Thursday, July 31, 2014

Pennsylvania Helps State and National Researchers Combat Chronic Wasting Disease

7/30/2014

 

Pennsylvania Helps State and National Researchers Combat Chronic Wasting Disease

 

​News for Immediate Release

 

July 30, 2014

 

Harrisburg – Seven deer testing positive for Chronic Wasting Disease are providing researchers with valuable samples and insights on combating the deadly disease.

 

The deer from an infected Reynoldsville, Jefferson County farm tested positive for Chronic Wasting Disease. Two other white-tailed deer died in April on the farm and tested positive for the disease. This marks the 14th white-tailed deer in the state to test positive for the disease since 2012.

 

“Chronic Wasting Disease is making its way across the state and we’re doing everything we can to stop its spread,” said Agriculture Secretary George Greig. “By working with the Pennsylvania Game Commission, state and national deer farmers associations and researchers from across the nation, we can better combat the disease.”

 

The department set out to provide as much information as possible to aid researchers to develop better diagnostic methods. It granted permission for researchers from Kansas State University, in cooperation with state and national deer farming associations, to take samples from the live deer. The samples are being used to study potential live-animal diagnostic tests to detect the disease.

 

Postmortem samples were distributed to United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Veterinary and Wildlife Services and USDA Agricultural Research Services for additional research about the disease.

 

“This is an unprecedented level of infection in a captive deer herd,” said Greig. “The department and deer farmers worked together to accommodate the requests of these researchers. The more we know, the greater the chance we can eradicate the disease.”

 

An investigation continues into any other deer farms that may have purchased or supplied the Reynoldsville herd with deer. Additional herds may be quarantined.

 

Chronic Wasting Disease attacks the brains of infected antlered animals such as deer, elk and moose, producing small lesions that eventually result in death. Animals can get the disease through direct contact with saliva, feces and urine from an infected animal.

 

There is no evidence that humans or livestock can get the disease, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

 

Symptoms include weight loss, excessive salivation, increased drinking and urination, and abnormal behavior like stumbling, trembling and depression. Infected deer and elk may also allow unusually close approach by humans or natural predators. The disease is fatal and there is no known treatment or vaccine.

 

Two Adams County deer tested positive for Chronic Wasting Disease in 2012. During the investigation the department quarantined 27 farms in 16 counties associated with the positive samples. Since then, five farms remain quarantined.

 

Surveillance for the disease has been ongoing in Pennsylvania since 1998.

 

The Department of Agriculture coordinates a mandatory surveillance program for more than 23,000 captive deer on 1,100 breeding farms, hobby farms and shooting preserves.

 

The Pennsylvania Game Commission collects samples from hunter-harvested deer and elk and those that appear sick or behave abnormally. Since 1998, the commission has tested more than 38,000 free-ranging deer and elk for the disease. Five wild deer have tested positive for the disease since 2013.

 

For more information, visit www.agriculture.state.pa.us and click on the “Chronic Wasting Disease Information” button.

 

Media contact: Samantha Elliott Krepps, 717-787-5085

 

###​

 


 

 Monday, July 28, 2014

 

*** Mitigating the Risk of Transmission and Environmental Contamination of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies 2013 Annual Report

 


 

PRION 2014 CONFERENCE

 

CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD

 

A FEW FINDINGS ;

 

Conclusions. To our knowledge, this is the first established experimental model of CWD in TgSB3985. We found evidence for co-existence or divergence of two CWD strains adapted to Tga20 mice and their replication in TgSB3985 mice. Finally, we observed phenotypic differences between cervid-derived CWD and CWD/Tg20 strains upon propagation in TgSB3985 mice. Further studies are underway to characterize these strains.

 

We conclude that TSE infectivity is likely to survive burial for long time periods with minimal loss of infectivity and limited movement from the original burial site. However PMCA results have shown that there is the potential for rainwater to elute TSE related material from soil which could lead to the contamination of a wider area. These experiments reinforce the importance of risk assessment when disposing of TSE risk materials.

 

The results show that even highly diluted PrPSc can bind efficiently to polypropylene, stainless steel, glass, wood and stone and propagate the conversion of normal prion protein. For in vivo experiments, hamsters were ic injected with implants incubated in 1% 263K-infected brain homogenate. Hamsters, inoculated with 263K-contaminated implants of all groups, developed typical signs of prion disease, whereas control animals inoculated with non-contaminated materials did not.

 

Our data establish that meadow voles are permissive to CWD via peripheral exposure route, suggesting they could serve as an environmental reservoir for CWD. Additionally, our data are consistent with the hypothesis that at least two strains of CWD circulate in naturally-infected cervid populations and provide evidence that meadow voles are a useful tool for CWD strain typing.

 

Conclusion. CWD prions are shed in saliva and urine of infected deer as early as 3 months post infection and throughout the subsequent >1.5 year course of infection. In current work we are examining the relationship of prionemia to excretion and the impact of excreted prion binding to surfaces and particulates in the environment.

 

Conclusion. CWD prions (as inferred by prion seeding activity by RT-QuIC) are shed in urine of infected deer as early as 6 months post inoculation and throughout the subsequent disease course. Further studies are in progress refining the real-time urinary prion assay sensitivity and we are examining more closely the excretion time frame, magnitude, and sample variables in relationship to inoculation route and prionemia in naturally and experimentally CWD-infected cervids.

 

Conclusions. Our results suggested that the odds of infection for CWD is likely controlled by areas that congregate deer thus increasing direct transmission (deer-to-deer interactions) or indirect transmission (deer-to-environment) by sharing or depositing infectious prion proteins in these preferred habitats. Epidemiology of CWD in the eastern U.S. is likely controlled by separate factors than found in the Midwestern and endemic areas for CWD and can assist in performing more efficient surveillance efforts for the region.

 

Conclusions. During the pre-symptomatic stage of CWD infection and throughout the course of disease deer may be shedding multiple LD50 doses per day in their saliva. CWD prion shedding through saliva and excreta may account for the unprecedented spread of this prion disease in nature.

 

see full text and more ;

 

Monday, June 23, 2014

 

*** PRION 2014 CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD

 


 

Thursday, July 03, 2014

 

*** How Chronic Wasting Disease is affecting deer population and what’s the risk to humans and pets?

 


 

Tuesday, July 01, 2014

 

*** CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION DISEASE, GAME FARMS, AND POTENTIAL RISK FACTORS THERE FROM

 


 

Sunday, July 13, 2014

 

Louisiana deer mystery unleashes litigation 6 does still missing from CWD index herd in Pennsylvania Great Escape

 


 

Wednesday, November 14, 2012

 

PENNSYLVANIA 2012 THE GREAT ESCAPE OF CWD INVESTIGATION MOVES INTO LOUISIANA and INDIANA

 


 

Tuesday, October 23, 2012

 

PA Captive deer from CWD-positive farm roaming free

 


 

Tuesday, May 28, 2013

 

Chronic Wasting Disease CWD quarantine Louisiana via CWD index herd Pennsylvania Update May 28, 2013

 

*** 6 doe from Pennsylvania CWD index herd still on the loose in Louisiana, quarantine began on October 18, 2012, still ongoing, Lake Charles premises.

 


 

Saturday, June 29, 2013

 

*** PENNSYLVANIA CAPTIVE CWD INDEX HERD MATE YELLOW *47 STILL RUNNING LOOSE IN INDIANA, YELLOW NUMBER 2 STILL MISSING, AND OTHERS ON THE RUN STILL IN LOUISIANA

 


 

Tuesday, June 11, 2013

 

*** CWD GONE WILD, More cervid escapees from more shooting pens on the loose in Pennsylvania

 


 

Sunday, January 06, 2013

 

USDA TO PGC ONCE CAPTIVES ESCAPE

 

*** "it‘s no longer its business.”

 


 

”The occurrence of CWD must be viewed against the contest of the locations in which it occurred. It was an incidental and unwelcome complication of the respective wildlife research programmes. Despite it’s subsequent recognition as a new disease of cervids, therefore justifying direct investigation, no specific research funding was forthcoming. The USDA veiwed it as a wildlife problem and consequently not their province!” ...page 26.

 


 

Saturday, February 04, 2012

 

*** Wisconsin 16 age limit on testing dead deer Game Farm CWD Testing Protocol Needs To Be Revised

 

Approximately 4,200 fawns, defined as deer under 1 year of age, were sampled from the eradication zone over the last year. The majority of fawns sampled were between the ages of 5 to 9 months, though some were as young as 1 month.

 

*** Two of the six fawns with CWD detected were 5 to 6 months old.

 

All six of the positive fawns were taken from the core area of the CWD eradication zone where the highest numbers of positive deer have been identified.

