WYOMING Mule Deer Found Dead Near Rawlins Tests Positive for CWD
Mule Deer Found Dead Near
Rawlins Tests Positive for CWD
4/28/2014
RAWLINS - A buck mule deer found dead in the north portion of deer hunt
area 98 north of Rawlins has tested positive for chronic wasting disease (CWD),
a brain disease known to affect some deer, elk and moose. Rawlins game warden
Brady Frude found the deer and due to the emaciated condition of the animal sent
samples in for testing.
Personnel at the Wyoming Game and Fish Department Laboratory analyzed these
samples and confirmed the positive test of the deer.
WGFD wildlife disease specialist, Hank Edwards said the discovery of CWD in
that area was not unexpected since there have been positive tests in animals in
deer hunt area 87 which borders area 98 to the east.
After a review of available scientific data, the World Health Organization
in December 1999 stated, "There is currently no evidence that CWD in cervidae
(deer and elk) is transmitted to humans." In 2004, Dr. Ermias Belay of the
Center for Disease Control said, "The lack of evidence of a link between CWD
transmission and unusual cases of CJD, [Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, a human prion
disease] despite several epidemiological investigations, suggest that the risk,
if any, of transmission of CWD to humans is low." Nonetheless to avoid risk,
both organizations say parts or products from any animal that looks sick and/or
tests positive for CWD should not be eaten.
For more information on chronic wasting disease visit the Chronic Wasting
Disease Alliance website at www.cwd-info.org.
(Contact: Al Langston (307) 777-4540)
-WGFD-
>>>In 2004, Dr. Ermias Belay of the Center for Disease Control
said, "The lack of evidence of a link between CWD transmission and unusual cases
of CJD, [Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, a human prion disease] despite several
epidemiological investigations, suggest that the risk, if any, of transmission
of CWD to humans is low." <<<
please see correspondence with Dr. Ermias Belay below about cwd and human
risk factors, and what cwd might look like in humans, or what it probably will
not look like...tss
“Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD
transmission to humans”
From: TSS (216-119-163-189.ipset45.wt.net)
Subject: CWD aka MAD DEER/ELK TO HUMANS ???
Date: September 30, 2002 at 7:06 am PST
From: "Belay, Ermias"
To:
Cc: "Race, Richard (NIH)" ; ; "Belay, Ermias"
Sent: Monday, September 30, 2002 9:22 AM
Subject: RE: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS
Dear Sir/Madam,
In the Archives of Neurology you quoted (the abstract of which was attached
to your email), we did not say CWD in humans will present like variant CJD.
That assumption would be wrong. I encourage you to read the whole article
and call me if you have questions or need more clarification (phone:
404-639-3091). Also, we do not claim that "no-one has ever been infected with
prion disease from eating venison." Our conclusion stating that we found no
strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans in the article you quoted or in
any other forum is limited to the patients we investigated.
Ermias Belay, M.D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
-----Original Message-----
From:
Sent: Sunday, September 29, 2002 10:15 AM
To: rr26k@nih.gov; rrace@niaid.nih.gov; ebb8@CDC.GOV
Subject: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS
Sunday, November 10, 2002 6:26 PM ......snip........end..............TSS
Thursday, April 03, 2008
A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease
2008 1: Vet Res. 2008 Apr 3;39(4):41
A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease
Sigurdson CJ.
snip...
*** twenty-seven CJD patients who regularly consumed venison were reported
to the Surveillance Center***,
snip...see full report towards the bottom of this posting...tss
also, see recent study here ;
*** These results would seem to suggest that CWD does indeed have zoonotic
potential, at least as judged by the compatibility of CWD prions and their human
PrPC target. Furthermore, extrapolation from this simple in vitro assay suggests
that if zoonotic CWD occurred, it would most likely effect those of the PRNP
codon 129-MM genotype and that the PrPres type would be similar to that found in
the most common subtype of sCJD (MM1).
full text and more here ;
Saturday, April 19, 2014
*** Exploring the zoonotic potential of animal prion diseases: In vivo and
in vitro approaches
*** PPo3-7: Prion Transmission from Cervids to Humans is Strain-dependent
*** Here we report that a human prion strain that had adopted the cervid
prion protein (PrP) sequence through passage in cervidized transgenic mice
efficiently infected transgenic mice expressing human PrP,
*** indicating that the species barrier from cervid to humans is prion
strain-dependent and humans can be vulnerable to novel cervid prion strains.
PPo2-27:
Generation of a Novel form of Human PrPSc by Inter-species Transmission of
Cervid Prions
*** Our findings suggest that CWD prions have the capability to infect
humans, and that this ability depends on CWD strain adaptation, implying that
the risk for human health progressively increases with the spread of CWD among
cervids.
PPo2-7:
Biochemical and Biophysical Characterization of Different CWD Isolates
*** The data presented here substantiate and expand previous reports on the
existence of different CWD strains.
Envt.07:
Pathological Prion Protein (PrPTSE) in Skeletal Muscles of Farmed and Free
Ranging White-Tailed Deer Infected with Chronic Wasting Disease
***The presence and seeding activity of PrPTSE in skeletal muscle from
CWD-infected cervids suggests prevention of such tissue in the human diet as a
precautionary measure for food safety, pending on further clarification of
whether CWD may be transmissible to humans.
>>>CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE , THERE WAS NO ABSOLUTE BARRIER TO
CONVERSION OF THE HUMAN PRION PROTEIN<<<
*** PRICE OF CWD TSE PRION POKER GOES UP 2014 ***
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE PRION update January 2, 2014
Wednesday, January 01, 2014
Molecular Barriers to Zoonotic Transmission of Prions
*** chronic wasting disease, there was no absolute barrier to conversion of
the human prion protein.
*** Furthermore, the form of human PrPres produced in this in vitro assay
when seeded with CWD, resembles that found in the most common human prion
disease, namely sCJD of the MM1 subtype.
