingdom after detection of variant CJD and its subsequent link to BSE, years of prevention could be lost if zoonotic transmission of CWD is subsequently identified,


snip...see full text and more here ;




Saturday, February 18, 2012


Occurrence, Transmission, and Zoonotic Potential of Chronic Wasting Disease


CDC Volume 18, Number 3—March 2012















see map ;













SEE MORE HERE ;









ATTENTION, CONFUCIUS IS CONFUSED AGAIN ??? WHICH CAME FIRST DOCUMENTED CWD IN CAPTIVE OR FREE RANGING IN NEBRASKA ???





see map on CWD and compare game farm infection dates to wild infection dates, close proximity to each other, and compare from state to state. with Nebraska, which came first, the cow or the cart ???



Nebraska C = 2001



Nebraska F = 1999



see map ;










full text ;












see much more here ;












1998 Nebraska - Game farm in Cherry County, Nebraska has CWD. First in the state.














Fall 2000 Nebraska's first wild mule deer with CWD is killed by a hunter in Kimball County.










Nebraska



Dept of Agriculture and Game and Parks



On April 9, 1998, chronic wasting disease (CWD) was diagnosed in a captive elk in Nebraska.� This discovery follows the confirmation of CWD in two captive elk herds in South Dakota earlier this year.� The Nebraska elk was a 4 1/2-year old male that was among a privately owned herd of approximately 150 elk.� The health of the animal had deteriorated for about 2 months before it died.� Confirmation of CWD was made by the USDA's National Veterinary Services Laboratories in Ames, Iowa.



The case history revealed that the affected elk was born on a farm on the Western Slope of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado, but it was on two additional Colorado farms before it arrived in Nebraska at 2 to 2 1/2 years of age.� One of the Colorado premises was in the known CWD-endemic region along the Eastern Slope of the Rocky Mountains in northcentral Colorado.



The Nebraska State Veterinarian's Office has quarantined the affected herd, and a hold order was placed on two additional herds in Nebraska that received animals from the affected herd.� It also has been determined that elk farmers in four states (IA, IL, TX, WI) have received elk from the infected herd, and these states were notified by the Nebraska Bureau of Animal Industry.� Additional tracing may be forthcoming because elk from the affected herd were sold through two auctions in Colorado and Missouri.� A CWD Working Group is being formed to develop Voluntary CWD Management Guidelines.� The first goals of the Nebraska Bureau of Animal Industry are:� (1) to implement a policy requiring disease reporting of animals over 16 months of age; (2) to require identification of individual animals and reporting change of ownership; and (3) to establish a data base to monitor change of ownership.



South Dakota has taken legislative action to create a CWD control program for captive cervids.� Their program calls for a 5-year quarantine with monitoring of all affected, adjacent, or exposed captive cervid herds.� Monitored herds that maintain clean status are given certificates at annual milestones for years 1 through 4 and are designated "Certified CWD Cervid Herd" after 5 years of negative surveillance.� The Cervid CWD Surveillance Identification Program includes required examination of brain tissue from all dead cervids 18 months or older, including deaths by slaughter, hunting, illness, and injury.� The South Dakota State Veterinarian has forwarded the description of his State's program to the United States Animal Health Association along with the suggestion that it should be considered as a "starting place" for developing a Model CWD Control Program.� Persons interested in this document can obtain a copy from Dr. Sam Holland, South Dakota State Veterinarian, SD Animal Industry Board, 411 South Fort Street, Pierre, South Dakota 57501-4503.�









In addition to cases in captive research and free-ranging deer and elk, CWD has been diagnosed at various times in privately-owned, captive elk in Colorado, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Kansas, Alberta (Canada) and Saskatchewan (Canada) since 1996. CWD infection has been particularly severe in a group of interconnected facilities near Rapid City, South Dakota, that appear to be the original source of infection for other South Dakota game farms as well as the Saskatchewan epidemic. In contrast, infected elk in two of three Nebraska farms originated in Colorado, and infected elk in Oklahoma apparently originated in Montana; CWD has been confirmed in the Montana and Colorado source herds. Epidemiology of the Canadian cases has been under study, and South Dakota appears to be the likely source of CWD in Saskatchewan; it also appears that CWD was imported into Canada prior to 1990, and has spread among at least 18 farms via live animal sales over the last decade. The overall distribution and occurrence of CWD among farmed elk operations should become clearer as industry-wide surveillance programs are developed. There are no apparent epidemiological connections between the Colorado-Nebraska, South Dakota-Saskatchewan, and Montana-Oklahoma foci; moreover. The source of infection for free-ranging white-tailed deer in Wisconsin is unknown. CWD at a farmed elk operation in Minnesota was confirmed on 30 August 2002.















Nebraska, where two captive herds are under quarantine for chronic wasting disease, has similar regulations and is considering additional monitoring requirements as the industry expands in that state. Two new elk slaughter plants have recently opened there.









Disease Threats to Elk Photos and text by Eric Fowler Published October 2010




Disease Threats to Elk Other than man and a handful of mountain lions, there are no predators to really stem the growth of elk herds in Nebraska. Disease, however, could be another story. Disease concerns played a major role in changes being made at Fort Niobrara National Wildlife Refuge, specifically when three deer harvested within 20 miles of the refuge in 2006 tested positive for chronic wasting disease, a contagious neurological disease that damages the brain and central nervous system of deer, elk and moose and is always fatal.



Since first appearing in Nebraska’s free ranging deer in 1998, CWD has been found in four captive elk herds in the state. Three of those herds were destroyed, a standard practice meant to reduce the chances of developing a hot spot that could spread the disease to free-ranging deer and elk. The fourth, located in Cherry County, was quarantined but cleared after extensive testing of the remaining animals. Since it was established nearly 100 years ago, the Fort Niobrara refuge’s defined purpose has been the preservation of native birds, bison and elk.



“Knowing that we have responsibility to manage for elk, we just felt we’d be derelict in our duties to stick our head in the sand and wait for CWD to show up and have to kill all of these [captive] elk,” said Todd Frerichs, deputy project leader at the refuge.