 

Saturday, February 04, 2012

 

*** Wisconsin 16 age limit on testing dead deer Game Farm CWD Testing Protocol Needs To Be Revised

 


 

Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years

 

Gudmundur Georgsson1, Sigurdur Sigurdarson2 and Paul Brown3

 


 

New studies on the heat resistance of hamster-adapted scrapie agent: Threshold survival after ashing at 600°C suggests an inorganic template of replication

 


 

Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production

 


 

Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area

 


 

A Quantitative Assessment of the Amount of Prion Diverted to Category 1 Materials and Wastewater During Processing

 


 

Rapid assessment of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion inactivation by heat treatment in yellow grease produced in the industrial manufacturing process of meat and bone meals

 


 

PPo4-4:

 

Survival and Limited Spread of TSE Infectivity after Burial

 


 

Sunday, September 01, 2013

 

hunting over gut piles and CWD TSE prion disease

 


 

Sunday, April 13, 2014

 

Mineral licks: motivational factors for visitation and accompanying disease risk at communal use sites of elk and deer

 

Environmental Geochemistry and Health

 


 

Monday, June 18, 2012

 

natural cases of CWD in eight Sika deer (Cervus nippon) and five Sika/red deer crossbreeds captive Korea and Experimental oral transmission to red deer (Cervus elaphus elaphus)

 


 

spreading cwd around...tss

 

Between 1996 and 2002, chronic wasting disease was diagnosed in 39 herds of farmed elk in Saskatchewan in a single epidemic. All of these herds were depopulated as part of the Canadian Food Inspection Agency’s (CFIA) disease eradication program. Animals, primarily over 12 mo of age, were tested for the presence CWD prions following euthanasia. Twenty-one of the herds were linked through movements of live animals with latent CWD from a single infected source herd in Saskatchewan, 17 through movements of animals from 7 of the secondarily infected herds.

 

***The source herd is believed to have become infected via importation of animals from a game farm in South Dakota where CWD was subsequently diagnosed (7,4). A wide range in herd prevalence of CWD at the time of herd depopulation of these herds was observed. Within-herd transmission was observed on some farms, while the disease remained confined to the introduced animals on other farms.

 


 

spreading cwd around...tss

 

Friday, May 13, 2011

 

Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) outbreaks and surveillance program in the Republic of Korea Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) outbreaks and surveillance program in the Republic of Korea

 

Hyun-Joo Sohn, Yoon-Hee Lee, Min-jeong Kim, Eun-Im Yun, Hyo-Jin Kim, Won-Yong Lee, Dong-Seob Tark, In- Soo Cho, Foreign Animal Disease Research Division, National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Republic of Korea

 

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) has been recognized as an important prion disease in native North America deer and Rocky mountain elks. The disease is a unique member of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), which naturally affects only a few species. CWD had been limited to USA and Canada until 2000.

 

On 28 December 2000, information from the Canadian government showed that a total of 95 elk had been exported from farms with CWD to Korea. These consisted of 23 elk in 1994 originating from the so-called “source farm” in Canada, and 72 elk in 1997, which had been held in pre export quarantine at the “source farm”.Based on export information of CWD suspected elk from Canada to Korea, CWD surveillance program was initiated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) in 2001.

 

All elks imported in 1997 were traced back, however elks imported in 1994 were impossible to identify. CWD control measures included stamping out of all animals in the affected farm, and thorough cleaning and disinfection of the premises. In addition, nationwide clinical surveillance of Korean native cervids, and improved measures to ensure reporting of CWD suspect cases were implemented.

 

Total of 9 elks were found to be affected. CWD was designated as a notifiable disease under the Act for Prevention of Livestock Epidemics in 2002.

 

Additional CWD cases - 12 elks and 2 elks - were diagnosed in 2004 and 2005.

 

Since February of 2005, when slaughtered elks were found to be positive, all slaughtered cervid for human consumption at abattoirs were designated as target of the CWD surveillance program. Currently, CWD laboratory testing is only conducted by National Reference Laboratory on CWD, which is the Foreign Animal Disease Division (FADD) of National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service (NVRQS).

 

In July 2010, one out of 3 elks from Farm 1 which were slaughtered for the human consumption was confirmed as positive. Consequently, all cervid – 54 elks, 41 Sika deer and 5 Albino deer – were culled and one elk was found to be positive. Epidemiological investigations were conducted by Veterinary Epidemiology Division (VED) of NVRQS in collaboration with provincial veterinary services.

 

Epidemiologically related farms were found as 3 farms and all cervid at these farms were culled and subjected to CWD diagnosis. Three elks and 5 crossbreeds (Red deer and Sika deer) were confirmed as positive at farm 2.

 

All cervids at Farm 3 and Farm 4 – 15 elks and 47 elks – were culled and confirmed as negative.

 

Further epidemiological investigations showed that these CWD outbreaks were linked to the importation of elks from Canada in 1994 based on circumstantial evidences.

 

In December 2010, one elk was confirmed as positive at Farm 5. Consequently, all cervid – 3 elks, 11 Manchurian Sika deer and 20 Sika deer – were culled and one Manchurian Sika deer and seven Sika deer were found to be positive. This is the first report of CWD in these sub-species of deer. Epidemiological investigations found that the owner of the Farm 2 in CWD outbreaks in July 2010 had co-owned the Farm 5.

 

In addition, it was newly revealed that one positive elk was introduced from Farm 6 of Jinju-si Gyeongsang Namdo. All cervid – 19 elks, 15 crossbreed (species unknown) and 64 Sika deer – of Farm 6 were culled, but all confirmed as negative.

 

: Corresponding author: Dr. Hyun-Joo Sohn (+82-31-467-1867, E-mail: shonhj@korea.kr) 2011 Pre-congress Workshop: TSEs in animals and their environment 5

 


 


 

Friday, May 13, 2011

 

Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) outbreaks and surveillance program in the Republic of Korea

 


 


 

*** The potential impact of prion diseases on human health was greatly magnified by the recognition that interspecies transfer of BSE to humans by beef ingestion resulted in vCJD. While changes in animal feed constituents and slaughter practices appear to have curtailed vCJD, there is concern that CWD of free-ranging deer and elk in the U.S. might also cross the species barrier. Thus, consuming venison could be a source of human prion disease. Whether BSE and CWD represent interspecies scrapie transfer or are newly arisen prion diseases is unknown. Therefore, the possibility of transmission of prion disease through other food animals cannot be ruled out. There is evidence that vCJD can be transmitted through blood transfusion. There is likely a pool of unknown size of asymptomatic individuals infected with vCJD, and there may be asymptomatic individuals infected with the CWD equivalent. These circumstances represent a potential threat to blood, blood products, and plasma supplies.

 


 

snip...see more here ;

 

Wednesday, July 23, 2014

 

After the storm? UK blood safety and the risk of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

 


 

 

TSS

Tuesday, July 15, 2014

MDC encourages Missourians to share opinions on protecting deer

MDC encourages Missourians to share opinions on protecting deer


Go online to mdc.mo.gov/DeerHealth to share opinions on proposed MDC regulations for the captive-cervid industry that protect Missouri deer from diseases.

JEFFERSON CITY, Mo. -- The Missouri Conservation Commission recently approved proposed regulation changes to the Missouri Wildlife Code regarding the operations of hunting preserves and wildlife breeding facilities that hold white-tailed deer, mule deer, and their hybrids.
The proposed regulation changes will be published in the Missouri Register through the Secretary of State’s Office at sos.mo.gov/adrules/moreg/moreg.asp for a 30-day public comment period beginning July 16.
Missouri Department of Conservation (MDC) Director Robert Ziehmer stressed that success in keeping Missouri deer healthy and abundant depends on an informed and involved public.
“Public input is an important part of how the Conservation Department makes decisions involving regulations,” Ziehmer said. “We will consider all public comments before deciding whether the regulations will be adopted, amended, or withdrawn.”
He encouraged all Missourians to share their comments on these regulations. “Get a comment card at MDC offices, nature centers, and numerous locations where hunting and fishing permits are sold, or simply go online to mdc.mo.gov/DeerHealth,” the Director said.
The regulations are part of MDC’s ongoing strategy to minimize the spread of fatal diseases in the state’s deer population, such as Chronic Wasting Disease. This fatal disease affects members of the deer family, collectively called cervids.
Chronic Wasting Disease was first found in Missouri in captive-deer operations in Macon and Linn counties. It has also been found in numerous captive-deer operations in more than a dozen other states. It is always fatal to infected animals and has no cure. The disease is spread among deer herds mainly through direct contact. The movement of captive cervids within states and across state lines spreads the disease to new areas.
MDC’s statewide proposed regulations include:

  • Banning the importation of live white-tailed deer, mule deer, and their hybrids from other states;
  • Improving fencing requirements for new and expanding captive-cervid facilities;
  • Requiring all deer six months or older that die in captive-cervid facilities to be tested for Chronic Wasting Disease;
  • Establishing better record-keeping requirements for captive-cervid operations; and
  • Prohibiting any new captive-cervid facilities within 25 miles of where Chronic Wasting Disease has been confirmed.