PRION2013 CONGRESSIONAL ABSTRACTS CWD
Sunday, August 25, 2013
HD.13: CWD infection in the spleen of humanized transgenic mice
***These results indicate that the CWD prion may have the potential to
infect human peripheral lymphoid tissues.
Oral.15: Molecular barriers to zoonotic prion transmission: Comparison of
the ability of sheep, cattle and deer prion disease isolates to convert normal
human prion protein to its pathological isoform in a cell-free system
***However, they also show that there is no absolute barrier ro conversion of
human prion protein in the case of chronic wasting disease.
PRION2013 CONGRESSIONAL ABSTRACTS CWD
Sunday, August 25, 2013
***Chronic Wasting Disease CWD risk factors, humans, domestic cats, blood,
and mother to offspring transmission
Friday, November 09, 2012
*** Chronic Wasting Disease CWD in cervidae and transmission to other
species
there is in fact evidence that the potential for cwd transmission to humans
can NOT be ruled out.
I thought your readers and hunters and those that consume the venison,
should have all the scientific facts, personally, I don’t care what you eat, but
if it effects me and my family down the road, it should then concern everyone,
and the potential of iatrogenic transmission of the TSE prion is real i.e.
‘friendly fire’, medical, surgical, dental, blood, tissue, and or products there
from...like deer antler velvet and TSE prions and nutritional supplements there
from, all a potential risk factor that should not be ignored or silenced. ...
the prion gods at the cdc state that there is ;
''no strong evidence''
but let's see exactly what the authors of this cwd to human at the cdc
state ;
now, let’s see what the authors said about this casual link, personal
communications years ago. see where it is stated NO STRONG evidence. so, does
this mean there IS casual evidence ????
“Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD
transmission to humans”
From: TSS (216-119-163-189.ipset45.wt.net)
Subject: CWD aka MAD DEER/ELK TO HUMANS ???
Date: September 30, 2002 at 7:06 am PST
From: "Belay, Ermias"
To:
Cc: "Race, Richard (NIH)" ; ; "Belay, Ermias"
Sent: Monday, September 30, 2002 9:22 AM
Subject: RE: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS
Dear Sir/Madam,
In the Archives of Neurology you quoted (the abstract of which was attached
to your email), we did not say CWD in humans will present like variant CJD.
That assumption would be wrong. I encourage you to read the whole article
and call me if you have questions or need more clarification (phone:
404-639-3091). Also, we do not claim that "no-one has ever been infected with
prion disease from eating venison." Our conclusion stating that we found no
strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans in the article you quoted or in
any other forum is limited to the patients we investigated.
Ermias Belay, M.D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
-----Original Message-----
From:
Sent: Sunday, September 29, 2002 10:15 AM
To: rr26k@nih.gov; rrace@niaid.nih.gov; ebb8@CDC.GOV
Subject: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS
Sunday, November 10, 2002 6:26 PM ......snip........end..............TSS
Thursday, April 03, 2008
A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease
2008 1: Vet Res. 2008 Apr 3;39(4):41
A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease
Sigurdson CJ.
snip...
*** twenty-seven CJD patients who regularly consumed venison were reported
to the Surveillance Center***,
snip...
full text ;
***********CJD REPORT 1994 increased risk for consumption of veal and
venison and lamb***********
CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM THIRD ANNUAL
REPORT AUGUST 1994
Consumption of venison and veal was much less widespread among both cases
and controls. For both of these meats there was evidence of a trend with
increasing frequency of consumption being associated with increasing risk of
CJD. (not nvCJD, but sporadic CJD...tss)
These associations were largely unchanged when attention was restricted to
pairs with data obtained from relatives. ...
Table 9 presents the results of an analysis of these data.
There is STRONG evidence of an association between ‘’regular’’ veal eating
and risk of CJD (p = .0.01).
Individuals reported to eat veal on average at least once a year appear to
be at 13 TIMES THE RISK of individuals who have never eaten veal.
There is, however, a very wide confidence interval around this estimate.
There is no strong evidence that eating veal less than once per year is
associated with increased risk of CJD (p = 0.51).
The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar
pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK
OF CJD (p = 0.04).
There is some evidence that risk of CJD INCREASES WITH INCREASING FREQUENCY
OF LAMB EATING (p = 0.02).
The evidence for such an association between beef eating and CJD is weaker
(p = 0.14). When only controls for whom a relative was interviewed are included,
this evidence becomes a little STRONGER (p = 0.08).
snip...
It was found that when veal was included in the model with another
exposure, the association between veal and CJD remained statistically
significant (p = < 0.05 for all exposures), while the other exposures ceased
to be statistically significant (p = > 0.05).
snip...
In conclusion, an analysis of dietary histories revealed statistical
associations between various meats/animal products and INCREASED RISK OF CJD.
When some account was taken of possible confounding, the association between
VEAL EATING AND RISK OF CJD EMERGED AS THE STRONGEST OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS
STATISTICALLY. ...
snip...
In the study in the USA, a range of foodstuffs were associated with an
increased risk of CJD, including liver consumption which was associated with an
apparent SIX-FOLD INCREASE IN THE RISK OF CJD. By comparing the data from 3
studies in relation to this particular dietary factor, the risk of liver
consumption became non-significant with an odds ratio of 1.2 (PERSONAL
COMMUNICATION, PROFESSOR A. HOFMAN. ERASMUS UNIVERSITY, ROTTERDAM). (???...TSS)
snip...see full report ;
Thursday, October 10, 2013
*************CJD REPORT 1994 increased risk for consumption of veal and
venison and lamb**************
CJD9/10022
October 1994
Mr R.N. Elmhirst Chairman British Deer Farmers Association Holly Lodge
Spencers Lane BerksWell Coventry CV7 7BZ
Dear Mr Elmhirst,
CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE (CJD) SURVEILLANCE UNIT REPORT
Thank you for your recent letter concerning the publication of the third
annual report from the CJD Surveillance Unit. I am sorry that you are
dissatisfied with the way in which this report was published.