Since 1997, the Commission has tested more than 42,000 deer and 50 wild elk for CWD, most of them harvested by hunters. Of those, 202 deer and two elk have tested positive. Both elk positives came from cow elk in Sioux County: one harvested during the 2009 hunting season, and another sick animal that was put down in January 2010. Bruce Trindle, big game research and wildlife disease specialist in the Commission’s Norfolk office, said the disease spreads slowly through or between deer and elk populations at first, a fact that may have delayed its inevitable appearance in Nebraska’s elk.



As prevalence rates rise, however, it spreads more rapidly. In Wyoming, the prevalence rate in some elk herds is 40 percent or higher, resulting in a measurable population decline. Animals can be infected for months or years before becoming sick. “There isn’t any immunity, and if a deer or elk gets it, they die,” Trindle said.



Another threat to Nebraska’s elk herd unexpectedly appeared in 2009 when an elk in a captive herd in Knox County and a beef cow in Rock County tested positive for bovine tuberculosis, a highly infectious bacterial disease that can infect and be passed between any warm-blooded vertebrate. When found in cattle, tuberculosis can have dire consequences for both the ranch and state in which it is found due to restrictions that are placed on livestock movement. Testing found no other cases in Nebraska livestock or in 42 deer culled and tested around the captive elk herd. Had it been passed through the fence to free-ranging wildlife, Hams said, the result would have been “catastrophic.”



An area of Michigan continues to deal with tuberculosis in deer and livestock 30 years after it was discovered, an effort that has included reduction of the local deer herd. Hams said the case provides further justification for ending the practice of raising elk and other wildlife behind fences for meat, antlers or recreational shooting. Testing programs for captive herds are “rudimentary and almost ineffective,” Hams said.



Often diseases aren’t discovered until animals are sick and dying or, in the case of tuburculosis, until an animal is slaughtered. By then, Hams said, other elk from the same herd, which may have been infected, have been shipped to other elk farms around the country, spreading the infection. Captive elk can and sometimes do escape from pens, putting free-ranging wildlife at risk. But diseases can also spread when captive and free-ranging wildlife meet at fencelines, which is why the Commission continues to shoot wild elk found in close proximity to a captive herd.










Elk were extirpated from Nebraska around the turn of the century. A few elk, probably from Wyoming, were reported in Northwestern Nebraska in the 1950s and 60s, and the statewide population now is about 2,300, most in the Pine Ridge.










I don’t think Nebraska has any clue as to how many game farm or game ranches of either deer or elk or both they have in their state ???





if they do, I could not find the information on the Nebraska Gov. websites. it may be there somewhere???





here are a few from state to state. by no means is this all of them. ...
































United States Deer and Elk Farms Directory















Chronic Wasting Disease was discovered in white-tailed deer in Nebraska in 2002, but the long-term effects of this prion disease are unknown.



It will be a challenge for biologists in the future to develop season formats that will provide the necessary white-tailed deer management to meet the above goal for big game. Managers must determine the desired population level for each management unit, and then calculate an antlerless harvest that will achieve the population goal. A more conservative approach of doe harvest may be used in western Nebraska white-tailed deer habitats due to less productive and slower growing populations.




ISSUE 1 Cervid disease issues have come to the forefront with Chronic Wasting Disease, brain worm, bovine tuberculosis and foreign deer lice being diagnosed in the Nebraska. Disease problems will continue be very important to the mule deer management program during this planning phase.




Tactic 5. Create an accurate statewide stable isotope map using lymph nodes collected for Chronic Wasting Disease testing and use in analysis of mountain lion claws and other tissues to determine origination of dispersers.











SEE what the one CWD infected farm in Wisconsin (with the most highest infection rate to date with CWD at 80% infection rate) cost that state ;






Tuesday, December 20, 2011



CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD WISCONSIN Almond Deer (Buckhorn Flats) Farm Update DECEMBER 2011




The CWD infection rate was nearly 80%, the highest ever in a North American captive herd.



Despite the five year premise plan and site decontamination, The WI DNR has concerns over the bioavailability of infectious prions at this site to wild white-tail deer should these fences be removed. Current research indicates that prions can persist in soil for a minimum of 3 years.



However, Georgsson et al. (2006) concluded that prions that produced scrapie disease in sheep remained bioavailable and infectious for at least 16 years in natural Icelandic environments, most likely in contaminated soil.



Additionally, the authors reported that from 1978-2004, scrapie recurred on 33 sheep farms, of which 9 recurrences occurred 14-21 years after initial culling and subsequent restocking efforts; these findings further emphasize the effect of environmental contamination on sustaining TSE infectivity and that long-term persistence of prions in soils may be substantially greater than previously thought.



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SUMMARY: The Department has obtained on agreement to purchase 80 acres of land from Patricia Casey for $465,000 for the Statewide Wildlife Habitat program, In Portage County, The item is being submitted because the price exceeds the appraised value of $371,000 and because the Department will prohibit Nature-Based Outdoor Activities on the land.



The properly is located in south central Portage County about 12 miles southeast of Plover in the Town of Almond. The property, which includes a single family residence, a metal building, and a storage shed, was operated us a deer farm until 2006 at which time it was closed down because of an outbreak of chronic wasting disease (CWD). All the deer in the operation were destroyed and the operation has stood vacant for the last 5 years per U .S. Dcpnrtmeut of Agriculture requirements. During this time and until May 24, 2011, the fences around this facility must be maintained and the premise cannot be used as a deer farm, though other animals such ns cattle and horses would be permitted. After May 24, all such restrictions will expire. This site, known as the Hall Farm, had the highest prevalence of CWO positive deer recorded at any deer farm in North America.



Based on available science, the Department believes that there is an unacceptable potential risk of exposure to CWD causing prions to wild cervids in this area should the premise fencing be removed. To minimize this risk, the Department believes that the fences should remain intact and in place until science can demonstrate that there is no longer any potential risk. After extensive consideration of several options, the Department maintains that the purchase and subsequent management of the properly and fences is the only realistic option.