Under the Missouri Constitution, MDC, which is governed by a citizen-led Conservation Commission, has the authority and responsibility to protect and manage Missouri wildlife, including deer.
“Conservation makes Missouri a great place to hunt and watch deer, and all white-tailed deer in Missouri are wildlife, regardless of which side of a fence they may be on,” said Ziehmer.
According to MDC, a healthy and abundant deer population in the state is vital to half-a-million deer hunters, two-million wildlife watchers, tens-of-thousands of landowners who manage their properties for deer and deer hunting, and many conservation organizations. Deer hunting and watching also supports the state’s vital Share the Harvest Program where hunters donate deer meat to Missourians in need, along with more than 12,000 Missouri jobs, and a billion-dollar annual economic benefit to Missouri and Missourians.


Antlered Buck

Share your opinions on proposed MDC regulations for the captive-cervid industry that protect Missouri deer from diseases. Get a comment card at MDC offices, nature centers, and numerous locations where hunting and fishing permits are sold, or go online to mdc.mo.gov/DeerHealth.



 

 

 

MDC’s statewide proposed regulations include:

 

Banning the importation of live white-tailed deer, mule deer, and their hybrids from other states;

 

YES !

 

Improving fencing requirements for new and expanding captive-cervid facilities;

 

YES !

 

Requiring all deer six months or older that die in captive-cervid facilities to be tested for Chronic Wasting Disease;

 

YES !

 

Establishing better record-keeping requirements for captive-cervid operations; and YES !

 

Prohibiting any new captive-cervid facilities within 25 miles of where Chronic Wasting Disease has been confirmed.

 

YES, but, I would prefer a moratorium, on any and all new captive-cervid facilities, until a live test is available, and when that happens, all captive cervid are to be tested once a year and every dead cervid must be tested (any missing deer without records and trace forward, the captive facility should be immediately shut down, until said records are found, if not found, like the recent captive escapees from the cwd index herd in PA to LA and who knows where else, the facility should be shut down permanently, and at the cost of the captive farm, with heavy fines and penalties, and or when any cervid is sold, and until the cwd program is made to be MANDATORY, instead of voluntary). I also believe that it is the responsibility of all game farms, shooting pens, sperm mills, antler mills, urine mills, velvet mills, to have insurance not just to cover their loss, but to also cover the loss to the state, if CWD is documented any said facilities. once cwd is established, that land is worthless for years, if not decades to come, therefore will not be worth much, if you can use it at all. ...

 

kind regards, terry

 

Wednesday, November 14, 2012

 

PENNSYLVANIA 2012 THE GREAT ESCAPE OF CWD INVESTIGATION MOVES INTO LOUISIANA and INDIANA

 


 

Tuesday, October 23, 2012

 

PA Captive deer from CWD-positive farm roaming free

 


 

Tuesday, May 28, 2013

 

Chronic Wasting Disease CWD quarantine Louisiana via CWD index herd Pennsylvania Update May 28, 2013

 

*** 6 doe from Pennsylvania CWD index herd still on the loose in Louisiana, quarantine began on October 18, 2012, still ongoing, Lake Charles premises.

 


 

Saturday, June 29, 2013

 

*** PENNSYLVANIA CAPTIVE CWD INDEX HERD MATE YELLOW *47 STILL RUNNING LOOSE IN INDIANA, YELLOW NUMBER 2 STILL MISSING, AND OTHERS ON THE RUN STILL IN LOUISIANA

 


 

Tuesday, June 11, 2013

 

*** CWD GONE WILD, More cervid escapees from more shooting pens on the loose in Pennsylvania

 


 

Sunday, January 06, 2013

 

USDA TO PGC ONCE CAPTIVES ESCAPE

 

*** "it‘s no longer its business.”

 


 

”The occurrence of CWD must be viewed against the contest of the locations in which it occurred. It was an incidental and unwelcome complication of the respective wildlife research programmes. Despite it’s subsequent recognition as a new disease of cervids, therefore justifying direct investigation, no specific research funding was forthcoming. The USDA veiwed it as a wildlife problem and consequently not their province!” ...page 26.

 


 

I guess we will never know where those six doe are from CWD index herd in Pennsylvania ??? but don’t forget ;

 

Saturday, February 04, 2012

 

*** Wisconsin 16 age limit on testing dead deer Game Farm CWD Testing Protocol Needs To Be Revised

 

Approximately 4,200 fawns, defined as deer under 1 year of age, were sampled from the eradication zone over the last year. The majority of fawns sampled were between the ages of 5 to 9 months, though some were as young as 1 month.

 

*** Two of the six fawns with CWD detected were 5 to 6 months old.

 

All six of the positive fawns were taken from the core area of the CWD eradication zone where the highest numbers of positive deer have been identified.

 

Saturday, February 04, 2012

 

*** Wisconsin 16 age limit on testing dead deer Game Farm CWD Testing Protocol Needs To Be Revised

 


 

Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years

 

Gudmundur Georgsson1, Sigurdur Sigurdarson2 and Paul Brown3

 


 

New studies on the heat resistance of hamster-adapted scrapie agent: Threshold survival after ashing at 600°C suggests an inorganic template of replication

 


 

Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production

 


 

Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area

 


 

A Quantitative Assessment of the Amount of Prion Diverted to Category 1 Materials and Wastewater During Processing

 


 

Rapid assessment of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion inactivation by heat treatment in yellow grease produced in the industrial manufacturing process of meat and bone meals

 


 

PPo4-4:

 

Survival and Limited Spread of TSE Infectivity after Burial

 


 

Sunday, September 01, 2013

 

hunting over gut piles and CWD TSE prion disease

 


 

Sunday, April 13, 2014

 

Mineral licks: motivational factors for visitation and accompanying disease risk at communal use sites of elk and deer

 

Environmental Geochemistry and Health

 


 

Monday, June 18, 2012

 

natural cases of CWD in eight Sika deer (Cervus nippon) and five Sika/red deer crossbreeds captive Korea and Experimental oral transmission to red deer (Cervus elaphus elaphus)

 


 

spreading cwd around...tss

 

Between 1996 and 2002, chronic wasting disease was diagnosed in 39 herds of farmed elk in Saskatchewan in a single epidemic. All of these herds were depopulated as part of the Canadian Food Inspection Agency’s (CFIA) disease eradication program. Animals, primarily over 12 mo of age, were tested for the presence CWD prions following euthanasia. Twenty-one of the herds were linked through movements of live animals with latent CWD from a single infected source herd in Saskatchewan, 17 through movements of animals from 7 of the secondarily infected herds.

 

***The source herd is believed to have become infected via importation of animals from a game farm in South Dakota where CWD was subsequently diagnosed (7,4). A wide range in herd prevalence of CWD at the time of herd depopulation of these herds was observed. Within-herd transmission was observed on some farms, while the disease remained confined to the introduced animals on other farms.

 


 

spreading cwd around...tss

 

Friday, May 13, 2011

 

Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) outbreaks and surveillance program in the Republic of Korea Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) outbreaks and surveillance program in the Republic of Korea

 

Hyun-Joo Sohn, Yoon-Hee Lee, Min-jeong Kim, Eun-Im Yun, Hyo-Jin Kim, Won-Yong Lee, Dong-Seob Tark, In- Soo Cho, Foreign Animal Disease Research Division, National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Republic of Korea

 

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) has been recognized as an important prion disease in native North America deer and Rocky mountain elks. The disease is a unique member of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), which naturally affects only a few species. CWD had been limited to USA and Canada until 2000.

 

On 28 December 2000, information from the Canadian government showed that a total of 95 elk had been exported from farms with CWD to Korea. These consisted of 23 elk in 1994 originating from the so-called “source farm” in Canada, and 72 elk in 1997, which had been held in pre export quarantine at the “source farm”.Based on export information of CWD suspected elk from Canada to Korea, CWD surveillance program was initiated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) in 2001.

 

All elks imported in 1997 were traced back, however elks imported in 1994 were impossible to identify. CWD control measures included stamping out of all animals in the affected farm, and thorough cleaning and disinfection of the premises. In addition, nationwide clinical surveillance of Korean native cervids, and improved measures to ensure reporting of CWD suspect cases were implemented.

 

Total of 9 elks were found to be affected. CWD was designated as a notifiable disease under the Act for Prevention of Livestock Epidemics in 2002.

 

Additional CWD cases - 12 elks and 2 elks - were diagnosed in 2004 and 2005.

 

Since February of 2005, when slaughtered elks were found to be positive, all slaughtered cervid for human consumption at abattoirs were designated as target of the CWD surveillance program. Currently, CWD laboratory testing is only conducted by National Reference Laboratory on CWD, which is the Foreign Animal Disease Division (FADD) of National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service (NVRQS).

 

In July 2010, one out of 3 elks from Farm 1 which were slaughtered for the human consumption was confirmed as positive. Consequently, all cervid – 54 elks, 41 Sika deer and 5 Albino deer – were culled and one elk was found to be positive. Epidemiological investigations were conducted by Veterinary Epidemiology Division (VED) of NVRQS in collaboration with provincial veterinary services.

