Chronic Wasting Disease and Program Updates – 2014
Patrice Klein, Dallas Meek, Randy Pritchard, Owen Henderson, Sandra
Wallace, Samantha Ziegler SGEC Commodity Health Unit – CWD Program U.S.
Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Veterinary
Services
2014 NEUSAHA Annual Meeting 12-14 May 2014
snip
CWD Distribution – 2014
•Wild cervids: CWD detected in 19 states
CO, IA, IL, KS, MD, MN, MO, ND, NE, NY, NM, PA, SD, TX, UT, VA, WI, WV,
WY
•Farmed cervid herds: CWD detected in 62 farmed cervid herds (40 elk herds,
21 WTD herds,1 red deer herd) in 13 states
CO, IA, KS, MI, MN, MO, MT, NE, NY, OK, PA, SD, WI
•2 new CWD positive farmed cervid herds in FY 2014
•14 CWD positive farmed herds remain in quarantine
7 Elk herds (CO); 3 Elk herds (NE)
1 WTD herd (IA)
1 Red deer herd – partial depopulation (MN)
1 WTD herd (PA)
1 WTD herd (WI)
Research Updates – Transmission
•Horizontal transmission of CWD in cervids
•Transmission believed to occur via exposure to saliva, urine and feces
from infected animals
–Infectivity demonstrated in saliva, urine and feces from CWD infected
animals using bioassay
–Infectivity in salivary, urinary, and intestinal tissues
•Infectivity detected using sPMCS, but at relatively low levels
–Experimental transmission of CWD using oral exposure to urine and feces
from infected animals
–Study suggested transmission and infection occurred,
–But, with single exposure, infection existed at a subclinical level for at
least 19 months post infection.
Research Updates – Transmission
•Concerns exist regarding transmission of CWD via urine lures/
attractants
–Infectivity of urine from CWD infected animals has been documented
experimentally. (Haley, et al; 2009)
–Actual contribution of urine to natural spread of the disease is not
known
•The CWD Final Rule does not address this issue.
–Some states have regulations that require cervid urine producers to
participate in State’s CWD HCP
–Screening tests for urine possible but not available commercially at this
time.
Research Updates – Transmission
•Uptake of pathogens by plants previously demonstrated.
•2013 study suggested that infectious prions were taken up into aerial
tissues of A. thaliana, alfalfa, and corn.
–A. thaliana propagated in culture media
–Infectivity was determined to be present using bioassay (injection into
mice)
•A second recent study (2014) looked at the ability of wheat to take up
PrPTSE.
–Although the PrPTSE interacted with the roots, uptake by the plant was not
demonstrated.
•Neither study has been published yet. Further research needed to assess
potential for transmission of CWD
Research Updates – Transmission
•Numerous routes for transmission of CWD have been postulated and/or
demonstrated experimentally
•Additional research is needed to determine:
–True risk of transmission by these routes
–Infectious dose
–Effect of exposure levels on infection rate/ incubation time
USGS N.A. CWD Distribution Map
image
Impacts of CWD on Captive and Free-ranging Cervids
Brant A. Schumaker
Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a devastating disease to captive and
free-ranging cervid populations. Captive cervids typically are found in much
higher densities than free-ranging populations and can incur much higher CWD
prevalences. Recently, 80% of the deer in a captive cervid farm in Iowa tested
positive for the disease. As the area where CWD has been found continues to
expand, there is concern over the impact it may have on elk (Cervus elaphus)
populations that congregate on winter feedgrounds in Wyoming. A stochastic
simulation model was created to determine the effect that genotype-specific CWD
mortality rates had on a hypothetical free-ranging elk population. Life table
data gathered from captive elk held in a CWD-contaminated facility was used to
parameterize the model. This “worst-case scenario” modeling framework predicted
severe reductions in elk population numbers, primarily due to CWD. However,
adaptive management of hunting in free-ranging populations may allow elk to
adapt to CWD through changes in the frequency of genotypes associated with the
incubation time for the disease.
INTERIM REPORT
Chronic Wasting Disease Ante Mortem Testing: Where we are and where we are
going
Tracy Nichols, Ph.D.
U.S. Department of Agriculture; Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service,
Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center
Development and testing of a CWD ante mortem test would allow for more
targeted herd management, and be a step toward a herd certification
program.
APHIS has allocated funds to the CWD program in Veterinary Services to find
an effective ante mortem test to be utilized at the National Veterinary Services
Laboratory for regulatory testing purposes. For an ante mortem test to be useful
must have a high degree of sensitivity and specificity, utilize easily
accessible sample tissues, not require a large sample volume, be able to detect
the disease early in progression prior to symptoms, be cost effective, have a
reasonable turnaround time, must not be overly complex, and allow multiple
diagnosticians. In addition there are some confounding factors that have an
impact on test efficacy. A test that is effective in deer may not be effective
in elk, and the genotype of the animals has a significant impact on disease
trafficking within the body, which ultimately has an effect on the ability of an
ante mortem test to detect disease.
Currently, the CWD laboratory at the USDA National Wildlife Research Center
in Fort Collins, Colorado is evaluating the latest published ante mortem testing
for applicability in “real world” situations. In addition, we are establishing a
blood and fecal archive for use in method testing and ultimately validation,
working on developing a novel volatile organic compound ante mortem test, and
supporting new test development at other institutions via sample sharing.
Once an assay shows promise the sensitivity and specificity must be
established. If more than one assay has potential they will be compared for cost
effectiveness, ease of use, and sample availability. Successful test/s will be
presented to the CWD program and NVSL for consideration. We will train the NVSL
laboratories to conduct the assays, and assist with test validation.
Cervid Health Program Update
Dr. Patricia Klein
Cervid Health Program, Surveillance, Preparedness, and Response Services,
U.S. Department of Agriculture; Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service,
Veterinary Services
Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification Program
The national CWD HCP and requirements for interstate movement were
established when APHIS published the CWD interim final rule (9 CFR Parts 55 and
81) in June 2012. The rule became effective in August 2012. APHIS accepted
public comments on preemption of State regulations, as that aspect of the rule
had changed significantly since the rule was proposed. APHIS considered the
preemption comments and revised the rule by amending the definition of herd plan
to replace ‘eradication’ with ‘control’ of CWD and adding the definition of
‘established slaughter facility’. A final rule was published in April, 2014.