The Department proposes to prohibit all public use of the property in order to ensure confinement and control of contaminated soils and limit any potential spread of Chronic Wasting Disease from the property to surrounding lands and wild deer populations and to allow for research of prions and prion related diseases such as Chronic Wasting Disease. The property is currently surrounded by a deer fence and removal of that fence to allow public use, or public use of any form inside the fenced area would be incompatible with the primary purpose of acquiring the properly. The Department has determined that it is necessary to prohibit all public access on the site to accommodate the Department's primary purpose for the acquisition and its Intended use of the property for research and wildlife management.



Acquisition of this properly will minimize any potential risk to local cervids from the CWD causing prions that may exist within the fenced area. The Department will consider sale of the house at a later date if local zoning can be modified for a lot size that would not contain contaminated soil. State ownership will allow the Department to maintain the deer proof fence, thereby protecting wild deer from CWD infection from the contaminated soil on this former deer farm.



RECOMMENDATION: That the Board approve the purchase of 80 acres of land for $465,000 for the Statewide Wildlife Habitat Program in Portage County and approve the restrictions on public use of the site.





snip...see full text and much more here ;










SNIP...SEE FULL TEXT ;








Thursday, February 09, 2012


50 GAME FARMS IN USA INFECTED WITH CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE






Friday, February 03, 2012


Wisconsin Farm-Raised Deer Farms and CWD there from 2012 report Singeltary et al






Saturday, February 04, 2012


Wisconsin 16 age limit on testing dead deer Game Farm CWD Testing Protocol Needs To Be Revised






Monday, November 14, 2011


WYOMING Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease, CWD, TSE, PRION REPORTING 2011






Wednesday, November 16, 2011


Wisconsin Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease, CWD, TSE, PRION REPORTING 2011






Sunday, November 13, 2011


COLORADO CWD CJD TSE PRION REPORTING 2011









*** Spraker suggested an interesting explanation for the occurrence of CWD. The deer pens at the Foot Hills Campus were built some 30-40 years ago by a Dr. Bob Davis. At or abut that time, allegedly, some scrapie work was conducted at this site. When deer were introduced to the pens they occupied ground that had previously been occupied by sheep.






Monday, April 16, 2012


Continuing Enhanced National Surveillance for Prion Diseases in the United States



snip...


Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) emerged in the 1980s as a disease of cows produced by an aberrant protein (prions). This disease is a food-borne human pathogen producing new variant Creutzfeld-Jakob Disease in people. This event has changed how cattle are fed and the standards of global agricultural trade. The investigation of this disease, and its ultimate solution required an integrated approach by scientists and health policymakers across multiple disciplines. A similar disease, chronic wasting disease (CWD) of elk, deer and moose is spreading in North America. The mechanism of transmission is not understood. There is a risk of spread to cattle and other food animals and ultimately to humans, since the prion protein of CWD can be efficiently converted to a form that apparently overcomes the structural barriers between more distant species. A One Health approach to CWD envisions the convergence of human, veterinary, wildlife disease and research scientists to establish improved surveillance and diagnostic methods, define the transmission chain, risk of cross-species spread, and control strategies.


snip...








Thursday, April 05, 2012


Prevalence and Effects of Chronic Wasting Disease in Elk from Rocky Mountain National Park






Thursday, March 29, 2012


TEXAS DEER CZAR SAYS WISCONSIN DNR NOT DOING ENOUGH ABOUT CWD LIKE POT CALLING KETTLE BLACK






Monday, March 26, 2012


Texas Prepares for Chronic Wasting Disease CWD Possibility in Far West Texas






Monday, March 26, 2012


3 CASES OF CWD FOUND NEW MEXICO MULE DEER SEVERAL MILS FROM TEXAS BORDER






Sunday, March 25, 2012


Three more cases of CWD found in free-ranging deer in Macon County






Wednesday, March 21, 2012


MICHIGAN SENATE BILL 27 TURNS OVER GAME FARMS and CWD RISK FACTORS THERE FROM, TO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE $






Friday, March 16, 2012


OHIO TURNS OVER CERVID GAME FARMS (and CWD risk) TO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, GOD HELP THEM H. B. No. 389


As Passed by the Senate


129th General Assembly Regular Session 2011-2012 Am. H. B. No. 389





Thursday, March 08, 2012


Dept. of Ag Notified of Two Positive Tests for CWD at Macon County Facility






Tuesday, February 28, 2012


newly developed injectable CWD vaccine, live rectal mucosa testing and Deer Game Farms Update






Wednesday, February 15, 2012


West Virginia Deer Farming Bill backed by deer farmers advances, why ? BE WARNED CWD






Wednesday, February 15, 2012


New Supplement from Deer Antler Velvet, CWD, and CJD there from ?


New Deer Antler Velvet Extract Changes the World of Supplements






Tuesday, February 14, 2012


Oppose Indiana House Bill 1265 game farming cervids






Monday, February 13, 2012


Stop White-tailed Deer Farming from Destroying Tennessee's Priceless Wild Deer Herd oppose HB3164







Thursday, January 26, 2012


The Risk of Prion Zoonoses


Science 27 January 2012: Vol. 335 no. 6067 pp. 411-413 DOI: 10.1126/science.1218167







Thursday, January 26, 2012


Facilitated Cross-Species Transmission of Prions in Extraneural Tissue


Science 27 January 2012: Vol. 335 no. 6067 pp. 472-475 DOI: 10.1126/science.1215659







Sunday, January 22, 2012


Chronic Wasting Disease CWD cervids interspecies transmission

http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/01/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-cervids.html



Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) emerged in the 1980s as a disease of cows produced by an aberrant protein (prions). This disease is a food-borne human pathogen producing new variant Creutzfeld-Jakob Disease in people. This event has changed how cattle are fed and the standards of global agricultural trade. The investigation of this disease, and its ultimate solution required an integrated approach by scientists and health policymakers across multiple disciplines. A similar disease, chronic wasting disease (CWD) of elk, deer and moose is spreading in North America. The mechanism of transmission is not understood. There is a risk of spread to cattle and other food animals and ultimately to humans, since the prion protein of CWD can be efficiently converted to a form that apparently overcomes the structural barriers between more distant species. A One Health approach to CWD envisions the convergence of human, veterinary, wildlife disease and research scientists to establish improved surveillance and diagnostic methods, define the transmission chain, risk of cross-species spread, and control strategies.






snip...