 

Epidemiologically related farms were found as 3 farms and all cervid at these farms were culled and subjected to CWD diagnosis. Three elks and 5 crossbreeds (Red deer and Sika deer) were confirmed as positive at farm 2.

 

All cervids at Farm 3 and Farm 4 – 15 elks and 47 elks – were culled and confirmed as negative.

 

Further epidemiological investigations showed that these CWD outbreaks were linked to the importation of elks from Canada in 1994 based on circumstantial evidences.

 

In December 2010, one elk was confirmed as positive at Farm 5. Consequently, all cervid – 3 elks, 11 Manchurian Sika deer and 20 Sika deer – were culled and one Manchurian Sika deer and seven Sika deer were found to be positive. This is the first report of CWD in these sub-species of deer. Epidemiological investigations found that the owner of the Farm 2 in CWD outbreaks in July 2010 had co-owned the Farm 5.

 

In addition, it was newly revealed that one positive elk was introduced from Farm 6 of Jinju-si Gyeongsang Namdo. All cervid – 19 elks, 15 crossbreed (species unknown) and 64 Sika deer – of Farm 6 were culled, but all confirmed as negative.

 

: Corresponding author: Dr. Hyun-Joo Sohn (+82-31-467-1867, E-mail: shonhj@korea.kr) 2011 Pre-congress Workshop: TSEs in animals and their environment 5

 


 


 


 

Friday, May 13, 2011

 

Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) outbreaks and surveillance program in the Republic of Korea

 


 

 

Sunday, July 13, 2014

 

Missouri Governor sends message with vetoes of captive deer bills Making a strong statement

 

''deer are NOT livestock''...

''we cannot head back to the bad old days, when wildlife decisions, were made by officials worried about the next election, rather than professionals committed to doing what's best for the next generation, and the ones to follow that''...

BRAVO!


 

*** MISSOURI UPDATE !

 

Sunday, July 13, 2014

 

*** Missouri Governor sends message with vetoes of captive deer bills Making a strong statement

 


 

 

Tuesday, July 01, 2014

 

*** CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION DISEASE, GAME FARMS, AND POTENTIAL RISK FACTORS THERE FROM ***

 


 

Thursday, July 03, 2014

 

*** How Chronic Wasting Disease is affecting deer population and what’s the risk to humans and pets? ***

 


 

PRION 2014 CONFERENCE

 

CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD

 

A FEW FINDINGS ;

 

Conclusions. To our knowledge, this is the first established experimental model of CWD in TgSB3985. We found evidence for co-existence or divergence of two CWD strains adapted to Tga20 mice and their replication in TgSB3985 mice. Finally, we observed phenotypic differences between cervid-derived CWD and CWD/Tg20 strains upon propagation in TgSB3985 mice. Further studies are underway to characterize these strains.

 

We conclude that TSE infectivity is likely to survive burial for long time periods with minimal loss of infectivity and limited movement from the original burial site. However PMCA results have shown that there is the potential for rainwater to elute TSE related material from soil which could lead to the contamination of a wider area. These experiments reinforce the importance of risk assessment when disposing of TSE risk materials.

 

The results show that even highly diluted PrPSc can bind efficiently to polypropylene, stainless steel, glass, wood and stone and propagate the conversion of normal prion protein. For in vivo experiments, hamsters were ic injected with implants incubated in 1% 263K-infected brain homogenate. Hamsters, inoculated with 263K-contaminated implants of all groups, developed typical signs of prion disease, whereas control animals inoculated with non-contaminated materials did not.

 

Our data establish that meadow voles are permissive to CWD via peripheral exposure route, suggesting they could serve as an environmental reservoir for CWD. Additionally, our data are consistent with the hypothesis that at least two strains of CWD circulate in naturally-infected cervid populations and provide evidence that meadow voles are a useful tool for CWD strain typing.

 

Conclusion. CWD prions are shed in saliva and urine of infected deer as early as 3 months post infection and throughout the subsequent >1.5 year course of infection. In current work we are examining the relationship of prionemia to excretion and the impact of excreted prion binding to surfaces and particulates in the environment.

 

Conclusion. CWD prions (as inferred by prion seeding activity by RT-QuIC) are shed in urine of infected deer as early as 6 months post inoculation and throughout the subsequent disease course. Further studies are in progress refining the real-time urinary prion assay sensitivity and we are examining more closely the excretion time frame, magnitude, and sample variables in relationship to inoculation route and prionemia in naturally and experimentally CWD-infected cervids.

 

Conclusions. Our results suggested that the odds of infection for CWD is likely controlled by areas that congregate deer thus increasing direct transmission (deer-to-deer interactions) or indirect transmission (deer-to-environment) by sharing or depositing infectious prion proteins in these preferred habitats. Epidemiology of CWD in the eastern U.S. is likely controlled by separate factors than found in the Midwestern and endemic areas for CWD and can assist in performing more efficient surveillance efforts for the region.

 

Conclusions. During the pre-symptomatic stage of CWD infection and throughout the course of disease deer may be shedding multiple LD50 doses per day in their saliva. CWD prion shedding through saliva and excreta may account for the unprecedented spread of this prion disease in nature.

 

P.28: Modeling prion species barriers and the new host effect using RT-QuIC

 

Kristen A Davenport, Davin M Henderson, Candace K Mathiason, and Edward A Hoover Prion Research Center; Colorado State University; Fort Collins, CO USA

 

The propensity for trans-species prion transmission is related to the structural characteristics of the enciphering and heterologous PrP, but the exact mechanism remains mostly mysterious.

 

Studies of the effects of primary or tertiary prion protein www.landesbioscience.com Prion 37 structures on trans-species prion transmission have relied upon animal bioassays, making the influence of prion protein structure vs. host co-factors (e.g. cellular constituents, trafficking, and innate immune interactions) difficult to dissect.

 

As an alternative strategy, we are using real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) to investigate the propensity for and the kinetics of trans-species prion conversion. RT-QuIC has the advantage of providing more defined conditions of seeded conversion to study the specific role of native PrP:PrPRES interactions as a component of the species barrier.

 

We are comparing chronic wasting disease (CWD) and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) prions by seeding each prion into its native host recPrP (full-length bovine recPrP, or white tail deer recPrP) vs. into the heterologous species.

 

Upon establishing the characteristics of intra-species and inter-species prion seeding for CWD and BSE prions, we will evaluate the seeding kinetics and cross-species seeding efficiencies of BSE and CWD passaged into a common new host—feline—shown to be a permissive host for both CWD and BSE.

 

*** We hypothesize that both BSE prions and CWD prions passaged through felines will seed human recPrP more efficiently than BSE or CWD from the original hosts, evidence that the new host will dampen the species barrier between humans and BSE or CWD. The new host effect is particularly relevant as we investigate potential means of trans-species transmission of prion disease.

 


 

SNIP...SEE FULL TEXT ;

 

Monday, June 23, 2014

 

*** PRION 2014 CONFERENCE CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD

 


 

Monday, June 23, 2014

 

PRION 2014 CONFERENCE TYPICAL AND ATYPICAL BSE AND CJD REPORT UPDATES

 


 

Sunday, June 29, 2014

 

Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion Disease North America 2014

 


 

Sunday, July 13, 2014

 

Louisiana deer mystery unleashes litigation 6 does still missing from CWD index herd in Pennsylvania Great Escape

 


 

 

TSS

Chronic wasting disease model of genetic selection favoring prolonged survival in Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus)

on a wing and a prayer, and over 100-year modeled timeframes...

 

Chronic wasting disease model of genetic selection favoring prolonged survival in Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus)

 

A. L. WILLIAMS,1, T. J. KREEGER,2,3 AND B. A. SCHUMAKER 1

 

1Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82070 USA 2Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Thorne-Williams Wildlife Research Unit, Wheatland, Wyoming 82201 USA Citation: Williams, A. L., T. J. Kreeger, and B. A. Schumaker. 2014. Chronic wasting disease model of genetic selection favoring prolonged survival in Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus). Ecosphere 5(5):60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/ ES14-00013.1

 

Abstract.

 

As the area where chronic wasting disease (CWD) has been found continues to expand, there is concern over the impact it may have on elk (Cervus elaphus) populations that congregate on winter feedgrounds in Wyoming. A stochastic simulation model was created to determine the effect that genotype-specific CWD mortality rates had on a hypothetical free-ranging elk population. Life table data gathered from captive elk held in a CWD-contaminated facility was used to parameterize the model. Modeling the free-ranging elk herd without hunting or differences in survival by genotype resulted in a near extinction decrease in elk numbers over a 100-year period. However, incorporating differences in CWD-mortality by genotype into the model allowed the population to stabilize if hunting was modified to harvest only antlered elk. Our results indicate that, with flexible hunting management, elk populations could adapt to CWD through changes in the frequency of genotypes associated with the incubation time for CWD.

 

snip...

 

All possible levels of hunting were not analyzed.

