Tuesday, March 26, 2013

CWD Missouri remains confined to Linn-Macon-County Core Area with four new cases

CWD remains confined to Linn-Macon-County Core Area




News from the Northeast region




Published on: Mar. 26, 2013




Posted by Joe Jerek




JEFFERSON CITY, Mo. – The Missouri Department of Conservation (MDC) has confirmed four more cases of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in free-ranging deer. The four deer were among 102 harvested in January and February in the CWD Core Area of Linn and Macon counties. The Core Area is comprised of a 29-square-mile block along the northern part of the Linn- and Macon-county border where CWD was first detected in free-ranging deer in early 2012. The intensive sampling effort was conducted by MDC and participating landowners to monitor infection rates, and limit the spread of the disease by reducing local deer numbers.




These four new cases bring the total confirmed cases of the disease to 10 in Missouri free-ranging deer with all from the small section of Linn and Macon counties.




MDC tested 3,225 harvested deer statewide for CWD last year, including 196 from the CWD Core Area, and 1,783 from the Department’s larger six-county CWD Containment Zone consisting of Adair, Chariton, Linn, Macon, Randolph and Sullivan counties. MDC has tested more than 38,000 deer for the disease since 2001.




“Our extensive CWD testing indicates we caught the disease while it is still limited to a small number of deer in a very concentrated area,” says MDC State Deer Biologist Jason Sumners. “We hope that by reducing deer numbers in the Core Area, we can remove those with CWD. This will help reduce the spread of the disease to other deer in the area, and prevent, or at least dramatically slow, the spread to other areas of Missouri.”




Sumners adds that more than 90 percent of Missouri land is privately owned, so landowners are vital to deer management and to MDC’s efforts to limit the spread of CWD.




“We greatly appreciate the cooperation of these local landowners,” Sumners said. “The effort to reduce deer numbers within the 29-square-mile core area will help protect the health of deer throughout the state.”




He added that MDC will continue testing harvested free-ranging deer for CWD during future deer seasons.












Missouri’s first cases of CWD were detected in three captive white-tailed bucks at two private hunting preserves in Linn and Macon counties between February 2010 and December 2011.



As of June 2012, eight additional cases of CWD have been found in captive white-tailed deer at the private Macon County facility.



In response to the initial cases, MDC worked with hunters during the 2010 and 2011 firearms deer seasons to collect tissue samples from deer harvested in the area.



Two free-ranging adult bucks from Macon County tested positive for CWD in the fall of 2011. As of June 2012, three additional cases of CWD have been detected in free-ranging deer in the area.










CWD Map



























Wednesday, January 23, 2013



Missouri sixth case CWD documented northwest Macon County











Friday, October 21, 2011 Chronic Wasting Disease Found in Captive Deer Missouri October 20, 2011




Chronic Wasting Disease Found in Captive Deer




The Missouri departments of Agriculture, Conservation and Health and Senior Services and the U.S. Department of Agriculture announced that a captive white-tailed deer in Macon County, Missouri has tested positive for Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD). CWD is a neurological disease found in deer, elk and moose.




snip...




The animal that tested positive for CWD was a captive white-tailed deer inspected as part of the State's CWD surveillance and testing program. Preliminary tests were conducted by the USDA National Veterinary Services Laboratory in Ames, Iowa.




snip...




In February 2010 a case of CWD was confirmed in Linn County on a captive hunting preserve operated by the same entity, Heartland Wildlife Ranches, LLC. The Linn County facility was depopulated and no further infection was identified at that facility. The current case was identified through increased surveillance required by the management plan implemented from the previous CWD incident.




snip...












Friday, October 21, 2011




Chronic Wasting Disease Found in Captive Deer Missouri











Tuesday, January 24, 2012



CWD found in two free-ranging deer from Macon County Missouri









Friday, February 26, 2010



Chronic wasting disease found in Missouri deer










Sunday, March 25, 2012



Three more cases of CWD found in free-ranging deer in Macon County









From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr.



Sent: Thursday, March 29, 2012 6:26 PM



To: warhovert@missouri.edu



Cc: abbottjm@missouri.edu ; waltermr@missouri.edu ; John.McLaughlin@missouri.edu ; connerek@missouri.edu ; contact@dnr.mo.gov ; Shelly.Witt@mda.mo.gov ; Animal.Health@mda.mo.gov ; acfa@mda.mo.gov ; animalid@mda.mo.gov ; Linda.Hickam@mda.mo.gov



Subject: re-Missouri officials seek states' advice on chronic wasting disease in deer










Thursday, May 31, 2012



Missouri MDC staff will provide information on five recently found cases of CWD in free-ranging deer in northwest Macon County June 2, 2012











Wednesday, September 05, 2012



Missouri MDC seeks hunters’ help when processing harvested deer and preventing CWD













Thursday, December 20, 2012



MISSOURI Initial CWD sampling test results available online from MDC so far one adult buck has tested positive for the disease











Tuesday, December 18, 2012



A Growing Threat How deer breeding could put public trust wildlife at risk











Friday, December 14, 2012



DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012





snip...




In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration’s BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin) from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law.



Animals considered at high risk for CWD include:



1) animals from areas declared to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones and



2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period prior to slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal.




Therefore, in the USA, materials from cervids other than CWD positive animals may be used in animal feed and feed ingredients for non-ruminants.


The amount of animal PAP that is of deer and/or elk origin imported from the USA to GB can not be determined, however, as it is not specified in TRACES. It may constitute a small percentage of the 8412 kilos of non-fish origin processed animal proteins that were imported from US into GB in 2011.




Overall, therefore, it is considered there is a __greater than negligible risk___ that (nonruminant) animal feed and pet food containing deer and/or elk protein is imported into GB.





There is uncertainty associated with this estimate given the lack of data on the amount of deer and/or elk protein possibly being imported in these products.




snip...





36% in 2007 (Almberg et al., 2011). In such areas, population declines of deer of up to 30 to 50% have been observed (Almberg et al., 2011). In areas of Colorado, the prevalence can be as high as 30% (EFSA, 2011).