Comments received on other topics are held for future rulemaking. The CWD
program standards accompany the rule to provide clarification and guidance on
how to meet CWD herd certification program and interstate movement requirements.
The standards were first published in July 2012. In response to stakeholder
requests, APHIS set up a discussion group in November 2012 to provide input on
revisions to these program standards. The group included representatives from
the cervid industry, State animal health officials, State wildlife officials,
diagnostic laboratories, and Veterinary Services. APHIS published the revised
Program Standards in the Federal Register in December 2013 and accepted comments
until March 31, 2014. APHIS received 328 comments reflecting the diverse
stakeholder positions noted in the discussion group and made four changes as a
result of these comments. APHIS considered several factors to determine whether
changes to the standards were warranted at this time. Specifically, APHIS could
not make changes in the program standards that would contradict existing CWD
rule language. Further, several comments supported opposite sides of a single
issue where some advocated for APHIS to allow States to implement
INTERIM REPORT
more stringent CWD requirements, while others asked APHIS to encourage
States to implement less stringent standards. No changes were made in this area,
as APHIS believes States are better able to determine their own additional risk
mitigations for CWD, and the rule does not preempt State regulations related to
CWD to be stricter than the federal rule, with the exception for transiting of
animals. The revised standards became effective on May 9, 2014. A provision
exists for the annual review of the Program Standards by representatives of the
cervid industry and appropriate State and Federal agencies, and further revision
as necessary.
In September 2014, APHIS met with representatives of the Cervid Industry to
discuss their issues and concerns. Topics discussed included sustained indemnity
funds in the Cervid Health Program budget, trade and marketing opportunities,
outreach/education on CWD, and research needs (vaccines, live animal test
methods, and genotyping) to support control of CWD and decrease risk of disease
transmission.
A total of 29 States are participating in the national voluntary CWD Herd
Certification Program (HCP) through FY2014 and this year also marks the first
year that Approved States have submitted their CWD HCP annual reports to
APHIS.
As of October 2014, CWD has been confirmed in wild deer and elk in 19 U.S.
States, and in farmed cervids in 13 States. In total, 22 States have identified
CWD in wild and/or farmed cervids. Confirmation of the disease in a
free-ranging, wild white tailed deer in northeastern Iowa in April 2014 marked
the first report in the wild cervid population in this State.
To date, CWD has been reported in 65 farmed cervid herds in the United
States. In the last 2 years, CWD has been identified in a red deer herd in
Minnesota (May 2012), and a white tailed deer (WTD) herd each in Iowa (July
2012), Wisconsin (November 2013), and Pennsylvania (April 2014). The herds in
Minnesota, Iowa, and Pennsylvania were depopulated in 2014 and provided federal
indemnity. All animals from these depopulated herds are tested for CWD. No
additional CWD positives were reported in the red deer; a total of 7 of 15 WTD
in the PA herd were reported CWD positive; and approximately 80% of the deer in
the IA herd tested CWD positive. The Wisconsin herd and the owner’s hunt
facility, as well as the 5 herds in Colorado and 3 herds in Nebraska remain
under State’s quarantine. All mortalities from these quarantined herds are
tested for CWD.
In September 2014, 2 new CWD positive WTD herds were reported, one in
Wisconsin and the other in Pennsylvania (same county as previous herd). APHIS is
in discussion with the state officials to consider indemnity for these herds. In
FY 2014, routine surveillance testing was conducted on approximately 20,000
farmed /captive cervids. Currently, APHIS has approved 18 NAHLN laboratories for
immunohistochemistry testing and 10 NAHLN labs for the use of the Bio-RAD ELISA
test as official screening tests for the CWD program. Any suspect positive ELISA
results will be confirmed by NVSL using immunohistochemistry.
snip...
National Animal Health Monitoring System Cervid Industry Study
Beginning in September 2014, VS, in cooperation with the National
Agricultural Statistics Service, initiated the first national study of the U.S.
farmed-cervid industry. The study includes a survey of 3,000 producers from all
States that have farmed cervids and will provide baseline industry statistics, a
description of current production practices and challenges, producer-reported
disease occurrences, and an overview of health management and biosecurity
practices. Reports from the study should be available in the Spring 2015.
Cervid Health Program Budget
The Cervid Health Program includes the CWD herd certification program and
the cervid TB program within the Equine, Cervid, and Small Ruminant Health
Center. In FY2014, the Cervid Health Program was appropriated $3.0 million by
Congress for cervid health activities.
Funding was allocated to provide $1.1 million for indemnity, $200,000 in
CWD research towards development of live animal diagnostic test methods, and
$1.2 million for general program support. APHIS anticipates the FY2015 Cervid
Health Program budget to remain at FY2014 levels and will propose similar
funding allocations.
snip...
SUBJECT: Epidemiology of Chronic Wasting Disease in Farmed Cervids
INTERIM REPORT
The United States Animal Health Association requests USDA-APHIS-Veterinary
Services to work cooperatively with the states to assemble, analyze, summarize,
and make available to the Committee on Captive Wildlife and Alternative
Livestock at the USAHA meeting in 2015 all pertinent information from
epidemiological investigations of CWD in farmed and free-ranging cervid herds.
Specific information requested includes but is not limited to: prevalence of CWD
in positive herds; demography of positive and negative animals in infected
herds; results from all tissues that were tested; proximity of affected herd to
wild and/or farmed cervid herds with CWD; ; duration of monitoring prior to
detection of the first case, including numbers of animals in the herd, numbers
tested and numbers not tested; results of trace-forward and trace-back
investigations; and all other pertinent data that will enhance risk assessment
of CWD in farmed cervids and identification of effective mitigation measures.
INTERIM REPORT
USAHA Committee on Captive Wildlife and Alternative Livestock
Subcommittee on Farmed Cervidae
October 20, 2014
The first meeting of the Subcommittee on Farmed Cervidae was held on
October 20, 2014.
The following committee members were present: Co-chair Charly Seale TX;
Co-chair Bret Marsh, IN; Co-chair: Paul Anderson, MN; Shawn Schafer, ND; Eric
Mohlman, NE; Warren Bluntzer, TX; John Fischer, GA; David Hunter, MT; Collin
Gillin, OR; and Robert Meyer, WY. Glen Zebarth, MN was unable to attend. There
were a total of 41 people in attendance the meeting.