Budget




A budget of $2,978,682 is requested to fund the Initiative for a period of 3 years.




The majority of the budget is for salaries and benefits (45%), contracts (30%) and travel (22%).

















Monday, April 16, 2012



Continuing Enhanced National Surveillance for Prion Diseases in the United States




TSS

Monday, April 16, 2012

Highly Efficient Amplification of Chronic Wasting Disease Agent by Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification with Beads (PMCAb)

Highly Efficient Amplification of Chronic Wasting Disease Agent by Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification with Beads (PMCAb)






Chad J. Johnson1, Judd M. Aiken2, Debbie McKenzie2, Michael D. Samuel3, Joel A. Pedersen1*







1 Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program and Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America, 2 Center for Prions and Protein Misfolding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, 3 U.S. Geological Survey, Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America











Abstract Top



Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) has emerged as an important technique for detecting low levels of pathogenic prion protein in biological samples. The method exploits the ability of the pathogenic prion protein to convert the normal prion protein to a proteinase K-resistant conformation. Inclusion of Teflon® beads in the PMCA reaction (PMCAb) has been previously shown to increase the sensitivity and robustness of detection for the 263 K and SSLOW strains of hamster-adapted prions. Here, we demonstrate that PMCAb with saponin dramatically increases the sensitivity of detection for chronic wasting disease (CWD) agent without compromising the specificity of the assay (i.e., no false positive results). Addition of Teflon® beads increased the robustness of the PMCA reaction, resulting in a decrease in the variability of PMCA results. Three rounds of serial PMCAb allowed detection of CWD agent from a 6.7×10−13 dilution of 10% brain homogenate (1.3 fg of source brain). Titration of the same brain homogenate in transgenic mice expressing cervid prion protein (Tg(CerPrP)1536+/− mice) allowed detection of CWD agent from the 10−6 dilution of 10% brain homogenate. PMCAb is, thus, more sensitive than bioassay in transgenic mice by a factor exceeding 105. Additionally, we are able to amplify CWD agent from brain tissue and lymph nodes of CWD-positive white-tailed deer having Prnp alleles associated with reduced disease susceptibility.









SNIP...











Our study extends the utility of PMCAb to a new prion strain and demonstrates that this method is substantially more sensitive than animal bioassay. The higher sensitivity and increased robustness of PMCAb is expected to allow early stages of disease to be delineated (i.e., PrPTSE trafficking during initial exposure), determination of efficacies of decontamination methods, and detection of CWD agent in naturally contaminated environmental samples. Enabling the identification of environmental reservoirs of infectivity would lead to better understanding of CWD epizootics.





Citation: Johnson CJ, Aiken JM, McKenzie D, Samuel MD, Pedersen JA (2012) Highly Efficient Amplification of Chronic Wasting Disease Agent by Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification with Beads (PMCAb). PLoS ONE 7(4): e35383. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035383



Editor: Ilia V. Baskakov, University of Maryland, United States of America





Received: December 18, 2011; Accepted: March 15, 2012; Published: April 13, 2012



This is an open-access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication.



Funding: This work was supported by NSF grants DEB-0914484 (MDS) and CBET-0547484 (JAP), NIH grant R01 NS060034 (JMA/JAP). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.



Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.



* E-mail: joelpedersen@wisc.edu











http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0035383










http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/









http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/







TSS

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Saturday, April 07, 2012

DETECTION OF PrPCWD IN FECES FROM NATURALLY EXPOSED ROCKY MOUNTAIN ELK (CERVUS ELAPHUS NELSONI) USING PROTEIN MISFOLDING CYCLIC AMPLIFICATION

DETECTION OF PrPCWD IN FECES FROM NATURALLY EXPOSED ROCKY MOUNTAIN ELK (CERVUS ELAPHUS NELSONI) USING PROTEIN MISFOLDING CYCLIC AMPLIFICATION



Bruce Pulford1, Terry R. Spraker1, A. Christy Wyckoff1, Crystal Meyerett1, Heather Bender1, Adam Ferguson1, Brittney Wyatt1, Krista Lockwood1, Jenny Powers2, Glenn C. Telling1, Margaret A. Wild2 and Mark D. Zabel1,3

+ Author Affiliations

1Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Prion Research Program, Colorado State University, 1619 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA

2National Park Service, 1201 Oakridge Drive, Fort Collins, Colorado 80525, USA

↵3 Corresponding author (email: mark.zabel@colostate.edu)

Abstract

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting captive and free-ranging cervids. Currently, tests for CWD in live animals involve relatively invasive procedures to collect lymphoid tissue biopsies and examine them for CWD-associated, protease-resistant cervid prion protein (PrPCWD) detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). We adapted an ultrasensitive prion detection system, protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), to detect PrPCWD in Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) feces. Our PMCA reproducibly detected a 1.2×107 dilution of PrPCWD (a 10% infected brain homogenate diluted 1.2×106-fold into 10% fecal homogenates), equivalent to approximately 100 pg of PrPCWD/g of feces. We developed a semiquantitative scoring system based on the first PMCA round at which PrPCWD was detected and fit a nonlinear regression curve to our serial dilutions to correlate PMCA scores with known PrPCWD concentrations. We used this PMCA scoring system to detect PrPCWD and estimate its concentration in feces from free-ranging elk from Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. We compared our results to PrPCWD IHC of rectoanal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue and obex from the same animals. The PMCA successfully detected PrPCWD in feces from elk that were positive by IHC, with estimated prion loads from 100 to 5,000 pg PrPCWD/g of feces. These data show for the first time PrPCWD in feces from naturally exposed free-ranging elk and demonstrate the potential of PMCA as a new, noninvasive CWD diagnostic tool to complement IHC.