The clinical signs of CWD in affected adults are weight loss and behavioural changes that can span weeks or months (Williams, 2005). In addition, signs might include excessive salivation, behavioural alterations including a fixed stare and changes in interaction with other animals in the herd, and an altered stance (Williams, 2005). These signs are indistinguishable from cervids experimentally infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE).





Given this, if CWD was to be introduced into countries with BSE such as GB, for example, infected deer populations would need to be tested to differentiate if they were infected with CWD or BSE to minimise the risk of BSE entering the human food-chain via affected venison.





snip...





The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008).





snip...





In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with CWD prion.





snip...




In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing, footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible. For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant uncertainty associated with these estimates.





snip...





Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists and returning GB residents.





snip...













Friday, December 14, 2012



DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012










please note, I do not know how much of this 125 TONS of banned mad cow protein was part of the ;




e) "Big Jim's" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6;





bbbut, this was about 10 years post mad cow feed ban from 1997. 10 years later, and still feeding banned mad cow protein to cervids???




considering that .005 gram is lethal to several bovines, and we know that the oral consumption of CWD tainted products is very efficient mode of transmission of CWD.




Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALL AL AND FL VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 TONS Products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006


Date: August 6, 2006 at 6:16 pm PST


PRODUCT


a) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish, Recall # V-100-6;


b) Performance Sheep Pell W/Decox/A/N, medicated, net wt. 50 lbs, Recall # V-101-6;


c) Pro 40% Swine Conc Meal -- 50 lb, Recall # V-102-6;


d) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish Food Medicated, Recall # V-103-6;


e) "Big Jim's" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6;


f) CO-OP 40% Hog Supplement Medicated Pelleted, Tylosin 100 grams/ton, 50 lb. bag, Recall # V-105-6;


g) Pig Starter Pell II, 18% W/MCDX Medicated 282020, Carbadox -- 0.0055%, Recall # V-106-6;


h) CO-OP STARTER-GROWER CRUMBLES, Complete Feed for Chickens from Hatch to 20 Weeks, Medicated, Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate, 25 and 50 Lbs, Recall # V-107-6;


i) CO-OP LAYING PELLETS, Complete Feed for Laying Chickens, Recall # 108-6;


j) CO-OP LAYING CRUMBLES, Recall # V-109-6;


k) CO-OP QUAIL FLIGHT CONDITIONER MEDICATED, net wt 50 Lbs, Recall # V-110-6;


l) CO-OP QUAIL STARTER MEDICATED, Net Wt. 50 Lbs, Recall # V-111-6;


m) CO-OP QUAIL GROWER MEDICATED, 50 Lbs, Recall # V-112-6


CODE


Product manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006


RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER


Alabama Farmers Cooperative, Inc., Decatur, AL, by telephone, fax, email and visit on June 9, 2006. FDA initiated recall is complete.


REASON


Animal and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".


VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE


125 tons


DISTRIBUTION


AL and FL


END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006


###

















likely source of CWD, i.e. pens, PENS, PENS ???





*** Spraker suggested an interesting explanation for the occurrence of CWD. The deer pens at the Foot Hills Campus were built some 30-40 years ago by a Dr. Bob Davis. At or abut that time, allegedly, some scrapie work was conducted at this site. When deer were introduced to the pens they occupied ground that had previously been occupied by sheep.









now, decades later ;





2012




PO-039: A comparison of scrapie and chronic wasting disease in white-tailed deer




Justin Greenlee, Jodi Smith, Eric Nicholson US Dept. Agriculture; Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center; Ames, IA USA


Interspecies transmission studies afford the opportunity to better understand the potential host range and origins of prion diseases. The purpose of these experiments was to determine susceptibility of white-tailed deer (WTD) to scrapie and to compare the resultant clinical signs, lesions, and molecular profiles of PrPSc to those of chronic wasting disease (CWD). We inoculated WTD intracranially (IC; n = 5) and by a natural route of exposure (concurrent oral and intranasal (IN); n = 5) with a US scrapie isolate. All deer were inoculated with a 10% (wt/vol) brain homogenate from sheep with scrapie (1ml IC, 1 ml IN, 30 ml oral). All deer inoculated by the intracranial route had evidence of PrPSc accumulation. PrPSc was detected in lymphoid tissues as early as 7 months-post-inoculation (PI) and a single deer that was necropsied at 15.6 months had widespread distribution of PrPSc highlighting that PrPSc is widely distributed in the CNS and lymphoid tissues prior to the onset of clinical signs. IC inoculated deer necropsied after 20 months PI (3/5) had clinical signs, spongiform encephalopathy, and widespread distribution of PrPSc in neural and lymphoid tissues. The results of this study suggest that there are many similarities in the manifestation of CWD and scrapie in WTD after IC inoculation including early and widespread presence of PrPSc in lymphoid tissues, clinical signs of depression and weight loss progressing to wasting, and an incubation time of 21-23 months. Moreover, western blots (WB) done on brain material from the obex region have a molecular profile similar to CWD and distinct from tissues of the cerebrum or the scrapie inoculum. However, results of microscopic and IHC examination indicate that there are differences between the lesions expected in CWD and those that occur in deer with scrapie: amyloid plaques were not noted in any sections of brain examined from these deer and the pattern of immunoreactivity by IHC was diffuse rather than plaque-like. After a natural route of exposure, 100% of WTD were susceptible to scrapie. Deer developed clinical signs of wasting and mental depression and were necropsied from 28 to 33 months PI. Tissues from these deer were positive for PrPSc by IHC and WB. Similar to IC inoculated deer, samples from these deer exhibited two different molecular profiles: samples from obex resembled CWD whereas those from cerebrum were similar to the original scrapie inoculum. On further examination by WB using a panel of antibodies, the tissues from deer with scrapie exhibit properties differing from tissues either from sheep with scrapie or WTD with CWD. Samples from WTD with CWD or sheep with scrapie are strongly immunoreactive when probed with mAb P4, however, samples from WTD with scrapie are only weakly immunoreactive. In contrast, when probed with mAb’s 6H4 or SAF 84, samples from sheep with scrapie and WTD with CWD are weakly immunoreactive and samples from WTD with scrapie are strongly positive. This work demonstrates that WTD are highly susceptible to sheep scrapie, but on first passage, scrapie in WTD is differentiable from CWD.