Introductions were made and the purpose of the committee was reviewed and
discussed.
The purpose of the Subcommittee on Farmed Cervidae is:
(1) To review and make science-based recommendations on federal Chronic
Wasting Disease (CWD) regulations and any other animal health and
disease-related concerns of interest to the farmed cervidae industry including
necessary research;
(2) To represent the interests of the farmed cervidae industry as it
relates to the health of the livestock industry ;
(3) To provide the information and expertise to USAHA which can be used to
make appropriate decisions regarding the health of domestic livestock that also
consider the needs of the farmed cervidae industry;
(4) To assist in the development of sound policies governing the dispersal
and movement intra and interstate of farmed cervidae;
(5) To present appropriate information to assist in the development of
sound governmental policies concerning farmed cervidae by providing
recommendations based on scientifically valid principles and methods;
(6) To provide information and assist in the development of sound policies
governing the importation and exportation of farmed cervidae, their germ plasm
and other biomaterials; and
(7) To assist in the identification and management of disease and welfare
problems affecting farmed cervidae.
Motion (W. Bluntzer/B. Myer):
The Subcommittee on Farmed Cervidae recommends the following changes to the
purpose statement of the Subcommittee on Farmed Cervidae
2) To represent the interests of the farmed cervidae industry as it relates
to the health of the livestock industry and wildlife resources;
(3) To provide the information and expertise to USAHA which can be used to
make appropriate decisions regarding the health of domestic livestock and
wildlife that also consider the needs of the farmed cervidae industry;
(7) To assist in the identification and management of disease and welfare
problems issues affecting farmed cervidae. The motion was passed
unanimously.
A scientific presentation was made by Nicholas Haley, DVM PhD, KSU Dept. of
Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, entitled “CWD: progress on a live animal
test”. He discussed the use of new prion amplification tests for CWD including
PMCA and RT-QuIC and the importance of developing live animal tests for CWD.
Test results were discussed for animals tested in depopulation of two CWD
positive whit-tailed deer herds, one in Pennsylvania and one in Iowa. In the
Pennsylvania herd, 5 of 14 deer were positive for CWD. The rectal biopsy using
the RT-QuIC detected 3 of the positive animals for a sensitivity of 60%. In the
Iowa herd, 283 of 355 deer were positive for CWD. The rectal biopsy using the
RT-QuIC detected 198 of the positive animals for a sensitivity of 68%. The
sensitivity of nasal brushes was about 24%. Blood samples were also collected
from all the animals in these two herds and will be tested at a later date when
improved testing procedures are developed.
INTERIM REPORT
The subcommittee had a lengthy discussion on two sections of the CWD
Program Standards.
The first discussion was in regard to the requirements for CWD sample
collection as specified in sections (5.6), (5.7) and Appendix III. Specifically,
the subcommittee discussed the requirement for collection of both obex and
medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes in order for a CWD test to be counted as
valid. Some members felt that collection of both tissues should be required.
Others felt that collection or one or the other of these tissues is adequate for
herd certification purposes. No consensus was reached and the issue was tabled
for further discussion.
The second discussion was in regard to tracing protocols for newly CWD
infected herds as specified in Part B. (1.2). The question was asked about
whether we should consider a herd a “trace-forward herd” and place it under
quarantine if it contains animals that came from a “trace-back herd” and there
is no evidence that the “trace-back herd” is infected with CWD. Several
committee members voiced concern about placing herds under quarantine
unnecessarily and discussed the effect such action has on the owners. There was
general agreement that more work needs to be done on this section of the CWD
Program Standards. Motion (P. Anderson/ D. hunter):
The Subcommittee on Farmed Cervidae moves to continue to work on Part B. of
the CWD program Standards, Guidance on Responding to CWD Affected Herds, over
the next year and develop a recommendation to be finalized when the Subcommittee
on Farmed Cervidae meets at the 2015 USAHA meeting. The motion was passed
unanimously.
Motion (J. Fischer / S. Schafer):
The Subcommittee on Farmed Cervidae supports a resolution to urge
USDA-APHIS-VS in consultation with state animal health officials to compile the
epidemiologic information surrounding all CWD infected herds in the United
States and Canada and share the report with all stake holders. The resolution
will be presented to the Committee on Captive Wildlife and Alternative Livestock
for final approval. The motion passed unanimously.
The committee adjourned at 12:00 pm.
INTERIM REPORT
Saturday, October 25, 2014
118th USAHA Annual Meeting CWD and Captive Cerivds
Sunday, August 24, 2014
USAHA 117TH ANNUAL MEETING USDA-APHIS–VS CWD Herd Certification Program
Goals TSE PRION October 17 – 23, 2013
Friday, March 07, 2014
37th Annual Southeast Deer Study Group Meeting in Athens, Georgia (CWD TSE
Prion abstracts)
Sunday, November 24, 2013
ACA Council Convenes to Assess Federal CWD Reform Possibilities November
18, 2013
Tuesday, September 17, 2013
USAHA 116TH ANNUAL MEETING October 18 – 24, 2012 CWD, Scrapie, BSE, TSE
prion (September 17, 2013)
This work demonstrates for the first time that white-tailed deer are
susceptible to sheep scrapie by potential natural routes of inoculation.
In-depth analysis of tissues will be done to determine similarities between
scrapie in deer after intracranial and oral/intranasal inoculation and chronic
wasting disease resulting from similar routes of inoculation.
see full text ;
SEE MORE USAHA REPORTS HERE, 2012 NOT PUBLISHED YET...TSS
Friday, August 31, 2012
COMMITTEE ON CAPTIVE WILDLIFE AND ALTERNATIVE LIVESTOCK and CWD 2009-2012 a
review
Tuesday, September 10, 2013
Review and Updates of the USDA-APHIS Veterinary Services (VS) National
Chronice Wasting Disease (CWD) Program 2012-2013
Prion
Volume 7, Issue 3, 2013
Early detection of chronic wasting disease prions in urine of
pre-symptomatic deer by real-time quaking-induced conversion assay
Open access
DOI:10.4161/pri.24430Theodore R. Johna, Hermann M. Schätzlabc & Sabine
Gilchad*
pages 253-258
Publishing models and article dates explained
Received: 7 Feb 2013 Accepted: 24 Mar 2013 Published online: 10 Apr
2013
Article Views: 105
Abstract
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease of captive and
free-ranging deer (Odocoileus spp), elk (Cervus elaphus nelsonii) and moose
(Alces alces shirasi). Unlike in most other prion diseases, in CWD prions are
shed in urine and feces, which most likely contributes to the horizontal
transmission within and between cervid species. To date, CWD ante-mortem
diagnosis is only possible by immunohistochemical detection of protease
resistant prion protein (PrPSc) in tonsil or recto-anal mucosa-associated
lymphoid tissue (RAMALT) biopsies, which requires anesthesia of animals. We
report on detection of CWD prions in urine collected from pre-symptomatic deer
and in fecal extracts by using real time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC).