The Surveillance Unit is a completely independant outside body and the
Department of Health is committed to publishing their reports as soon as they
become available. In the circumstances it is not the practice to circulate the
report for comment since the findings of the report would not be amended. In
future we can ensure that the British Deer Farmers Association receives a copy
of the report in advance of publication.
The Chief Medical Officer has undertaken to keep the public fully informed
of the results of any research in respect of CJD. This report was entirely the
work of the unit and was produced completely independantly of the the
Department.
The statistical results reqarding the consumption of venison was put into
perspective in the body of the report and was not mentioned at all in the press
release. Media attention regarding this report was low key but gave a realistic
presentation of the statistical findings of the Unit. This approach to
publication was successful in that consumption of venison was highlighted only
once by the media ie. in the News at one television proqramme.
I believe that a further statement about the report, or indeed statistical
links between CJD and consumption of venison, would increase, and quite possibly
give damaging credence, to the whole issue. From the low key media reports of
which I am aware it seems unlikely that venison consumption will suffer
adversely, if at all.
http://web.archive.org/web/20030511010117/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf
Chronic Wasting Disease Detected for First Time in Wild Iowa Deer
Posted: 04/09/2014 The first case of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in a
wild Iowa deer has been confirmed.
The deer was reported as harvested in Allamakee County during the first
shotgun season in early December. The Iowa Department of Natural Resources is
currently working to obtain as much information as possible about the infected
deer to implement its CWD response plan.
“We have been testing for CWD in Iowa’s deer herd for more than a decade
and are optimistic, given the extensive data we have collected, that we have
caught this early,” said Chuck Gipp, DNR director.
“The next step will be to focus our monitoring efforts in the area where
the animal was harvested and work closely with local landowners and hunters to
gather more information.” said Gipp.
CWD is a neurological disease affecting primarily deer and elk. It is
caused by an abnormal protein, called a prion that attacks the brains of
infected animals, causing them to lose weight, display abnormal behavior and
lose bodily functions. Signs include excessive salivation, thirst and urination,
loss of appetite, progressive weight loss, listlessness and drooping ears and
head. The only reliable test for CWD requires testing of lymph nodes or brain
material.
There is currently no evidence that humans can contract CWD by eating
venison. However, the National Institute of Health and the Center for Disease
Control and Prevention recommends that hunters do not eat the brain, eyeballs or
spinal cord of deer and that hunters wear protective gloves while field dressing
game and boning out meat for consumption.
Prior to the positive detection in Iowa, CWD had been detected in every
bordering state.
“With CWD in all the states around us, we have understood the possibility
of a positive detection in the wild deer herd for some time” said Gipp.
Since 2002, the DNR has collected more than 650 samples of deer from within
a five-mile radius of where the deer is believed to have been harvested.
Media contact: Kevin Baskins, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, at
515-281-8395.
Wednesday, April 09, 2014
Iowa : Chronic Wasting Disease Detected for First Time in Wild Iowa Deer
Wednesday, March 05, 2014
Iowa Brakke Family Wins DNR Legal Case
Sunday, December 08, 2013
IOWA DNR to Continue Surveillance for Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE PRION
DISEASE
Wednesday, August 21, 2013
IOWA DNR EMERGENCY CONSENT ORDER IN THE MATTER OF TOM & LINDA BRAKKE
D/B/A PINE RIDGE HUNTING LODGE UPDATE AUGUST 21, 2013
snip...
5. On July 16, 2012, DNR received a notice from the Texas Veterinary
Medical Diagnostic Lab ("Texas Vet Lab”) that a sample from an adult male deer
killed at Pine Ridge tested presumptively positive for CWD. (DNR has an
agreement with the Texas Vet Lab to run these preliminary tests.) Because the
Texas Vet Lab found this presumptive positive result, protocols required the
sample to be sent to the National Veterinary Services Laboratory ("National
Lab”) in Ames, Iowa for final confirmation. On July 18, 2012, the National Lab
confirmed the positive CWD result in the deer.
6. On July 19, 2012, DNR notified the Brakkes of the positive test by
phone. Mr. Brakke was out of state.
snip...
12. The Brakkes depopulated the Hunting Preserve, as specified in the
Agreement, from September 10, 2012 to January 31, 2013. As part of this effort,
the Brakkes, the staff and their customers killed 199 captive deer and nine
captive elk. The DNR obtained 170 CWD samples. (Samples were not taken from
fawns and one adult female who was killed in a manner that made sampling
impossible.) Of these 199 deer, two additional adult male deer tested positive
for CWD. Information provided by the Brakkes confirmed that these two additional
deer originated from the Brakke Breeding Facility.
13. DNR installed, with the Brakke's permission, an interior electric fence
on October 1 and 2, 2012.
14. The Brakkes cleaned and disinfected, under DNR supervision, the feeders
and ground surrounding the feeders on April 5, 2013.
15. On April 26, 2013, the Brakkes hand-delivered a notice to the DNR’s
Chief of Law Enforcement Bureau, notifying the DNR that they would no longer
operate a hunting preserve on the Quarantined Premises. The Brakkes did not
reveal any plans to remove the fence around the Quarantined Premises or to
remove the gates to and from the Quarantined Premises in this April 26, 2013
letter.
16. On June 3, 2013, DNR became aware that sections of the exterior fence
surrounding the Quarantined Premises had been removed and that some, if not all,
of the exterior gates to and from the Quarantined Premises were open.
17. On June 4, 2013, DNR received reports from the public in the area that
four wild deer were observed inside the Quarantined Premises.
18. On June 5, 2013, DNR conducted a fence inspection, after gaining
approval from surrounding landowners, and confirmed that the fenced had been cut
or removed in at least four separate locations; that the fence had degraded and
was failing to maintain the enclosure around the Quarantined Premises in at
least one area; that at least three gates had been opened; and that deer tracks
were visible in and around one of the open areas in the sand on both sides of
the fence, evidencing movement of deer into the Quarantined Premises.
IV. CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
snip...