2011


*** After a natural route of exposure, 100% of white-tailed deer were susceptible to scrapie.








Scrapie in Deer: Comparisons and Contrasts to Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD)


Justin J. Greenlee of the Virus and Prion Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Ames, IA provided a presentation on scrapie and CWD in inoculated deer. Interspecies transmission studies afford the opportunity to better understand the potential host range and origins of prion diseases. We inoculated white-tailed deer intracranially (IC) and by a natural route of exposure (concurrent oral and intranasal inoculation) with a US scrapie isolate. All deer inoculated by the intracranial route had evidence of PrPSc accumulation and those necropsied after 20 months post-inoculation (PI) (3/5) had clinical signs, spongiform encephalopathy, and widespread distribution of PrPSc in neural and lymphoid tissues. A single deer that was necropsied at 15.6 months PI did not have clinical signs, but had widespread distribution of PrPSc. This highlights the facts that 1) prior to the onset of clinical signs PrPSc is widely distributed in the CNS and lymphoid tissues and 2) currently used diagnostic methods are sufficient to detect PrPSc prior to the onset of clinical signs. The results of this study suggest that there are many similarities in the manifestation of CWD and scrapie in white-tailed deer after IC inoculation including early and widespread presence of PrPSc in lymphoid tissues, clinical signs of depression and weight loss progressing to wasting, and an incubation time of 21-23 months. Moreover, western blots (WB) done on brain material from the obex region have a molecular profile consistent with CWD and distinct from tissues of the cerebrum or the scrapie inoculum. However, results of microscopic and IHC examination indicate that there are differences between the lesions expected in CWD and those that occur in deer with scrapie: amyloid plaques were not noted in any sections of brain examined from these deer and the pattern of immunoreactivity by IHC was diffuse rather than plaque-like. After a natural route of exposure, 100% of white-tailed deer were susceptible to scrapie. Deer developed clinical signs of wasting and mental depression and were necropsied from 28 to 33 months PI. Tissues from these deer were positive for scrapie by IHC and WB. Tissues with PrPSc immunoreactivity included brain, tonsil, retropharyngeal and mesenteric lymph nodes, hemal node, Peyer’s patches, and spleen. While two WB patterns have been detected in brain regions of deer inoculated by the natural route, unlike the IC inoculated deer, the pattern similar to the scrapie inoculum predominates.




Committee Business:


The Committee discussed and approved three resolutions regarding CWD. They can be found in the report of the Reswolutions Committee. Essentially the resolutions urged USDA-APHIS-VS to:


Continue to provide funding for CWD testing of captive cervids


Finalize and publish the national CWD rule for Herd Certification and Interstate Movement


Evaluate live animal test, including rectal mucosal biopsy, for CWD in cervids












2011 Annual Report




Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES Location: Virus and Prion Research Unit


2011 Annual Report


In Objective 1, Assess cross-species transmissibility of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) in livestock and wildlife, numerous experiments assessing the susceptibility of various TSEs in different host species were conducted. Most notable is deer inoculated with scrapie, which exhibits similarities to chronic wasting disease (CWD) in deer suggestive of sheep scrapie as an origin of CWD.


snip...


4.Accomplishments 1. Deer inoculated with domestic isolates of sheep scrapie. Scrapie-affected deer exhibit 2 different patterns of disease associated prion protein. In some regions of the brain the pattern is much like that observed for scrapie, while in others it is more like chronic wasting disease (CWD), the transmissible spongiform encephalopathy typically associated with deer. This work conducted by ARS scientists at the National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA suggests that an interspecies transmission of sheep scrapie to deer may have been the origin of CWD. This is important for husbandry practices with both captive deer, elk and sheep for farmers and ranchers attempting to keep their herds and flocks free of CWD and scrapie.












White-tailed Deer are Susceptible to Scrapie by Natural Route of Infection





Jodi D. Smith, Justin J. Greenlee, and Robert A. Kunkle; Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS


Interspecies transmission studies afford the opportunity to better understand the potential host range and origins of prion diseases. Previous experiments demonstrated that white-tailed deer are susceptible to sheep-derived scrapie by intracranial inoculation. The purpose of this study was to determine susceptibility of white-tailed deer to scrapie after a natural route of exposure. Deer (n=5) were inoculated by concurrent oral (30 ml) and intranasal (1 ml) instillation of a 10% (wt/vol) brain homogenate derived from a sheep clinically affected with scrapie. Non-inoculated deer were maintained as negative controls. All deer were observed daily for clinical signs. Deer were euthanized and necropsied when neurologic disease was evident, and tissues were examined for abnormal prion protein (PrPSc) by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and western blot (WB). One animal was euthanized 15 months post-inoculation (MPI) due to an injury. At that time, examination of obex and lymphoid tissues by IHC was positive, but WB of obex and colliculus were negative. Remaining deer developed clinical signs of wasting and mental depression and were necropsied from 28 to 33 MPI. Tissues from these deer were positive for scrapie by IHC and WB. Tissues with PrPSc immunoreactivity included brain, tonsil, retropharyngeal and mesenteric lymph nodes, hemal node, Peyer’s patches, and spleen. This work demonstrates for the first time that white-tailed deer are susceptible to sheep scrapie by potential natural routes of inoculation. In-depth analysis of tissues will be done to determine similarities between scrapie in deer after intracranial and oral/intranasal inoculation and chronic wasting disease resulting from similar routes of inoculation.


see full text ;












how many states have $465,000., and can quarantine and purchase there from, each cwd said infected farm, but how many states can afford this for all the cwd infected cervid game ranch type farms ???