http://www.jwildlifedis.org/content/48/2/425.abstract?etoc





Survival Patterns in White-tailed and Mule Deer after Oral Inoculation with a Standardized, Conspecific Prion Dose


Michael W. Miller1,4, Lisa L. Wolfe1, Tracey M. Sirochman1, Michael A. Sirochman1, Jean E. Jewell2 and Elizabeth S. Williams2,3

+ Author Affiliations

1Colorado Division of Wildlife, Wildlife Research Center, 317 West Prospect Road, Fort Collins, Colorado 80526-2097, USA

2Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, 1174 Snowy Range Road, Laramie, Wyoming 82070, USA

↵4 Corresponding author (email: mike.miller@state.co.us)

Abstract

We orally inoculated white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) with a standardized, conspecific prion dose and collected biologic samples throughout the disease course. Mule deer (PRNP genotype 225SS) and PRNP genotype 96GG white-tailed deer succumbed along similar trajectories, but 96GS- and 96SS-genotype individuals tended to survive longer. Received September 8, 2011. Accepted November 23, 2011. © Wildlife Disease Association 2012



http://www.jwildlifedis.org/content/48/2/526.abstract?etoc





Assessment of Prospective Preventive Therapies for Chronic Wasting Disease in Mule Deer

Lisa L. Wolfe1,4, David A. Kocisko2,3, Byron Caughey2 and Michael W. Miller1

+ Author Affiliations

1Colorado Division of Wildlife, Wildlife Research Center, 317 West Prospect Road, Fort Collins, Colorado 80526-2097, USA

2Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana 59840, USA

↵4 Corresponding author (email: lisa.wolfe@state.co.us)

Abstract

We compared prion infection rates among mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) receiving pentosan polysulfate, tannic acid, tetracycline HCl, or no treatment 14 days before to 14 days after (dpi) oral inoculation with tonsil tissue homogenate. All deer were infected, but the rapid disease course (230–603 dpi) suggested our challenge was overwhelming. Received September 8, 2011. Accepted November 23, 2011. © Wildlife Disease Association 2012



http://www.jwildlifedis.org/content/48/2/530.abstract?etoc




Thursday, April 05, 2012



Prevalence and Effects of Chronic Wasting Disease in Elk from Rocky Mountain National Park


http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/04/prevalence-and-effects-of-chronic.html




Saturday, April 07, 2012
 
 
EFFECTS OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE ON REPRODUCTION AND FAWN HARVEST VULNERABILITY IN WISCONSIN WHITE-TAILED DEER
 
 





http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/





TSS

Labels:

EFFECTS OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE ON REPRODUCTION AND FAWN HARVEST VULNERABILITY IN WISCONSIN WHITE-TAILED DEER

EFFECTS OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE ON REPRODUCTION AND FAWN HARVEST VULNERABILITY IN WISCONSIN WHITE-TAILED DEER



Julie A. Blanchong1,6, Daniel A. Grear2, Byron V. Weckworth3, Delwyn P. Keane4, Kim T. Scribner3 and Michael D. Samuel5

+ Author Affiliations

1Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, 339 Science 2, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA

2Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, 226 Russell Labs, 1630 Linden, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA

3Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, 13 Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA

4Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, 445 Easterday Lane, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA

5U.S. Geological Survey, Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, 226 Russell Labs, 1630 Linden, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA

↵6 Corresponding author (email: julieb@iastate.edu)

Abstract

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal, transmissible spongiform encephalopathy that affects free-ranging and captive North American cervids. Although the impacts of CWD on cervid survival have been documented, little is known about the disease impacts on reproduction and recruitment. We used genetic methods and harvest data (2002–04) to reconstruct parentage for a cohort of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) fawns born in spring 2002 and evaluate the effects of CWD infection on reproduction and fawn harvest vulnerability. There was no difference between CWD-positive and CWD-negative male deer in the probability of being a parent. However, CWD-positive females were more likely to be parents than CWD-negative females. Because our results are based on harvested animals, we evaluated the hypothesis that higher parentage rates occurred because fawns with CWD-positive mothers were more vulnerable to harvest. Male fawns with CWD-positive mothers were harvested earlier (>1 mo relative to their mother’s date of harvest) and farther away from their mothers than male fawns with CWD-negative mothers. Male fawns with CWD-positive mothers were also harvested much earlier and farther away than female fawns from CWD-positive mothers. Most female fawns (86%) with CWD-positive mothers were harvested from the same section as their mothers, while almost half of male and female fawns with CWD-negative mothers were farther away. We conclude that preclinical stages of CWD infection do not prohibit white-tailed deer from successfully reproducing. However, apparently higher harvest vulnerability of male fawns with CWD-positive mothers suggests that CWD infection may make females less capable of providing adequate parental care to ensure the survival and recruitment of their fawns.


http://www.jwildlifedis.org/content/48/2/361.abstract?etoc




Saturday, February 04, 2012

Wisconsin 16 age limit on testing dead deer Game Farm CWD Testing Protocol Needs To Be Revised

http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/02/wisconsin-16-age-limit-on-testing-dead.html








*** Chronic Wasting Disease CWD CDC REPORT MARCH 2012 ***

Saturday, February 18, 2012

Occurrence, Transmission, and Zoonotic Potential of Chronic Wasting Disease

CDC Volume 18, Number 3—March 2012



SNIP...


=====================

CWD has been identified in free-ranging cervids in 15 US states and 2 Canadian provinces and in ≈ 100 captive herds in 15 states and provinces and in South Korea (Figure 1, panel B).

=====================


SNIP...



Long-term effects of CWD on cervid populations and ecosystems remain unclear as the disease continues to spread and prevalence increases. In captive herds, CWD might persist at high levels and lead to complete herd destruction in the absence of human culling. Epidemiologic modeling suggests the disease could have severe effects on free-ranging deer populations, depending on hunting policies and environmental persistence (8,9). CWD has been associated with large decreases in free-ranging mule deer populations in an area of high CWD prevalence (Boulder, Colorado, USA) (5).