This assay can be useful for non-invasive pre-symptomatic diagnosis and
surveillance of CWD.
snip...
Introduction
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is to date the most contagious prion disease
and affects captive and free-ranging elk, deer and moose in North America.1 The
disease is caused by the accumulation of an abnormally folded isoform of the
cellular prion protein PrPc, denominated PrPSc.3 CWD is the cervid equivalent of
bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), scrapie in sheep and goat5 or
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans.6 Although transmission studies of CWD
prions to humanized transgenic mice or non-human primates suggest a strong
species barrier,7 recent in vitro studies have demonstrated that human PrP can
be converted by CWD prions into PrPSc upon adaptation.10 ***Therefore, a
potential for zoonotic transmission, as exemplified by BSE,11 cannot be
completely excluded.
A huge body of evidence suggests that CWD can be efficiently transmitted
horizontally within and between cervid species,12 which may be the reason for
geographical spread and increase in case numbers. Horizontal transmission is
explained by the rather unusual peripheral distribution of prions in CWD
affected animals and the high susceptibility to the disease by oral infection.13
Unlike in most other prion diseases, CWD prions can be found in a wide variety
of tissues, such as skeletal and cardiac muscle15 or kidney,17 in addition to
the lymphoreticular system and blood.18 Furthermore, they are shed in
significant amounts in saliva,18 ,19 urine19 or feces,20 which enables oral
infection of animals by foraging on contaminated pastures. In addition, it has
been demonstrated that prions can persist in soil21 and that water in endemic
areas can contain CWD-associated PrPSc 22.
PPo3-19:
Detection of CWD Prions in Salivary and Urinary Tissues of Deer: Potential
Mechanisms of Pathogenesis and Prion Shedding
Nicholas J. Haley,1 Candace K. Mathiason,1 Glenn C. Telling2 and Edward A.
Hoover1 1Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology; College of
Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort
Collins, Colorado USA; 2Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics; University
of Kentucky; Lexington, Kentucky USA
Key words: chronic wasting disease, transmission, PMCA, pathogenesis,
excretion, urine, saliva, salivary gland, urinary bladder, kidney, blood
Saliva and urine are thought to play an important role in the transmission
and pathogenesis of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in captive and free-ranging
cervids. We have previously identified PrPCWD in a variety of excreta using
serial PMCA (sPMCA) and bioassay; however the source of infectious prions in
urine and saliva has yet to be identified. In the present study, we applied
sPMCA to tissues associated with saliva and urine production and excretion in an
effort to seek proximal sources of prion shedding. Oropharyngeal and urogenital
tissues, along with blood and obex from CWD-exposed cervids (comprising over 300
individual samples) were analyzed blindly in duplicate and scored based on
apparent CWD burden. PrPCWD was detected by three rounds of sPMCA in tissues
associated with saliva and urine production and excretion, notably salivary
gland and urinary bladder; whereas blood samples from the same animals and
concurrent negative controls (n = 116 of 117) remained negative. Route of
inoculation and CNS burden appeared to play an important role in terminal prion
distribution, in that IV-inoculated animals and those with increasing CNS levels
of PrPCWD had higher and more widely distributed accumulation in excretory
tissues. PMCA identification of PrPCWD in oropharyngeal and urogenital
tissues—in the absence of detection by conventional methods—may indicate the
presence of protease- sensitive infectious prions in excretory tissues not
revealed by assays employing PK digestion or other means to remove PrPC
reactivity. Thus, evaluation of peripheral tissues via sPMCA may allow
additional insights into prion transmission, trafficking and pathogenesis.
PPo3-26:
Identification of Renal Origin for CWD Urinary Prion Excretion in
Deer
Davis M. Seelig,1 Nicholas J. Haley,1 Jan P. Langeveld and Edward A.
Hoover1 1Colorado State University; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and
Pathology; Fort Collins, CO USA; 2Central Institute for Animal Disease Control
(CIDC-Lelystad); Lelystad, The Netherlands
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is an efficiently transmitted prion disease
of cervids. Although bioassays have confirmed the presence of infectious prions
in urine and other body fluids of infected deer, origin and mechanisms of prion
transfer to and shedding in excreta remains unknown. To address these questions,
we have developed enhanced immunohistochemistry (IHC) methods employing tyramide
signal amplification (TSA) on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues
of n = 20 CWD-infected white-tailed deer. Using these methods we have
demonstrated PrPCWD present granular to clumped aggregates both within the
cytoplasm of renal tubule cells and in the interstitium. Cytoplasmic PrPCWD
aggregates were detected most commonly in proximal convoluted tubule epithelial
cells. PrPCWD was not identified in the lower urinary tract (ureters or bladder)
of any CWD-infected animal. In summary, we present evidence for PrPCWD
accumulation within the renal tubule cells, which may identify a proximate
tissue source and explain the manner by which infectious prions are excreted in
the urine of infected deer, thereby leading to the high degree of direct and
indirect horizontal transmission of chronic wasting disease.