? game farms in a state X $465,000., do all these game farms have insurance to pay for this risk of infected the wild cervid herds, in each state ???




how many game farms, are too many game farms ?




when you have states handing out shooting pen permits like candy on halloween, just to advance their coffers, then other states wanting to do the same thing, with most all of them ignoring the science on shooting pens and cwd, what do you expect is going to happen.




when is enough, enough ?







Tuesday, December 20, 2011


CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD WISCONSIN Almond Deer (Buckhorn Flats) Farm Update DECEMBER 2011


The CWD infection rate was nearly 80%, the highest ever in a North American captive herd.


RECOMMENDATION: That the Board approve the purchase of 80 acres of land for $465,000 for the Statewide Wildlife Habitat Program in Portage County and approve the restrictions on public use of the site.


Form 1100-001


(R 2/11)


NATURAL RESOURCES BOARD AGENDA ITEM


SUBJECT: Information Item: Almond Deer Farm Update


FOR: DECEMBER 2011 BOARD MEETING


TUESDAY


TO BE PRESENTED BY TITLE: Tami Ryan, Wildlife Health Section Chief




SUMMARY:














SEE MORE USAHA REPORTS HERE, 2012 NOT PUBLISHED YET...TSS



















Monday, March 18, 2013



PROCEEDINGS ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING of the UNITED STATES ANIMAL HEALTH ASSOCIATION September 29 – October 5, 2011



see updated 2012 RESOLUTIONS











The potential impact of prion diseases on human health was greatly magnified by the recognition that interspecies transfer of BSE to humans by beef ingestion resulted in vCJD. While changes in animal feed constituents and slaughter practices appear to have curtailed vCJD, there is concern that CWD of free-ranging deer and elk in the U.S. might also cross the species barrier. Thus, consuming venison could be a source of human prion disease. Whether BSE and CWD represent interspecies scrapie transfer or are newly arisen prion diseases is unknown. Therefore, the possibility of transmission of prion disease through other food animals cannot be ruled out. There is evidence that vCJD can be transmitted through blood transfusion. There is likely a pool of unknown size of asymptomatic individuals infected with vCJD, and there may be asymptomatic individuals infected with the CWD equivalent. These circumstances represent a potential threat to blood, blood products, and plasma supplies.












Friday, November 09, 2012



*** Chronic Wasting Disease CWD in cervidae and transmission to other species











Sunday, November 11, 2012



*** Susceptibilities of Nonhuman Primates to Chronic Wasting Disease November 2012











Friday, December 14, 2012



Susceptibility Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in wild cervids to Humans 2005 - December 14, 2012














kind regards, terry



Saturday, March 23, 2013

Rep. Matt Ubelhor of Bloomfield is going to amend Senate Bill 487 to include the legalization of “canned” deer hunting operations in Indiana ?


 
Sent: Saturday, March 23, 2013 11:08 AM
 
 
 
Subject: Rep. Matt Ubelhor of Bloomfield is going to amend Senate Bill 487 to include the legalization of “canned” deer hunting operations in Indiana