SNIP...


full text ;


http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/18/3/11-0685_article.htm




see map ;


http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/18/3/11-0685-f1.htm





Thursday, February 09, 2012


50 GAME FARMS IN USA INFECTED WITH CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE


http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/02/50-game-farms-to-date-in-usa-infected.html








Friday, February 03, 2012


Wisconsin Farm-Raised Deer Farms and CWD there from 2012 report Singeltary et al


http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/02/wisconsin-farm-raised-deer-farms-and.html








Thursday, April 05, 2012


Prevalence and Effects of Chronic Wasting Disease in Elk from Rocky Mountain National Park


http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/04/prevalence-and-effects-of-chronic.html





http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/






TSS

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Thursday, April 05, 2012

Prevalence and Effects of Chronic Wasting Disease in Elk from Rocky Mountain National Park

Prevalence and Effects of Chronic Wasting Disease in Elk from Rocky Mountain National Park


Ryan Monello Biological Resource Management Division National Parks Service Ryan_Monello@nps.gov N. Thompson Hobbs Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory Department of Ecology Colorado State University Jenny G. Powers Biological Resource Management Division National Park Service Terry R. Spraker Colorado State Diagnostic Laboratory College of Veterinary Medicine Colorado State University Margaret A. Wild Biological Resource Management Division National Park Service


Chronic wasting disease (CWD) can have long-term, negative impacts on deer populations, but there is little known about the ecology of CWD in free-ranging elk (Cervus elaphus). We placed radio-collars on 136 adult female elk in Rocky Mountain National Park (RMNP) as part of a three-year study that measured the efficacy of rectal biopsies to diagnose prion infection and the impact of CWD on elk survival and population growth. Elk with biopsies that tested positive via immunohistochemistry (IHC) were euthanized, and postmortem samples were examined with IHC. Survival was monitored on a weekly basis and 20-34 study animals were resampled and euthanized annually. Specificity of rectal biopsies was 100%, while sensitivity was 74% when three or more follicles were obtained from the biopsy. Rectal biopsy test results were similar to brainstem samples, but neither tissue contained prions in the earliest stages of infection that were only detected in retropharyngeal lymph nodes. Minimum prevalence (% of elk infected) was estimated to be 9.9% (95% credible limits (CI) = 5.7, 15.7) based on rectal biopsies, but this estimate rose to 12.9% (CI = 8.0, 19.1) when we included four elk that were likely misdiagnosed at initial capture. Following removal of all known individuals with CWD, the annual survival rate was relatively high during the initial year of the study, but declined in subsequent years due to consistent increases in CWD-related mortalities (2008 survival = 0.97 [CI: 0.93, 0.99], 2009 = 0.90 [CI: 0.83, 0.95], 2010 = 0.85 [CI: 0.75, 0.93]). These results suggest that 1) rectal biopsies can be a useful research tool, but can miss elk in the earliest stages of prion infection; and 2) CWD can reduce the survival of adult females and slow the population growth of high-density elk herds.


Cervus elaphus, chronic wasting disease, Colorado, elk, mortality, prevalence, prion, survival


http://www.nps.gov/romo/parkmgmt/upload/RMNP_Conference_Proceeding_2012.pdf




National Wildlife Health Center Enhanced Surveillance Strategies for Detecting and Monitoring Chronic Wasting Disease in Free-Ranging Cervids

Open-File Report 2012–1036

snip...

In addition to locations of known CWD-positive individuals, other spatial risk factors related to CWD exposure should be considered. For example, the risk of free-ranging animals being exposed to CWD is likely greater in areas where captive cervid facilities have or had CWD-positive animals. Current evidence indicates that CWD infection rates are much higher in captive facilities than in wild populations (Keane and others, 2008), and perhaps this is driven by environmental contamination (Miller and others, 2006). This higher rate of infection in captive animals can increase the risk of disease exposure to surrounding wild populations. Furthermore, movement of infectious animals, carcasses, or other materials across the landscape, naturally or with human assistance, likely increases the risk to uninfected populations. The frequent movement of farmed elk (Cervus elaphus) and deer between production facilities, the concentration of infected animals on some facilities, and the possibility of their escape into the wild increases the risk of spreading CWD to uninfected populations of free-ranging animals. Because the infectious prions may persist in the environment for long periods, the introduction of either captive or free-ranging uninfected animals into a contaminated environment could increase their risk of infection. For example, locations from which sheep have been removed may remain contaminated with scrapie agent for more than 15 years (Georgsson and others, 2006). In a similar manner, translocation of cervids from areas that have not been documented to be CWD-free could pose a risk of disease introduction. In this situation, the risk of introduction is likely related to the probability of infected animals being moved and their ability to spread CWD to other susceptible animals or into the environment. Thus, surveillance on and around cervid farms or free-ranging populations that have received animals from known CWD areas and bordering jurisdictions with CWD-positive animals can increase the likelihood of disease spread. Additional risk factors, such as the presence of scrapie in sheep populations that are sympatric with deer and elk (Greenlee and others, 2011), feeding of animal protein to cervids (Johnson, McKenzie, and others, 2011), baiting and feeding programs (Thompson and others, 2008), or other environmental factors also may be considered, although their roles in CWD epidemiology has not been clearly established.

snip...

Baiting or feeding, which artificially increases concentrations of animals, may increase the chance of disease spread through direct contact among animals or indirect contact with environmental contamination (Thompson and others, 2008; Mathiason and others, 2009; Tamguney and others, 2009; Haley and others, 2011). Thus, variation in density of deer or infected deer across the landscape is another important spatial risk factor to consider when conducting disease surveillance or monitoring (Joly and others, 2009).

snip...