 

An antlered-only management option that maintained current high levels of bull harvest caused a decrease in the population well below the population objective. However, the downward trend stabilized and suggested that if the time frame was drawn out, the population may begin to rebound. The antlered only strategy was included because it is one method that is highly likely to be incorporated in an area where the population is a concern to managers who want to continue hunting (Wyoming Game and Fish Department 2009). The model showed that in an environment without harvest, CWD was not limiting enough to keep this population from rising to higher than desired numbers (i.e., three times the proposed population objective of 1,900 elk; Wyoming Game and Fish Department 2012). Our models indicated that elk populations exposed to PrPCWD could respond through changes in frequency of genotypes with varying incubation times. Also, changes in hunting strategies of elk populations could help maintain numbers through these transitional periods. A reduction in hunting would likely be necessary; however, eliminating harvest of all elk would allow this population to exceed population objectives over time. Experimentation with hunting levels likely would be required to determine what level of elk harvest is most likely to maintain desired numbers. Additionally, monitoring genotypic frequencies in conjunction with fecundity and recruitment are highly warranted.

 

According to our models and assumptions and considering prolonged incubation times associated with certain genotypes, CWD alone was not enough to cause extinction of elk herds that congregate on winter feedgrounds. While CWD can negatively impact wildlife populations (Miller et al. 2008), our results indicated that, with flexible management, elk populations could adapt to CWD through increases in the frequency of genotypes over 100-year modeled timeframes.

 

Key words: Cervus elaphus; chronic wasting disease; elk; feedgrounds; genetics; model; prion; Wyoming, USA.

 


 

Article Citation: Lisa L. Wolfe, Karen A. Fox, and Michael W. Miller (2014)

 

“Atypical” Chronic Wasting Disease in PRNP Genotype 225FF Mule Deer.

 

Journal of Wildlife Diseases In-Press. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/2013-10-274

 

Ahead of Print “Atypical” Chronic Wasting Disease in PRNP Genotype 225FF Mule Deer Lisa L. Wolfe 1,2, Karen A. Fox 1, and Michael W. Miller 1 1 Colorado Division of Parks and Wildlife, Wildlife Research Center, 317 West Prospect Road, Fort Collins, Colorado 80526-2097, USA

 

Abstract

 

We compared mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) of two different PRNP genotypes (225SS, 225FF) for susceptibility to chronic wasting disease (CWD) in the face of environmental exposure to infectivity. All three 225SS deer had immunohistochemistry (IHC)-positive tonsil biopsies by 710 days postexposure (dpe), developed classic clinical signs by 723–1,200 dpe, and showed gross and microscopic pathology, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results, and IHC staining typical of prion disease in mule deer. In contrast, although all three 225FF deer also became infected, the two individuals surviving >720 dpe had consistently negative biopsies, developed more-subtle clinical signs of CWD, and died 924 or 1,783 dpe. The 225FF deer were “suspect” by ELISA postmortem but showed negative or equivocal IHC staining of lymphoid tissues; both clinically affected 225FF deer had spongiform encephalopathy in the absence of IHC staining in the brain tissue. The experimental cases resembled three cases encountered among five additional captive 225FF deer that were not part of our experiment but also died from CWD. Aside from differences in clinical disease presentation and detection, 225FF mule deer also showed other, more-subtle, atypical traits that may help to explain the rarity of this genotype in natural populations, even in the presence of enzootic CWD.

 

Key words: Chronic wasting disease, genotype, mule deer, Odocoileus hemionus, prion, PRNP

 

Received: October 21, 2013; Accepted: January 22, 2014 ;Published Online: May 7, 2014

 

2 Corresponding author (email: lisa.wolfe@state.co.us)

 


 

Immunity No immune response to the CWD prion protein has been detected.

 


 

Background: Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are a group of related diseases that include Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and its new variant (vCJD), kuru, scrapie, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE; “mad cow disease”), chronic wasting disease (CWD) in deer and elk, and others. These diseases have incubation periods of years or decades, cause progressive neurological degeneration, evoke no obvious immune response, and are invariably fatal.

 


 

Our earlier work demonstrated that elk with the prion genotype 132LL were underrepresented in infected elk *** although the genotype is not fully protective in captive elk. We have now demonstrated that the 132L allele extends the incubation time in elk, resulting in a doubling of the preclinical incubation period. This finding is important for regulatory agencies and producers in states in which clinical disease is considered in selection of animals for surveillance testing.

 

Further, although our earlier work demonstrated that elk with the prion genotype 132LL were underrepresented in infected elk, *** we confirmed one case of CWD in an elk of this genotype, demonstrating that these elk are not invariably resistant to disease.

 

However, we demonstrated that a relatively high percentage of elk with positive tests on brain tissue have negative tests of the retropharyngeal lymph node. Therefore, accurate diagnosis of elk requires examination of both the brain and the lymph node.

 

This report serves to document research conducted under a specific cooperative agreement between ARS and Colorado State University. Additional details of research can be found in the report for the parent project 5348-32000-021-00D Animal Health.

 


 

Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES Title: Prolonged CWD incubation time and unique PrP**d profile in Prnp 132LL elk

 

Authors

 

item Greenlee, Justin item O'Rourke, Katherine item Hamir, Amirali item Gidlewski, Thomas - USDA-VS-APHIS, FT COLLINS item Zhuang, Dongyue item Spraker, Terry - COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY

 

Submitted to: United States Animal Health Association Proceedings Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: October 20, 2007 Publication Date: October 20, 2007 Repository URL: http://www.usaha.org/meetings/proceedings.shtml Citation: Greenlee, J.J., O'Rourke, K.I., Hamir, A.N., Gidlewski, T., Zhuang, D., Spraker, T. 2007. Prolonged CWD Incubation Time and Unique PrP**d Profile in Prnp 132LL Elk. In: Proceedings of the U.S. Animal Health Association 111th Annual Meeting, Captive Wildlife and Alternative Livestock Committee, October 20, 2007, Reno, Nevada. p. 264-265.

 

Technical Abstract:

 

The transmissible spongiform encephalopathies including chronic wasting disease (CWD) in deer and elk invariably result in fatal neurodegeneration and accumulation of PrP**d, an abnormal form of the host prion protein PrP**c. In some species, polymorphisms in the open reading frame of the Prnp gene are associated with differences in the manifestation of prion disease including relative susceptibility, clinical signs, incubation time, and neuropathology. The polymorphism (M to L) at Prnp 132 in Rocky Mountain Elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) corresponds to the human (M to V) polymorphism at Prnp 129, which has been associated with susceptibility to vCJD. Elk with 132 M alleles are predisposed to CWD and heterozygosity is associated with a prolonged incubation time following experimental challenge. Previous studies suggest that elk homozygous for 132 L occur rarely and make up the extreme minority of elk affected with CWD. The effect of the 132 LL genotype on the development of CWD post-exposure was previously unknown. The purpose of this study was to define the course of disease in elk with various Prnp 132 allele combinations. Elk (n=8; 2MM, 2LM, 4LL) were orally inoculated at 8 months of age with 15 ml of pooled brain homogenate from one 132 MM and one 132 LM elk. Elk were observed daily after inoculation and necropsies were done when clinical signs became unequivocal. Immunohistochemistry (IHC), western blot, and microscopic examination were used to confirm infection. Incubation time was dependent on genotype. Clinical signs were apparent in 132 MM elk after 23 months and 132 LM elk after 40 months. Rectal biopsies were done on the remaining 132 LL elk with 3 of 4 testing positive for PrP**d by IHC indicating peripheral distribution of PrP**d is apparent prior to the onset of clinical disease. Clinical signs were apparent in 132 LL elk after 59-63 months. One elk was euthanized 63 months post-inoculation without exhibiting clinical signs, but had PrP**d accumulation in CNS and peripheral lymphoid tissues. Differences between genotype were apparent after western blot analysis. The molecular weight of the proteinase K resistant bands of PrP**d is lower in the 132LL elk compared to 132MM or 132LM elk.

 

***In summary, LL elk are susceptible to CWD, but have a prolonged incubation time and western blot profile unique from other genotypes of elk with CWD. Additional studies are planned to determine the mechanisms responsible for the distinct presentation of CWD in 132 LL elk.

 


 

every time someone claims a certain species or type of species resistant to a TSE prion, years later they are proven wrong, as with the rabbit and the tse prion.

 

SEE;

 

“Our results confirm previous studies shattering the myth that rabbits are resistant to prion infection and this should be taken into account when choosing protein sources to feed rabbits.”

 

THERE are many reasons in the cwd study quoted, why 41 percent percent tested negative, and them being resistant would be the last. it’s only wishful thinking folks, wishful thinking to dream that ;

 

‘’see a CWD-resistant deer herd as soon as 50 years’’ but dream on if you must $$$

 

there is nothing to date that is even close to producing any TSE prion free herd of any species, but yet some are willing to risk the entire Wisconsin deer herd on a whelm and a dream $$$ good luck with that. ...

 

If we let nature take its course, won’t deer become completely resistant to CWD?

 

Researchers have investigated for genetic resistance to this disease within white-tailed deer.