Indiana must say no to canned hunting
Mar 22, 2013
In a recent article in The Indianapolis Star, we have learned that once again an effort is being made by some legislators to legalize canned deer hunting in this state. This is the shooting of farm-raised domesticated whitetail deer and elk in fenced enclosures. As sportsmen and women we know that these animals have been bred specifically for abnormally large antlers and exhibit little to no flight instincts which you would expect of a wild animal. In other words, they are tame.
It has been reported that Rep. Matt Ubelhor of Bloomfield is going to amend Senate Bill 487 to include the legalization of “canned” deer hunting operations in Indiana. Rep. Ubelhor authored a bill earlier in the session but it failed to get a hearing as there was an intense media focus on the Connersville couple and “Dani” the deer. That saga ended with Gov. Mike Pence requesting that the DNR drop the charges against the couple or a pardon for Dani’s saviors.
Now ironically, as reported by The Star, Gov. Pence says that he is open to the idea of captive or “canned” deer hunting in Indiana. This is a reverse of previous Gov. Mitch Daniels’ position. In 2006, then Gov. Daniels strongly condemned “canned” hunting and signed into law rules to clarify and ban the practice that was always considered illegal by the state. Gov. Pence, it seems, believes that these businesses, five which still exist because of a pending lawsuit, “were allowed but then had the rug pulled out from under them.” The rug has not been pulled out from under them. The DNR has always had rules against these practices as evidence of legislative efforts by Rep. Bill Friend since 1999 on behalf of his constituent Russ Beller who was convicted in federal court in 2005 for running illegal canned hunts.
Sportsmen and women believe you don’t shoot farm animals and we are greatly concerned about disease risk to Indiana’s wild deer. Twenty-three states have Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD), a fatal deer disease present in either their wild or captive herds, or both. It is believed movement of deer to and from captive facilities is the primary reason the disease is spreading across this country. Cost to States’ agencies and taxpayers are astronomical. Wisconsin has spent over $50 million in an effort to manage CWD disease. In Indiana we have had tuberculous found in several captive deer facilities, a Harrison County hunting facility, a Wayne County farm, and a Franklin County farm. As a result of the TB found, many wild deer had to be shot by sharpshooters and tested. We also learned last year, as reported by The Star, several farm-raised captive deer brought into Indiana from Pennsylvania had been exposed to CWD. When state authorities traced the deer to an Indiana captive deer farm, it was found that several of the deer had escaped. To date, not all the deer have been recovered for CWD testing. Until all the escaped deer are found and all tested for CWD, it will not be known whether CWD has spread to Indiana.
Tell your legislators to say “No” to “canned hunting” in Indiana. The risk to wild deer is too great and the hunting ethics too poor for Hoosiers.
Please let Gov. Pence and your legislators know this is not what Indiana wants or needs.
Doug Allman
Indiana Wildlife Federation
Gene Hopkins
Indiana Sportsman’s Roundtable
Joe Bacon
Indiana Deer Hunter Association
James Turpin
Quality Deer Management Association
Herb Higgins
Indiana Bowhunter Association
Chuck Bauer
Indiana Division of the Izaak Walton League of America
Published: March 22, 2013 3:00 a.m.
Captive deer hunts may be added to Senate bill
snip...
Sen. Brent Steele, R-Bedford – the author of the Senate bill where an amendment might be added – said from what he has seen of the amendment it is not a widespread expansion of the activity.
He believes it is focused on allowing the four existing facilities to continue to operate.
A move to legalize those operations legislatively could indicate a change in the posture of the case but Steele said he didn’t know the details.
“If the amendment is non-controversial and doesn’t damage my bill while maintaining the status quo I would probably consent to it,” he said.
Kara Brooks, press secretary for Gov. Mike Pence, said he is “concerned with an expansion of high-fence hunting, but is keeping an open mind about legislative efforts to permit existing facilities to continue to operate.”
Rep. Sean Eberhart, R-Shelbyville, chairs the House Natural Resources Committee and said he hasn’t seen any possible amendment. He noted members of the committee – including Ubelhor – are free to offer amendments for the committee to discuss.
He was one legislator to receive $1,000 from the deer and elk PAC, as well as Ubelhor and Steele.
“We get money from a lot of different groups but we vote according to our constituent base and our personal thoughts,” Eberhart said. “Campaign contributions have no bearing on my vote.”
>>> Indiana must say no to canned hunting
I agree 100%. please see why ;
INDIANA 20 DEER ESCAPE TROPHY BUCK GAME FARM STATE OFFICIALS FEAR CWD RISK TO WILD
Escaped deer pose risk of spreading disease in Indiana State wildlife officials fear the missing animals could have been exposed to fatal ailment 9:30 PM, Oct 19, 2012 Deer hunters in four southeastern Indiana counties have been given an unusual directive by state wildlife officials: If you see a deer with a yellow tag in its ear, kill it.
And call a biologist.
The deer, say Department of Natural Resources officials, may be infected with chronic wasting disease. ...
Friday, February 03, 2012
Long kills controversial fenced hunting bill INDIANA
CAN INDIANA AFFORD THIS $$$
and this was just one cwd infected game farm, with the most highest documented cwd infection rate ever recorded i.e. 80% CWD infection rate ;
Tuesday, December 20, 2011
CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD WISCONSIN Almond Deer (Buckhorn Flats) Farm Update DECEMBER 2011
The CWD infection rate was nearly 80%, the highest ever in a North American captive herd.
RECOMMENDATION: That the Board approve the purchase of 80 acres of land for $465,000 for the Statewide Wildlife Habitat Program in Portage County and approve the restrictions on public use of the site.
Form 1100-001 (R 2/11) NATURAL RESOURCES BOARD AGENDA ITEM
SUBJECT: Information Item: Almond Deer Farm Update
FOR: DECEMBER 2011 BOARD MEETING TUESDAY TO BE PRESENTED BY TITLE: Tami Ryan, Wildlife Health Section Chief
SUMMARY:
2012 CDC REPORT ON CWD
Volume 18, Number 3—March 2012 Synopsis Occurrence, Transmission, and Zoonotic Potential of Chronic Wasting Disease
snip...
Prevalence and Surveillance
Originally recognized only in southeastern Wyoming and northeastern Colorado, USA, CWD was reported in Canada in 1996 and Wisconsin in 2001 and continues to be identified in new geographic locations (Figure 1, panel A). CWD has been identified in free-ranging cervids in 15 US states and 2 Canadian provinces and in ≈100 captive herds in 15 states and provinces and in South Korea (Figure 1, panel B).
snip...
CWD surveillance programs are now in place in almost all US states and Canadian provinces (Figure 2, panel A). More than 1,060,000 free-ranging cervids have reportedly been tested for CWD (Figure 2, panel B) and ≈6,000 cases have been identified (Figure 2, panel C) according to data from state and provincial wildlife agencies.
snip...
Testing of captive cervids is routine in most states and provinces, but varies considerably in scope from mandatory testing of all dead animals to voluntary herd certification programs or mandatory testing of only animals suspected of dying of CWD.