It has also been recognized that targeted surveillance of individuals demonstrating clinical signs consistent with CWD infection results an increased probability of detecting CWD. In one study, 66 percent and 43 percent of submitted deer and elk exhibiting clinical signs of CWD, respectively, were diagnosed as CWD-positive compared to 5 percent and 0.5 percent of randomly sampled deer and elk submitted for testing (Miller and others, 2000). Therefore, exhibition of clinical signs of CWD is a clearly an attribute that increases an individual’s likelihood of having CWD and is a demographic risk factor that can be exploited to increase surveillance efficiency. Targeted surveillance and investigation of clinical animals also has the added benefit of detection of other important wildlife diseases with similar clinical signs (Miller and others, 2000; Samuel and others, 2003).

Other demographic risk factors are less well understood. For example, there is evidence that genetics plays a role in individual susceptibility and rate of disease progression. Similar to other TSEs, polymorphisms of the prion protein gene (PRNP) may moderate individual susceptibility to and progression of CWD infection of elk, mule, and white-tailed deer (O’Rourke and others, 2004; Spraker and others, 2004; Jewell and others, 2005; Fox and others, 2006; Hamir and others, 2006; Goldmann, 2008; Keane and others, 2008; Perucchini and others, 2008). Therefore, it appears that certain individuals are innately at higher risk of CWD infection based solely on their PRNP genotype. For example, Wisconsin white-tailed deer with the PRNP genotype G96G have approximately four times higher rate of infection and 8 months shorter survival after infection compared to G96S deer (Robinson and others, 2012). However, unlike other TSEs, there is no evidence that any of the PRNP genotypes in wild cervids are immune to CWD infection.

snip...

Finally, high population density, which also can be considered a spatial risk factor, is generally believed to create increased risk of disease transmission through higher direct or indirect contact rates (Swinton and others, 2001; Ramsey and others, 2002). This is the basis for population reduction strategies used by many wildlife management agencies for CWD management in free-ranging cervids (Williams and others, 2002; Joly and others, 2003; Williams, 2005; Joly and others, 2006). The actual transmission route of CWD is not known, however, experimental evidence from captive cervids suggests that CWD infection occurs via horizontal transmission through both direct and indirect contact between susceptible and infected individuals (Miller and Williams, 2003; Williams and Miller, 2003), and both kinds of contact can be influenced by density. Experimental inoculation with blood, urine, feces, and saliva from CWD-infected individuals has been shown to provide viable routes of transmission, suggesting direct contact with any of these infectious materials could act as a route of infection (Miller and others, 2004; Mathiason and others, 2006; Miller and others, 2006; Trifilo and others, 2007; Safar and others, 2008; Haley and others, 2009; Mathiason and others, 2009; Tamguney and others, 2009; Haley and others, 2011). Indirect contact may play an important role in transmission dynamics via environmental contamination, because the CWD agent can persist in contaminated systems for 2 or more years (Miller and others, 2004), and if CWD is similar to scrapie, it may persist for 15 or more years (Georgsson and others, 2006). For captive cervids, the most likely route of exposure is orally through foraging activities in the immediate vicinity of fresh and decomposed carcasses or ingestion of fresh and residual excreta from infected individuals (Miller and others, 2004; Trifilo and others, 2007; Safar and others, 2008; Mathiason and others, 2009). However, the relative importance of direct and indirect transmission of CWD in wild cervids has not been determined. As previously mentioned, certain soil types can also increase oral infectivity of TSEs, which may allow environmental contamination to be problematic even in the presence of relatively low doses of the infective agent (Johnson and others, 2007). Thus, it is likely density of infected cervids can contribute to increased indirect contact rate between susceptible and infected individuals or contact with an environmental reservoir. However, it is unclear to what the extent density influences these processes.

snip...

Conclusion

We have presented a wide range of risk factors that may be considered when designing surveillance or monitoring programs. Although this is not an exhaustive list and undoubtedly other factors not yet described will come to light, the risk factors and associated references detailed herein provide a useful starting point. Many jurisdictions currently collect information on many of these factors, especially for harvested cervids. Other data related to spatial risk factors may be readily available within Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Thus, the use of the risk factors in surveillance and monitoring activities is a natural progression in continued improvement of these activities.

For jurisdictions lacking quantitative information on various risk factors, we recommend collaborating with similar entities that have available information and utilizing their data to incorporate risk factors into disease-management activities. In addition, even if information is limited or unavailable for some of the risk factors described, use of the information that is available for the remaining factors may provide gains in efficiency. However, we caution that, if possible, risk factors related to CWD infection should also consider potential differences in species of interest, differences in harvest strategies among areas, if CWD is in an early or advanced stage of epizootic (low vs. high prevalence), and how different cervid ecology and habitat features might affect estimate risk factors. At the current time, little is known about how many of these features might affect CWD prevalence and risk of infection.

Evaluation of risk factors helps to focus resources on locations or target populations with a greater likelihood of being infected and increases the efficiency of surveillance and monitoring efforts. Agencies charged with managing this disease should continue to look for efficient ways to conduct their activities. Identifying, understanding the importance of, and incorporating risk factors into surveillance and monitoring activities are potential means of meeting this need for increased efficiency.

http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1036/pdf/ofr2012_1036.pdf






Chronic Wasting Disease CWD CDC REPORT MARCH 2012


Saturday, February 18, 2012


Occurrence, Transmission, and Zoonotic Potential of Chronic Wasting Disease



CDC Volume 18, March 2012


SNIP...


=====================

CWD has been identified in free-ranging cervids in 15 US states and 2 Canadian provinces and in 100 captive herds in 15 states and provinces and in South Korea (Figure 1, panel B).

=====================


SNIP...


Long-term effects of CWD on cervid populations and ecosystems remain unclear as the disease continues to spread and prevalence increases. In captive herds, CWD might persist at high levels and lead to complete herd destruction in the absence of human culling. Epidemiologic modeling suggests the disease could have severe effects on free-ranging deer populations, depending on hunting policies and environmental persistence (8,9). CWD has been associated with large decreases in free-ranging mule deer populations in an area of high CWD prevalence (Boulder, Colorado, USA) (5).