Tuesday, December 20, 2011
CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD WISCONSIN Almond Deer (Buckhorn Flats)
FarmUpdate DECEMBER 2011The CWD infection rate was nearly 80%, the highest ever
in a North American captive herd. RECOMMENDATION: That the Board approve the
purchase of 80acres of land for $465,000 for the Statewide Wildlife Habitat
Program inPortage County and approve the restrictions on public use of the
site.SUMMARY:
For Immediate ReleaseThursday, October 2, 2014Dustin Vande Hoef
515/281-3375 or 515/326-1616 (cell) orDustin.VandeHoef@IowaAgriculture.gov
TEST RESULTS FROM CAPTIVE DEER HERD WITH CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE RELEASED
79.8 percent of the deer tested positive for the disease
DES MOINES – The Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship today
announced that the test results from the depopulation of a quarantined captive
deer herd in north-central Iowa showed that 284 of the 356 deer, or 79.8% of the
herd, tested positive for Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD). The owners of the
quarantined herd have entered into a fence maintenance agreement with the Iowa
Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship,which requires the owners to
maintain the 8’ foot perimeter fence around the herd premises for five years
after the depopulation was complete and the premises had been cleaned and
disinfected CWD is a progressive, fatal, degenerative neurological disease of
farmed and free-ranging deer, elk, and moose. There is no known treatment or
vaccine for CWD. CWD is not a disease that affects humans.On July 18, 2012, USDA
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service’s (APHIS)National Veterinary Services
Lab in Ames, IA confirmed that a male whitetail deer harvested from a hunting
preserve in southeast IA was positive for CWD. An investigation revealed that
this animal had just been introduced into the hunting preserve from the
above-referenced captive deer herd in north-central Iowa.The captive deer herd
was immediately quarantined to prevent the spread of CWD. The herd has remained
in quarantine until its depopulation on August 25 to 27, 2014.The Iowa
Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship participated in a joint operation
to depopulate the infected herd with USDA Veterinary Services, which was the
lead agency, and USDA Wildlife Services.Federal indemnity funding became
available in 2014. USDA APHIS appraised the captive deer herd of 376 animals at
that time, which was before depopulation and testing, at $1,354,250. At that
time a herd plan was developed with the owners and officials from USDA and the
Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship.Once the depopulation was
complete and the premises had been cleaned and disinfected, indemnity of
$917,100.00 from the USDA has been or will be paid to the owners as compensation
for the 356 captive deer depopulated.The Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land
Stewardship operates a voluntary CWD program for farms that sell live animals.
Currently 145 Iowa farms participate in the voluntary program. The
above-referenced captive deer facility left the voluntary CWD program prior to
the discovery of the disease as they had stopped selling live animals. All deer
harvested in a hunting preserve must be tested for CWD. -30-
*** see history of this CWD blunder here ;
On June 5, 2013, DNR conducted a fence inspection, after gaining approval
from surrounding landowners, and confirmed that the fenced had beencut or
removed in at least four separate locations; that the fence had degraded and was
failing to maintain the enclosure around the Quarantined Premises in at least
one area; that at least three gates had been opened;and that deer tracks were
visible in and around one of the open areas in the sand on both sides of the
fence, evidencing movement of deer into the Quarantined Premises.
*** Singeltary reply ;
ruminant feed ban for cervids in the United States ?
31 Jan 2015 at 20:14 GMT
Saturday, May 16, 2015
Land Spreading of the TSE Prion Disease, blood tank for feed, plants,
vegetables, and sludge, stupid is as stupid does
Friday, May 15, 2015
Grass Plants Bind, Retain, Uptake, and Transport Infectious Prions
Report
Thursday, April 30, 2015
Immediate and ongoing detection of prions in the blood of hamsters and deer
following oral, nasal, or blood inoculations
Wednesday, April 22, 2015
Circulation of prions within dust on a scrapie affected farm
Friday, April 24, 2015
The placenta shed from goats with classical scrapie is infectious to goat
kids and lambs
Saturday, March 15, 2014
Potential role of soil properties in the spread of CWD in western Canada
Friday, February 08, 2013
*** Behavior of Prions in the Environment: Implications for Prion Biology
Saturday, March 10, 2012
CWD, GAME FARMS, urine, feces, soil, lichens, and banned mad cow protein
feed CUSTOM MADE for deer and elk
Friday, February 25, 2011
Soil clay content underlies prion infection odds
Wednesday, September 08, 2010
CWD PRION CONGRESS SEPTEMBER 8-11 2010
snip...
PPo3-19:
Detection of CWD Prions in Salivary and Urinary Tissues of Deer: Potential
Mechanisms of Pathogenesis and Prion Shedding Nicholas J. Haley,1 Candace K.
Mathiason,1 Glenn C. Telling2 and Edward A. Hoover1 1Department of Microbiology,
Immunology and Pathology; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical
Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins, Colorado USA; 2Department of
Molecular Biology and Genetics; University of Kentucky; Lexington, Kentucky USA
Key words: chronic wasting disease, transmission, PMCA, pathogenesis,
excretion, urine, saliva, salivary gland, urinary bladder, kidney, blood
Saliva and urine are thought to play an important role in the transmission
and pathogenesis of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in captive and free-ranging
cervids. We have previously identified PrPCWD in a variety of excreta using
serial PMCA (sPMCA) and bioassay; however the source of infectious prions in
urine and saliva has yet to be identified. In the present study, we applied
sPMCA to tissues associated with saliva and urine production and excretion in an
effort to seek proximal sources of prion shedding. Oropharyngeal and urogenital
tissues, along with blood and obex from CWD-exposed cervids (comprising over 300
individual samples) were analyzed blindly in duplicate and scored based on
apparent CWD burden. PrPCWD was detected by three rounds of sPMCA in tissues
associated with saliva and urine production and excretion, notably salivary
gland and urinary bladder; whereas blood samples from the same animals and
concurrent negative controls (n = 116 of 117) remained negative. Route of
inoculation and CNS burden appeared to play an important role in terminal prion
distribution, in that IV-inoculated animals and those with increasing CNS levels
of PrPCWD had higher and more widely distributed accumulation in excretory
tissues. PMCA identification of PrPCWD in oropharyngeal and urogenital
tissues—in the absence of detection by conventional methods—may indicate the
presence of protease- sensitive infectious prions in excretory tissues not
revealed by assays employing PK digestion or other means to remove PrPC
reactivity. Thus, evaluation of peripheral tissues via sPMCA may allow
additional insights into prion transmission, trafficking and pathogenesis.
PPo3-26:
Identification of Renal Origin for CWD Urinary Prion Excretion in
Deer
Davis M. Seelig,1 Nicholas J. Haley,1 Jan P. Langeveld and Edward A.