snip...
Long-term effects of CWD on cervid populations and ecosystems remain unclear as the disease continues to spread and prevalence increases. In captive herds, CWD might persist at high levels and lead to complete herd destruction in the absence of human culling. Epidemiologic modeling suggests the disease could have severe effects on free-ranging deer populations, depending on hunting policies and environmental persistence (8,9). CWD has been associated with large decreases in free-ranging mule deer populations in an area of high CWD prevalence (Boulder, Colorado, USA) (5). In addition, CWD-infected deer are selectively preyed upon by mountain lions (5), and may also be more vulnerable to vehicle collisions (10). Long-term effects of the disease may vary considerably geographically, not only because of local hunting policies, predator populations, and human density (e.g., vehicular collisions) but also because of local environmental factors such as soil type (11) and local cervid population factors, such as genetics and movement patterns (S.E. Saunders, unpub. data).
snip...
Controlling the spread of CWD, especially by human action, is a more attainable goal than eradication. Human movement of cervids has likely led to spread of CWD in facilities for captive animals, which has most likely contributed to establishment of new disease foci in free-ranging populations (Figure 1, panel A). Thus, restrictions on human movement of cervids from disease-endemic areas or herds continue to be warranted. Anthropogenic factors that increase cervid congregation such as baiting and feeding should also be restricted to reduce CWD transmission. Appropriate disposal of carcasses of animals with suspected CWD is necessary to limit environmental contamination (20), and attractive onsite disposal options such as composting and burial require further investigation to determine contamination risks. The best options for lowering the risk for recurrence in facilities for captive animals with outbreaks are complete depopulation, stringent exclusion of free-ranging cervids, and disinfection of all exposed surfaces. However, even the most extensive decontamination measures may not be sufficient to eliminate the risk for disease recurrence (20; S.E. Saunders et al. unpub. data)
Saturday, March 10, 2012
*** CWD, GAME FARMS, urine, feces, soil, lichens, and banned mad cow protein feed CUSTOM MADE for deer and elk
Tuesday, December 18, 2012
*** A Growing Threat How deer breeding could put public trust wildlife at risk
Friday, February 08, 2013
*** Behavior of Prions in the Environment: Implications for Prion Biology
*** Spraker suggested an interesting explanation for the occurrence of CWD. The deer pens at the Foot Hills Campus were built some 30-40 years ago by a Dr. Bob Davis. At or abut that time, allegedly, some scrapie work was conducted at this site. When deer were introduced to the pens they occupied ground that had previously been occupied by sheep.
2011
*** After a natural route of exposure, 100% of white-tailed deer were susceptible to scrapie.
SEE MORE USAHA REPORTS HERE, 2012 NOT PUBLISHED YET...TSS
Friday, November 09, 2012
*** Chronic Wasting Disease CWD in cervidae and transmission to other species
Sunday, November 11, 2012
*** Susceptibilities of Nonhuman Primates to Chronic Wasting Disease November 2012
Friday, December 14, 2012
Susceptibility Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in wild cervids to Humans 2005 - December 14, 2012
Monday, March 18, 2013
PROCEEDINGS ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING of the UNITED STATES ANIMAL HEALTH ASSOCIATION September 29 – October 5, 2011
Saturday, February 04, 2012
Wisconsin 16 age limit on testing dead deer Game Farm CWD Testing Protocol Needs To Be Revised
Tuesday, June 05, 2012
Captive Deer Breeding Legislation Overwhelmingly Defeated During 2012 Legislative Session
Friday, August 31, 2012
COMMITTEE ON CAPTIVE WILDLIFE AND ALTERNATIVE LIVESTOCK and CWD 2009-2012 a review
Friday, August 24, 2012
Diagnostic accuracy of rectal mucosa biopsy testing for chronic wasting disease within white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) herds in North America
Thursday, February 09, 2012
50 GAME FARMS (to date) IN USA INFECTED WITH CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE
Monday, June 11, 2012
OHIO Captive deer escapees and non-reporting
Friday, March 16, 2012
OHIO TURNS OVER CERVID GAME FARMS (and CWD risk) TO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, GOD HELP THEM
As Passed by the Senate 129th General Assembly Regular Session 2011-2012 Am. H. B. No. 389
some history on Pennsylvania and CWD ;
Friday, March 01, 2013
Pennsylvania CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE FOUND IN BLAIR AND BEDFORD COUNTIES GAME COMMISSION TO HOLD CWD NEWS CONFERENCE MONDAY, MARCH 4
Thursday, October 11, 2012
Pennsylvania Confirms First Case CWD Adams County Captive Deer Tests Positive
Wednesday, November 07, 2012
PENNSYLVANIA Second Adams County Deer Tests Positive for Chronic Wasting Disease
Tuesday, November 06, 2012
PA Department of Agriculture investigating possible 2nd case of chronic wasting disease
Thursday, November 01, 2012
PA GAME COMMISSION TO HOLD PUBLIC MEETING TO DISCUSS CWD Release #128-12
Tuesday, November 13, 2012
PENNSYLVANIA 2012 THE GREAT ESCAPE OF CWD
Wednesday, November 14, 2012
PENNSYLVANIA 2012 THE GREAT ESCAPE OF CWD INVESTIGATION MOVES INTO LOUISIANA and INDIANA
Pennsylvania CWD number of deer exposed and farms there from much greater than first thought
Published: Wednesday, October 17, 2012, 10:44 PM Updated: Wednesday, October 17, 2012, 11:33 PM
Tuesday, October 23, 2012
PA Captive deer from CWD-positive farm roaming free
HERE, we see why these shooting pen owners some much like the USDA oversight of these game farms ;
USDA TO PGC ONCE CAPTIVES ESCAPE "it‘s no longer its business.”
problem solved $$$...TSS
Sunday, January 06, 2013
USDA TO PGC ONCE CAPTIVES ESCAPE "it‘s no longer its business.”
what happened to the PA deer from the CWD index heard that went to Louisiana ???
or Indiana ???
Friday, February 08, 2013
Pennsylvania Additional Deer Farms Released from Chronic Wasting Disease CWD Quarantines
Friday, February 15, 2013
PENNSYLVANIA CWD UPDATE 9 FARMS ARE STILL UNDER QUARANTINE
Thursday, March 14, 2013
TEXAS DEER BREEDERS CHEER TWO NEW BILLS SB 1444 AND HB 2092 THAT COULD HELP POTENTIALLY ENHANCE CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD
The potential impact of prion diseases on human health was greatly magnified by the recognition that interspecies transfer of BSE to humans by beef ingestion resulted in vCJD. While changes in animal feed constituents and slaughter practices appear to have curtailed vCJD, there is concern that CWD of free-ranging deer and elk in the U.S. might also cross the species barrier. Thus, consuming venison could be a source of human prion disease. Whether BSE and CWD represent interspecies scrapie transfer or are newly arisen prion diseases is unknown. Therefore, the possibility of transmission of prion disease through other food animals cannot be ruled out. There is evidence that vCJD can be transmitted through blood transfusion. There is likely a pool of unknown size of asymptomatic individuals infected with vCJD, and there may be asymptomatic individuals infected with the CWD equivalent. These circumstances represent a potential threat to blood, blood products, and plasma supplies.
TSS