SNIP... see map ;




http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/18/3/11-0685-f1.htm




full text ;



http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/ahead-of-print/article/18/3/11-0685_article.htm




see much more here ;



http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/02/occurrence-transmission-and-zoonotic.html




Thursday, February 09, 2012

Colorado Farm-Raised Deer Farms and CWD there from 2012 report Singeltary et al


http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/02/colorado-farm-raised-deer-farms-and-cwd.html






50 GAME FARMS IN USA INFECTED WITH CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD





Tuesday, December 20, 2011





CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD WISCONSIN Almond Deer (Buckhorn Flats) Farm Update DECEMBER 2011







> > > The CWD infection rate was nearly 80%, the highest ever in a North American captive herd.





Despite the five year premise plan and site decontamination, The WI DNR has concerns over the bioavailability of infectious prions at this site to wild white-tail deer should these fences be removed. Current research indicates that prions can persist in soil for a minimum of 3 years.





However, Georgsson et al. (2006) concluded that prions that produced scrapie disease in sheep remained bioavailable and infectious for at least 16 years in natural Icelandic environments, most likely in contaminated soil.





Additionally, the authors reported that from 1978-2004, scrapie recurred on 33 sheep farms, of which 9 recurrences occurred 14-21 years after initial culling and subsequent restocking efforts; these findings further emphasize the effect of environmental contamination on sustaining TSE infectivity and that long-term persistence of prions in soils may be substantially greater than previously thought. < < <









http://dnr.wi.gov/org/nrboard/2011/december/12-11-2b2.pdf















SNIP...SEE FULL TEXT ;







http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2011/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-wisconsin.html








Thursday, February 09, 2012





50 GAME FARMS IN USA INFECTED WITH CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE





http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/02/50-game-farms-to-date-in-usa-infected.html






 

Saturday, February 04, 2012



Wisconsin 16 age limit on testing dead deer Game Farm CWD Testing Protocol Needs To Be Revised



http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/02/wisconsin-16-age-limit-on-testing-dead.html





Chronic Wasting Disease National Program for Farmed and Captive Cervids Update

Patrice N. Klein, National Center for Animal Health Programs, USDA-APHISVS

In FY2010, APHIS received approximately $16.8 million in appropriated funding for the CWD Program, including $1.0 million in congressional earmarks. The FY2011 President’s proposed budget for the CWD Program is $14.2 million (exclusive of any congressional earmarks). In the first quarter of FY2011, the federal government is operating on a Continuing Resolution based on a quarterly percentage of the FY10 budget. CWD Rule Update: Public comments received on the proposed amendments to the 2006 CWD rule were categorized, reviewed, and responses were drafted. Issues that may impact the amended final rule and CWD Program implementation include the President’s Memo on federal preemption (May 20, 2009), budgetary constraints, and ongoing need for additional research to better understand the science for prevention and control of CWD. A draft of the amended CWD final rule is in clearance in November 2010. Surveillance testing: Through FY2009, VS conducted surveillance testing on more than 23,000 farmed and captive cervids by the immunohistochemistry (IHC) standard protocol. In FY2010, approximately 20,000 farmed and captive cervids were tested by IHC for CWD with funding to cover lab costs provided through NVSL. Status: CWD was detected in one captive white-tailed deer (WTD) herd in Missouri in February 2010. To date, 50 farmed/captive cervid herds have been identified in 11 states: CO, KS, MI, MN, MO, MT, NE, NY, OK, SD, WI. Thirty-seven were elk herds and 13 were WTD herds. At this time, six CWD positive elk herds remain in Colorado and one WTD herd remains in MO. VS has continued to offer indemnity for appraised value of the animals and to cover costs of depopulation, disposal, and testing of CWD-positive and exposed herds. Indemnity is provided based on availability of federal funding.

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Controlling Disease at the Fence: Research Questions, Answers, and on to More Questions

Kurt VerCauteren, National Wildlife Research Center, USDA-APHIS-WS

In recent years the National Wildlife Research Center has collaborated with many privately owned elk and deer producers to investigate many aspects regarding the potential for disease transmission between freeranging and captive cervids. A suite of studies began with a fencelineinteraction evaluation designed to determine if and to what extent interactions occurred along perimeter fences. We found through 1 year of video monitoring that interactions between captive and free-ranging whitetailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were relatively rare (2 direct contacts and 7 indirect contacts). Interactions between captive and free-ranging elk (Cervus elaphus), though, were relatively common (77 direct contacts and 274 indirect contacts). To address this issue, we proceeded to design and evaluate a cost-effective baited-electric fence that could be added to an existing single perimeter fence to minimize potential interactions. Our case study documented that once exposed to the electric fence individual elk learned to respect it and were completely deterred thereafter. The ambiguous question of how high white-tailed deer can jump was next on our list of pursuits to further evaluate risk associated with perimeter fences.

Following a controlled evaluation involving 43 white-tailed deer motivated to jump progressively higher fences, we determined that a 2.1-m-high fence presents a considerable barrier. We also teamed up with colleagues to develop the rectal biopsy antemortem test for identifying CWD-infected individuals, collecting over 1,500 rectal biopsies from captive cervids to date. We have incorporated the procedure into our research and continue to work toward assessing its utility relative to management. To prepare for instances when disease is introduced into the wild at a pointsource, we initiated a study evaluating rapid containment of white-tailed deer and demonstrated the efficacy of 2.1-m-high polypropylene mesh fence for emergency containment. A study we hope to do will document how captive white-tailed deer respond following “escape” from a captive deer facility. The study would give us an understanding of how easily these deer can be recaptured and how readily they integrate into the local free-ranging deer herd. The progression of research that we have conducted to date has provided insight into what occurs along perimeter fences at captive cervid facilities and is enabling producers and management agencies to make more informed decisions relative to protecting valuable resources inside and outside fences. We will briefly discuss these studies and more.



http://www.usaha.org/Portals/6/Proceedings/USAHAProceedings-2010-114th.pdf




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