 

***Unfortunately, no white-tailed deer genotypes have been identified with complete resistance to CWD.

 

Researchers have found an uncommon genotype that appears to allow deer to survive longer with CWD than other genetic types, but they still eventually die from CWD. This research also implies that deer with this genotype also have more time to expose other healthy deer to CWD.

 


 

see;

 

‘’Furthermore, the prevalence of the disease and risk factors are not well understood. According to CWD specialists, there is small hope that CWD will run its course and leave behind a generation of CWD resistant deer; *** however, many scientists do not believe this is the case for CWD.’’

 

P.159: Transgenic mice overexpressing rabbit prion protein are susceptible to BSE, BASE and scrapie prion strains but resistant to CWD and atypical scrapie

 

Natalia Fernández-Borges,1 Enric Vidal,2 Belén Pintado,4 Hasier Eraña,1 Montserrat Ordóñez,3 Mercedes Márquez,5 Francesca Chianini,6 Dolors Fondevila,5 Manuel A Sánchez-Martín,7 Olivier Andréoletti,8 Mark P Dagleish,6 Martí Pumarola,5 and Joaquín Castilla1,3 1CIC bioGUNE; Parque tecnológico de Bizkaia; Derio; Bizkaia, Spain; 2Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA); UAB-IR TA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra; Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; 3IKERBASQUE; Basque Foundation for Science; Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain; 4Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Campus de Cantoblanco; Cantoblanco; Madrid, Spain; 5Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery; Veterinary faculty; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB); Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès); Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; 6Moredun Research Institute; Bush Loan, Penicuik, Scotland, UK; 7Unidad de Generación de OMGs. S.E.A. Department of Medicine; University of Salamanca; Salamanca, Spain; 8Ecole Nationale du Veterinaire; Service de Pathologie du Bétail; Toulouse, France

 

Interspecies transmission of prions is a well established phenomenon, both experimentally and in field conditions. Upon passage through new hosts prion strains have proven their capacity to change their properties. It is, in fact, a source of strain diversity which needs to be considered when assessing the potential risks associated with consumption of prion contaminated protein sources.

 

Rabbits were considered for decades a prion resistant species until proven recently otherwise. To determine the extent of rabbit susceptibility to prions and to assess their effects on the passage of different prion strains through this species, a transgenic mouse model overexpressing rabbit PrPC was developed (TgRab). Intracerebral challenges with prion strains originating from a variety of species including field isolates (SSBP1 scrapie, Nor98-like scrapie, BSE, BASE and CWD), experimental murine strains (ME7 and RML), experimentally obtained strains (sheepBSE) and strains obtained by in vitro crossing of the species barrier using saPMCA (BSE-RabPrPres, SSBP1-RabPrPres and CWD-RabPrPres) have been performed.

 

Interestingly, on first passage, TgRab were susceptible to the majority of prions tested with the exception of SSBP1 scrapie, CWD and Nor98 scrapie. Furthermore TgRab were capable of propagating strain-specific features such as differences in incubation periods, brain lesion and PrPd deposition profiles and PK resistant western blotting band patterns. Our results confirm previous studies shattering the myth that rabbits are resistant to prion infection and this should be taken into account when choosing protein sources to feed rabbits.

 


 

Research Project: TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES: THE ROLE OF GENETICS, STRAIN VARIATION, AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION IN DISEASE CONTROL Location: Animal Diseases Research

 

Title: Resistance of fallow deer (dama dama) to chronic wasting disease under natural exposure in a heavily contaminated environment

 

Authors

 

item Rhyan, J - item Spraker, T - item Mccollum, M - item Nol, P - item Wolfe, L - item Miller, M - item Davis, T - item Creekmore, L - item O'Rourke, Katherine

 

Submitted to: Journal of Wildlife Diseases Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: April 3, 2011 Publication Date: November 25, 2009 Citation: Rhyan, J.C., Spraker, T.R., Mccollum, M., Nol, P., Wolfe, L., Miller, M.W., Davis, T., Creekmore, L., Orourke, K.I. 2009. Resistance of fallow deer (dama dama) to chronic wasting disease under natural exposure in a heavily contaminated environment. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 47(3):739-744.

 

Interpretive Summary: Chronic wasting disease or CWD is a fatal neurodegenerative disease of deer and elk in North America. The disease is a member of the prion family of disorders and is associated with misfolding of a normal host prion protein. Detection of the misfolded protein is a useful diagnostic test, particularly for animals in early disease. CWD has been diagnosed in wild mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), white-tailed deer (O. virginianus), Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), and Shira's moose (Alces alces). Disease outbreaks in farmed cervids in the US and Canada have demonstrated some differences in relative disease susceptibility associated with changes in the gene for the normal prion protein ***but no genotype has been linked to disease resistance. However, CWD has not been diagnosed in farmed fallow deer (Dama dama) on farms with infected deer or elk. Fallow deer are susceptible to direct inoculation of infected material into the brain, but the levels of abnormal prion protein in the experimentally infected fallow deer were low. In this study, we investigated the susceptibility of fallow deer to natural disease transmission by housing fallow deer for up to 7 years in pens with mule deer, a highly susceptible species showing strong evidence of prion shedding into the environment. There was no evidence of disease or abnormal prion protein in any of the fallow deer in this study. DNA analysis of the deer in the study demonstrated a naturally occurring genetic mutation that may confer resistance to CWD. If confirmed in follow up studies, fallow deer would be the first CWD resistant cervid species. Technical Abstract: Chronic wasting disease or CWD is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy or prion disorder of cervid ruminants in several regions of the US and Canada. The prion disorders are characterized by misfolding of the host cellular prion protein into a relatively protease resistant and potentially neurotoxic disease-associated isoform. CWD is highly transmissible in mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) with evidence for horizontal transmission and environmental persistence of the infectious agent in the environment. Examination of tissues from depopulated infected herds in the US and Canada has not yet shown evidence of CWD in farmed fallow deer (Dama dama), an imported species raised for meat, antlers, and exhibition purposes. In this study, fallow deer were held in pens with a succession of CWD-infected mule deer for 7 years. Mule deer losses were 100% during that time, with an average incubation time of less than 3 years. In spite of this persisent natural exposure, no evidence of abnormal prion protein was found in the tissues of the fallow deer following 7 years of exposure. Resistance to prion disease in sheep and possibly in goats in associated with single amino acid changes in the normal prion protein. All fallow deer examined to date are homozygous for asparagine (N) at residue 138. Mule deer, white-tailed deer, Rocky Mountain elk, and Shira's moose are all homozygous for serine (S) at that site, although the unexpressed cervid pseudogene encodes 138N. This finding represents the first possible evidence for genetic resistance to CWD in cervids.

 


 

***but no genotype has been linked to disease resistance.

 

*** This finding represents the first possible evidence for genetic resistance to CWD in cervids. ...NOT!!!

 

SEE ;

 

Experimental transmission of chronic wasting disease (CWD) from elk and white-tailed deer to fallow deer by intracerebral route: Final report

 

Amir N. Hamir, Justin J. Greenlee, Eric M. Nicholson, Robert A. Kunkle, Juergen A. Richt, Janice M. Miller, Mark Hall

 

Ab s t r a c t

 

Final observations on experimental transmission of chronic wasting disease (CWD) from elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) and whitetailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) to fallow deer (Dama dama) are reported herein. During the 5-year study, 13 fawns were inoculated intracerebrally with CWD-infected brain material from white-tailed deer (n = 7; Group A) or elk (n = 6; Group B), and 3 other fawns were kept as uninoculated controls (Group C). As described previously, 3 CWD-inoculated deer were euthanized at 7.6 mo post-inoculation (MPI). None revealed presence of abnormal prion protein (PrPd) in their tissues. At 24 (Group A) and 26 (Group B) MPI, 2 deer were necropsied. Both animals had a small focal accumulation of PrPd in their midbrains. Between 29 and 37 MPI, 3 other deer (all from Group A) were euthanized. The 5 remaining deer became sick and were euthanized between 51 and 60 MPI (1 from Group A and 4 from Group B). Microscopic lesions of spongiform encephalopathy (SE) were observed in only these 5 animals; however, PrPd was detected in tissues of the central nervous system by immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and by commercial rapid test in all animals that survived beyond 24 MPI. This study demonstrates that intracerebrally inoculated fallow deer not only amplify CWD prions, but also develop lesions of spongiform encephalopathy.

 

Voluntary Report - public distribution Date: 6/17/2003 GAIN Report Number: E23101 E23101 European Union Sanitary/Phytosanitary/Food Safety Chronic Wasting Disease 2003

 

Approved by: Justina Torry U.S. Mission to the European Union, Brussels Prepared by: Sandie Kipe

 

Report Highlights: On March 7, 2003 the Scientific Steering Committee (SSC) of the European Commission Health and Consumer Protection Directorate General issued an opinion on Chronic Wasting Disease. However, the United States currently does not export significant quantities of live deer to the EU.