Tuesday, March 19, 2013

CWD found in wild deer, elk Saskatchewan a slowly spreading epidemic there'll be no stopping it the longer we wait

CWD found in wild deer, elk




By Betty Ann Adam, The StarPhoenix




A "slowly spreading epidemic" of chronic wasting disease threatens deer and elk populations in Saskatchewan.




Meanwhile, fewer hunters are sending animal heads for testing and federal funding for research into the disease was eliminated last year.




"From the data that we do have, it's quite astonishing ... This disease is on the march in a major way," said Ted Leighton, executive director of the Canadian Co-operative Wildlife Health Centre at the University of Saskatchewan college of veterinary medicine.




"This is getting to levels where we can start to be concerned about actual effects on wild deer populations," he said.




In February, a yearling elk found dead in a Nipawin farmyard was the first wild elk in the province to test positive for CWD.




The disease has been tracked among farmed elk populations for a number of years.




Between 13 and 24 per cent of a small sample of wild cervids (deer and elk) tested in the Nipawin area northeast of Prince Albert have been found to have CWD. It has also been found in a moose in Alberta, and experiments have shown it can be transmitted to caribou, though none have been found in the wild.




The disease is caused by little-understood agents, called prions, that attack the brain and cause death.




Prions also cause bovine spongiform encephalopathy, commonly known as mad cow disease in cattle and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans.




Higher rates of CWD infection are found in cervids along the South Saskatchewan River toward the Alberta border, where it has been studied the most intensively, Leighton said.




"The tools we have to find and understand how prions are transmitted among animals and in environments are no way near as well-developed as with a lot of other disease-causing agents. So we have a hard time studying this disease," he said.




It can be transmitted directly between animals and through the environment, when infected animals contaminate their environment with a lot of abnormal prion protein, which persists for a very long time in nature.




Scientists are concerned that Saskatchewan is developing highly-contaminated environments or large proportions of herds that are infected and transmitting it to each other, he said.




An important part of studying the disease is keeping track of how many animals are infected, but fewer hunters have been giving heads to conservation officers in recent years, decreasing researchers' ability to quantify the problem accurately.




Leighton urges hunters to give conservation officers their animal heads and report sick or dead deer they encounter.




Members of the public can also support research into the disease by contacting their elected representatives or organizations like the Saskatchewan Wildlife Federation, Leighton said. Federal funding for CWD research was eliminated last year.




PrioNet Canada was an important network centre of excellence and a major sponsor of CWD research in Saskatchewan for seven years, but its application for further funding was rejected last year. That leaves the Alberta Prion Research Institute as the only large project looking into the disease, Leighton said.




"The (two projects) worked very closely together. It was a great partnership - one provincial, one federal. They really made huge, huge, giant steps forward in our understanding of prion disease, and now half of that's gone, the federal half," Leighton said.




The Canadian Food Inspection Agency has a small laboratory that does some work on CWD, but only for game-ranched animals. It does not participate in monitoring programs.




The disease slowly kills animals, shortening females' reproductive lives, and will eventually cause numbers to drop. If the number of fawns that survive to become reproducing adults drops to less than one per female, "there'll be no stopping it the longer we wait, not that we know how to stop it now," Leighton said.




Research needs to be maintained, and it will take time for current research to translate into new tools for trying to reduce the impact of the disease, he said.








© Copyright (c) The StarPhoenix














===================================================================




"From the data that we do have, it's quite astonishing ... This disease is on the march in a major way," said Ted Leighton, executive director of the Canadian Co-operative Wildlife Health Centre at the University of Saskatchewan college of veterinary medicine.




"This is getting to levels where we can start to be concerned about actual effects on wild deer populations," he said.




In February, a yearling elk found dead in a Nipawin farmyard was the first wild elk in the province to test positive for CWD.




The disease has been tracked among farmed elk populations for a number of years.




Between 13 and 24 per cent of a small sample of wild cervids (deer and elk) tested in the Nipawin area northeast of Prince Albert have been found to have CWD. It has also been found in a moose in Alberta, and experiments have shown it can be transmitted to caribou, though none have been found in the wild.




The disease is caused by little-understood agents, called prions, that attack the brain and cause death.




Prions also cause bovine spongiform encephalopathy, commonly known as mad cow disease in cattle and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans.




Higher rates of CWD infection are found in cervids along the South Saskatchewan River toward the Alberta border, where it has been studied the most intensively, Leighton said.




===================================================================







very disturbing...tss








Wednesday, December 05, 2012


CANADA CWD VOLUNTARY HERD CERTIFICATION PROGRAM 2012-12-05 Accredited Veterinarian's Manual / Manuel du vétérinaire accrédité












Thursday, November 29, 2012




Chronic wasting disease on the Canadian prairies




snip...




This apparent apathy comes at a time when evidence is accumulating that CWD will cause population declines and altered age structures. In the only population of free-ranging deer in Canada being closely monitored for changes in CWD prevalence and survival, we estimate CWD prevalence in adult deer is now approximately 50% and is the main cause of mortality in adult deer. The study area is immediately adjacent to one of the first elk farms to test positive for CWD and it is likely that close to 15 years of infection in this wild population has resulted in ever increasing environmental burdens of prions which is now driving the outbreak. Detailed radio-tracking and motion sensitive photography is showing that mule deer in this area repeatedly and heavily use anthropogenic sites such as leaking grain bins, cattle salt blocks, hay bales, etc. Increased congregation and contamination of these sites with urine, saliva and feces increases the risk of CWD transmission. In essence these wild deer are behaving similar to deer on game farms except their movement isn’t constrained by a fence. The outcome is likely to be the same, extremely high infection rates and drastic population declines. ...



snip...















Because of their close taxonomic relationship and similarities in DNA sequences of the prion protein (PrP) coding region to deer and wapiti, it had been hypothesized that moose (Alces alces shirasi) would be naturally susceptible to infection if sufficient exposure to the CWD agent occurred (Williams, 2005).


A recent experiment using oral exposure to infectious brain tissue in captive moose confirmed that this species is susceptible to CWD (Kreeger et al., 2006). Here, we report a natural case of CWD in a free-ranging moose from north central Colorado.














Anim Genet. 2006 August; 37(4): 425–426. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2006.01466.x PMCID: PMC1592321


Polymorphisms of the prion protein gene (PRNP) in Alaskan moose (Alces alces gigas)



“Genetic similarities, susceptibility in the laboratory setting and overlapping geographical ranges suggest the lack of a barrier to the transmission of prion disease from mule and white-tailed deer to moose.”















how many states have $465,000., and can quarantine and purchase there from, each cwd said infected farm, but how many states can afford this for all the cwd infected cervid game ranch type farms ???