Wednesday, August 21, 2013
IOWA DNR EMERGENCY CONSENT ORDER IN THE MATTER OF TOM & LINDA BRAKKE
D/B/A PINE RIDGE HUNTING LODGE UPDATE AUGUST 21, 2013
Wednesday, July 31, 2013
Iowa Brakke Family Farmed CWD livestock update July 3, 2013
Friday, December 14, 2012
IOWA Second Deer Positive for CWD at Davis County Hunting Preserve Captive
Shooting Pen
Friday, September 21, 2012
Chronic Wasting Disease CWD raises concerns about deer farms in Iowa
Tuesday, September 11, 2012
Agreement Reached with Owner to De-Populate CWD Deer at Davis County
Hunting Preserve Iowa
Wednesday, September 05, 2012
Additional Facility in Pottawatamie County Iowa Under Quarantine for CWD
after 5 deer test positive
Friday, July 20, 2012
CWD found for first time in Iowa at hunting preserve
Game Farm, CWD Concerns Rise at Boone and Crockett Club
Friday, March 28, 2014 Concerned about captive deer operations transmitting
diseases to wild herds, the Boone and Crockett Club now officially supports
state bans on commercial import and export of deer or elk.
The Club also opposes efforts to relax regulation of captive cervid
breeding operations or to remove management authority over such operations from
state wildlife agencies.
A full position statement, posted here, was passed at the Club’s December
meeting.
The Club’s concerns were reinforced at the recent Whitetail Summit hosted
by the Quality Deer Management Association (QDMA), the first summit to focus on
key issues and challenges facing free-ranging white-tailed deer.
“Of all the presentations, seminars and findings, I was most pleased to see
the attention given to the connections between chronic wasting disease (CWD) and
the game farming industry. This has been on our radar, and on the radar of QDMA,
other conservation groups, state agencies and sportsmen for quite some time,”
said Richard Hale, chairman of the Club’s Records Committee.
Hale added, “Congratulations to QDMA on one of the most impressive and
well-run summits I’ve had the pleasure of attending and for keeping this issue
front and center.”
CWD is a degenerative brain disease that affects elk, mule deer,
white-tailed deer, and moose. The disease can be transmitted by direct
animal-to-animal contact through saliva, feces and urine, and indirectly through
environmental contamination. CWD is fatal in deer, elk and moose, but there is
no evidence that CWD can be transmitted to humans, according to the CDC and The
World Health Organization.
Documented cases of CWD have been found in captive and/or wild deer and elk
in 22 states and two Canadian provinces. In some, but not all, cases where the
disease has been found in wild populations, the disease is present in captive
populations within these regions.
In 2002, the Boone and Crockett Club, Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation and the
Mule Deer Foundation formed the CWD Alliance. Its purpose was to pool resources,
share information and collaborate on ways to positively address the CWD issue.
Other organizations have since joined the Alliance, including QDMA and the
Wildlife Management Institute, which now administers the Alliance website
www.cwd-info.org.
“Evidence strongly suggests that captive animals infected with CWD can
serve as the source for the spread of the disease to other captive animals, and
between captive animals and wild populations,” said Hale. “To reduce the risk to
wild deer populations, several states passed laws prohibiting game farming or
live captive deer and elk importation, but now they are fighting efforts to
expand captive deer and elk breeding and shooting operations within their
jurisdictions. The captive cervid industry is persistent in proposing new
legislations to overturn these laws, or transfer the authority of captive deer
and elk from state fish and game agencies to their respective departments of
agriculture.”
No vaccine or treatment is available for animals infected with CWD and once
established in a population, culling or complete depopulation to eradicate CWD
has provided only marginal results. In fact, the prevalence of CWD is rising at
an alarming rate in some infected wild deer populations. Prevention is the only
truly effective technique for managing diseases in free-ranging wildlife
populations. Consequently, what can be done is minimizing the spread of CWD by
restricting intra- and interstate transportation captive, privately owned
wildlife, which frequently occurs in game farming.
boone and crockett club position statement
REGULATION OF GAME FARMS First Adopted December 7, 2013 - Updated December
7, 2013
Situational Overview
The captive cervid industry, also referred to as game farming, uses
artificial means to breed captive deer, elk, and other cervids for sale in
shooting preserve operations. These game farms commonly transport captive deer
and elk to other shooting preserves in a state or in other states.
Transportation of captive, game farm animals has been shown to increase the
risk of spreading parasites and infectious, diseases, such as chronic wasting
disease (CWD) and bovine tuberculosis, to other captive and wild cervids in new
locations. There is currently no way of testing live animals for CWD, and
infected animals show no signs for at least 16-18 months post-infection. There
is no vaccine, and despite fenced enclosures, captive animals often come in
contact with wild populations thereby spreading diseases. Once CWD is present,
the area cannot be decontaminated even if infected animals are removed. As a
result, many states have banned or are attempting to ban the importation of
captive cervids (as well as intact carcasses of hunter-killed, wild cervids) to
lower the risk of spreading CWD and other infectious diseases.
Position
The Boone and Crockett Club supports state bans on importing or exporting
captive deer and elk by game farming operations in order to protect the health
of native populations. The Club opposes any legislation aimed at relaxing
regulations governing captive cervid breeding operations or removing management
authority over such operations from state wildlife agencies. The Club does not
oppose the transportation of wild cervids by state agencies and non-governmental
organizations for the purpose of re-establishing wild game animals to their
historic, open ranges.
The breeding of captive deer, elk, and other cervids for profit to create
abnormally large “trophy” animals for fenced shoots under non-fair chase
conditions are addressed in the Boone and Crockett Club’s positions on “Genetic
Manipulation of Game” and “Canned Shoots.”
THE LANCET Infectious Diseases Vol 3 August 2003
Tracking spongiform encephalopathies in North America
http://download.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/laninf/PIIS1473309903007151.pdf?id=baa1CkXPkhI3Ih_Vlh6ru
Friday, December 14, 2012
DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced
into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012
snip...
In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration’s BSE Feed Regulation
(21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin)
from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With
regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may
not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered
at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the
animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a
requirement by law.
Animals considered at high risk for CWD include:
1) animals from areas declared to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD
eradication zones and
2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period prior to
slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal.