 

Includes PSD Changes: No Includes Trade Matrix: No Unscheduled Report Brussels USEU [BE2] [E2]

 

Summary On March 7, 2003 the Scientific Steering Committee (SSC) of the European Commission Health and Consumer Protection Directorate General the issued an opinion on Chronic Wasting Disease.

 

The opinion indicates that the early and widespread involvement of tissues in CWD infected animals does not allow the definition of a specified risk material list. However, due to the theoretical possibility of transmission to humans, livestock, or other domestic animals, the SSC concludes that it is important to ensure that no infectivity to the EU occurs through trade in live cervids. Currently, exports to the EU of deer and deer products are minimal.

 

Background Chronic wasting disease is predominately found in deer, and is caused by protein prions in the brain that are malformed. The malformed prion protein becomes a pathogen capable of killing the diseased animal. The pathogen peppers neutral tissue full of microscopic holes and gums up the brain with toxic clumps of protein called amyloid plaques, eventually causing enough damage to kill the animal. The malformed prion is extremely resistant, requiring extensive heating or corrosive chemicals to disinfect the prion.

 

CWD is in the same family as better-known bovine spongiform encepalopathy (BSE), or mad cow disease. BSE was spread by animal based feed inadvertently containing tissue from sick cows and sheep in the early 1980s in the U.K. BSE continues to persist in the U.K. but at a lower level relative to the earlier outbreak. In 1996 scientists realized that BSE could pass to humans who have consumed infected meat, leading to the fatal condition of Crueutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD).

 

Researchers are currently working to determine if CWD could infect humans. A test tube study mixed CWD prions with healthy prions from cervids, humans, cows, and sheep. The CWD prions did have difficulty converting normal human prion proteins; only less than 7 percent were changed. However, this rate is relatively the same as that of BSE, which is known to affect humans leaving researchers to conclude that CWD may pose a similar health risk to humans.

 

The SSC report states that the disease is easily communicable from deer to deer, in experimental studies oral exposure to only small dosages resulted in infection. No practical live test exists to check whether an apparently healthy wild animal is infected with CWD, only a brain sample test can determine if CWD is present. Furthermore, the prevalence of the disease and risk factors are not well understood. According to CWD specialists, there is small hope that CWD will run its course and leave behind a generation of CWD resistant deer; ***however, many scientists do not believe this is the case for CWD.

 

During the March 6-7 meeting of the SSC, the recommendation was issued that no live cervids from North America be imported into Europe, since it is still unknown if the disease can spread to humans, livestock, or other domesticated animals. The SSC also recommended that a surveillance program is necessary to monitor any possible occurrence of CWD in Europe.

 

The full opinion may be viewed at:

 

Visit our website: our website www.useu.be/agri/usda.html provides a broad range of useful information on EU import rules and food laws and allows easy access to USEU reports, trade information and other practical information. More information on animal diseases can be found at http://www.fas.usda.gov/dlp/BSE/bse.html. E-mail: AgUSEUBrussels@fas.usda.gov

 

Related reports from USEU Brussels:

 

Report Number Title Date Released E23012 EU Veterinary Legislation Guide 01/28/2003

 

UNCLASSIFIED USDA FOREIGN AGRICULTURAL SERVICE

 


 

Classic Scrapie in Sheep with the ARR/ARR Prion Genotype in Germany and France

 

Martin H. Groschup,*1 Caroline Lacroux,†1 Anne Buschmann,* Gesine Lühken,‡ Jacinthe Mathey,† Martin Eiden,* Séverine Lugan,† Christine Hoffmann,* Juan Carlos Espinosa,§ Thierry Baron,¶ Juan Maria Torres,§ Georg Erhardt,‡ and Olivier Andreoletti†

 

In the past, natural scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) infections have essentially not been diagnosed in sheep homozygous for the A136R154R171 haplotype of the prion protein. This genotype was therefore assumed to confer resistance to BSE and classic scrapie under natural exposure conditions. Hence, to exclude prions from the human food chain, massive breeding efforts have been undertaken in the European Union to amplify this gene. We report the identifi cation of 2 natural scrapie cases in ARR/ARR sheep that have biochemical and transmission characteristics similar to cases of classic scrapie, although the abnormally folded prion protein (PrPSc) was associated with a lower proteinase-K resistance. PrPSc was clearly distinct from BSE prions passaged in sheep and from atypical scrapie prions. These findings strongly support the idea that scrapie prions are a mosaic of agents, which harbor different biologic properties, rather than a unique entity.

 

snip...

 

The discovery of these 2 cases clearly indicates that the genetic resistance of ARR/ARR sheep to the so-called clas-

 

sic scrapie agent is not absolute. It also provides evidence that, rather than being a single entity, scrapie is a mosaic of infectious agents harboring different biologic properties in its natural host....

 


 

A ProMED-mail post

 

ProMED-mail is a program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases

 

[1] Date: Fri 12 Mar 2010 Source: The Australian [edited]

 

A West Australian sheep has been found to have signs characteristic of the fatal brain disease atypical scrapie. It comes as Australia faces growing anger from its trade partners over the Rudd government's surprise decision to extend a ban on the importation of beef from countries exposed to mad cow disease for a further 2 years.

 

Australia's chief veterinarian, Andy Carroll, told the ABC an indicative case of the atypical scrapie had been confirmed but said it posed no risk to human or animal health or the safety of eating meat and animal products.

 

Nor does atypical scrapie carry the dire trade consequences associated with classical scrapie.

 

Classical scrapie is in the same transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) family as BSE, better known as mad cow disease, from which humans can be fatally infected.

 

Dr Carroll said samples from the sheep's brain were being sent to the World Reference Laboratory in Britain.

 

Neither atypical scrapie nor classical scrapie has been seen in Australia before, but a sheep in New Zealand tested positive to the atypical form last year [2009].

 

Atypical scrapie is a relatively recently discovered disease and the common scientific view is that it occurs spontaneously or naturally in very small numbers of older sheep in countries all over the world.

 

[Byline: Jodie Minus]

 

-- Communicated by: Sabine Zentis Castleview Pedigree English Longhorns Gut Laach 52385 Nideggen Germany

 

****** [2] Date: Wed 10 Mar 2010 Source: ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) [edited]

 

Animal health authorities are testing a sheep's brain for what could be Australia's 1st case of the disease atypical scrapie.

 

Although not confirmed, the sheep is thought to be from Western Australia.

 

This type of scrapie is described as a sporadic degenerative brain condition affecting older sheep, and is not contagious.

 

Ed Klim, from national advisory group SafeMeat, says a 2nd round of testing is now taking place. "We've been made aware that the Australian Animal Health Laboratory is conducting further routine testing on a sheep sample," he says.

 

"The disease isn't considered a health risk nor should have any impact on food safety or export markets for sheep meat of live sheep."

 

Australia's chief veterinarian and WA's Department of Agriculture of Food are both aware of the testing but will not comment.

 

-- Communicated by: Terry S Singeltary Sr

 

[Although atypical scrapie is not yet ruled out, it is important to realize this is a type of scrapie that thus far has only tended to appear as a sporadic condition in older animals. Currently it has not been shown to follow the same genetic tendencies for propagation as the usual scrapie.

 

However, the atypical phenotypic appearance has been shown to be preserved on experimental passage.

 

Atypical scrapie was first identified in Norwegian sheep in 1998 and has subsequently been identified in many countries, as Australia may join that list. It is likely that this case will be sent to the UK for definitive conformation.

 

[Ref: M Simmons, T Konold, L Thurston, et al. BMC Veterinary Research 2010, 6:14 [provisional abstract available at ]

 

"Background ----------- "Retrospective studies have identified cases predating the initial identification of this form of scrapie, and epidemiological studies have indicated that it does not conform to the behaviour of an infectious disease, giving rise to the hypothesis that it represents spontaneous disease. However, atypical scrapie isolates have been shown to be infectious experimentally, through intracerebral inoculation in transgenic mice and sheep. [Many of the neurological diseases can be transmitted by intracerebral inoculation, which causes this moderator to approach intracerebral studies as a tool for study, but not necessarily as a direct indication of transmissibility of natural diseases. - Mod.TG]

 

"The 1st successful challenge of a sheep with 'field' atypical scrapie from an homologous donor sheep was reported in 2007.

 

"Results -------- "This study demonstrates that atypical scrapie has distinct clinical, pathological, and biochemical characteristics which are maintained on transmission and sub-passage, and which are distinct from other strains of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in the same host genotype.

 

"Conclusions ------------ Atypical scrapie is consistently transmissible within AHQ homozygous sheep, and the disease phenotype is preserved on sub-passage."

 

Lastly, this moderator wishes to thank Terry Singletary for some of his behind the scenes work of providing citations and references for this posting. - Mod.TG]

 

The HealthMap/ProMED-mail interactive map of Australia is available at . - Sr.Tech.Ed.MJ]

 


 

1: J Infect Dis 1980 Aug;142(2):205-8

 

Oral transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie to nonhuman primates.