? game farms in a state X $465,000., do all these game farms have insurance to pay for this risk of infected the wild cervid herds, in each state ???


Tuesday, December 20, 2011


CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD WISCONSIN Almond Deer (Buckhorn Flats) Farm Update DECEMBER 2011


The CWD infection rate was nearly 80%, the highest ever in a North American captive herd.


RECOMMENDATION: That the Board approve the purchase of 80 acres of land for $465,000 for the Statewide Wildlife Habitat Program in Portage County and approve the restrictions on public use of the site.


Form 1100-001


(R 2/11)


NATURAL RESOURCES BOARD AGENDA ITEM


SUBJECT: Information Item: Almond Deer Farm Update


FOR: DECEMBER 2011 BOARD MEETING


TUESDAY


TO BE PRESENTED BY TITLE: Tami Ryan, Wildlife Health Section Chief





SUMMARY:




















*** Spraker suggested an interesting explanation for the occurrence of CWD. The deer pens at the Foot Hills Campus were built some 30-40 years ago by a Dr. Bob Davis. At or abut that time, allegedly, some scrapie work was conducted at this site. When deer were introduced to the pens they occupied ground that had previously been occupied by sheep.











2011




*** After a natural route of exposure, 100% of white-tailed deer were susceptible to scrapie.











SEE MORE USAHA REPORTS HERE, 2012 NOT PUBLISHED YET...TSS




























Tuesday, June 05, 2012


Captive Deer Breeding Legislation Overwhelmingly Defeated During 2012 Legislative Session









Friday, August 31, 2012


COMMITTEE ON CAPTIVE WILDLIFE AND ALTERNATIVE LIVESTOCK and CWD 2009-2012 a review









Friday, August 24, 2012


Diagnostic accuracy of rectal mucosa biopsy testing for chronic wasting disease within white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) herds in North America











Thursday, March 14, 2013


TEXAS DEER BREEDERS CHEER TWO NEW BILLS SB 1444 AND HB 2092 THAT COULD HELP POTENTIALLY ENHANCE CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD











Tuesday, December 18, 2012


*** A Growing Threat How deer breeding could put public trust wildlife at risk












2012 CDC REPORT ON CWD




Volume 18, Number 3—March 2012 Synopsis Occurrence, Transmission, and Zoonotic Potential of Chronic Wasting Disease




snip...




Prevalence and Surveillance


Originally recognized only in southeastern Wyoming and northeastern Colorado, USA, CWD was reported in Canada in 1996 and Wisconsin in 2001 and continues to be identified in new geographic locations (Figure 1, panel A). CWD has been identified in free-ranging cervids in 15 US states and 2 Canadian provinces and in ≈100 captive herds in 15 states and provinces and in South Korea (Figure 1, panel B).




snip...




CWD surveillance programs are now in place in almost all US states and Canadian provinces (Figure 2, panel A). More than 1,060,000 free-ranging cervids have reportedly been tested for CWD (Figure 2, panel B) and ≈6,000 cases have been identified (Figure 2, panel C) according to data from state and provincial wildlife agencies.




snip...




Testing of captive cervids is routine in most states and provinces, but varies considerably in scope from mandatory testing of all dead animals to voluntary herd certification programs or mandatory testing of only animals suspected of dying of CWD.




snip...




Long-term effects of CWD on cervid populations and ecosystems remain unclear as the disease continues to spread and prevalence increases. In captive herds, CWD might persist at high levels and lead to complete herd destruction in the absence of human culling. Epidemiologic modeling suggests the disease could have severe effects on free-ranging deer populations, depending on hunting policies and environmental persistence (8,9). CWD has been associated with large decreases in free-ranging mule deer populations in an area of high CWD prevalence (Boulder, Colorado, USA) (5). In addition, CWD-infected deer are selectively preyed upon by mountain lions (5), and may also be more vulnerable to vehicle collisions (10). Long-term effects of the disease may vary considerably geographically, not only because of local hunting policies, predator populations, and human density (e.g., vehicular collisions) but also because of local environmental factors such as soil type (11) and local cervid population factors, such as genetics and movement patterns (S.E. Saunders, unpub. data).




snip...




Controlling the spread of CWD, especially by human action, is a more attainable goal than eradication. Human movement of cervids has likely led to spread of CWD in facilities for captive animals, which has most likely contributed to establishment of new disease foci in free-ranging populations (Figure 1, panel A). Thus, restrictions on human movement of cervids from disease-endemic areas or herds continue to be warranted. Anthropogenic factors that increase cervid congregation such as baiting and feeding should also be restricted to reduce CWD transmission. Appropriate disposal of carcasses of animals with suspected CWD is necessary to limit environmental contamination (20), and attractive onsite disposal options such as composting and burial require further investigation to determine contamination risks. The best options for lowering the risk for recurrence in facilities for captive animals with outbreaks are complete depopulation, stringent exclusion of free-ranging cervids, and disinfection of all exposed surfaces. However, even the most extensive decontamination measures may not be sufficient to eliminate the risk for disease recurrence (20; S.E. Saunders et al. unpub. data)




























Saturday, March 10, 2012


*** CWD, GAME FARMS, urine, feces, soil, lichens, and banned mad cow protein feed CUSTOM MADE for deer and elk









Friday, February 08, 2013


*** Behavior of Prions in the Environment: Implications for Prion Biology











Friday, November 09, 2012


*** Chronic Wasting Disease CWD in cervidae and transmission to other species











Sunday, November 11, 2012


*** Susceptibilities of Nonhuman Primates to Chronic Wasting Disease November 2012











Friday, December 14, 2012


Susceptibility Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in wild cervids to Humans 2005 - December 14, 2012











Thursday, February 14, 2013


The Many Faces of Mad Cow Disease Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE and TSE prion disease









Monday, March 18, 2013


PROCEEDINGS ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING of the UNITED STATES ANIMAL HEALTH ASSOCIATION September 29 – October 5, 2011











TSS