Hoover1 1Colorado State University; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and
Pathology; Fort Collins, CO USA; 2Central Institute for Animal Disease Control
(CIDC-Lelystad); Lelystad, The Netherlands
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is an efficiently transmitted prion disease
of cervids. Although bioassays have confirmed the presence of infectious prions
in urine and other body fluids of infected deer, origin and mechanisms of prion
transfer to and shedding in excreta remains unknown. To address these questions,
we have developed enhanced immunohistochemistry (IHC) methods employing tyramide
signal amplification (TSA) on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues
of n = 20 CWD-infected white-tailed deer. Using these methods we have
demonstrated PrPCWD present granular to clumped aggregates both within the
cytoplasm of renal tubule cells and in the interstitium. Cytoplasmic PrPCWD
aggregates were detected most commonly in proximal convoluted tubule epithelial
cells. PrPCWD was not identified in the lower urinary tract (ureters or bladder)
of any CWD-infected animal. In summary, we present evidence for PrPCWD
accumulation within the renal tubule cells, which may identify a proximate
tissue source and explain the manner by which infectious prions are excreted in
the urine of infected deer, thereby leading to the high degree of direct and
indirect horizontal transmission of chronic wasting disease.
snip...see more ;
Sunday, December 06, 2009
Detection of Sub-Clinical CWD Infection in Conventional Test-Negative Deer
Long after Oral Exposure to Urine and Feces from CWD+ Deer
Sunday, July 07, 2013
Could avian scavengers translocate infectious prions to disease-free areas
initiating new foci of chronic wasting disease?
Prion. 2013 Jul 3;7(4). [Epub ahead of print]
Wednesday, October 17, 2012
Prion Remains Infectious after Passage through Digestive System of American
Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos)
Sunday, November 01, 2009
American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) and potential spreading of CWD
through feces of digested infectious carcases
Friday, May 14, 2010
Prion Strain Mutation Determined by Prion Protein Conformational
Compatibility and Primary Structure
Published Online May 13, 2010 Science DOI: 10.1126/science.1187107 Science
Express Index
Thursday, June 03, 2010
Prion Strain Mutation and Selection John Collinge MEDICINE
Wednesday, March 18, 2009
Detection of CWD Prions in Urine and Saliva of Deer by Transgenic Mouse
Bioassay
Tuesday, February 09, 2010
Chronic Wasting Disease: Surveillance Update North America: February
2010
***
>>> In addition, we documented horizontal transmission of CWD from
inoculated mice and to un-inoculated cohabitant cage-mates. <<<
NOT only muscle, but now fat of CWD infected deer holds infectivity of the
TSE (prion) agent. ...TSS
Monday, July 06, 2009
Prion infectivity in fat of deer with Chronic Wasting Disease
Tuesday, September 02, 2008
Detection of infectious prions in urine (Soto et al Available online 13
August 2008.)
2002
Subject: MAD DEER/ELK DISEASE AND POTENTIAL SOURCES Date: Sat, 25 May 2002
18:41:46 -0700 From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."
Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
To: BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de
now, what about those 'deer scents' of 100% urine', and the prion that is
found in urine, why not just pass the prion with the urine to other deer...
Mrs. Doe Pee Doe in Estrus Model FDE1 Mrs. Doe Pee's Doe in Estrus is made
from Estrus urine collected at the peak of the rut, blended with Fresh Doe Urine
for an extremely effective buck enticer. Use pre-rut before the does come into
heat. Use during full rut when bucks are most active. Use during post-rut when
bucks are still actively looking for does. 1 oz. www.gamecalls.net/ ELK
SCENT/SPRAY BOTTLE * Works anytime of the year * 100 % Cow Elk-in-Heat urine
(2oz.) * Economical - mix with water in spray mist bottle * Use wind to your
advantage Product Code WP-ESB $9.95 www.elkinc.com/Scent.asp prions in urine?
[PDF] A
URINE TEST FOR THE IN-VIVO DIAGNOSIS OF PRION DISEASES
tss
CWD/POTENTIAL SOURCE/URINE/HUNTERS ?
Mrs. Doe Pee Doe in Estrus Model FDE1 Mrs. Doe Pee's Doe in Estrus is made
from Estrus urinecollected at the peak of the rut, blended with Fresh Doe Urine
for anextremely effective buck enticer. Use pre-rut before the does come
intoheat. Use during full rut when bucks are most active. Use duringpost-rut
when bucks are still actively looking for does. 1 oz.
http://www.gamecalls.net/huntingproducts/deerlures.html
ELK SCENT/SPRAY BOTTLE Works anytime of the year* 100 % Cow Elk-in-Heat
urine (2oz.)* Economical - mix with water in spray mist bottle* Use wind to your
advantage Product Code WP-ESB $9.95
http://www.elkinc.com/Scent.asp
prions in urine? [PDF]
A URINE TEST FOR THE IN-VIVO DIAGNOSIS OF PRION DISEASES
TSS
Subject: DOCKET-- 03D-0186 -- FDA Issues Draft Guidance on Use of Material
From Deer and Elk in Animal Feed; Availability
Date: Fri, 16 May 2003 11:47:37 -0500
From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."
To: fdadockets@oc.fda.gov
The deer from an infected Reynoldsville, Jefferson County farm tested
positive for Chronic Wasting Disease. Two other white-tailed deer died in April
on the farm and tested positive for the disease. This marks the 14th
white-tailed deer in the state to test positive for the disease since 2012.
snip
“This is an unprecedented level of infection in a captive deer herd,” said
Greig. “The department and deer farmers worked together to accommodate the
requests of these researchers. The more we know, the greater the chance we can
eradicate the disease.”
Sunday, July 13, 2014
Louisiana deer mystery unleashes litigation 6 does still missing from CWD
index herd in Pennsylvania Great Escape
Saturday, June 29, 2013
PENNSYLVANIA CAPTIVE CWD INDEX HERD MATE YELLOW *47 STILL RUNNING LOOSE IN
INDIANA, YELLOW NUMBER 2 STILL MISSING, AND OTHERS ON THE RUN STILL IN LOUISIANA
Tuesday, June 11, 2013
*** CWD GONE WILD, More cervid escapees from more shooting pens on the
loose in Pennsylvania
Tuesday, May 28, 2013
Chronic Wasting Disease CWD quarantine Louisiana via CWD index herd
Pennsylvania Update May 28, 2013
*** 6 doe from Pennsylvania CWD index herd still on the loose in Louisiana,
quarantine began on October 18, 2012, still ongoing, Lake Charles premises.