 

Gibbs CJ Jr, Amyx HL, Bacote A, Masters CL, Gajdusek DC.

 

Kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease of humans and scrapie disease of sheep and goats were transmitted to squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) that were exposed to the infectious agents only by their nonforced consumption of known infectious tissues. The asymptomatic incubation period in the one monkey exposed to the virus of kuru was 36 months; that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease was 23 and 27 months, respectively; and that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of scrapie was 25 and 32 months, respectively. Careful physical examination of the buccal cavities of all of the monkeys failed to reveal signs or oral lesions. One additional monkey similarly exposed to kuru has remained asymptomatic during the 39 months that it has been under observation.

 

snip...

 

The successful transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie by natural feeding to squirrel monkeys that we have reported provides further grounds for concern that scrapie-infected meat may occasionally give rise in humans to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

 

PMID: 6997404

 


 

Recently the question has again been brought up as to whether scrapie is transmissible to man. This has followed reports that the disease has been transmitted to primates. One particularly lurid speculation (Gajdusek 1977) conjectures that the agents of scrapie, kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and transmissible encephalopathy of mink are varieties of a single "virus". The U.S. Department of Agriculture concluded that it could "no longer justify or permit scrapie-blood line and scrapie-exposed sheep and goats to be processed for human or animal food at slaughter or rendering plants" (ARC 84/77)" The problem is emphasised by the finding that some strains of scrapie produce lesions identical to the once which characterise the human dementias"

 

Whether true or not. the hypothesis that these agents might be transmissible to man raises two considerations. First, the safety of laboratory personnel requires prompt attention. Second, action such as the "scorched meat" policy of USDA makes the solution of the acrapie problem urgent if the sheep industry is not to suffer grievously.

 

snip...

 

76/10.12/4.6

 


 

Nature. 1972 Mar 10;236(5341):73-4.

 

Transmission of scrapie to the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis).

 

Gibbs CJ Jr, Gajdusek DC.

 

Nature 236, 73 - 74 (10 March 1972); doi:10.1038/236073a0

 

Transmission of Scrapie to the Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis)

 

C. J. GIBBS jun. & D. C. GAJDUSEK

 

National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland

 

SCRAPIE has been transmitted to the cynomolgus, or crab-eating, monkey (Macaca fascicularis) with an incubation period of more than 5 yr from the time of intracerebral inoculation of scrapie-infected mouse brain. The animal developed a chronic central nervous system degeneration, with ataxia, tremor and myoclonus with associated severe scrapie-like pathology of intensive astroglial hypertrophy and proliferation, neuronal vacuolation and status spongiosus of grey matter. The strain of scrapie virus used was the eighth passage in Swiss mice (NIH) of a Compton strain of scrapie obtained as ninth intracerebral passage of the agent in goat brain, from Dr R. L. Chandler (ARC, Compton, Berkshire).

 


 


 

Wednesday, February 16, 2011

 

IN CONFIDENCE

 

SCRAPIE TRANSMISSION TO CHIMPANZEES

 

IN CONFIDENCE

 


 

*** FINALLY, in making such absolute statements such as any species being absolutely resistant to TSE prion disease, without final proof, I remind you of ;

 

5. A positive result from a chimpanzee challenged severly would likely create alarm in some circles even if the result could not be interpreted for man. I have a view that all these agents could be transmitted provided a large enough dose by appropriate routes was given and the animals kept long enough. Until the mechanisms of the species barrier are more clearly understood it might be best to retain that hypothesis.

 

snip...

 

R. BRADLEY

 


 

never say never in relations to TSE prion disease. ...TSS

 

Implications and Opportunities for Future Research Disease risk. There is much debate over whether a partial genetic resistance to CWD infection, or delayed progression, might have positive or negative effects on disease dynamics on the landscape. On the one hand, CWD infection rates may be substantially lower in some genotypes, reducing the prevalence of CWD and disease impacts on the affected population. These less-susceptible genotypes may gain a survival advantage over other genotypes.20 Yet, because the infectious state may be prolonged, these animals could disproportionately contribute to environmental contamination and transmission to susceptible animals.18,81 Future research is needed to determine whether all genotypes shed infectious material at similar rates. We currently understand little about the relative importance of direct vs. environmental routes of transmission in wild cervid populations. It will be important to understand the ways in which these routes interact with Prnp types to influence CWD infection and progression of disease. In addition to the mode of contact, the biological source of infectious material may have an impact on infectivity. It is unknown whether cervid species have different sensitivities to particular agent conformations, genotypes or strains. Additionally, though we know that cross-species infection is possible between elk, mule deer and white-tailed deer, we do not understand the level of transmissibility of agent between these species, or to other mammals in the ecosystem.82 Newly developed laboratory methods including PMCA,27,83 shaking assays,84 and cell-free conversions32 may provide insights on this question.

 

snip...

 

Survival and selection. The survival advantage conferred by decreased CWD susceptibility can be sufficient to alter population dynamics and provide selective pressure favoring disease resistance (demonstrated for the 96S allele in white-tailed deer, in press20). Such selective pressure is rarely measurable in wild populations, and indicates the potential for CWD to impact cervid populations. Additional genetic work will be needed to evaluate potential selective pressure on other loci and in other species to understand future trends in CWD epidemics and deer populations. Further, we currently lack information about nondisease related fitness characteristics associated with Prnp genetics. This is fertile ground for future selection studies. Future research such as simulation modeling might be used to address questions of how selective pressure could change as disease prevalence alters infection hazard, as agent strains shift, or how animal movement affects disease dynamics in wildlife populations.

 


 

 

PRION 2014 CONFERENCE

 

CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD

 

A FEW FINDINGS ;

 

Conclusions. To our knowledge, this is the first established experimental model of CWD in TgSB3985. We found evidence for co-existence or divergence of two CWD strains adapted to Tga20 mice and their replication in TgSB3985 mice. Finally, we observed phenotypic differences between cervid-derived CWD and CWD/Tg20 strains upon propagation in TgSB3985 mice. Further studies are underway to characterize these strains.

 

We conclude that TSE infectivity is likely to survive burial for long time periods with minimal loss of infectivity and limited movement from the original burial site. However PMCA results have shown that there is the potential for rainwater to elute TSE related material from soil which could lead to the contamination of a wider area. These experiments reinforce the importance of risk assessment when disposing of TSE risk materials.

 

The results show that even highly diluted PrPSc can bind efficiently to polypropylene, stainless steel, glass, wood and stone and propagate the conversion of normal prion protein. For in vivo experiments, hamsters were ic injected with implants incubated in 1% 263K-infected brain homogenate. Hamsters, inoculated with 263K-contaminated implants of all groups, developed typical signs of prion disease, whereas control animals inoculated with non-contaminated materials did not.

 

Our data establish that meadow voles are permissive to CWD via peripheral exposure route, suggesting they could serve as an environmental reservoir for CWD. Additionally, our data are consistent with the hypothesis that at least two strains of CWD circulate in naturally-infected cervid populations and provide evidence that meadow voles are a useful tool for CWD strain typing.

 

Conclusion. CWD prions are shed in saliva and urine of infected deer as early as 3 months post infection and throughout the subsequent >1.5 year course of infection. In current work we are examining the relationship of prionemia to excretion and the impact of excreted prion binding to surfaces and particulates in the environment.

 

Conclusion. CWD prions (as inferred by prion seeding activity by RT-QuIC) are shed in urine of infected deer as early as 6 months post inoculation and throughout the subsequent disease course. Further studies are in progress refining the real-time urinary prion assay sensitivity and we are examining more closely the excretion time frame, magnitude, and sample variables in relationship to inoculation route and prionemia in naturally and experimentally CWD-infected cervids.

 

Conclusions. Our results suggested that the odds of infection for CWD is likely controlled by areas that congregate deer thus increasing direct transmission (deer-to-deer interactions) or indirect transmission (deer-to-environment) by sharing or depositing infectious prion proteins in these preferred habitats. Epidemiology of CWD in the eastern U.S. is likely controlled by separate factors than found in the Midwestern and endemic areas for CWD and can assist in performing more efficient surveillance efforts for the region.

 

Conclusions. During the pre-symptomatic stage of CWD infection and throughout the course of disease deer may be shedding multiple LD50 doses per day in their saliva. CWD prion shedding through saliva and excreta may account for the unprecedented spread of this prion disease in nature.

 

 

see full text and more ;

 

 

Monday, June 23, 2014

 

PRION 2014 CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD

 


 

 

Thursday, July 03, 2014

 

How Chronic Wasting Disease is affecting deer population and what’s the risk to humans and pets?

 


 

 

Tuesday, July 01, 2014

 

CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION DISEASE, GAME FARMS, AND POTENTIAL RISK FACTORS THERE FROM

 


 

 

Monday, June 23, 2014

 

PRION 2014 TYPICAL AND ATYPICAL BSE AND CJD REPORT UPDATES

 


 

 

Sunday, June 29, 2014

 

Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion Disease North America 2014

 


 

 

 

TSS