Therefore, in the USA, materials from cervids other than CWD positive
animals may be used in animal feed and feed ingredients for non-ruminants.
The amount of animal PAP that is of deer and/or elk origin imported from
the USA to GB can not be determined, however, as it is not specified in TRACES.
It may constitute a small percentage of the 8412 kilos of non-fish origin
processed animal proteins that were imported from US into GB in 2011.
Overall, therefore, it is considered there is a __greater than negligible
risk___ that (nonruminant) animal feed and pet food containing deer and/or elk
protein is imported into GB.
There is uncertainty associated with this estimate given the lack of data
on the amount of deer and/or elk protein possibly being imported in these
products.
snip...
36% in 2007 (Almberg et al., 2011). In such areas, population declines of
deer of up to 30 to 50% have been observed (Almberg et al., 2011). In areas of
Colorado, the prevalence can be as high as 30% (EFSA, 2011).
The clinical signs of CWD in affected adults are weight loss and
behavioural changes that can span weeks or months (Williams, 2005). In addition,
signs might include excessive salivation, behavioural alterations including a
fixed stare and changes in interaction with other animals in the herd, and an
altered stance (Williams, 2005). These signs are indistinguishable from cervids
experimentally infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE).
Given this, if CWD was to be introduced into countries with BSE such as GB,
for example, infected deer populations would need to be tested to differentiate
if they were infected with CWD or BSE to minimise the risk of BSE entering the
human food-chain via affected venison.
snip...
The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and
can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008).
snip...
In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil
and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a
bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are
present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with
CWD prion.
snip...
In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving
between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling
to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing,
footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible.
For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the
increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant
uncertainty associated with these estimates.
snip...
Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher
probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer
given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists
and returning GB residents.
snip...
Singeltary submission ;
Program Standards: Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification Program and
Interstate Movement of Farmed or Captive Deer, Elk, and Moose
*** DOCUMENT ID: APHIS-2006-0118-0411
Saturday, March 29, 2014
Game Farm, CWD Concerns Rise at Boone and Crockett Club
Sunday, April 06, 2014
The Conservation Federation of Missouri is Opposed to the Transfer of
Captive White-tailed Deer Management
Tuesday, April 08, 2014
Pennsylvania Chronic wasting disease found in another deer in state
Wednesday, September 04, 2013
*** cwd - cervid captive livestock escapes, loose and on the run in the
wild
*** Spraker suggested an interesting explanation for the occurrence of CWD.
The deer pens at the Foot Hills Campus were built some 30-40 years ago by a Dr.
Bob Davis. At or abut that time, allegedly, some scrapie work was conducted at
this site. When deer were introduced to the pens they occupied ground that had
previously been occupied by sheep. ...
also, see where even decades back, the USDA had the same thought as they do
today with CWD, not their problem...see page 27 below as well, where USDA stated
back then, the same thing they stated in the state of Pennsylvania, not their
damn business, once they escape, and they said the same thing about CWD in
general back then ;
”The occurrence of CWD must be viewed against the contest of the locations
in which it occurred. It was an incidental and unwelcome complication of the
respective wildlife research programmes. Despite it’s subsequent recognition as
a new disease of cervids, therefore justifying direct investigation, no specific
research funding was forthcoming. The USDA veiwed it as a wildlife problem and
consequently not their province!” ...page 26.
”The occurrence of CWD must be viewed against the contest of the locations
in which it occurred. It was an incidental and unwelcome complication of the
respective wildlife research programmes. Despite it’s subsequent recognition as
a new disease of cervids, therefore justifying direct investigation, no specific
research funding was forthcoming. The USDA veiwed it as a wildlife problem and
consequently not their province!” ...page 26.
sound familiar $$$
Sunday, January 06, 2013
USDA TO PGC ONCE CAPTIVES ESCAPE
*** "it‘s no longer its business.”
Saturday, June 29, 2013
PENNSYLVANIA CAPTIVE CWD INDEX HERD MATE YELLOW *47 STILL RUNNING LOOSE IN
INDIANA, YELLOW NUMBER 2 STILL MISSING, AND OTHERS ON THE RUN STILL IN LOUISIANA
Tuesday, May 28, 2013
Chronic Wasting Disease CWD quarantine Louisiana via CWD index herd
Pennsylvania Update May 28, 2013
*** 6 doe from Pennsylvania CWD index herd still on the loose in Louisiana,
quarantine began on October 18, 2012, still ongoing, Lake Charles premises.
Thursday, October 03, 2013
*** TAHC ADOPTS CWD RULE THAT the amendments REMOVE the requirement for a
specific fence height for captives
Texas Animal Health Commission (TAHC)
ANNOUNCEMENT
October 3, 2013
Monday, March 03, 2014
*** APHIS to Offer Indemnity for CWD Positive Herds as Part of Its Cervid
Health Activities ???
Saturday, February 04, 2012
*** Wisconsin 16 age limit on testing dead deer Game Farm CWD Testing
Protocol Needs To Be Revised
Sunday, November 3, 2013
*** Environmental Impact Statements; Availability, etc.: Animal Carcass
Management [Docket No. APHIS-2013-0044]
Sunday, September 01, 2013
*** hunting over gut piles and CWD TSE prion disease
Monday, October 07, 2013
The importance of localized culling in stabilizing chronic wasting disease
prevalence in white-tailed deer populations
Friday, March 07, 2014
37th Annual Southeast Deer Study Group Meeting in Athens, Georgia (CWD TSE
Prion abstracts)
Saturday, March 15, 2014
Potential role of soil properties in the spread of CWD in western Canada
Inactivation of the TSE Prion disease
Chronic Wasting Disease CWD, and other TSE prion disease, these TSE prions
know no borders.
these TSE prions know no age restrictions.
The TSE prion disease survives ashing to 600 degrees celsius, that’s around
1112 degrees farenheit.
you cannot cook the TSE prion disease out of meat.
you can take the ash and mix it with saline and inject that ash into a
mouse, and the mouse will go down with TSE.
Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel
Production as well.
the TSE prion agent also survives Simulated Wastewater Treatment Processes.
IN fact, you should also know that the TSE Prion agent will survive in the
environment for years, if not decades.
you can bury it and it will not go away.
The TSE agent is capable of infected your water table i.e. Detection of
protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area.
it’s not your ordinary pathogen you can just cook it out and be done with.
that’s what’s so worrisome about Iatrogenic mode of transmission, a simple
autoclave will not kill this TSE prion agent.
Sunday, March 30, 2014
*** Chronic Wasting Disease Agents in Nonhuman Primates ***
*** our results raise the possibility that CJD cases classified as VV1 may
include cases caused by iatrogenic transmission of sCJD-MM1 prions or food-borne
infection by type 1 prions from animals, e.g., chronic wasting disease prions in
cervid. In fact, two CJD-VV1 patients who hunted deer or consumed venison have
been reported (40, 41). The results of the present study emphasize the need for
traceback studies and careful re-examination of the biochemical properties of
sCJD-VV1 prions. ***
Thursday, January 2, 2014
*** CWD TSE Prion in cervids to hTGmice, Heidenhain Variant
Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease MM1 genotype, and iatrogenic CJD ??? ***
USDA VS DNR $$$
*** Spraker suggested an interesting explanation for the occurrence of CWD.
The deer pens at the Foot Hills Campus were built some 30-40 years ago by a Dr.
Bob Davis. At or abut that time, allegedly, some scrapie work was conducted at
this site. When deer were introduced to the pens they occupied ground that had
previously been occupied by sheep. ... also, see where even decades back, the
USDA had the same thought as they do today with CWD, not their problem...see
page 27 below as well, where USDA stated back then, the same thing they stated
in the state of Pennsylvania, not their damn business, once they escape, and
they said the same thing about CWD in general back then ; ”The occurrence of CWD
must be viewed against the contest of the locations in which it occurred. It was
an incidental and unwelcome complication of the respective wildlife research
programmes. Despite it’s subsequent recognition as a new disease of cervids,
therefore justifying direct investigation, no specific research funding was
forthcoming.
***The USDA veiwed it as a wildlife problem and consequently not their
province!” ...page 26.
”The occurrence of CWD must be viewed against the contest of the locations
in which it occurred. It was an incidental and unwelcome complication of the
respective wildlife research programmes. Despite it’s subsequent recognition as
a new disease of cervids, therefore justifying direct investigation, no specific
research funding was forthcoming. The USDA veiwed it as a wildlife problem and
consequently not their province!” ...page 26.
sound familiar $$$
Sunday, January 06, 2013
USDA TO PGC ONCE CAPTIVES ESCAPE *** "it‘s no longer its business.”
spreading cwd around...tss
Between 1996 and 2002, chronic wasting disease was diagnosed in 39 herds of
farmed elk in Saskatchewan in a single epidemic. All of these herds were
depopulated as part of the Canadian Food Inspection Agency’s (CFIA) disease
eradication program. Animals, primarily over 12 mo of age, were tested for the
presence CWD prions following euthanasia. Twenty-one of the herds were linked
through movements of live animals with latent CWD from a single infected source
herd in Saskatchewan, 17 through movements of animals from 7 of the secondarily
infected herds.
***The source herd is believed to have become infected via importation of
animals from a game farm in South Dakota where CWD was subsequently diagnosed
(7,4). A wide range in herd prevalence of CWD at the time of herd depopulation
of these herds was observed. Within-herd transmission was observed on some
farms, while the disease remained confined to the introduced animals on other
farms.
spreading cwd around...tss
Friday, May 13, 2011
Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) outbreaks and surveillance program in the
Republic of Korea Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) outbreaks and surveillance
program in the Republic of Korea
Hyun-Joo Sohn, Yoon-Hee Lee, Min-jeong Kim, Eun-Im Yun, Hyo-Jin Kim,
Won-Yong Lee, Dong-Seob Tark, In- Soo Cho, Foreign Animal Disease Research
Division, National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Republic of Korea
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) has been recognized as an important prion
disease in native North America deer and Rocky mountain elks. The disease is a
unique member of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), which
naturally affects only a few species. CWD had been limited to USA and Canada
until 2000.
On 28 December 2000, information from the Canadian government showed that a
total of 95 elk had been exported from farms with CWD to Korea. These consisted
of 23 elk in 1994 originating from the so-called “source farm” in Canada, and 72
elk in 1997, which had been held in pre export quarantine at the “source
farm”.Based on export information of CWD suspected elk from Canada to Korea, CWD
surveillance program was initiated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
(MAF) in 2001.
All elks imported in 1997 were traced back, however elks imported in 1994
were impossible to identify. CWD control measures included stamping out of all
animals in the affected farm, and thorough cleaning and disinfection of the
premises. In addition, nationwide clinical surveillance of Korean native
cervids, and improved measures to ensure reporting of CWD suspect cases were
implemented.
Total of 9 elks were found to be affected. CWD was designated as a
notifiable disease under the Act for Prevention of Livestock Epidemics in 2002.
Additional CWD cases - 12 elks and 2 elks - were diagnosed in 2004 and
2005.
Since February of 2005, when slaughtered elks were found to be positive,
all slaughtered cervid for human consumption at abattoirs were designated as
target of the CWD surveillance program. Currently, CWD laboratory testing is
only conducted by National Reference Laboratory on CWD, which is the Foreign
Animal Disease Division (FADD) of National Veterinary Research and Quarantine
Service (NVRQS).
In July 2010, one out of 3 elks from Farm 1 which were slaughtered for the
human consumption was confirmed as positive. Consequently, all cervid – 54 elks,
41 Sika deer and 5 Albino deer – were culled and one elk was found to be
positive. Epidemiological investigations were conducted by Veterinary
Epidemiology Division (VED) of NVRQS in collaboration with provincial veterinary
services.