Sunday, January 06, 2013
USDA TO PGC ONCE CAPTIVES ESCAPE
*** "it‘s no longer its business.”
”The occurrence of CWD must be viewed against the contest of the locations
in which it occurred. It was an incidental and unwelcome complication of the
respective wildlife research programmes. Despite it’s subsequent recognition as
a new disease of cervids, therefore justifying direct investigation, no specific
research funding was forthcoming. The USDA veiwed it as a wildlife problem and
consequently not their province!” page 26.
Wednesday, November 14, 2012
PENNSYLVANIA 2012 THE GREAT ESCAPE OF CWD INVESTIGATION MOVES INTO
LOUISIANA and INDIANA
Tuesday, October 23, 2012
PA Captive deer from CWD-positive farm roaming free
Thursday, October 11, 2012
Pennsylvania Confirms First Case CWD Adams County Captive Deer Tests
Positive
Monday, June 23, 2014
PRION 2014 CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD
Thursday, July 03, 2014
*** How Chronic Wasting Disease is affecting deer population and what’s the
risk to humans and pets?
Tuesday, July 01, 2014
*** CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION DISEASE, GAME FARMS, AND
POTENTIAL RISK FACTORS THERE FROM
Tuesday, October 21, 2014
Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture Tenth Pennsylvania Captive Deer
Tests Positive for Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE PRION DISEASE
Thursday, October 23, 2014
FIRST CASE OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CONFIRMED IN OHIO ON PRIVATE PRESERVE
Thursday, April 02, 2015
OHIO CONFIRMS SECOND POSTIVE CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD on Yoder's
properties near Millersburg
Wednesday, February 11, 2015
World Class Whitetails quarantined CWD deer Daniel M. Yoder charged with
two counts of tampering with evidence
Wednesday, March 18, 2015
Chronic Wasting Disease CWD Confirmed Texas Trans Pecos March 18,
2015
Wednesday, March 25, 2015
Chronic Wasting Disease CWD Cases Confirmed In New Mexico 2013 and 2014
UPDATE 2015
Monday, March 23, 2015
North Dakota Documents Two More Cases of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE
Prion
Wednesday, March 04, 2015
Disease sampling results provide current snapshot of CWD in Wisconsin
finding 324 positive detections statewide in 2014
Thursday, April 02, 2015
Kansas Chronic Wasting Disease CWD Spreads 9 Confirmed Positive including
first-time cases in six southwest counties
Tuesday, May 05, 2015
Pennsylvania CWD DETECTED IN SIX MORE FREE-RANGING DEER Disease Management
Area 2 again expanded due to new cases Release #030-15
Tuesday, February 10, 2015
Alberta Canada First case of chronic wasting disease found in farm elk
since 2002
Saturday, January 31, 2015
European red deer (Cervus elaphus elaphus) are susceptible to Bovine
Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE by Oral Alimentary route
Tuesday, January 20, 2015
Four Maryland Deer Test Positive for Chronic Wasting Disease
Tuesday, January 06, 2015
APHIS Provides Additional Information on Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD)
Indemnity Requests January 5, 2015 05:26 PM EST
CWD TO HUMANS, AND RISK FACTORS THERE FROM (see latest science)
Monday, March 09, 2015
*** Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE prion and human animal risk factor
there from ***
Tuesday, December 16, 2014
*** Evidence for zoonotic potential of ovine scrapie prions
Hervé Cassard,1, n1 Juan-Maria Torres,2, n1 Caroline Lacroux,1, Jean-Yves
Douet,1, Sylvie L. Benestad,3, Frédéric Lantier,4, Séverine Lugan,1, Isabelle
Lantier,4, Pierrette Costes,1, Naima Aron,1, Fabienne Reine,5, Laetitia
Herzog,5, Juan-Carlos Espinosa,2, Vincent Beringue5, & Olivier Andréoletti1,
Affiliations Contributions Corresponding author Journal name: Nature
Communications Volume: 5, Article number: 5821 DOI: doi:10.1038/ncomms6821
Received 07 August 2014 Accepted 10 November 2014 Published 16 December 2014
Article tools Citation Reprints Rights & permissions Article metrics
Abstract
Although Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) is the cause of variant
Creutzfeldt Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans, the zoonotic potential of scrapie
prions remains unknown. Mice genetically engineered to overexpress the human
prion protein (tgHu) have emerged as highly relevant models for gauging the
capacity of prions to transmit to humans. These models can propagate human
prions without any apparent transmission barrier and have been used used to
confirm the zoonotic ability of BSE. Here we show that a panel of sheep scrapie
prions transmit to several tgHu mice models with an efficiency comparable to
that of cattle BSE. The serial transmission of different scrapie isolates in
these mice led to the propagation of prions that are phenotypically identical to
those causing sporadic CJD (sCJD) in humans. These results demonstrate that
scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the
possible link between animal and human prions.
Subject terms: Biological sciences• Medical research At a glance
Tuesday, December 16, 2014
Evidence for zoonotic potential of ovine scrapie prions
Scrapie from sheep could infect humans with 'mad cow disease', study finds
why do we not want to do TSE transmission studies on chimpanzees $
5. A positive result from a chimpanzee challenged severly would likely
create alarm in some circles even if the result could not be interpreted for
man. I have a view that all these agents could be transmitted provided a large
enough dose by appropriate routes was given and the animals kept long enough.
Until the mechanisms of the species barrier are more clearly understood it might
be best to retain that hypothesis.
snip...
R. BRADLEY
Sunday, March 29, 2015
Uncommon prion disease induced in macaque ten years after scrapie
inoculation
Friday, January 30, 2015
*** Scrapie: a particularly persistent pathogen ***
Friday, February 20, 2015
APHIS Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) Appeal Mouse Bio-Assays
2007-00030-A Sheep Imported From Belgium and the Presence of TSE Prion Disease
Kevin Shea to Singeltary 2015
PRION2015 CONFERENCE FORT COLLINS
May 2015
Wednesday May 27
14:45 Jean-Phillipe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission, France,
Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation
periods: *** IMPLICATIONS FOR BSE AND SCRAPIE RISK ASSESSMENT IN HUMAN
POPULATIONS.
16:45
Quingzhong Kong Case Western Reserve University
***Zoonotic Potential of CWD Prions
Sunday, April 12, 2015
*** Research Project: Transmission, Differentiation, and Pathobiology of
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies 2014 Annual Report ***
Wednesday, April 15, 2015
KURU Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopthy TSE Prion Disease
for anyone interested, see more here ;
Sunday, May 3, 2015
PRION2015 FORT COLLINS
Tuesday, April 21, 2015
*** Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Advisory Committee TSEAC
MEETING SCHEDULED FOR June 1, 2015 ***
Comment from Terry Singeltary This is a Comment on the Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) Notice: Draft Guidance for Industry on Ensuring Safety of
Animal Feed Maintained and Fed On-Farm; Availability
For related information, Open Docket Folder Docket folder icon
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Comment View document:
Guidance for Industry Ensuring Safety of Animal Feed Maintained and Fed
On-Farm Draft Guidance FDA-2014-D-1180 Singeltary Comment
Greetings FDA et al,
I wish to comment on Guidance for Industry Ensuring Safety of Animal Feed
Maintained and Fed On-Farm Draft Guidance FDA-2014-D-1180.
Once again, I wish to kindly bring up the failed attempt of the FDA and the
ruminant to ruminant mad cow feed ban of August 4, 1997. This feed ban is still
failing today, as we speak. Even more worrisome, is the fact it is still legal
to feed cervids to cervids in the USA, in fact, the FDA only _recommends_ that
deer and elk considered to be of _high_ risk for CWD do not enter the animal
food chain, but there is NO law, its only voluntary, a recipe for a TSE prion
disaster, as we have seen with the ruminant to ruminant feed ban for cattle,
where in 2007, one decade post August 1997 mad cow feed ban, where in 2007
10,000,000 POUNDS OF BANNED BLOOD LACED MEAT AND BONE MEAL WHEN OUT INTO
COMMERCE, TO BE FED OUT. Since 2007, these BSE feed ban rules have been breached
time and time again. tons and tons of mad cow feed went out in Alabama as well,
where one of the mad cows were documented, just the year before in 2006, and in
2013 and 2014, breaches so bad (OAI) Official Action Indicated were issued.
those are like the one issued where 10 million pounds of banned blood laced meat
and bone meal were fed out.
What is the use of having a Guidance for Industry Ensuring Safety of Animal
Feed Maintained and Fed On-Farm Draft Guidance FDA-2014-D-1180, if it cannot be
enforced, as we have seen with a mandatory ruminant to ruminant feed ban?
I strenuously once again urge the FDA and its industry constituents, to
make it MANDATORY that all ruminant feed be banned to all ruminants, and this
should include all cervids as soon as possible for the following
reasons...
======
In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administrations BSE Feed Regulation (21
CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin) from
deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With regards to
feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may not be used
for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered at high
risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed
system.
***However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law.
======
31 Jan 2015 at 20:14 GMT
*** Ruminant feed ban for cervids in the United States? ***
31 Jan 2015 at 20:14 GMT
DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced
into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012
snip...
In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration’s BSE Feed Regulation
(21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin)
from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With
regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may
not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered
at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the
animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a
requirement by law.
Animals considered at high risk for CWD include:
1) animals from areas declared to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD
eradication zones and
2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period prior to
slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal.
Therefore, in the USA, materials from cervids other than CWD positive
animals may be used in animal feed and feed ingredients for non-ruminants.
The amount of animal PAP that is of deer and/or elk origin imported from
the USA to GB can not be determined, however, as it is not specified in TRACES.
It may constitute a small percentage of the 8412 kilos of non-fish origin
processed animal proteins that were imported from US into GB in 2011.
Overall, therefore, it is considered there is a __greater than negligible
risk___ that (nonruminant) animal feed and pet food containing deer and/or elk
protein is imported into GB.
There is uncertainty associated with this estimate given the lack of data
on the amount of deer and/or elk protein possibly being imported in these
products.
snip...
36% in 2007 (Almberg et al., 2011). In such areas, population declines of
deer of up to 30 to 50% have been observed (Almberg et al., 2011). In areas of
Colorado, the prevalence can be as high as 30% (EFSA, 2011).
The clinical signs of CWD in affected adults are weight loss and
behavioural changes that can span weeks or months (Williams, 2005). In addition,
signs might include excessive salivation, behavioural alterations including a
fixed stare and changes in interaction with other animals in the herd, and an
altered stance (Williams, 2005). These signs are indistinguishable from cervids
experimentally infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE).
Given this, if CWD was to be introduced into countries with BSE such as GB,
for example, infected deer populations would need to be tested to differentiate
if they were infected with CWD or BSE to minimise the risk of BSE entering the
human food-chain via affected venison.
snip...
The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and
can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008).
snip...
In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil
and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a
bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are
present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with
CWD prion.
snip...
In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving
between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling
to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing,
footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible.
For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the
increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant
uncertainty associated with these estimates.
snip...
Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher
probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer
given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists
and returning GB residents.
snip...
NEW URL LINK ;
Friday, December 14, 2012
DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced
into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012
31 Jan 2015 at 20:14 GMT
*** Ruminant feed ban for cervids in the United States? ***
31 Jan 2015 at 20:14 GMT
Tuesday, December 23, 2014
*** FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED
VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OAI UPDATE DECEMBER 2014 BSE TSE PRION
***
Sunday, December 15, 2013
*** FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED
VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OIA UPDATE DECEMBER 2013 UPDATE
Tuesday, May 19, 2015
COUNTRY OF ORIGIN LABELING COOL H.R. 2393 Agriculture Chairman K. Michael
Conaway (R-TX) Fears of US imports infected with mad cow disease is emerging as
an issue in trans-Pacific trade talks
Saturday, May 09, 2015
Expression of genes involved in the T cell signalling pathway in
circulating immune cells of cattle 24 months following oral challenge with
Bovine Amyloidotic Spongiform Encephalopathy (BASE)
Saturday, May 09, 2015
Psychiatric Symptoms in Patients With Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob
Disease
Sunday, May 3, 2015
PRION2015 FORT COLLINS
TSS