Epidemiologically related farms were found as 3 farms and all cervid at
these farms were culled and subjected to CWD diagnosis. Three elks and 5
crossbreeds (Red deer and Sika deer) were confirmed as positive at farm 2.
All cervids at Farm 3 and Farm 4 – 15 elks and 47 elks – were culled and
confirmed as negative.
Further epidemiological investigations showed that these CWD outbreaks were
linked to the importation of elks from Canada in 1994 based on circumstantial
evidences.
In December 2010, one elk was confirmed as positive at Farm 5.
Consequently, all cervid – 3 elks, 11 Manchurian Sika deer and 20 Sika deer –
were culled and one Manchurian Sika deer and seven Sika deer were found to be
positive. This is the first report of CWD in these sub-species of deer.
Epidemiological investigations found that the owner of the Farm 2 in CWD
outbreaks in July 2010 had co-owned the Farm 5.
In addition, it was newly revealed that one positive elk was introduced
from Farm 6 of Jinju-si Gyeongsang Namdo. All cervid – 19 elks, 15 crossbreed
(species unknown) and 64 Sika deer – of Farm 6 were culled, but all confirmed as
negative.
: Corresponding author: Dr. Hyun-Joo Sohn (+82-31-467-1867, E-mail:
shonhj@korea.kr) 2011 Pre-congress Workshop: TSEs in animals and their
environment 5
Friday, May 13, 2011
Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) outbreaks and surveillance program in the
Republic of Korea
how many states have $465,000., and can quarantine and purchase there from,
each cwd said infected farm, but how many states can afford this for all the cwd
infected cervid game ranch type farms ???
Tuesday, December 20, 2011
CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD WISCONSIN Almond Deer (Buckhorn Flats) Farm
Update DECEMBER 2011
*** The CWD infection rate was nearly 80%, the highest ever in a North
American captive herd.
*** RECOMMENDATION: That the Board approve the purchase of 80 acres of land
for $465,000 for the Statewide Wildlife Habitat Program in Portage County and
approve the restrictions on public use of the site.
SUMMARY:
Tuesday, April 29, 2014
*** CWD Herd Certification Program and Interstate Movement of Farmed or
Captive Deer, Elk, and Moose FR Doc No: 2014-09714 April 29, 2014 UPDATE
***
OLD HISTORY ON CWD AND GAME FARMS IN USA 1998 - 2000
Elk CWD spreading on game farms
Elk & game farming in other states
Utah Fish and Game Dept
The state of Utah has little experience with big game farming. In an effort
to understand elk and game farming, the Division has contacted other states that
allow elk farming. The following are some of the problems other states associate
with elk farming reported to the Division:
MONTANA
Karen Zachiem with Montana Parks and Wildlife reported that Montana allows
game farming. Initial regulations were inadequate to protect the state's
wildlife resources. The state has tried to tighten up regulations related to
game farming, resulting in a series of lawsuits against the state from elk
ranchers. Zachiem reported that the tightening of regulations was in response to
the discovery of TB in wildlife (elk, deer, and coyotes) surrounding a TB
infected game farm. TB has been found on several game farms in Montana. Also,
they have had problems with wildlife entering game farms as well as game farm
animals escaping the farms. Finally, there has been a growth in shooting ranches
in Montana. Game farmers allow hunters to come into enclosures to kill trophy
game farm animals, raising the issues of fair chase and hunting ethics.
WASHINGTON
Rolph Johnson with the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, reported
that Washington allows game farming, but it is strictly regulated to safeguard
wildlife. Washington opposed the law when first proposed for the following
reasons: introduction of disease and parasites; hybridization of wildlife
species; habitat loss; health risks to humans, wildlife, and livestock; and
state responsibility to recover or destroy escaped elk. Game farming is not cost
effective due to the restrictions needed to prevent these problems.
NEW MEXICO
Jerry Macacchini, with New Mexico Game and Fish, reported that New Mexico
has problems with game farming and a moratorium on elk and game farming has been
imposed by the state at the request of its citizens. Problems identified in the
moratorium were: escaped game farm animals; theft of native elk herds; and
disease.
OREGON
Dan Edwards, with Oregon Fish and Wildlife, reported that Oregon has very
little elk farming and is now prohibited by regulation. The elk farms that are
in operation existed prior to the adoption of game farm regulations. Individuals
who want to elk farm, must buy out an existing elk farm owner. Elk farms are no
longer permitted due to, "...current and imminent threats to Oregon's native
deer and elk herds and social and economic values.'' Oregon has documented
numerous game farm animals that have escapeed from private game farms. Concerns
about elk farming arose during public elk management meetings. The impacts of
privately held cervids on publicly owned wildlife were a recurring issue
throughout the elk management process. Key issues included: disease and
parasites; escape and interbreeding of domestic animals with native wildlife;
illegal kills for meat; and theft of public wildlife.
WYOMING
Harry Harju, assistant wildlife chief with Wyoming Fish and Game, reported
that elk or game farming is now prohibited in Wyoming. Only one game ranch
exists in Wyoming, which was operating before the passage of the law. The state
of Wyoming was sued by several game breeders associations for not allowing elk
farming. The game breeders lost their suit in the United States Court of
Appeals, Tenth Circuit. The court maintained that the state had authority to
regulate commerce and protect wildlife. Wyoming has had problems with big game
farming originating in surrounding states. Wyoming has documented the harvest of
red deer and their hybrids during elk hunts on the Snowy Mountain range that
borders Colorado. Wyoming speculates that the red deer were escapees from
Colorado game farms. Hybridization is viewed as threat to the genetic integrity
of Wyoming's wild elk population.
In a public hearing, the public voted against game farms in the state of
Wyoming. Wyoming's Cattlemen's Association and Department of Agriculture opposed
elk and big game farms, as well, particularly due to disease risks. Brucellosis
is a major problem for wildlife and livestock in the Yellowstone Basin.
NEVADA
Nevada reports that big game farms are allowed in Nevada. Nevada has not
had any problems as a result of big game farms. However, Nevada has only one big
game farm in the entire state and it is a reindeer farm.
IDAHO
Wildlife Chief Tom Rienecker reported that Idaho Fish and Game once
regulated elk farming in their state, but lost jurisdiction of elk farming to
the Department of Agriculture as a result of pressure from elk farmers. Idaho
has 20-30 big game ranches. Idaho has had problems with escapes and several law
enforcement cases have been filed against suspects who have taken calves out of
the wild for elk farming purposes. Disease has not been a problem for Idaho.
COLORADO
John Seidel, with Colorado Division of Wildlife, reported that the Division
used to regulate big game farming until the big game breeders association
petitioned for the Department of Agriculture to assume authority over big game
farming because too many citations were issued to elk farms for violations.
Colorado experienced numerous poaching incidents with elk calves from the wild
and theft of whole herds of wild elk captured in private farms. Seidel reported
that some of the larger "elk shooting ranches" have been investigated and
charged with capturing wild herds of elk within the shooting preserve fences.
Seidel reported that there have been documented problems with disease (TB);
escaped hybrids and exotics; intrusion of rutting wild elk into game farms;
massive recapture efforts for escapees and intruders; and loss of huge tracts of
land fenced for shooting preserves/ranches. Based on their experiences, the
Colorado Division of Wildlife wishes they did not have big game farms in
Colorado. Seidel believes that CEBA would fight hard to open Utah to elk farming
to provide a market for breeding stock in Utah ($3,000 & up for a bull and
$8,000 & up for a breeding cow).
ARIZONA
The Arizona Game and Fish Department reports that elk farming is legal in
Arizona but the agency would not allow it if they had to do it all over again.
Arizona reported the loss of huge blocks of land to fencing and some disease
problems.
ALBERTA, CANADA
Alberta has allowed elk farming for a number of years. To date, Alberta has
spent $10,000,000 and destroyed 2,000 elk in an unsuccessful attempt to control
the spread of tuberculosis. Based upon the game farming experiences of these
states, their recommendation to Utah was not to allow elk farming.
OTHER
The Division has contacted several state and federal veterinarians. The
opinions of some agricultural veterinarians differed from wildlife
veterinarians. Some veterinarians endorsed elk farming with the right regulatory
safeguards. Other veterinarians opposed elk farming due to the risks to wildlife
and livestock. This issue needs a more comprehensive review. The Division also
contacted a Special Agent with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service who conducted
a covert investigation in Colorado to gather intelligence on elk farming and
detect poaching activity of wild elk. Although poaching was not detected, the
agent described his experience with pyramid schemes in elk sales; lack of a meat
market; falsification of veterinarian records for farmed elk; escapes and
intrusions between wild and captive elk; inadequate inspections by brand
inspectors; transportation of TB infected elk; and the temperament of the elk
themselves. The Colorado Elk Breeders Association (CEBA) told the Division that
CEBA did not approve of elk poaching and has turned in fellow elk farmers for
poaching live elk calves from the wild.
CEBA told Utah legislators that the Colorado Division of Wildlife did not
like elk ranching at first, but has come to see that elk farming is not as bad
as they originally thought it would be. The Colorado Division of Wildlife
disagreed with CEBA's perception of their relationship.
snip...see more ;
CWD game meat from USA and Canada: lack of import controls
1,500 elk destroyed in hopes of eradicating CWD infection
Hunt farms voted out of Montana
Game farm rules argued pro and con in Montana
Big game, big business
Montana hunters blast game farms
Saturday, May 25, 2013
Wyoming Game and Fish Commission Alkali Creek Feedground #39126 Singeltary
comment submission
Sunday, April 21, 2013
Politicians ignore alarming CWD spike in Wyoming valley Wisconsin
Wednesday, October 24, 2012
WYOMING Deer Hunt Area 132 Near Green River Added to CWD List
Wednesday, November 16, 2011
Chronic wasting disease found in Big Horn basin deer Wyoming's deer hunt
area 165
Monday, November 14, 2011
WYOMING Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease, CWD, TSE, PRION REPORTING 2011
Thursday, July 08, 2010
CWD Controversy still stalking elk feedgrounds in Wyoming 2010
Greetings,
This is very serious, please notice that one of the CWD clusters is only 45
miles from ELK feeding grounds in Wyoming, the second elk feeding ground is 98
miles from CWD cluster, and the third elk feeding ground is 130 miles from the
CWD cluster. Common sense tells us we need to stop those feeding grounds, if you
want your Elk to survive. There is no politics or plot against the hunters or
elk about it. read the science please. ...TSS
chronic wasting disease proximity to elk feedgrounds in wyoming
2009-2010
Thursday, December 30, 2010
WYOMING MULE DEER BUCK HARVESTED NEAR LYSITE TESTS POSITIVE FOR CWD
December 27, 2010
Monday, December 13, 2010
WYOMING DEER AREA 119 ADDED TO CWD LIST DEER AREA 119 ADDED TO CWD
LIST
11/22/2010
Friday, November 12, 2010
WHITE-TAILED BUCK HARVESTED NEAR MOORCROFT TESTS POSITIVE FOR CWD
WYOMING
Sunday, October 31, 2010
TWO DEER HARVESTED NEAR GREYBULL TEST POSITIVE FOR CWD WYOMING
Wednesday, October 20, 2010
WYOMING ELK NEAR GLENDO TESTS POSITIVE FOR CWD 10/18/2010
Wednesday, November 25, 2009
CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE FOUND IN ELK AREA 35 NEAR BUFFALO
Wednesday, November 11, 2009
CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE DISCOVERED IN DEER HUNT AREA 42 WYOMING
Sunday, November 01, 2009
CWD confirmed in Johnson County Wyoming Sunday, November 1, 2009
Wednesday, October 14, 2009
Deer on western Bighorns has chronic wasting disease Shell Creek drainage
Wyoming
Monday, December 22, 2008
CWD DETECTED IN ELK HUNT AREA 117 SOUTH OF SUNDANCE WYOMING
Saturday, October 18, 2008
WYOMING STAR VALLEY MOOSE TESTS POSITIVE FOR CWD
TSS
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